ACADÉMIE ROUMAINE INSTITUT D’ARCHÉOLOGIE « V. PÂRVAN »

DACIA

REVUE D’ARCHÉOLOGIE ET D’HISTOIRE ANCIENNE

NOUVELLE SÉRIE

LIX

2015

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

RÉDACTION

Rédacteur en chef : ALEXANDRU VULPE

Collège de rédaction : MARIA ALEXANDRESCU VIANU (Bucureşti), ALEXANDRU AVRAM (Le Mans), DOUGLAS W. BAILEY (San Francisco), MIHAI BĂRBULESCU (Cluj-), PIERRE DUPONT (Lyon), SVEND HANSEN (Berlin), ANTHONY HARDING (Exeter), RADU HARHOIU (Bucureşti), ATTILA LÁSZLÓ (Iaşi), SILVIA MARINESCU-BÎLCU (Bucureşti), MONICA MĂRGINEANU-CÂRSTOIU (Bucureşti), VIRGIL MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA (Iaşi), JEAN-PAUL MOREL (Aix-en-Provence), IOAN PISO (Cluj-Napoca), CLAUDE RAPIN (Aix-en-Provence), WOLFRAM SCHIER (Berlin), VICTOR SPINEI (Iaşi)

Rédacteur en chef adjoint : FLORIAN MATEI-POPESCU

Comité de rédaction : CRISTINA ALEXANDRESCU, ALEXANDRU DRAGOMAN, EUGEN NICOLAE, ALEXANDRU NICULESCU, CONSTANTIN C. PETOLESCU, DANIEL SPÂNU

Secrétaire de rédaction : RALUCA KOGĂLNICEANU

Rédaction éditoriale : MONICA STANCIU Informatique éditoriale : LUIZA STAN

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ACADÉMIE ROUMAINE INSTITUT D’ARCHÉOLOGIE «V. PÂRVAN»

DACIA LIX, 2015

REVUE D’ARCHÉOLOGIE ET D’HISTOIRE ANCIENNE JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT HISTORY ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ARCHÄOLOGIE UND GESCHICHTE DES ALTERTUMS ЖУРНАЛ АРX ЕОЛОГИИ И ДРЕВНЕЙ ИСТОРИИ

SOMMAIRE CONTENTS INHALT

ÉTUDES

MONICA MĂRGINEANU CÂRSTOIU, De l’architecture hellenistique de Callatis: une expression originale du style ionique ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…… 5 STELUŢA GRAMATICU, On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period ……………………………. 21 GEORGE CUPCEA, Careers in the guard of the Dacian Governor ……………………………………………………… 49 FELIX MARCU, GEORGE CUPCEA, Recent developments in the fort of Bologa and on the northwestern Dacian …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67 ROBERT GINDELE, Die römerzeitlichen Barbarensiedlungen von Livada/Ciuperceni – Photovoltaik-Anlage GPSP Solaris und Supuru de Sus – Togul lui Cosmi. Neue Angaben bezüglich der rechteckigen Gruben mit gebrannten Wänden aus dem 2.-5. n. Chr. im oberen Theiss-Becken ………………………………………………………. 83 DANIELA TĂNASE, Considerations on the archaeology of the Early Migrations Period in Banat …………………… 127 DANIEL-CĂLIN ANTON, Ethnische und chronologische Verhältnisse im Gräberfeld Nr. 3 von Brateiu, Siebenbürgen 153 DANIELA MARCU ISTRATE, Byzantine influences in the Carpathian Basin around the turn of the millennium. The pillared church of Alba Iulia …………………………………………………………………………………….. 177

NOTES ET DISCUSSIONS

FRED C. WOUDHUIZEN, The Sea Peoples: superior on land and at the sea …………………………………………… 215 ADRIAN BĂLĂŞESCU, VALENTIN RADU, MIHAI CONSTANTINESCU, SORIN-CRISTIAN AILINCĂI, Animal exploitation in Babadag culture. Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu site (Oltina, Constanța County) ………….. 227 EMILIAN TELEAGA, Die La-Tène zeitlichen Grabfunde aus Brateiu, jud. Sibiu, Rumänien. Ein Beitrag zum Grabwesen Siebenbürgens ………………………………………………………………………………………. 241 ALEXANDER RUBEL, Afterlife and the living. The Arginusae trial and the omission of burying the dead ……………….. 277 CORIOLAN HORAŢIU OPREANU, A detachment of the legio VII Gemina Felix at . When and why? …… 299 FLORIN-GHEORGHE FODOREAN, Distances along the Roman roads in the ancient itineraries: from Britannia to Asia. A short comparison ………………………………………………………………………………………... 311 CRISTINA MUJA, ADRIAN IONIŢĂ, Sexual dimorphism and general activity levels as revealed by the diaphyseal external shape and historical evidence: case study on a medieval population from ……………….. 319 SERGEY BOCHAROV, ANDREY MASLOVSKY, AYRAT SITDIKOV, The beginning of glazed ceramics production in the Southeast Crimea during the last quarter of the 13th century – the first quarter of the 14th century …………… 329 CĂTĂLIN NICOLAE POPA, Late Iron Age archaeology in and the politics of the past ……………………… 337

DACIA N.S., tome LIX, Bucarest, 2015, p. 3-388

ÉPIGRAPHIE

CONSTANTIN C. PETOLESCU, Notes prosopographiques (VIII) …………………………………………………….. 363 RAINER WIEGELS, Zwei gestempelte Silberbarren und ein spätantiker Goldbarren aus Crasna (Rumänien) …………. 371

COMPTES RENDUS

Ion Țurcanu, Antichitatea greco-romană la Nistru de Jos și în teritoriile învecinate, Editura Cartier, Chișinău, 2014, 760 p., 238 fig. (Thibaut Castelli) ………………………………………………………………………………… 377 Ennio Sanzi, Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus. Un “culto orientale” fra tradizione e innovazione: riflessioni storico-religiose (I Saggi, 52), Roma, 2013, 398 p. (Florian Matei-Popescu) …………………………………… 378 Materiale și Cercetări Arheologice (serie nouă), X, 2014, București, Editura Academiei Române, 300 p. (Liana Oţa)….. 379

ABRÉVIATIONS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 383

A DETACHMENT OF LEGIO VII GEMINA FELIX AT POROLISSVM. WHEN AND WHY?

