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Home , Acidava, Acidava (castra), Altinum, Angustia (castra), Apulum (castra), Arutela

Map 22 Inferior Compiled by A.G. Poulter, 1996

Introduction

Reconstructing ancient topography and land-use in this is exceedingly difficult. Although the courses of the and its major left- and right-bank tributaries have changed little since antiquity, land reclamation and dredging to improve navigation along the Danube have substantially narrowed the river’s flow. They have also eliminated much of the marshland which existed between its channels and especially, but not exclusively, along its left bank. Here, the series of 1:200,000 maps produced by the Militärgeographische Institut (, 1940) has been used in preference to later cartography, since they provide a more reliable, if still tentative, guide to the landscape within the Danubian plain. Eastern and Minor are covered by TIR (1969), which takes an optimistic view of the identification of ancient sites and roads. The western limit of Moesia Inferior is included in TIR (1976). Except for Poulter (1995), no recent detailed maps exist for settlement in the north Danubian plain, and none for northern . Two publications (Hoddinott 1975; Velkov 1977) remain the best authorities for from the classical to Late Roman periods. For Dacia (present day ), there is a useful and notably reliable source for military sites (Cătăniciu 1981), and another for civilian settlements (Tudor 1968). The Directory cites further bibliography for sites of exceptional importance where recent excavations have been carried out. It also registers uncertainty about the function of some sites (fort or settlement, for example). With notable exceptions (cf. Maddjarov 1990), the exact alignment of roads cannot be confidently determined. Even the Danube road, though its general course is assured, frequently deviates south to avoid low-lying ground. It is by no means certain that this important highway ran directly from one fort to another, or whether -roads provided access to military installations and cities located on the Danube bank. Few villas have been fully excavated; all those that have been published are marked, except where interpretation is in doubt (Nikolov 1976, 67-71). Variation in the distribution of settlement shown generally reflects regional differences in the intensity of survey and excavation. Only a limited number of major sites have been investigated along the Bulgarian section of the Danube, for example; by contrast, field-survey and excavation, supplemented by aerial reconnaissance, have added substantially to the total of sites in the Romanian Dobrogea () and along the valley of the R. (ancient Alutus). Conspicuous is the thinly spread line of Roman forts known for the eastern frontier of Dacia, where field-work has been limited. No doubt there are more military bases to be found here, probably interspersed with watch-towers, as intensive survey has found along the western frontier (Map 21). Only in northeastern Bulgaria, between the R. Athrys and the , is the scant evidence for Roman occupation likely to reflect a comparatively low density of settlement in antiquity; as late as the nineteenth century, this largely waterless landscape was forested and thinly populated. Even so, it is remarkable that the region has produced evidence for important sites of the (, Sveshtari). More generally, only the well-published Late Roman “refuge settlements” have been included (Sadovets, Tsaravets). Where regional survey has been carried out (as between the R. Asamus and Abritus), numerous hill-top dating to the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. have been discovered; these were certainly common along the length of the Haemus range, especially in its northern foothills (Poulter 1983 II, 97-100). Military occupation of the plain between the Carpathian foothills and the Danube may already have occurred by the end of ’s (101/102). The majority of forts here, however, were established after the final conquest of the Dacian kingdom in 106. The abandonment of and the creation of the so-called Transalutanus -line can both be tentatively dated to the reign of . Despite claims to the contrary, the Roman abandonment of Dacia probably occurred during the reign of (260-68), before the traditional date of around 275 when established the new province of Dacia south of the Danube (Cătăniciu 1981, 53-55). In the Late Roman period, the extent of control and military occupation over territory north of the Danube 334 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR remains controversial. One fort (Pietroasa de Jos), well beyond the , would seem to have been occupied in the fourth century A.D., as were bridge-head forts (, Barboşi, and the unlocated Constantiniana Daphne) along the left bank of the river. But the earth bank and ditch, known as the de Nord, though later than the and often regarded as being of Late Roman date, remains problematic. Similarly, although considered first-century and believed to predate the Limes Transalutanus, the function and origins of a shorter section of bank and ditch known as the Brazda lui Novac de Sud remain uncertain. The absence of any evidence for Late Roman forts or settlements along its course and south of it rather suggests a later, probably medieval, date (see also the Czorsz-arok, Map 21 B2). In the list of Unlocated Toponyms, where possible, a general location is provided, either with reference to a nearby site, or to the Late to which it was probably assigned (Maps 101, 102). In the case of sites mentioned by , there is particular reason for scepticism. Although he credits Justinian (527-565) with major reconstruction and the building of new fortifications, the only corroborative evidence is confined to . Along the Danube, notably in Scythia Minor, -stamps and inscriptions suggest that Anastasius (491-518) was responsible for the reconstruction of frontier installations. Procopius is confused, especially in his descriptions of Moesia II and Scythia; many names are clearly corrupt, and similar names in separate lists may be the same site included twice by error, not two different places with the same name.

