Veröffentlichungen Aus Dem Archiv Der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Begründet Von Eckart Henning Herausgegeben Von Lorenz Friedrich Beck Und Marion Kazemi

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Veröffentlichungen Aus Dem Archiv Der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Begründet Von Eckart Henning Herausgegeben Von Lorenz Friedrich Beck Und Marion Kazemi Bd_22_Bd_21 08.10.12 15:23 Seite 1 Veröffentlichungen aus dem Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Begründet von Eckart Henning Herausgegeben von Lorenz Friedrich Beck und Marion Kazemi Band 22 Bd_22_Bd_21 08.10.12 15:23 Seite 2 Minerva im Eingangsbereich des Max-Planck-Instituts für Chemie (Ausschnitt aus der Abb. 11-1). Bd_22_Bd_21 08.10.12 15:23 Seite 3 100 Jahre Kaiser-Wilhelm-/Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (Otto-Hahn-Institut) Facetten seiner Geschichte Im Auftrage des Direktoriums des Max-Planck-Instituts für Chemie herausgegeben von Horst Kant und Carsten Reinhardt Berlin 2012 Bd_22_Bd_21 08.10.12 15:23 Seite 4 REDAKTION: Dr. Horst Kant (MPI für Wissenschaftsgeschichte Berlin) Prof. Dr. Carsten Reinhardt (Universität Bielefeld) unter Mitwirkung von Gregor Lax, MA und Anja Heller, BA Dr. Marion Kazemi (Anschrift s. Auslieferung) Abbildungen vordere Umschlagseite: Das linke Bild zeigt das im Oktober 1912 eröffnete Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie in (Berlin-)Dahlem (Architekten Ernst von Ihne und Max Guth), das rechte Bild das im Januar 2012 bezogene Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie in Mainz (Architekturbüro Fritsch & Tschaidse, München). ISBN: 978-3-927579-26-2 ISSN: 0935-7459 Herstellung und Druck: AZ Druck und Datentechnik GmbH, Sportfliegerstraße 6, 12487 Berlin-Johannisthal Tel.: (030) 63 99 59-0 Satz: 5 pt Satzstudio Perl, Zum Feld 24, 15569 Woltersdorf Tel.: (03362) 58 94 30 Auslieferung: Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Boltzmannstraße 14, 14195 Berlin-Dahlem Tel.: (030) 84 13-37 01; Fax: (030) 84 13-37 00; e-mail: [email protected] www.archiv-berlin.mpg.de Bd_22_Bd_21 08.10.12 15:23 Seite 5 Inhalt Geleitwort .............................................................................................................. 9 1 Einführung .................................................................................................... 12 Horst K a n t und Carsten R e i n h a r d t GESCHICHTE 2 Die Gründung und Entwicklung des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts für Chemie 1905–1930 ................................................................................ 21 Jeffrey Allan J o h n s o n 2.1 Fragestellungen ....................................................................................21 2.2 Begründung des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts für Chemie: Innovation in der Wissenschaftslandschaft des wilhelminischen Deutschland .............................................................. 22 2.3 Wissenschaftliche Leistungen des Instituts in den ersten Jahren (1912–1930) ........................................................................................ 33 2.4 Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut als neues Modell eines Forschungsinstituts: Wirkungen auf die deutsche Wissenschaftspolitik und die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft .................. 51 3 Die radioaktive Forschung am Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie von den Anfängen bis zum deutschen Uranprojekt ........................................ 53 Horst K a n t 3.1 Die Anfänge ........................................................................................ 53 3.2 Die Abteilung(en) Hahn/Meitner in den 1920er Jahren ...................... 58 3.3 Von den falschen Transuranen bis zur Entdeckung der Kernspaltung .................................................................................. 65 3.4 Der Beginn des deutschen Uranprojektes .............................................. 77 3.5 Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie im deutschen Uranprojekt .......................................................................... 82 3.6 Kriegsende – Neuanfang ...................................................................... 91 5 Bd_22_Bd_21 08.10.12 15:23 Seite 6 4 Massenspektroskopie als methodische Klammer des Instituts 1939–1978 .................................................................................................... 99 Carsten R e i n h a r d t 4.1 Einleitung ............................................................................................ 99 4.2 Auftritt der Methode (1939–1944) .................................................... 101 4.3 Unsicherheiten (1944–1949/51) ........................................................ 107 4.4 Aufbau in Mainz (1949/51–1958) ...................................................... 111 4.5 Proben aus dem All (1959–1978) ...................................................... 119 4.6 Organisatorische Neuausrichtung (1968–1978) .................................. 127 4.7 Klammer des Instituts? ........................................................................ 