CORIOLAN HORAȚIU OPREANU*

Keywords: legion, tile stamps, , chronology, Porolissum Abstract: The author resumes the problem of the chronology of the tile stamps L VII G F, CH III, and L III G found in large quantities at Porolissum. He rejects the previous hypotheses, which dated the presence of the legions at Porolissum to Commodus’ (I. Piso), or Caracalla’s reign (N. Gudea), when they would have participated to the building of the stone fort. Concerning the enigmatic CH III, considered to be the same one as cohors III Dacorum (N. Gudea), or cohors III Campestris (I. Piso), the author does not accept any of the opinions. He re-discusses the construction inscriptions from AD 129 and AD 140-144, which demonstrate the existence of a first stone phase of the fort (E. Tóth) between the second half of ’s reign and Antoninus Pius’ rule. The author presents the chronology of B6 building which he excavated entirely during 2010-2013, and where tile stamps of L VII G F and CH III were uncovered. The construction B6 was built between AD 140 and 160, belonging, therefore, during the first stone phase of the fort. Analysing the history of the VII Gemina legion and the chronology of its tile stamps from Hispania, the author reaches the conclusion that the items at Porolissum can be widely dated during Hadrian-Commodus period, but in the light of the B6 building chronology they can be dated during the time span covered by Hadrian and Antoninus Pius’ reigns. Due to their discovery in the same context, CH III stamps are evidently in relation with L VII G F stamps. The finding of a similar tile stamp in the fort at Aquae Querquennae (Hispania) from the territory of the VII Gemina Felix legion was interpreted as belonging to the cohors III of the same legion. As that fort was used until Hadrian’s time the author appreciated that the cohors III of the legion was brought to build the Porolissum stone fort and to partecipate to the construction of other forts from the same area (Bauvexillation) sometime in the second half of Hadrian’s reign. The higher number of the CH III stamps compared with that of L VII G F can be explained by the regular stamping with the name of the cohort, and the stamps of the legion were added only after a certain number of tiles. The L III G(allica) stamps have no connection with CH III, and the idea of sending of a detachment of this legion at Porolissum as a consequence of their lack of loyalty towards is false. The only reason for the presence of this detachment at Porolissum is the participating to the works at the second phase of the stone fort during Caracalla’s reign or even later (Bauvexillation).

Cuvinte-cheie: legiune, ștampile tegulare, cohortă, cronologie, Porolissum Rezumat: Autorul rediscută cronologia şampilelor tegulare L VII G F, CH III și L III G descoperite în cantități mari la Porolissum. El respinge ipotezele anterioare care datau prezența legiunilor în vremea lui Commodus (I. Piso) sau în vremea lui Caracalla (N. Gudea), când ar fi participat la ridicarea castrului de piatră. În privința enigmaticei CH III, considerată identică cu o cohors III Dacorum (N. Gudea), sau cu cohors III Campestris (I. Piso) autorul nu acceptă nici una dintre păreri. Sunt readuse în discuție inscripțiile de construcție din 129 p. Ch. și 140-144 p. Ch. care demonstrează existența unei prime faze de piatră a castrului (E. Tóth) între cea de-a doua parte a domniei lui Hadrian și domnia lui Antoninus Pius. Autorul prezintă cronologia clădirii B6, pe care a săpat-o în întregime în anii 2010-2013 și de unde provin ștampile ale L VII G F și CH III. Clădirea a fost construită între 140-160 p. Ch., aparținând primei faze de piatră a castrului. Analizând istoria unității și datarea ștampilelor legiunii VII Gemina Felix din Hispania, autorul ajunge la concluzia că exemplarele de la Porolissum se încadrează în intervalul Hadrian-Commodus, restrâns la perioada Hadrian-Antoninus Pius după corelarea cu cronologia clădirii B6. Datorită aceluiași context de descoperire, ștampilele CH III sunt evident în relație cu cele ale L VII G F. Descoperirea unei ștampile similare în castrul de la Aquae Querquennae (Hispania) din teritoriul legiunii VII Gemina a fost interpretată ca aparținând cohortei III a legiunii. Cum acest castru a funcționat până în epoca lui Hadrian, autorul apreciază că la Porolissum a fost adusă cohorta III a legiunii Gemina Felix pentru a lucra la ridicarea în piatră a castrului și fortificațiilor limes-ului, în cea de-a doua etapă a domniei lui Hadrian (Bauvexillation). Raportul numeric favorabil stampilelor CH III față de cele L VII G F este explicat prin faptul că se aplica ştampila cohortei, iar la un anumit număr de țigle și cea a legiunii. În privința ştampilelor legiunii III Gallica se arată că ele nu au legătură cu cele ale CH III, iar ideea trimiterii la Porolissum ca pedeapsă față de neloialitatea față de Septimius Severus este falsă. Singura logică a prezenței acestui detașament la Porolissum este participarea la lucrările de construcție ale celei de-a doua faze de piatră a castrului, în vremea domniei lui Caracalla sau chiar mai târziu (Bauvexillation).

* Institutul de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei Cluj-Napoca al Academiei Române; [email protected].

Dacia N.S., tome LIX, Bucharest, 2015, p. 299-309 300 Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu 2