Directory All place names are in Romania unless otherwise noted

Abbreviations

TIB Thrakien P. Soustal, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 6, Thrakien, DenkWien 221, Vienna, 1991 TIR Aquincum Tabula Imperii Romani L 34, Aquincum-Sarmizegetusa-, Amsterdam, 1968 TIR Naissus Tabula Imperii Romani K 34, Naissus, Dyrrhachion--Serdica-Thessalonike, Ljubljana, 1976 TIR Romula Tabula Imperii Romani L 35, Romula-Durostorum-Tomis, , 1969

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E5 Abrit L BUL Velkov 1977, 109 (n. 423) D5 Abritus HRL BUL Hoddinott 1975, 156-65; Ivanov 1980 E4 Abrud RL? TIR Romula 21 = (S)Acidava B4 Acidava R Enoşeşti Cătăniciu 1981, 26 B5 Ad Putea RL Riben BUL Hoddinott 1975, 126 B6 Ad Radices RL Popina Leka BUL Maddjarov 1990, 24 F3 Aegyssus RL TIR Romula 21-22 Agathopolis = Aulaiouteichos B3 Albeşti RTIRRomula22 B4 Albota RTIRRomula22 F3 Aliobrix R MOL TIR Romula 22 A5 Altimir RL fort, settlement BUL TIR Naissus 14 E4 Altinum RL TIR Romula 22 B4 Alutus fl. Olt TIR Romula 22-23 E6 Anchialus CHRL BUL Hoddinott 1975, 221-23 D2 ? R Breţu TIR Romula 23 A2 See Map 21 A3 Apoldu de Sus See Map 21 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 335

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E6 Pontica/ CHRL/ BUL Hoddinott 1975, 33-41; Velkov 1977, 117 L D5 Appiaria RL Ryahovo BUL RE; Velkov 1977, 99 § Appiarienses R A2 See Map 21 E6 Aquae Calidae HRL Burgaski Mineralni Bani Hoddinott 1975, 221 BUL F4 Argamum RL ? TIR Romula 24 E6 Aristaeum R Emona BUL Hoddinott 1975, 223 F3 Arubium RL Măcin TIR Romula 24 B3 R Bivolărie Cătăniciu 1981, 27-28 § Alutela C6 Arzus RL Kalugerovo BUL Hoddinott 1975, 206 B5 Asamus RL Mussalievo BUL Velkov 1977, 102 B5 Asamus fl. RL Osum BUL RE C5 Athrys/ RL Iskur BUL RE Ieterus Iatros/ Ieterus fl. A5 fl. BUL See Map 21 A5 Augustae RL Hârlets BUL TIR Naissus 19; Maschov 1994 AugustaTraiana=Beroe E6 Aulaiouteichos/ CHRL? Achtapol BUL Arrian, PPE 24.6; Anon., PPE 15v28; Agathopolis RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, col. 1037 F4 Axiopolis RL Hinog TIR Romula 24-25

F4 RL TIR Romula 25 A2 See Map 21 C5 Băneasa R Cătăniciu 1981, 35-36 F3 Barboşi RL TIR Romula 25 F3 R MOL / UKR RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, col. 1013 B7 Batak BUL See Map 51 F4 Beroe RL Piatra Frecăţei TIR Romula 26-27 C6 Beroe/ HRL/ BUL Hoddinott 1975, 199-202 Augusta Traiana R B6 Bessapara RL near Pazardjik BUL Hoddinott 1975, 67 B6 CHR BUL RE Bessoi F5 Bizone CHR BUL Hoddinott 1975, 333 Brazda lui Novac de Nord See Earthworks Brazda lui Novac de Sud See Earthworks B2 Brîncoveneşti R Cătăniciu 1981, 22-23 F3 Britolagai R MOL / UKR Ptol. 3.10.7 A2 Brucla See Map 21 E4 Bugeac RL TIR Romula 29 B3 R Stolniceni Cătăniciu 1981, 26-27 § *Buridavenses TIR Romula 80

A5 Căciulăteşti See Map 21 F5 Callatis CHRL RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, cols. 1079-81 B2 Călugăreni R Cătăniciu 1981, 23 Candidiana = Nigrinianis E4 Canlia RL TIR Romula 29 F4 RL TIR Romula 29-30 B3 R Boiţa Cătăniciu 1981, 29-30 C6 Carassura RL Rupkite BUL Böttger 1983 F3 LTIRRomula30 E2 R RE 1 E4 RL Hîrşova TIR Romula 30 D7 Iarba BUL See Map 51 B3 R Sîmbotin? Cătăniciu 1981, 27 E6 ‘Cazalet’? R?L Panitsovo BUL ItMiller 588 F3 Căşla RL TIR Romula 31 B3 Cedonia R ? TIR Romula 32 C6 Celaletae Maiores R BUL RE Thrake 3 336 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B7 Celaletae Minores R BUL RE Thrake 3 A2 Cetea See Map 21 F4 Cernavoda RTIRRomula32 C6 Chatalka RL BUL Nikolov 1976 A2 Cheia See Map 21 E6 Chersonesos HRL? Maslen Nos BUL PPE 24.5; Anon., PPE 137 B2 Cheţani See Map 21 C6 Cillis? RL Cherna Gora ItAnt 136.5 A2 Ciugud See Map 21 A2 Ciunga See Map 21 F4 RL Gîrliciu TIR Romula 33 B3 Cincşor R Cătăniciu 1981, 25 D3 Cîrlomăneşti H Babeş 1975 F4 Cochirleni RL TIR Romula 34 A2 See Map 21 C3 Comidava R Rîşnov Cătăniciu 1981, 8-9 § B3 Copăceni R Cătăniciu 1981, 28 A2 Corpadea See Map 21 E1 R MOL RE Kostoboken B2 Cristeşti R Cătăniciu 1981, 24 B4 Crîmpoaia/ R TIR Romula 43; Cătăniciu 1981, 31 Ghioca

