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Atmospheric Aerosols in Amazonia and Land Use Change: from Natural Biogenic to Biomass Burning Conditions

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Atmospheric Aerosols in Amazonia and Land Use Change: from Natural Biogenic to Biomass Burning Conditions Atmospheric aerosols in Amazonia and land use change: from natural biogenic to biomass burning conditions Paulo Artaxo, Luciana Rizzo, Joel Brito, Henrique Barbosa, Andrea Arana, Elisa Sena, Glauber Cirino, Wanderlei Bastos, Scot Martin, Meinrat Andreae To cite this version: Paulo Artaxo, Luciana Rizzo, Joel Brito, Henrique Barbosa, Andrea Arana, et al.. Atmospheric aerosols in Amazonia and land use change: from natural biogenic to biomass burning conditions. Faraday Discussions, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013, 165, pp.203. 10.1039/c3fd00052d. hal- 01836119 HAL Id: hal-01836119 https://hal.uca.fr/hal-01836119 Submitted on 3 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Faraday Discussions Cite this: Faraday Discuss., 2013, 165,203 View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Atmospheric aerosols in Amazonia and land use change: from natural biogenic to biomass burning conditions Paulo Artaxo,*a Luciana V. Rizzo,b Joel F. Brito,a Henrique M. J. Barbosa,a Andrea Arana,a Elisa T. Sena,a Glauber G. Cirino,c Wanderlei Bastos,d Scot T. Martine and Meinrat O. Andreaef Received 9th April 2013, Accepted 21st May 2013 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00052d Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. In the wet season, a large portion of the Amazon region constitutes one of the most pristine continental areas, with very low concentrations of atmospheric trace gases and aerosol particles. However, land use change modifies the biosphere–atmosphere interactions in such a way that key processes that maintain the functioning of Amazonia are substantially altered. This study presents a comparison between aerosol properties observed at a preserved forest site in Central Amazonia (TT34 North of Manaus) and at a heavily biomass burning impacted site in south-western Amazonia (PVH, close to Porto Velho). Amazonian aerosols were characterized in detail, including aerosol size distributions, aerosol light absorption and scattering, optical depth and This article is licensed under a aerosol inorganic and organic composition, among other properties. The central À3 Amazonia site (TT34) showed low aerosol concentrations (PM2.5 of 1.3 Æ 0.7 mgm and 3.4 Æ 2.0 mgmÀ3 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively), with a median particle À À number concentration of 220 cm 3 in the wet season and 2200 cm 3 in the dry season. Open Access Article. Published on 24 September 2013. Downloaded 6/3/2021 12:40:55 PM. At the impacted site (PVH), aerosol loadings were one order of magnitude higher À3 À3 (PM2.5 of 10.2 Æ 9.0 mgm and 33.0 Æ 36.0 mgm in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). The aerosol number concentration at the impacted site ranged from 680 cmÀ3 in the wet season up to 20 000 cmÀ3 in the dry season. An aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) was deployed in 2013 at both sites, and it shows that aInstitute of Physics, University of Sao~ Paulo, Rua do Matao,~ Travessa R, 187. CEP 05508-090, Sao~ Paulo, S.P., Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] bDepartment of Earth and Exact Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutics Sciences, Federal University of Sao~ Paulo, UNIFESP - Campus Diadema, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, CEP 09972-270, Diadema – Sao~ Paulo, Brazil cINPA - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia,ˆ Av. Andr´eAraujo,´ 2.936 – CEP 69067-375, Manaus, Brazil dLaboratorio´ de Biogeoqu´ımica Ambiental Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer, Universidade Federal de Rondoniaˆ - UNIR, Rondonia,ˆ Brazil eSchool of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St., Pierce Hall, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA fBiogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Faraday Discuss., 2013, 165, 203–235 | 203 View Article Online Faraday Discussions Paper organic aerosol account to 81% to the non-refractory PM1 aerosol loading at TT34, while biomass burning aerosols at PVH shows a 93% content of organic particles. Three years of filter-based elemental composition measurements shows that sulphate at the impacted site decreases, on average, from 12% of PM2.5 mass during the wet season to 5% in the dry season. This result corroborates the ACSM finding that the biomass burning contributed overwhelmingly to the organic fine mode aerosol during the dry season in this region. Aerosol light scattering and absorption coefficients at the TT34 site were low during the wet season, increasing by a factor of 5, approximately, in the dry season due to long range transport of biomass burning aerosols reaching the forest site in the dry season. Aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) ranged from 0.84 in the wet season up to 0.91 in the dry. At the PVH site, aerosol scattering coefficients were 3–5 times higher in comparison to the TT34 site, an indication of strong regional background pollution, even in the wet season. Aerosol absorption coefficients at PVH were about 1.4 times higher than at the forest site. Ground-based SSA at PVH was around 0.92 year round, showing the dominance of scattering aerosol particles over absorption, even for biomass burning aerosols. Remote sensing observations from six AERONET sites and from MODIS since 1999, provide a regional and temporal overview. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 550 nm of less than 0.1 is characteristic of natural conditions over Amazonia. At the perturbed PVH site, AOD550 values greater than 4 were frequently Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. observed in the dry season. Combined analysis of MODIS and CERES showed that the mean direct radiative forcing of aerosols at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) during the biomass burning season was À5.6 Æ 1.7 W mÀ2, averaged over whole Amazon Basin. For high AOD (larger than 1) the maximum daily direct aerosol radiative forcing at the TOA was as high as À20 W mÀ2 locally. This change in the radiation balance caused increases in the diffuse radiation flux, with an increase of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of 18–29% for high AOD. From this analysis, it is clear that land use change in Amazonia shows alterations of many atmospheric properties, and these changes are affecting the functioning of the Amazonian ecosystem in significant ways. This article is licensed under a 1 Introduction Open Access Article. Published on 24 September 2013. Downloaded 6/3/2021 12:40:55 PM. Amazonia is an excellent laboratory to study atmospheric processes that are characteristic of natural conditions, as they existed prior to the impact of industrialization on the regional and global atmosphere.1 The strong coupling between the atmosphere and the forest can be seen as characteristic of conditions before large-scale deforestation changed land use in Europe, North America, and other regions. Furthermore, the region sustained a strong hydrological cycle that is maintained by large water vapour emissions from the forest as well as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) produced from forest emissions,2,3 and one important location of deep tropical convection. However, the vast forest–river system of Amazonia is changing due to expansion and intensication of agriculture, logging, and urban footprints.4 Indications that the hydrological cycle in Ama- zonia is being intensied in the last two decades add a key issue in the changes in Amazonia.5 Recently two strong droughts in 2005 and 2010 have received atten- tion,6,7 as potential indicators of increase in climate extremes in Amazonia that feeds back into the forest carbon processing.8 The Brazilian Amazon extends over about 5.5 million km2, corresponding to 61% of the area of the country of Brazil. Deforestation has changed about 18% of 204 | Faraday Discuss., 2013, 165, 203–235 This journal is ª The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 View Article Online Paper Faraday Discussions the original forest area, mostly in southern and western Amazonia.9 The forests and soils of the Amazon basin also store a large amount of organic carbon (around 200 Pg C), which may potentially be released to the atmosphere through forest to pasture conversion or logging or because of biome changes.10 The river system is responsible for about 20% of the world's freshwater discharge, and this forest–river system is vulnerable to climate change.11 In addition, responses and feedbacks of this biome to changes in climate and land-use could affect regional and global climate.12,13 Human activities in Amazonia over the last 50 years have had a signicant impact on a considerable part of the region, especially along the southern perimeter.14 A recent steep decline in annual deforestation rates in the Brazilian À À Amazon from 27 800 km2 yr 1 in 2004 to 4660 km2 yr 1 in 2012 is recorded in the time series shown in Fig. 1, as measured by the PRODES (Projeto de Monitor- amento do Desorestamento na Amazoniaˆ Legal) program from INPE (The Bra- zilian National Institute for Space Research) for the Brazilian Amazon. The reduction from 2004 to 2012 observed in Fig. 1 is an impressive achievement, but there are questions if these relatively recent low deforestation rates can be maintained over the next decades,12 because of socio-economic pressures as well as a result of a changing global climate.13,15 The dominant factors of public Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
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