The presence of the VII Gemina legion at Porolissum was recorded for the first time in CIL III. A tile stamp1 was that time unfortunately wrongly read as leg(io) VII C(laudia). Much later, in 1943, during A. Radnóti’s excavations in the Porolissum fort many tile stamps of the VII Gemina legion were found, but they remained unpublished until 19782. Meanwhile, E. Chirilă and N. Gudea’s new excavations also led to the discovery of a large quantity of tile stamps of the same type, identified as belonging to the l(egio) VII G(emina) F(elix)3. E. Tóth agreed this reading could be identified on other 42 tiles, too4 (fig. 1). In 1989, N. Gudea mentions 45 stamps of the same type at Porolissum, among which 28 were from the headquarters building, but many have unknown place of discovery and vanished meantime5. Of course there are more finds from Chirilă’s and Gudea’s excavations between 1977 and 2009, but they are not published. Our own excavations in the Roman fort performed between 2010-2013 were concentrated to uncover a single building, the so-called “B6” trenched by N. Gudea in 1981 (unpublished results) and considered as a late building (after the middle of the 3rd century AD) because it was unusually positioned over the via sagularis and the turf rampart6. After excavating the entire building we are now able to establish its chronology and to relate different archaeological artefacts to the chronologic sequences7. First of all, the position and the sizes of the building are very different8 as it was reconstructed on the plan of the fort by N. Gudea based on his only one trench9. N. Gudea briefly stated that in his trench, which cut the B6 building, many tile stamps of the III Gallica and VII Gemina legions were uncovered10, but in his publication any archaeological indication of the contexts lacks. Concerning the date of the presence at Porolissum of the detachment of the III Gallica, E. Tóth has taken into consideration the time span AD 231-260 11, while N. Gudea has changed his opinion several times until his final hypothesis was AD 213-214, in order to take part to the building of the defence wall of the fort12. Finally, I. Piso assumed that the III Gallica legion arrived at Porolissum in AD 195, leaving in AD 19713. Both Romanian authors considered that the detachment of the III Gallica legion was sent to Porolissum being “punished” (a cliché taken probably from Ovidius’ exile at Tomis; in the nowadays mentality of Romanian archaeologists Porolissum is seen as a worse region than Black Sea shore, the right place for somebody to be punished!) by Septimius Severus for its unfaithful attitude during the civil wars. More, N. Gudea thinks that an auxiliary unit from Syria (i.e. cohors III Dacorum) was “punished” as well (there is no evidence at all for such action) together with the legion III Gallica and sent for re-education to Porolissum. N. Gudea repeated his old hypothesis last time in 201114. Meanwhile, a well-known specialist in the Roman army of the Eastern provinces, E. Dąbrowa15 brought some fresh view to the subject, but was ignored. His approach deals with the military colonisation of Syria during Septimius Severus’ rule, focusing on the role of the III Gallica legion16. Analysing the colonial coinage having depicted a vexillum with the name of the III Gallica legion he concluded the veterans of the legion were settled in Tyr (which became colony in AD 198), Sidon (which became colony in AD 221) and Acco-Ptolemaïs (new group of colonists in the old colony). Septimius Severus often used veterans of the III Gallica legion, not only in the Syria-Phoenice province, where the permanent garrison of the legion was, but also in the neighbour provinces. The III Gallica legion was exceptionally treated by Septimius Severus (in spite of his personal tide with the IV Scythica legion he had commanded in AD 180) because of its loyalty towards him in the civil war with Pescennius Niger. The legion also supported

1 CIL III, 8071. 2 Tóth 1978. 3 Gudea 1976. 4 Tóth 1978, p. 46. 5 Gudea 1989, p. 520-522 6 Gudea 1997, p. 41, Abb. 30. 7 Opreanu, Lăzărescu, Ștefan 2013, p. 85-86, fig. 12-13. 8 Opreanu, Lăzărescu, Ștefan 2013, fig. 7. 9 Gudea 1997, Abb. 9 and 30. 10 Gudea 1997, p. 41. 11 Tóth 1978, p. 47. 12 Gudea, Schuller 1998, p. 43-44; Gudea 2002b. 13 Piso 2000, p. 208. 14 Gudea 2011, p. 328. 15 Dąbrowa 2005. 16 See also on the same subject Dąbrowa 2012. 3 A detachment of legio VII Gemina Felix at Porolissvm. When and why? 301

Elagabalus to the imperial throne, considered to be Caracalla’s son17. It is therefore clear that the III Gallica legion was loyal to Septimius Severus and his family, no evidence demonstrating the opposite. According to a more credible hypothesis, the legion was banned later on by Elagabalus who erased its name and officially condemned it by damnatio memoriae because the legion’s commander Verus rebelled18, being later forgiven and restored as a legion of the Roman army by Severus Alexander19. If this was the truth it must have been for a short period as resulted from the chronology of the senatorial career of Q. Aradius Rufinus Optatus Aelianus who became commander of the III Gallica legion around AD 22620. Thus, the only possible period when the III Gallica legion was officially disbanded is to be dated between AD 221, when veterans of the legion were settled in the new colony Sidon, and AD 225, since, in the next year, in 226, the legion was again functional. It is the only possible period when in Gudea’s and Piso’s view the soldiers of the legion could have been sent to Porolissum. But if the legion would have been disbanded and erased from the list of the Roman army, why were they stamping (an official action!) tiles? It would be nonsense. Thus, the period when a detachment of the III Gallica legion officially worked at Porolissum is not easy to be established21, the more probable being the second stone phase of the fort during Caracalla’s reign, but not as a result of any punishment and without help of any imaginary auxiliary unit.

Fig. 1. Tile stamps of the l(egio) VII G(emina) F(elix) from Porolissum (after Tóth 1978, Abb. 14).

17 Cassius Dio, LXXVIII, 31, 3 and 34, 2; Dąbrowa 2005, p. 40-41. 18 Cassius Dio, LXXIX, 7, 1-3. Recently G.A. Diwan published a coin of Elagabalus issued by Sidon colony with the scene of the colonial foundation and the vexillum with the inscription LEG/III/PAR(THICA). Another coin of the same type of Annia Faustina from 221 AD with a vexillum having only the inscription LEG III is used by the author to support the damnatio memorie suffered by Legio III Gallica and the bringing at Sidon of veterans from Legio III Parthica from Rhesaena (Diwan 2013). The explanation is not totally convincing, as tile stamps with the inscription LEG III, considered a foreign legion, as Leg III Aug were also identified at Zeugma (see below, footnote 56, Speidel 2012, p. 614-616, footnote 49). 19 Dąbrowa 2005, p. 42, footnote 41. 20 Dąbrowa 1996, p. 283-284. 21 Dąbrowa 2000, p. 312. 302 Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu 4

Fig. 2. Tile stamps of l(egio) VII G(emina) F(elix) and of C(o)h(ors) III from the B6 building in the Roman fort at Porolissum (Opreanu’s excavation 2010-2013).

If the tile stamps of the two legions were found together inside the B6 building (as Gudea states) that means they stayed at the same time at Porolissum. According to N. Gudea’s theory, the building must have been built together with the defence wall in AD 213-214; thus, not so late as he had supposed to be the B6 building. After excavating the entire building, only stamps of the VII Gemina Felix legion and of the enigmatic cohors III were uncovered (fig. 2). We have now to take into account some data from the history of the VII Gemina legion. The legion got the name Felix from Vespasianus22 and the name Pia in 196-197 AD23. Since no stamp from Porolissum bears the name Pia, it is obviously we cannot accept other dating that before AD 19724. For this reason I. Piso considered the legion was at Porolissum during Commodus’s reign25. Earlier, P. Le Roux argued that the stamps of the Spanish legion at Porolissum must be dated between AD 101-197, but he chose ’ Dacian War as the only possible moment for the presence of the unit in Dacia26. In his permanent garrison, the fortress at Leon (), there are many tile stamps where the name of the legion is followed by the imperial epithets specific to the 3rd century: Antoniniana, Severiana Alexandriana, Maximiniana, Gordiana, Philippiana all followed by P(ia) F(elix)27, which is not the case at Porolissum. The only perfect analogy from Spain for the abbreviation L VII G F from Porolissum comes from the amphitheatre from Italica28 (fig. 5/3), built during Hadrian’s reign when the town got the official status of colonia Aelia Augusta Italica29.