A2 Dacia See Map 21 F4 Dăeni RL TIR Romula 37 A2 Daia Română See Map 21 A5 Danuvius/ See Map 23 Istros/ Hister fl. F4 Deleni RL? TIR Romula 38 E4 Dervent RL TIR Romula 38 E6 Deultum RL Debelt BUL Hoddinott 1975, 221 A2 Dezmir See Map 21 C5 Dimum RL Belene BUL RE; Mitova-Džonova 1994 §Dimenses R F3 RL Garvăn TIR Romula 38 B6 Diocletianopolis RL Hisar BUL Hoddinott 1975, 300-12; Madjarov 1993 F5 Dionysopolis/ CHRL/ BUL Hoddinott 1975, 49 Krounoi C Diospolis = Kabyle B5 Doriones RL Slatina BUL Maddjarov 1990, 22 B6 Douvanli C BUL Hoddinott 1975, 58-69 D3 Drajna de Sus R Cătăniciu 1981, 5 F4 Dunărea RL TIR Romula 40 E4 Dunăreni RL TIR Romula 40 E4 Durostorum RL BUL Hoddinott 1975, 138-42; Donevski 1991

A6 *Egerica BUL See Map 49 C5 Emporium Discoduraterae RL Gostilitsa BUL Poulter 1995, 14 C5 Emporium Piretensium R Gorsko BUL Poulter 1995, 8 F4 Enisala RL TIR Romula 40 E5 Erite/ RL Dolni Bliznyak? BUL Hoddinott 1975, 334 Ereta

A2 Făgeti Ierii See Map 21 B3 Feldioara R Cătăniciu 1981, 25 B4 Fîlfani RTIRRomula42 E4 Flaviana RL Rasova? TIR Romula 42 C5 Flămînda R Cătăniciu 1981, 33

E5 Galata HR BUL Hoddinott 1975, 233 F5 Gerania RL? BUL IGBulg 1, 49-50 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 337

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

Gerasus fl. = Hierasos fl. C4 CHRL RE; KlPauly Getai A2 Gheorgheni See Map 21 A1 See Map 21 Ghioca = Crîmpoaia F4 Ghindăreşti RL TIR Romula 43 B5 Giridava RL Pelishet BUL RE B5 Glava Panega R BUL IGBulg 2, 37-59 B6 Golyamo Belovo L BUL Hoddinott 1975, 298-300 A5 Gorna Bešovitsa R BUL AE 1969/70.572 A6 Gorna Malina RL fort, settlement BUL TIR Naissus 57 B4 Gresia R Cătăniciu 1981, 33 F4 Gura Dobrogei RTIRRomula44

C6 Haemus M. RL Stara Planina BUL RE Haimos 5 E6 Haemi Pr. RL E end of Haemus RE Haimos 5 C7 Harmanli BUL See Map 51 C7 RL BUL TIB Thrakien 281-82 C7 Haskovo bani BUL See Map 51 A6 Hebros fl. See Map 51 A6 Helice BUL See Map 49 D2 Hierasos/ RL/ ROM / UKR RE Τιαραντός;TIRRomula45 Gerasus/ L/ Tiarantos? fl. C Hister fl. = Danuvius fl. F4 CHRL TIR Romula 45-46 § (H)Istropolis §Istros C3 Hoghiz R Cătăniciu 1981, 25 C3 Homorod R Cătăniciu 1981, 50 F3 Horia R Poulter 1983 II, 89-90

A2 Iara See Map 21 Iatros fl. = Athrys fl. C5 Iatrus RL Krivina BUL Hoddinott 1975, 133-35; Bülow 1995 Ibida = (L)Ibida Ieterus fl.= Athrys fl. A2 Ighiu See Map 21 B1 Ilişua See Map 21 C2 Inlăceni R Cătăniciu 1981, 95 (n. 372) F3 Ismail R UKR TIR Romula 47 Istros fl. = Danuvius fl. B5 Izlaz R Cătăniciu 1981, 26

C3 Jidava R Cătăniciu 1981, 34 F3 RL TIR Romula 48

D6 Kabyle/ HRL/ BUL Poulter 1983 I, 233-38 Diospolis L § Cabyleti R Pliny, NH 4.40 F5 Karon Limen? H BUL RE Καρῶν λιµήν A3/C1 Karpates Oros See Map 1 C6 Kasnakovo R BUL Hoddinott 1975, 216-17 C6 Kazanluk H BUL Hoddinott 1975, 98-103 E6 Koralloi R BUL RE E5 Krobyzoi R BUL RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, col. 1019 Krounoi = Dionysopolis A5 Krushovitsa RL BUL TIR Naissus 76

F4 (L)Ibida L Slava Rusă TIR Romula 67 Limes Transalutanus See Walls A5 Ljutibrod RL BUL TIR Naissus 80 E5 ‘Locidae Regi’ RL NE Bulgaria ItMiller 593 338 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E5 Madara RL Hoddinott 1975, 167-68 C3 Mălăieşti R Cătăniciu 1981, 9 Malva = Romula A2 Mănărade See Map 21 E5 RL Reka Devniya BUL Hoddinott 1975, 267-68 A2 Maris(os) fl. HUN / ROM See Map 21 B5 Melta RL BUL Velkov 1977, 105 A3 Mercurea See Map 21 E6 Mesembria CHRL Nesebur BUL Hoddinott 1975, 317-23 A5 Mezdra RL fort, settlement BUL TIR Naissus 86 A2 Miceşti Alba See Map 21 A2 Miceşti See Map 21 A5 BUL / YUG See Map 21 B6 Moesia Inferior RL BUL / ROM RE Moesia D5 Mogilets R BUL Poulter 1983 II, 86-90 B6 ‘Monte Haemo’ RL Kartsoviya Bouk BUL Maddjarov 1990, 24