130 NEUERE FORSCHUNGSFELDER 5 Biogeochemische Forschung am Kaiser-Wilhelm-/Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie .................................................................................................. 133 Meinrat O. A n d r e a e 5.1 Einleitung – Biosphäre und Biogeochemie .......................................... 133 5.2 Frühe Arbeiten zur biologischen Chemie ............................................ 141 5.3 Biologische Aspekte der Chemie der Atmosphäre .............................. 145 5.4 Biogeochemische Forschung in der Abteilung Crutzen ...................... 152 5.5 Meinrat O. Andreae – Abteilung Biogeochemie .................................. 154 6 Die Erfindung der Luftchemie – Christian Junge .......................................... 187 Ruprecht J a e n i c k e 6.1 Ausbildung und Zweiter Weltkrieg ...................................................... 188 6.2 Forschung .......................................................................................... 189 6.3 Universität Mainz .............................................................................. 196 6.4 Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie ........................................................ 197 6.5 Zur Person .......................................................................................... 200 6 Bd_22_Bd_21 08.10.12 15:23 Seite 7 7 Heinrich Wänke und die Erforschung des Mondes und der terrestrischen Planeten .................................................................... 203 Herbert P a l m e 7.1 Einleitung .......................................................................................... 203 7.2 Werdegang von Heinrich Wänke ........................................................ 205 7.3 Forschungsaktivitäten von Heinrich Wänke ........................................ 210 7.4 Von Durham zur Mondlandung ........................................................ 211 7.5 Die chemische Zusammensetzung des Mondes .................................. 221 7.6 Mischungsdiagramme und die Entstehung des Mondes ...................... 223 7.7 Analysen von Proben aus dem Erdmantel .......................................... 226 7.8 Akkretionsmodell der Erde und der übrigen terrestrischen Planeten ........................................................................ 228 7.9 Bedeutung des Elements Wolfram ...................................................... 229 7.10 Untersuchungen von Mond- und Marsmeteoriten .............................. 231 7.11 Internationale Anerkennung der Arbeiten von Heinrich Wänke ........ 235 7.12 Meine Jahre am Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie ................................ 236 8 Auswirkungen des menschlichen Handelns auf das Klima ............................ 241 Paul C r u t z e n 8.1 Climate, Atmospheric Chemistry and Biogenic Processes in the Anthropocene .......................................................................... 241 8.2 Paul Crutzen im Interview .................................................................. 250 9 Forschungsausblick ...................................................................................... 257 Jos L e l i e v e l d ANHANG 10 Chronik des Kaiser-Wilhelm-/Max-Planck-Instituts für Chemie .................. 261 11 Bildteil ........................................................................................................ 279 12 Die Wissenschaftlichen Mitglieder des Kaiser-Wilhelm-/ Max-Planck-Instituts für Chemie (Kurzbiographien) .................................... 307 7 Bd_22_Bd_21 08.10.12 15:23 Seite 8 Autorenverzeichnis ............................................................................................ 369 Danksagung ...................................................................................................... 371 Abbildungsnachweis .......................................................................................... 372 Personenregister ................................................................................................ 374 8 Bd_22_Bd_21 08.10.12 15:23 Seite 9 Geleitwort Das Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie hat durch seine Forschungsergebnisse und seine Forscherpersönlichkeiten die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften im 20. Jahrhundert wesentlich geprägt. Die wissenschaftlichen Durchbrüche reichen von der Entdeckung der Kernspaltung bis zur Erforschung der Atmosphärenchemie. Möglich wurden diese wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Kontext einer Gesellschaft, deren Struktur selbst zu den großen Innovationen des 20. Jahrhunderts gehört. Langfristig angelegte, institutio- nelle Forschungsförderung, gekoppelt mit größtmöglicher Forschungsfreiheit und Kon- zentration auf interdisziplinäre Forschungsgebiete an den Grenzen der etablierten Diszi- plinen, gehören zu den Voraussetzungen der Erfolge der Kaiser-Wilhelm- und der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Darüber hinaus hat die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft auch damit begonnen, sich mit ihrer eigenen Geschichte auseinanderzusetzen, angefangen mit dem großen Projekt zur Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft
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