22 Le Roux 1982, p. 152-153; see also the more recent work Palao Vicente 2010. 23 Le Roux 1982, p. 282-283. 24 Same opinion at Le Roux 2000, p. 390, footnote 74, because of the missing of epithet Antoniniana. 25 Piso 2000, p. 220. 26 Le Roux 1981; Le Roux 1981 1985, p. 83; Palao Vicente 2006, p. 66-70 is also considering that the presence of a detachment of the VII Gemina Felix legion at Porolissum can only be related with Trajan’s period, being brought to Dacia for building forts and roads. 27 Garcia y Bellido 1968, p. 57-60; Morillo, Domínguez 2013, p. 165-166. 28 CIL II, 1135; Garcia y Bellido 1968, p. 56, nr. 23, fig. 52/23; Le Roux 1985, p. 83 also connected the stamps from Italica with the urbanization process which took place in the first half of the 2nd century AD. Early dating of the type L VII G F also suggested for the tile stamps from Puerta Obispo in Leon (Morillo, Domínguez 2013, fig. 13/35, 55). 29 Boatwright 2000, p. 125, 162-163. 5 A detachment of legio VII Gemina Felix at Porolissvm. When and why? 303

The conclusion is that the stamp type found at Porolissum can be therefore dated between Hadrian and Commodus. A finer chronology is possible due to the dating we have established for the B6 building after uncovering the whole construction and defining the stratigraphic sequence, correlated with the small finds, Samian wares and coins. Four main archaeological phases were identified. In the first phase (layers 1 and 2) the B6 building did not exist yet. The chronology is based on a strongly profiled brooch with trapezium form foot30 from the first layer dating, in Dacia, during Trajan and the beginning of Hadrian’s reign. In the second phase (layer 3) the construction B6 was built. Inside, on top of a not carefully worked base of mortar and bricks existed a 0.18 thick layer of black earth rich in archaeological material, representing the period when the building was in use. Among the well dated artefacts, a bronze knee brooch, having the spring in a case, dating from the last decades of the 2nd century to the beginning of the 3rd century AD31, and a Samian ware of Dragendorf 40 type, produced in Rheinzabern workshops during the second half of the 2nd century AD, are to be mentioned32. As a primary conclusion the building was erected sometime between AD 140-160. At a certain moment, in the third phase (layer 4) the building was out of use. At least its eastern wall collapsed over the layer 3, and the debris was not removed in the Roman period. After the use of the layer 4 an important deposition of brown reddish earth resulted, rich in archaeological material. The only constructive structure was a rectangular mortar platform of 2.5 × 1.5 × 0.10 m. The chronology is strongly based on four brooches: a knee brooch dating AD 106-17533, an iron trumpet brooch from AD 150-20034, a bronze trumpet brooch from AD 140-20035, and a “Sarmatian” type brooch dating AD 180-25036 and five Samian wares37. The first is a Dragendorf 37 bowl from the worksop of Cerialis II (AD 160/170-220-230), a Dragendorf 37 R bowl from Central, or Eastern Gaul (2nd century), two Dragendorf 37 bowls from the workshop of Cinnamus from Lezoux (AD 140-160 or later) and a Dragendorf 37 bowl with stamp Cinnami of(ficina) (AD 160-180) on the inside of the vessel. The fourth phase (layer 5) consists of soft black-grey earth with small stones, mortar and fragments of tiles, which totally seals the former walls and the debris of the B6 building, being a perfect terminus ante quem for its period of use. In its inferior part, a trumpet brooch, dated to AD 140-20038, and two Samian wares, one a Dragendorf 72 cup (starting with the second half of the 2nd century) and a Dragendorf 37 bowl from Rheinzabern (starting with the second half of the 2nd century)39 were found. Two coins, a silver denarius from Iulia Domna, dated to AD 196-21140 and a silver denarius from Iulia Mamaea, dated to AD 222-235, were also found41. The Iulia Domna coin could indicate the building was out of use during that period. The final conclusion regarding the chronology of the B6 building is the following: around AD 140-160 = the construction of the B6 building; around AD 160-180/190 = the period of using the building; around AD 180/190 = the collapse of the building; around AD 180/190-210/220 = period of using the area after the B6 building ceased to exist; around 210/220-260/270 = the last period of use of the empty, unconstructed area. Thus, the structure B6 was built by the middle of the 2nd century, and ended before AD 200. Coming back to the dating of the tile stamps of the VII Gemina Felix legion we have found in the B6 building, they must be linked with the period of its construction, i.e. AD 140-160. This image, based on a precise archaeological dating, corresponds very well with the conclusion based on the history of the legion and the analogies of the stamp type with items from its permanent base at Leon (Hispania). The period of Commodus’ reign cannot be considered any longer. On the plan of the fort, the B6 building is situated between the porta praetoria and the first curtain tower. This position suggests a connection between the chronological moments when all these mentioned structures were erected in stone. In 1943, a construction inscription was found at the porta principalis sinistra, dating to AD 129, when the gate was probably built in stone by cohors

30 Cociș 2004, p. 58, type 8a11b. 31 Cociș 2004, p. 94-95, type 19a6a1. 32 Determined by Dr. Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, to whom we are grateful. 33 Cociș 2004, p. 90, type 19a1b1b. 34 Cociș 2004, p. 115, type 21c2. 35 Cociș 2004, p. 114, type 21b1b. 36 Cociș 2004, p. 135, type 32a2a1. 37 Determined by Dr. Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, to whom we are grateful. 38 Cociș 2004, p. 113-114, 442 (table 2), type 21b1b. 39 Determined by Dr. Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț to whom we are grateful. 40 RIC 4A, p. 168, nr. 556. The coin was determined by Dr. Mihai Munteanu to whom we are grateful. 41 RIC 4B, p. 99, nr. 358. The coin was determined by Dr. Mihai Munteanu to whom we are grateful. 304 Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu 6

I Ulpia Brittonum42. Another inscription from porta praetoria was dated to AD 140, or 140-14443. Using this evidence, E. Tóth suggested the existence of a first stone phase starting with Hadrian’s reign and ending during Antoninus Pius’s reign, when the entire fort was built in stone44. The B6 building belonged to this first stone phase. At the same time, the solid archaeological chronology strengthens the existence of a first stone phase. Another detail of the construction technique confirms the early dating: two preserved corners of the B6 building were constructed using large rectangular carved yellowish limestone blocks of 0.90 × 0.60 × 0.40 m45. The same technique was recorded in the first stone phase of the headquarters building dated to Hadrian’s time46 and at the gates of the amphitheatre rebuilt in stone in AD 15747. Recently, I. Piso proposed a new reading of one of the inscriptions mentioned above, replacing the name of Antoninus Pius with Hadrian, concluding the first stone phase of the fort belonged to Hadrian’s reign48.