E4 Naparis? fl. C Ialomiţa Hdt. 4.48 A2 See Map 21 E6 Naulochos/ HR/ BUL ItMiller 513; Hoddinott 1975, 334-36 Templum Iovis? L § Tetranaulochus F3 Nicoliţel RL TIR Romula 53 C5 ad Istrum RL Nikiup BUL Hoddinott 1975, 143-49; Poulter 1995 D4 Nigrinianis/ R/ Maluk Preslavets BUL Velkov 1977, 105 Candidiana L A2 Noşlac See Map 21 D4 Nova Černa L BUL TIR Romula 53 C5 RL BUL Hoddinott 1975, 128-33; Press 1990 F3 RL TIR Romula 53-54

A2 See Map 21 A1 Ocna Dejului See Map 21 E5 Odessus CHRL Varna BUL Hoddinott 1975, 223-33 C2 Odorheiu Secuiesc RL? TIR Romula 54 D6 Odrysae HR BUL RE Odrysai B5 RL BUL Hoddinott 1975, 116-26 B5 Oescus fl. RL Iskur BUL RE Moesia, col. 2361 B5 Oitensioi? R BUL RE Οἰτήνσιοι C2 Olteni R Cătăniciu 1981, 30 B1 Orheiu Bistriţei R Cătăniciu 1981, 39 E4 Ostrov RL TIR Romula 55 F4 RL TIR Romula 56

A2 Palatca See Map 21 E5 Palmatis RL Kochular? BUL RE B6 Panagyurishte H BUL Hoddinott 1975, 85-91 E5 Pannissus RL Dubravino / Kalimah RE Panysos BUL E5 Panysos fl. RL Kamchiya BUL RE C6 Parambole R?L Belozem? BUL ItMiller 537 A2 Păuca See Map 21 C5 Pavlikeni R BUL Poulter 1983 II, 89-90 F3 RL TIR Romula 57 B5 Pedonianis L Vadin BUL ItMiller 503 A4 See Map 21 B6 Peroushtitsa L BUL Hoddinott 1975, 293-97 B6 / HRL/ BUL Hoddinott 1975, 187-95 Trimontium R F3 Piatra Roşie RTIRRomula58 D3 Pietroasa de Jos R?L TIR Romula 58; Cătăniciu 1981, 9 A1 Pintic See Map 21 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 339

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B6 Pirdop L BUL Hoddinott 1975, 280-85 E2 R Poiana-Tecuci? TIR Romula 58 D4 Piscul Crăsanilor H Vulpe 1976, 124, 133-34 E4 Piua Pietrei RL TIR Romula 58 C6 Pizus RL Dimitrievo BUL Hoddinott 1975, 206 A2 Podeni See Map 21 B4 Pons Aluti R Ioneştii Govorii Cătăniciu 1981, 26 B5 Pons Constantini L near Sucidava Tudor 1974, 135-66 B3 Pons Vetus R Cîineni Cătăniciu 1981, 29 F6 Euxinus See Map 1 D4 Popeşti H Vulpe 1976, 124, 133-34 A2 See Map 21 B3 Praetorium R Copăceni Cătăniciu 1981, 28 C5 Prisovo R BUL Poulter 1983 II, 86-90 B4 Purcăreni R Cătăniciu 1981, 31 C5 Putineiu R Cătăniciu 1981, 34-35 F2 Pyretos fl. CR TIR Romula 60 C6 Pyrogeri R BUL RE

C3 Răcar R Cătăniciu 1981, 52 F3 Rachelu RL TIR Romula 60 B3 Rădăcineşti Cătăniciu 1981, 29 A2 Războieni See Map 21 A3 Reciu See Map 21 A5 Regianum RL Kozloduj? BUL TIR Naissus 108 A4 Rhabo fl. See Map 21 A1 Rogna See Map 21 B4 Romula/ RL? Reşca Tudor 1968, 342-61; TIR Romula 62 Malva B4 Roşiorii de Vede R Cătăniciu 1981, 31 F5 Rousalka L BUL Kitov 1971 C3 HRL RE Suppl. 7 B4 R Momoteşti? TIR Romula 51