Fig. 3. Tile stamps of the cohors III from Porolissum Fig. 4. Tile stamps of the cohors III from Porolissum (after Gudea 1989). (after Gudea 1989).

We try now to give an answer to the question raised by the title: when and why the detachment of the VII Gemina Felix legion was brought from Leon to Porolissum? Sometime during Hadrian-Antoninus Pius period49 to take part at the construction in stone of the Porolissum fort and, probably, of other defence works on the frontier50. It is not sure if the tile stamps of the VII Gemina legion were found together, in the same archaeological context, with the tile stamps of the III Gallica legion. We did not find any in our excavations

42 Tóth 1978, p. 17, nr. 4. 43 Tóth 1978, p. 18-19, nr. 6. 44 Tóth 1978, p. 9-11. 45 Opreanu, Lăzărescu, Ștefan 2013, fig 7-9. 46 Landes-Gyemant, Gudea 1983, p. 169-170, 177-178; Gudea 1997, p. 24-25. 47 CIL III, 836. 48 Piso 2013. It is difficult to understand why the author does not mention our paper Opreanu, Lăzărescu, Ștefan 2013, p. 87, published in 2013 (not in 2015 as his paper), where we have brought supplementary evidence for E. Tóth’s dating of the first stone phase at Porolissum to Hadrian’s-Antoninus Pius’ time. 49 The five stamps LEG VII G F found at Lambaesis are dated also to Hadrian-Antoninus Pius period, especially one item found in the temple of Neptune at Aïn Drinn built in 148 AD (Le Bohec 2007, p. 408-409, 415, 420). 50 After 140-150 AD it is supposed the legion stopped sending detachments outside Spain, as any evidence is missing (cf. Le Roux 1985, p. 96). 7 A detachment of legio VII Gemina Felix at Porolissvm. When and why? 305 in the B6 building. E. Tóth wrote the two stamps categories were separately found51. N. Gudea did not agree, explaining that E. Tóth operated with a small number (20 bricks, 16 tiles) of this stamp only from the headquarters building, while in 2002 he speaks of more than 150 pieces discovered everywhere he excavated in the fort together with the VII Gemina legion ones52. Since the contexts mentioned by N. Gudea are not yet published, it is not at all sure who was right. There is no reason not to believe Tóth’s conclusion for the situation in the headquarters building (even Gudea agrees). If it is not entirely clear whether the stamps of the two legions were found together in the same contexts, the tile stamps COH III were discovered together with the VII Gemina Felix legion stamps in the B6 building, as we mentioned at the beginning of this article. Many debates were carried on around the identity of this unit. It is worthy to resume the case here, being thus possible to verify the chronology we have proposed for the presence of the detachment of the VII Gemina Felix legion at Porolissum. At the moment, 236 items from the old excavations53, 11 from the custom building54, one from the Citera Hill fort55 and some in the Roman town are known56 (fig. 3 and 4). In spite of this important constructive activity, the unit is not recorded by any stone inscription, nor is mentioned in any military diploma of the province. The biggest confusion was provided by the absence of the ethnical name57. Several explanations were proposed: E. Tóth read C(o)h(ortes) III believing there are about the three auxiliary units attested at Porolissum, cohors V Lingonum Antoniniana, cohors I Ulpia Brittonum Antoniniana, without mentioning the third one which worked together in AD 21358. N. Gudea supposed there was an auxiliary unit transferred from Syria to Porolissum together with the III Gallica legion, reading c(o)h(ors) III59. His attempt to identify a unit is totally wrong. First of all, no such unit as cohors III Dacorum from Syria, as he proposed, ever existed during the Principate period60. His second shortcoming is the unsuccessful attempt to find a variant containing the “D” letter, as it does not appear on any of the 250 items found during the excavations. He used three brick stamps with the inscription C I D having the separation points in a shape of short vertical lines61 (fig. 5/1). The big problem is that they have unknown place of discovery, being brought to the local museum by a peasant from the Jac village (Sălaj County) in 1972, as it is recorded in the inventory register of the museum62. From that year on, no such brick stamp was ever found during the intensive excavations in the fort. That means, in our opinion the bricks were not discovered at Porolissum, being probably a civilian stamp of a private workshop situated in the countryside of the Porolissum area63. I. Piso briefly expressed initially the idea that COH III must be a detachment of one of the two legions64. But soon he changed his opinion, proposing the reading cohors III Campestris, which would have been the garrison of the fort from Porolissum during the 3rd century65. The idea is groundless, as nothing suggests the name Campestris. At the same time, this unit is recorded at Viminacium66 (fig. 5/2) and Drobeta67 by stamps COH III CAMP, as on all its inscriptions known from Dacia.

51 Tóth 1978, p. 46. 52 Gudea 2002a, p. 49 53 Gudea 1989, p. 525-534. 54 Gudea 1996, p. 230-231. 55 Gudea 1989, p. 93, 525, IX.A.11.i., nr. 8. 56 Matei 2003, p. 205. 57 As a matter of fact, a similar situation is known in the fort at Zeugma, in Syria, where 11 tile stamps were found with the inscription LEG III belonging to a foreign legion, legio III Augusta, which (as other expeditionary detachments at Zeugma) used stamps with the legion’s numeral only (like LEG IIII=IIII Flavia Felix, for example) (Speidel 2012, p. 614-616, footnote 49). 58 Tóth 1978, p. 51-53. 59 Gudea 1989, p. 168. 60 In inscription CIL III 600 from Byllis must be an error of the writer, the unit from Syria’s army being cohors I Ulpia Dacorum (cf. ILS III/1, 2724) 61 Gudea 1989, p. 534, pl. CXXI/4-6. 62 Checked by myself in July 2013 at the Sălaj County History and Art Museum from Zalău. 63 I. Piso does not agree with Gudea’s solution, and considers, as we did, that the stamp must be read C I D but he does not propose an interpretation of this abbreviation (cf. Piso 2000, footnote 36). C.C. Petolescu rejected also Gudea’s reading, and proposed the reading C(ohors) I D(acorum) (Gallorum) which is also difficult to be accepted (ILD, 742). 64 Piso 2000, footnote 36. 65 Piso 2001, p. 230. 66 Gudea 2001, p. 54, Nr. 6, Z 11. 67 Gudea 1977, p. 236, fig. 6/7. 306 Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu 8

Fig. 5. 1. Tile stamp CID, unknown place (after Gudea Fig. 6. 1. Tile stamp of cohors III from Porolissum 1989); 2. Tile stamp of cohors III Campestris from (after Gudea 1989); 2. Tile stamp of cohors III from Viminacium (after Gudea 2001); 3. Tile stamp of the legio Aquae Querquennae (after Vega Avelaira, Ferrer VII Gemina Felix from the amphitheater from Italica Sierra 2009). (after Garcia y Bellido 1968).