A3 (S)Acidava See Map 21 E4 RL Dunăreni? TIR Romula 63 B5 Sadovets L BUL Hoddinott 1975, 256-58; Uenze 1992 A2 Salinae See Map 21 A1 See Map 21 A1 Samus fl. HUN / ROM See Map 21 B4 Săpata de Jos R Cătăniciu 1981, 36-37 C2 Sărăţeni R Cătăniciu 1981, 23 A2 Şard See Map 21 A2 Sava See Map 21 E6 Scatrae RL crest of Haemus Velkov 1977, 105 E2 Scythia See Map 1 F4 Scythia Minor RL Dobrogea TIR Romula 65 A3 Sebeş See Map 21 B5 Securisca RL Cherkovitsa BUL Velkov 1977, 103 F4 Seimeni RL TIR Romula 65 B6 Sernota R?L ItMiller 537 C6 Seuthopolis H BUL Poulter 1983 I, 289-303 C5 Sexaginta Prista RL Rusé BUL RE Sexagintaprisca D5 Shoumen L BUL Hoddinott 1975, 262 E5 Shkorpilovtsi L BUL Hoddinott 1975, 50 E6 Sialetae R BUL RE Sialetai A2 Sic See Map 21 B4 Slăveni R Cătăniciu 1981, 51-52 A6 Soneio BUL See Map 49 B6 RL Lomets BUL Velkov 1977, 105 Sozopolis = Apollonia Pontica A6 Sparata BUL See Map 49 340 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B5 Storgosia RL BUL Maddjarov 1990, 21 A2 Straja See Map 21 A2 Stremţ See Map 21 B6 Sub Radices RL Hristo Danovo BUL Maddjarov 1986; 1990, 25 B5 Sucidava RL Celei Tudor 1968, 323-41 E4 Sucidava RL Izvoarele? TIR Romula 69 A2 Surduc See Map 21 D5 Sveshtari HBUL Fol1986 A6 Succorum Angustiae Suki Pass BUL Velkov 1977, 93

E7 ‘Tarpodizo’ TKY See Map 52 D5 Tegris RL Martensko Kale BUL Velkov 1977, 105 §Tegra E4 Tegulitium RL Vetren BUL Velkov 1977, 105 F3 Teliţa R Poulter 1983 II, 89 Templum Iovis? = Naulochos F3 Thalamonium RL Nufărul? TIR Romula 71 F7 TKY See Map 52 F7 Thynias Pr. TKY See Map 52 B5 Tia Mare R Cătăniciu 1981, 25 Tiarantos? fl. = Hierasos fl. C4 Tîrgşor R Cătăniciu 1981, 10 F5 Tirizis HRL BUL Hoddinott 1975, 333-34 F5 Tirizis Pr. HRL Kaliakra BUL Hoddinott 1975, 333-34 B3 Titeşti R Cătăniciu 1981, 29 F4 Tomis CHRL Constanţa RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, cols. 1080-81 D6 Tonzos fl. BUL / TKY See Map 51 F4 Topalu RL TIR Romula 73 F4 Topraichioi L Opaiţ 1980 F3 Traian RL TIR Romula 73 D4 Transmarisca RL Tutrukan BUL TIR Romula 73 B5 BUL / YUG See Map 21 C5 Trimammium RL Mechka BUL Velkov 1977, 104-105 Trimontium = Philippopolis F3 RL Igliţa TIR Romula 73-74 F3 Trog(l)odytae HR RE VIIA, cols. 2497-2500 Troglodytai E4 RL Barnea 1979; Sâmpetru 1984 C5 Tsaravets L BUL Hoddinott 1975, 249-50 B3 Turnu Roşu RTIRRomula75 C6 Tylis H Tulovsko Pole? BUL RE

B4 Urluieni R Cătăniciu 1981, 36 B5 Utus RL Utum BUL Velkov 1977, 92 B5 Utus fl. RL Vit BUL RE Moesia, col. 2361

C5 Valea Totişii R Cătăniciu 1981, 31 C5 Valea Urluii R Cătăniciu 1981, 31 B5 Valeriana RL Dolni Vadin BUL Velkov 1977, 91 A5 Variana RL Leskovo BUL Velkov 1977, 91 B6 Viamata L Mihiltsi BUL Maddjarov 1990, 26 A5 ‘Bapeni’ L E Augustae BUL Poulter 1980, 738 F4 Vicus Buteridavensis R Sariurt? Poulter 1980, 739 F4 Vicus Celeris R Vadul? Poulter 1980, 739 F4 Vicus Clement(...) R Mihail Kogălniceanu? Poulter 1980, 739 F4 Vicus Hi(...) R Dorobanţul? Poulter 1980, 739 B5 Vicus Longinopara R near Glava Panega BUL Poulter 1980, 739 F4 Vicus Novus R Babadag Poulter 1980, 739 F4 Vicus Petrus R Camena? Poulter 1980, 739 F4 Vicus Quintionis R near Istria Poulter 1980, 739 F4 Vicus * R near Hîrşova Poulter 1980, 739 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 341

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F4 Vicus *Scaptia R Palazul Mare? Poulter 1980, 739 F4 Vicus Scenopesis R near Capidava Poulter 1980, 740 B5 Vicus Siamus R near Ostrov BUL Poulter 1980, 740 B5 Vicus Trullensium R Kounino? BUL Poulter 1980, 740 F4 Vicus Turris *Mucaporis R Anadolchioi? Poulter 1980, 740 F4 Vicus *Ulmetensium RL Pantelimon de Sus TIR Romula 76; Poulter 1980, 740 F4 Vicus Urb(...) R Rîmnicul de Jos? Poulter 1980, 740 F4 Vicus ‘Ver(gob)rittiani’ R near Cius Poulter 1980, 740 A2 Vidolm See Map 21 E4 Vlahii RL TIR Romula 78 E5 Voivoda L BUL Velkov 1977, 106; Milchev 1984

F5 Yaila L BUL A.G. Poulter A4 Zăvalu See Map 21

Aqueducts

Grid Location Period Reference

B6 Philippopolis (2) RL Kesyakova 1983 C5 (2) RL Poulter 1995, 6

Bridges

Grid Location Period Reference

A1 Samum See Map 21 B5 Valeriana R Tudor 1974, 19-29

Earthworks

Grid Name / Location Period Reference

B4 Brazda lui Novac de Nord See Map 21 C5 Brazda lui Novac de Sud L Tudor 1968a, 256-58; TIR Romula 28