Our own observation is that on an important quantity of stamps found at Porolissum, having several variants, the epithet Antoniniana or other frequently epithets, used during the 3rd century, are totally missing. It was the same on the stamps of the VII Gemina Felix legion68. On the other hand, we found these stamps inside the B6 building associated only with the stamps of the VII Gemina Felix legion. Obviously they belonged to the first stone phase of the fort, during Hadrian-Antoninus Pius period. We have therefore enough reasons to suggest a relationship between the two types of stamps and between the VII Gemina Felix legion and the cohors III. In support of this hypothesis, the research from the Roman fort at Aquae Querquennae (Portoquinella, Ourense, Spain), not far from the fortress at Leon, can be brought into discussion here. The fort was placed along the road between Bracara Augusta (Braga) and Asturica Augusta (Astorga), the so- called via nova, for watching the traffic on this important route69. The fort has 2.6 ha and the materials found in the excavations are to be dated between the Flavians and Hadrian70. After several hypothesis concerning the garrison, since no inscriptions were found, the recent discovery of a tile stamp of the type C II[I] (Fig. 6/2) made the Spanish researchers to assume that it could be the cohors III of the VII Gemina Felix legion from Leon71, in whose tactic area the Aquae Querquennae fort was located. Due to the size of the fort, it was assumed that a cohors quingenaria equitata could have been accommodated there72. This idea is supported by the excavation of the headquarters building which used as model the principia from Leon73. The stamp from Aquae Qerquennae is in a simple rectangular die as those at Porolissum and the half-moon shape of the letter „C” is very close to the same letter on the stamps from Porolissum (Fig. 6/1-2). The ending of the fort of cohors III of the VII Gemina Felix legion at Aquae Querquennae in Hadrian’s time fits very well with the chronology of the stamps coh III and L VII G F from Porolissum. After excavating the porta principalis

68 Based on the same arguments, P. Le Roux considers the tile-stamps from Porolissum cannot be dated after 197 AD, cf. Le Roux 2000, p. 390, footnote 74. 69 Vega Avelaira, Ferrer Sierra, Rodriguez Colmenero 2009, p. 465. 70 Vega Avelaira, Ferrer Sierra 2009, p. 351. 71 Vega Avelaira, Ferrer Sierra 2009, p. 350, lamina II. 72 Ferrer Sierra 2007, p. 124. 73 Vega Avelaira, Ferrer Sierra, Rodriguez Colmenero 2009, p. 477, Fig. 6. 9 A detachment of legio VII Gemina Felix at Porolissvm. When and why? 307 sinistra of the legionary fortress of the VII Gemina Felix legion at Leon, A. Morillo and V. Garcia-Marcos used as best typological analogies for this monument the porta principalis sinistra of the auxiliary fort at Aquae Querquennae and the excavated gate from the fort from the hill Citera at Porolissum74. Among the few finds from the fort from Porolissum-Citera there is a coin from Antoninus Pius’ period found in the mortar floor of one of the gate’s towers75. The building of the stone fort during Antoninus Pius time corresponds with the first stone phase of the big fort at Porolissum from the Pomăt hill. A tile stamp of CH III was also found at Citera fort, as we have already shown above, in the same place as the coin. This is another proof of the early dating of the activity of this unit at Porolissum and of the link with the VII Gemina legion from Leon. A good analogy comes from , where a unit having the tile stamps CORS III was accommodated during the late 3rd century-early 4th century period76. Later, the discovery of several stamps elucidated the identity of the unit: L(egio) V M(acedonica) co(ho)rs III77, i.e. the third cohors of the legion from Oescus, considered to be the garrison of the fort at Sucidava78. It is important for our discussion to keep in mind that in the case from Sucidava there are also stamps mentioning only the cohors and its number, without the name of the legion. To sum up, it is very plausible the hypothesis we propose in this article: a detachment (i.e. cohors III) of the VII Gemina Felix legion was probably brought to Porolissum from Aquae Querquennae (Spain), sometime in the second part of Hadrian’s reign to help the works of building in stone the fort at Porolissum and maybe of other defence elements of the frontier of the province Dacia Porolissensis in front of Porolissum79, a key point for the North-Western Roman frontier80. We recall that the province was created by Hadrian in his early reign. The proportion of 236 pieces (COH III) to 45 (L VII G F) can be explained as follows: the cohors was stamping the tiles produced and used by its members (as they used to do in their former fort at Aquae Querquennae) and to a certain number of tiles the stamp of the legion was also affixed (being now on mission outside their province). In this way we can finally understand why on this type of stamp is missing any ethnical name: because it was not an auxiliary unit.

Acknowledgements: This study was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS-UEFISCDI through the project PN-II-PT-PCCE-2011-3-0924.

74 Morillo, Garcia-Marcos 2005, p. 574. 75 Macrea, Protase, Rusu 1961, p. 375-376. 76 CIL III 8074; IGLR 281. 77 IGLR 280: “the tile stamps of the third cohort are numerous, with or without the name of the legion”. 78 Tudor 1978, p. 99, fig. 29/2, 3, 29. 79 Opreanu 2013. 80 ILS 2726; Dobson 1978, no. 117, thinks that the mission of the vexillation of the VII Gemina in Britain was to help building the Hadrian’s Wall; the chronology of the expeditio Britannica mentioned in the career of T. Pontius Sabinus was recently reopened and the conclusion was that the most likely period is during Hadrian’s visit to Britain in 122 AD (Breeze, Dobson, Maxfield 2012). 308 Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu 10

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310 Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu 12

ABRÉVIATIONS

AA – Archäologischer Anzeiger. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Darmstadt, München, Tübingen– Berlin ABSA – The Annual of the British School at Athens, Athens ActaArchCarp – Acta Archaeologica Carpatica, Kraków ActaArchHung – Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest Acta Classica – Acta Classica. Journal of the Classical Association of South Africa, Pretoria ActaHistHung – Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest ActaMN – Acta Musei Napocensis. Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca ActaMP – Acta Musei Porolissensis. Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă, Zalău ActaTS – Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis. Institutul pentru Cercetarea Patrimoniului Cultural Transilvănean în Context European, Sibiu AÉ – L’Année Épigraphique, Paris Aegean Studies – Aegean Studies. Aegeus - Society for Aegean Prehistory, Athens AEM – Archäologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Österreich-Ungarn, Wien Aevum – Aevum. Rassegna di Scienze Storiche Linguistiche e Filologiche. Vita e Pensiero – Pubblicazioni dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Agria – Agria. Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve – Annales Musei Agriensis. Dobó István Vármúzeum, Eger AHA – Acta Historiae Artium. Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest AHB – The Ancient History Bulletin (digital version only: http://ancienthistorybulletin.org/) AHR – The American Historical Review, Bloomington AIIA (Cluj-Napoca) – Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie, Cluj-Napoca AInf – Archäologische Informationen, Mitteilungen zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Bonn AISC – Anuarul Institutului de Studii Clasice, Cluj-Napoca AJA – American Journal of Archaeology, Boston AJN – American Journal of Numismatics. American Numismatic Society, New York AJPh – American Journal of Philology, Baltimore AM – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung, Athen Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. – American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Journal of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644) American Anthropologist – American Anthropologist. Journal of the American Anthropological Association, (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1548-1433) American Antiquity – American Antiquity. Society for American Archaeology, Washington ANarch – Archäologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Berlin AnB (S.N.) – Analele Banatului (Serie Nouă), Muzeul Banatului, Timişoara AnSt – Anatolian Studies. British Institute at Ankara, Ankara Antaeus – Communicationes ex Instituto Archaeologico Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae, Budapest Anthropology Today – Anthropology Today. Royal Anthropological Institute, London Antiquity – Antiquity. A Review of World Archaeology, Durham, UK AntOr – Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires AO – Arhivele Olteniei, Craiova АО …. Moskow – Arheologicheski Otkritja, Moskva Apulum – Acta Musei Apulensis. Muzeul Naţional al Unirii, Alba Iulia ArchA5 – Archaeologia Aeliana, Fifth Series. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Archaeol. Rev. Camb. – Archaeological Review from Cambridge. University of Cambridge, Cambridge Archaeologia – Altum castrum online. Mátyás király Múzeum, Visegrád Archeometriai Műhely – Archeometriai Műhely a Magyar Régészeti és Művészettörténeti Társulat interdiszciplináris kutatásokkal foglalkozó vitaülés-sorozata, Budapest ArchÉrt – Archeológiai Értesítő, Budapest

DACIA N.S., tome LIX, Bucarest, 2015, p. 383-388 384 Abréviaions 2

ArchHung – Archaeologia Hungarica, Acta Archaeologica Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest ArchKorr – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Mainz ArchPolski – Archeologia Polski, Wrocław – Warszawa ArchRozhledy – Archeologické Rozhledy, Praha ArhMed – Arheologia Medievală. Complexul Muzeal Bistriţa-Năsăud, Bistriţa ArhMold – Arheologia Moldovei. Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie, Iaşi ArhVestnik – Arheološki vestnik, Ljubljana AŞUI – Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza” din Iaşi, Iaşi Athenaeum – Studi di Letteratura e Storia dell’Antichita` pubblicati sotto gli auspici dell’Università di Pavia, Pavia AVANS – Archeologické Vyskumy a Nálezy na Slovensku, Nitra Banatica – Banatica. Muzeul Banatului Montan, Reşiţa BARBrSer – British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford BARIntSer – British Archaeological Reports, British Series, Oxford BayVgBl – Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter. Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Verbindung mit dem Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und der Archäologische Staatssammlung, München BCH – Bulletin de Correspendance Hellénique, Athènes–Paris BÉ – Bulletin Épigraphique, Paris BerRGK – Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Frankfurt am Main BIAUL – Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology (University of London), London BIDR – Bulletino dell'Istituto di Diritto Romano, Roma BJb – Bonner Jahrbücher des Rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn, Bonn BMN – Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Britannia – Britannia. Journal of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge BSNAF – Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France, Paris BSNR – Buletinul Societăţii Numismatice Române, Bucureşti BUFM – Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas, Wilkau-Haßlau - Langenweißbach Byzantina (Thessalonic) – BYZANTINA. Annual Review of the "Byzantine Research Centre", Thessalonic Byzantinoslavica – Byzantinoslavica. Revue internationale des Études Byzantines, Slovanský ústav Akademie věd ČR, Praha C&M – Classica et Mediaevalia: Danish Journal of Philology and History, Aarhus Caiete ARA – Caiete ARA. Arhitectură, Restaurare, Arheologie. Asociaţia ARA, Bucureşti CCA. Campania ….. – Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România, București Chiron – Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, München CICSA – Centrul de Istorie Comparată a Societăților Antice, Universitatea Bucureşti, Bucureşti CIL – Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin CN – Cercetări Numismatice. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României, Bucureşti ComArchHung – Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest CQ – The Classical Quaterly, The Classical Association, Cambridge CRAI – Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris Crisia – Crisia. Muzeului Ţării Crişurilor, Oradea CSCA – California Studies in Classical Antiquity. University of California, Los Angeles Current Anthropology – Current Anthropology. University of California, Merced CW – Classical World. Temple University, Philadelphia Dacia – Dacia. Fouilles et recherches archéologiques en Roumanie, Bucureşti Dacia N.S. – Dacia (Nouvelle Série). Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne. Académie Roumaine. Institut d’archéologie « V. Pârvan », Bucureşti DIR, C, I – Documente privind Istoria României, sec. XI–XIII, C, Transilvania, I (1075–1250) (eds.: I. Ionaşcu, L. Lăzărescu-Ionescu, B. Câmpina, E. Stănescu, D. Prodan, M. Roller), Bucureşti, 1951. 3 Abréviations 385