Quarries

Grid Location Material Reference

A2 Baciu M See Map 21 Baciu A2 Cheia M See Map 21 Cheia 342 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR

Roads

Itinerary Period Reference

Napoca → Gherla → Brîncoveneşti → Salinae R TIR Aquincum; TIR Romula Napoca → Apulum → Arutela → Romula → Sucidava RL TIR Aquincum; TIR Romula; Cătăniciu 1981, fig. 41 → Oescus Map 21 → Apulum R TIR Aquincum Caput Stenarum → Hoghiz → Angustia? → RTIRRomula Piroboridava Homorod → Odorheiu Secuiesc R TIR Romula Angustia? → Comidava → Albota → Gresia → RTIRRomula Flamînda Comidava → S R A.G. Poulter Pons Vetus → Titeşti → Copaceni → Radacineşti → RTIRRomula Arutela Map 21 → Pelendava → Cacîulateşti → S R TIR Aquincum; TIR Naissus Pelendava → Romula → Slaveni → Izlaz → Sucidava RL TIR Aquincum; TIR Romula Augustae → SW RL TIR Naissus Augustae → Oescus → Novae → Durostorum → RL TIR Romula; Poulter 1995, 5, 9 Carsium → Troesmis → Noviodunum → Aegyssus → Thalamonium Oescus → Vicus Trullensium → SW RL Poulter 1995, 9 Oescus → Ad Putea → Melta → Viamata → RL Maddjarov 1990, 18-29 Philippopolis Map 21 → Vicus Trullensium → Melta → Nicopolis ad RL Poulter 1995, 5,9 Istrum → Marcianopolis → Odessus Sparata → Philippopolis → Beroe → Kabyle → RL Poulter 1995, 9 Deultum → Apollonia Pontica → Thynias Map 21 → GolyamoBelovoarea→ S (2 routes) RL Hoddinott 1975, Map 2; Poulter 1995, 9 Dimum → Emporium Discoduraterae → Seuthopolis RL Poulter 1995, 9 Doriones → Giridava → Novae RL Poulter 1995, 5, 9 Novae → SSE → Emporium Discoduraterae RL Poulter 1995, 5 Novae → Nicopolis ad Istrum → Kabyle → S RL Poulter 1995, 9 Iatrus → Nicopolis ad Istrum → Emporium RL Poulter 1995, 5 Discoduraterae Sub Radices → Seuthopolis → Beroe → Arzus → SE RL Poulter 1995, 9 Viamata → Diocletianopolis → Douvanli RL Maddjarov 1990, 18-29 Cillis? → Pizus → Arzus RL Poulter 1995, 9 Sexaginta Prista → Abritus → Shoumen RL Poulter 1995, 9 Durostorum → Marcianopolis → Scatrae → Anchialus RL Poulter 1995, 9 → Deultum → ‘Tarpodizo’ Deultum → Anchialus → Odessus → Dionysopolis → RL TIR Romula; Poulter 1995, 9 Tirizis → Callatis → Tomis → Histria → Argamum → E Altinum → Tropaeum Traiani → Tomis RL TIR Romula Tropaeum Traiani → Vicus Ulmet(ensi)um → (L)Ibida RL TIR Romula → Noviodunum Carsium → Vicus Ulmet(ensi)um → Vicus Clement(...) RL TIR Romula (L)Ibida → Aegyssus RL TIR Romula Enisala → Topraichioi → NW RL TIR Romula Jijila → Dinogetia RL TIR Romula

Wall

Grid Name / Location Period Reference

B4 Limes Transalutanus, Flămînda to Albota R Cătăniciu 1981, 31-37 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 343

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Acrae L Scythia Minor Velkov 1977, 111 Ad Salices RL between Histria and Vallis TIR Romula 21 Domitiana Adina L near Palmatis Beševliev 1970, 126 Aedabe L between Augustae and Variana? Velkov 1977, 92 Ag. Kyrillos L Scythia Minor TIR Romula 63 Albokensioi R TIR Romula 80 Alincum L between and TIR Romula 22 Amlaidina R Scythia Minor TIR Romula 23 Anagonkli L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 Anartoi R TIR Romula 80 Ankyriana L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 146 *Ansamenses TIR Romula 80 Antoninon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 134 Aodi R tribe between Haemus and Danube Pliny, NH 4.41 R Scythia Minor Pliny, NH 4.44 Arina L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141 fl. C Hdt. 4.49 Arzos fl. R Thrace RE *Asbolodina R near Callatis TIR Romula 24 Asgarzos L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 137 Asgizous L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 138 Asilba L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 142 Ausdecenses R tribe near Tropaeum Traiani TIR Romula 24 Authiparou L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 136

Baika L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 136 Balentiniana L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 146 Bargus fl. R tributary of Hebros fl. RE 1 Basibounon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 139 Baskon L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 133 Bassidina L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 144 Basternas L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141 Bekis L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 145 Bekouli L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 139 Belaidipara L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 132 Belastyras L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 Beledina L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 144 Bepara L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 132 Bereiaros L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 129 Bergison L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 131 Beripara L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 71 Beripara L Moesia II, or same as above Beševliev 1970, 71 Beros L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 Bidigis L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 140-41 Biephoi R TIR Romula 80 Birginaso L Moesia II or Scythia Minor TIR Romula 78; Beševliev 1970, 146 Bisdina L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 142-43 Bismapha L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 146 Bodas L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141 Bona Mansio RL = Lissas? ItMiller 536 Bospara L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 128 Bredas L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 Buaticum RL between and Thynias ItMiller 514 Burdipta/ RL between Subzupara and ItMiller 538 Burdenis Hadrianoupolis

Calabaeus fl. R near Histria TIR Romula 29 Capora L between Tyras and Porolissum TIR Romula 30 ‘Castris Novis’ RL between Pelendava and Romula Tudor 1968, 357 344 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Castris Rubris RL between Burdipta and ‘Rhamis’ ItMiller 537 Cheroinon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 134 Chrysanthos L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 136 Cimbrianae L between Durostorum and Altinum TIR Romula 32 Clariae R tribe between Haemus and Danube Pliny, NH 4.41 Constantiana Daphne L left bank of Danube, opposite TIR Romula 37 Transmarisca Cumidavenses R TIR Romula 80

Dagis R near Histria TIR Romula 37 Dalatarba L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 128 Daousdaua R between Danube and Haemus Ptol. 3.10.6 Debre L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 138 Deixas L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 138 Deoniana L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 140 Dertallos L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 133 Diggion L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 131 Dimo L Moesia II, or = Dimum? Beševliev 1970, 140 Diniskarta L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 144 Dordas L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 136 Drasdea L Thrace Velkov 1977, 131

Eisdikaia L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 131 Emporion Taurokephalon L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 132 Ergamia L Scythia Minor or Moesia II, or = Beševliev 1970, 149 Argamum Erkoulente L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 139 Ermerium L between Tyras and Porolissum TIR Romula 41 Eumenia R Scythia Minor TIR Romula 41

Gemellomountes L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 142 Genoukla R Scythia Minor TIR Romula 43 Gesila Phossaton L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 134 Getrinas L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 Getristaous L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 138 Grapso L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 143

Hylasianai L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 136 Hymauparoubri L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 132

In Medio RL between ‘Orudizsa ad Burgum’ Velkov 1977, 196 and Hadrianoupolis Ioustinianoupolis L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 142 Iscina L between Tyras and Porolissum TIR Romula 47 Isgipera L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 129 Itzes L Scythia Minor or Moesia Inferior Beševliev 1970, 146

Kabotoumba L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 137-38 Kapistouria L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 129 ‘Karberos’ L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 138 Karpoudaimon R Thrace Ptol. 3.11.7 *Kasianon R Scythia Minor TIR Romula 30 Kasibonon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 133-34 ‘Kastellonobo’ L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 113 Katassou L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 148 Kaukoensioi R TIR Romula 80 Keiagisoi R TIR Romula 80 Keriparon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 133 Kistidizos L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141 Kleisoura L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 136 Konstantiana L near Histria TIR Romula 34 Kopoustoros L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 145 *Koryolen kome R near Odessus Poulter 1980, 739 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 345

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Kotensioi R TIR Romula 80 Kouestris RL Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 126 Koupron L Scythia Minor TIR Romula 35 Kouskauri L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 142 Kouskouli L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 142 Koutzousoura L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 99 Kreas L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 148 Kyntodemon L on Danube, E Securisa Beševliev 1970, 123 Kyridana L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 139

Laikos Pyrgos R near Histria TIR Romula 48 Lapidarias L E Oescus, Velkov 1977, 92 HR village in Naulochos area 9.5.19 Libistus R Scythia Minor Pliny, NH 4.44 Lissas RL NW Bessapara ItAnt 136.2 Loukernariabourgou L near Lapidarias? Velkov 1977, 92 Lyginos fl. HR Moesia II; Kamtschik? RE

Markerota L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 60 Markerota L Moesia II, or same as above Beševliev 1970, 60 Markerota Bešelvliev 1970, 141 Markianon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 139 *Maskiobrias R near Abritus Poulter 1980, 739 Mauroballe L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 145 *Maxentium L between Tegris and *Quinto Beševliev 1970, 124 L between Trimammium and Velkov 1977, 67 Appiaria Metallos L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141 Monteregine L Moesia II?, or confusion with Beševliev 1970, 144-45 ‘Locidae Regi’ Mourideba L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 146

Nikomedeon L Scythia Minor TIR Romula 53 Niskonis L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 148 Nobeioustiniana L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 148 Noes fl. C Hdt. 4.49 Nono L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 143

Oboulensioi R Moesia Inferior Ptol. 3.10.4 ‘Opisena’ R = Pizus? Ptol. 3.11.7 ‘Orkelis’ R Thrace Ptol. 3.11.7 ‘Orudisza ad Burgum’ RL between Kabyle and In Medio Velkov 1977, 196 Ostaphos R Thrace Ptol. 3.11.7 Oualla R Thrace Ptol. 3.11.7 Ounno L on Danube near *Palatiolum Beševliev 1970, 121 Ourdaous L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 132-33 Ozorme L Thrace, = Zyrmis? Beševliev 1970, 129