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JRA SS – Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series, Portsmouth, Rhode Island JRGZM – Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, Mainz JRS – Journal of Roman Studies, London Klio – Klio. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Berlin KölnJb – Kölner Jahrbuch. Römisch-Germanisches Museum Köln, Köln Közlemények – Közlemények az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum Érem-és Régiségtárából, Kolozsvar Kuhn-Archiv – Universitä t Halle-Wittenberg. Landwirtschaftliches Institut, Martin-Luther-Universitä t Halle-Wittenberg, Landwirtschaftliches Institut, Halle Lethes – Lethes. Cadernos Culturais do Limia, Centro Cultural Popular do Limia, Ourense LSJ – H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, H.S. Jones (eds.), A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford, Clarendon Press (9th edition), 1940. Lucentum – Lucentum. Universidad de Alicante, Alicante Lumea veche – Lumea Veche, Revistă de umanioare, Bucureşti MAGW – Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, Wien MAInstUngAk – Mitteilungen des Archäologischen Instituts der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Budapest Marisia – Marisia. Muzeul Judeţean Mureş, Târgu Mureş MASP – Materiali po Arheologii Severnogo Pričernomorja, Odesa MatArch – Materiały Archeologiczne, Kraków MatArchNovHuty – Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty, Nova Huta Materialy Starożytne – Materialy Starozytne i Wczesnosredniowieczne, Warszaw MCA – Materiale și cercetări arheologice. Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan”, București MCV – Mélanges de la Case Velázquez. Casa de Velázquez, Madrid MFME – A Móra Ferenc Múzeum évkönyve. Móra Ferenc Múzeum, Szeged ML – R. Meiggs, D.M. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century BC, Oxford, OUP, 1969 Mnemosyne – Mnemosyne, A Journal in Classical Studies, Brill, Leiden MSROA – Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego, Rzeszów Mus.Afr. – Museum Africum. West African Classical Association, University of Ibadan – Department of Classics, Ibadan Nor.Arch.Rev – Norwegian Archaeological Review, Taylor & Francis NumZ – Numismatische Zeitschrift. Österreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft, Wien OMNI. Revue internationale de numismatique – OMNI. Revue internationale de numismatique, L’association OMNI (Objets et Monnaies Non Identifiés) – http://www.identification- numismatique.com/ (http://www.wikimoneda.com/omni/) Palaeontologia Electronica – Palaeontological Association, England Pallas – Pallas. Revue d’Études Antiques. Université de Toulouse le Mirail, Toulouse PamArch – Památky Archeologické, Praha PAPhS – Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Society. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore PBF – Prähistorische Bronzefunde. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, Seminar für Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a. M, Abteilung für Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie des Historischen Seminars der Westfälischen Wilhelms- Universität, Münster Peuce – Peuce. Studii şi Note de Istorie Veche şi Arheologie. Muzeul Delta Dunării / Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale „Simion Gavrilă”, Tulcea Peuce S.N. – Peuce, serie nouă. Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie şi Arheologie. Institutul de Cercetări Eco- Muzeale „Simion Gavrilă”, Tulcea Phoenix – Phoenix. Classical Association of Canada, Trinity College, Toronto, Ontario PIR2 – Prosopographia Imperii Romani, saec. I-III, ed. II, Berlin-Leipzig PLRE – Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge University Press, 3 vol., 1971, 1980, 1992 5 Abréviations 387

PME – H. Devijver, Prosopographia militiarum equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum, 5 vol., Louvain, 1976–1993 Pomorania Antiqua – Pomorania Antiqua, Gdańsk Pontica – Pontica. Muzeul de Istorie Naţională şi Arheologie, Constanţa Prace i Materiały – Prace i Materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Lódzi, Lódz Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society – Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston PV – Přehled Výzkumů, Brno PZ – Praehistorische Zeitschrift. Freie Universität, Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Berlin RadVM – Rad Vojvodjanskih Muzeja, Novi Sad Raport … – Raport, Narodowy Instytut Dzieedzictwa. National Heritage Board, Warszawa RE – Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaften, Stutgart, 1893 – REA – Revue des Études Anciennes. Maison de l'Archéologie, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Pessac RechsArch – Recherches Archeologiques, Kraków RégFüz – Régészeti Füzetek. Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Történeti Múzeum, Budapest RESEE – Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes. Academia Română, Institutul de Studii Sud-Est Europeene, Bucureşti. RevBistr – Revista Bistriței. Complexul Muzeal Bistriţa-Năsăud, Bistriţa RevMédVét – Revue de Médicine Vétérinaire. Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse RFE/RL East European Perspectives – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty RH – Revue Historique. Presses universitaires de France, Paris RhM – Rheinisches Museum. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, Universität zu Köln, Köln RI S.N. – Revista Istorică. Academia Română, Institutul de Istorie „Nicolae Iorga”, Bucureşti RIC – Roman Imperial Coinage, London RM – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung, Rom RMD – M.M. Roxan, P. Holder, Roman Military Diplomas, 5 vol., London, 1978–2006 RocznMuzGórnBytom – Rocznik Muzeum Górnośląskiego w Bytomiu, Bytom RRH – Revue roumaine d’histoire. Academia Română, Bucureşti RRHA – Revue Roumaine d’Histoire de l’Art, Série Beaux-Arts. Academia Română, Institutul de Istoria Artei „G. Oprescu”, Bucureşti RRSE – Revista Română de Studii Eurasiatice. Centrul de Studii Eurasiatice, Constanţa SAA – Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica. Universitatea “Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi Sargeţia – Acta Musei Devensis. Muzeul Civilizatiei Dacice şi Romane, Deva Sautuola – Sautuola. Instituto de Prehistoria y Arqueología “Sautuola”, Santander SCIM – Studii și Cercetări de Istorie Medie. Academia Română, Institutul de Istorie „Nicolae Iorga”, Bucureşti SCIV(A) – Studii şi cercetări de istorie vecie (şi arheologie). Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan”, Bucureşti SCN – Studii şi Cercetări de Numismatică. Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile Pârvan”, Bucureşti Scripta Mediterranea – Scripta Mediterranea. Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto SHA – Scriptores Historiae Augustae SIB – Studii de Istorie a Banatului. Universitatea de Vest din Timişoara, Timişoara SlovArch – Slovenská Archeológia, Nitra SMIM – Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie. Academia Română, Institutul de Istorie „Nicolae Iorga”, Bucureşti Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei – Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei, Kaposvár SpisyArch – Spisy Archeologického Ústavu v Brně, Brno SprawArch – Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Kraków ŚSA – Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Wrocław StComSatuMare – Studii şi Comunicări. Muzeul Judeţean Satu Mare, Satu Mare ŠtudZvesti AÚ SAV – Študijné Zvesti. Archeologického Ústavu Slovenskei Akadémie Vied, Nitra 388 Abréviaions 6

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