Padisara L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 146 *Palatiolum L = Oescus? Beševliev 1970, 121 Parthenopolis R Scythia Minor TIR Romula 56 Pauli Mandra L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 148 Pedoniana RL E Valeriana ItMiller 503 Perburdava R near Novae Poulter 1980, 739 ‘Perontikon’ R S Tonzos? Ptol. 3.11.3 Peuke Oros R E Carpathians? Ptol. 3.5.5 Phossaton L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 142 Picusculus fl. R near Histria TIR Romula 58 Piephigoi R TIR Romula 80 Plateypegiae L Danube mouth TIR Romula 58 Kastellon L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141 Pons Ucasi RL E Succorum Angustiae ItMiller 535 Potamou Kastellon L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 131 346 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Potoulatensioi R TIR Romula 80 Poulchra Theodora L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 148 Pousinon L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 132 Predauensioi R TIR Romula 80 Preidis L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 147 Presidio L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 148-49 ‘Probinou’ L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 134 ‘Probinus’ L Haemimontus, or same as above Beševliev 1970, 134 Pteron Akron R between Danube mouth and TIR Romula 59 Histria

*Quinto L between *Maxentium and Beševliev 1970, 124 Transmarisca

Rakoule L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 Ranilum RL between Philippopolis and ItMiller 537 Carassura Ratakensioi R TIR Romula 80 Residina L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 143 ‘Rhamis’ RL between Castris Rubris and ItMiller 537 Burdenis Rhocobae R Scythia Minor TIR Romula 61 Roubousta L Moesia II Velkov 1977, 102

‘Sadame’ RL between Deultum and ‘Tarpodizo’ ItAnt 230.1 Sakissos L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 131 Saldensioi R TIR Romula 80 ‘Salmorude’ RL = ? TIR Romula 44 Saltoupyrgos L Danube bank, Moesia II TIR Romula 63 Sanpeus fl. R near Histria TIR Romula 63 Sarmathon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 136 Scaugdae R tribe between Haemus and Danube Pliny, NH 4.41 Scedeba L Scythia Minor TIR Romula 64 L Thrace Velkov 1977, 132 Sekepedon L Scythia Minor TIR Romula 65 Skariotasaloukra L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 132 Skatrina L Moesia II, perhaps same as Beševliev 1970, 139-40 Scatrae Skemnas L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 129-30 Skitakes L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 132 Skythias L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 9 ‘Sitioenta’ R E Noviodunum Ptol. 3.10.5 Solbanou L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 133 Souras L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135-36 Spathizos L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141 Spibyros L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141 *Stratonis Turris RL between Tomis and Callatis TIR Romula 69 Sturum R between Tyras and Porolissum TIR Romula 69 Subzupara RL between Arzus and Burdipta ItAnt 137.1 Syrmus fl. R tributary of Hebros fl. RE

Tamasidaua R close to Hierasos fl. Ptol. 3.10.8 Tamonbari L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 129 Taurokomon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 137 Teesimonte L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 138 ‘Terta’ R Thrace Ptol. 3.11.7 Teuriskoi R Ptol. 3.8.3 Theodoropolis L between Securisca and Iatrus Velkov 1977, 103-104 Theodoroupolis L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 72 Thera/ RL between Apollonia Pontica and ItMiller 514 Tira Buaticum Therma L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 142 Thokyodis L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 347

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Thrasarichou L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 136 Tibiska R between Danube and Haemus Ptol. 3.10.6 ‘Tilikion’ L Scythia Minor?, or = Tegulitium TIR Romula 71 ‘Tillito’ L Scythia Minor or Moesia II, or = TIR Romula 71 Tegulitium Timogritia/ RL between Callatis and Dionysopolis Velkov 1977, 113 Timum Tira= Thera Tirepsum L between Tyras and Porolissum GeogRav 4.5 To Oukou L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 134 Tonzos R on Tonzos fl.? Ptol. 3.11.7 Tou Agiou Ioulianou L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 Tou Agiou Theodorou L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 134 Tou Agiou Traianou L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 133 Touleous L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 130 Touroules L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141-42 Tres Protomae R Scythia Minor TIR Romula 73 Trissa/ RL Scythia Minor Velkov 1977, 113 Tirissa Tzasklis L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 148 Tzitaetous L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 135 ‘Tzoides’ L Haemimontus Velkov 1977, 116 Tzonpolegon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 139 Tzyeidon L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 138-39

Urgum R between Tyras and Porolissum TIR Romula 76

Vallis Domitiana RL between Halmyris and Ad Salices TIR Romula 77 Vicus (...)diano R near Marcianopolis Poulter 1980, 740 Vicus Agatapara R Thrace Poulter 1980, 738 Vicus Carporum L near Carsium TIR Romula 77 *Vicus Narcissiani R near Tomis Poulter 1980, 739 Vicus Oual(...) R near Callatis Poulter 1980, 740 Vicus Parsal(...) R near Histria Poulter 1980, 739 Vicus Pereprus R near Melta Poulter 1980, 739 Vicus Saprisara R near Nicopolis ad Istrum Poulter 1980, 739 Vicus Secundini R near Histria Poulter 1980, 740 Vicus Tautiomosis R near Krivodol BUL Poulter 1980, 740

Zaldapa L Moesia II Velkov 1977, 109 Zargidaua R close to Hierasos fl. Ptol. 3.10.8 Zdebren L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 136 Zemarkou L Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 133 ‘Zetnoukortou’ L Dacia Ripensis Velkov 1977, 89 Zigkyro L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 133 Zisnoudeba L Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 141 Zositerson L Thrace Beševliev 1970, 131 Zygere R Scythia Minor TIR Romula 79 Zyrmis RL between Bessapara and ItMiller 535-36 Philippopolis 348 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR

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