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Map 22 Moesia Inferior Compiled by A.G Map 22 Moesia Inferior Compiled by A.G. Poulter, 1996 Introduction Reconstructing ancient topography and land-use in this region is exceedingly difficult. Although the courses of the Danube and its major left- and right-bank tributaries have changed little since antiquity, land reclamation and dredging to improve navigation along the Danube have substantially narrowed the river’s flow. They have also eliminated much of the marshland which existed between its channels and especially, but not exclusively, along its left bank. Here, the series of 1:200,000 maps produced by the Militärgeographische Institut (Vienna, 1940) has been used in preference to later cartography, since they provide a more reliable, if still tentative, guide to the landscape within the Danubian plain. Eastern Dacia and Scythia Minor are covered by TIR Romula (1969), which takes an optimistic view of the identification of ancient sites and roads. The western limit of Moesia Inferior is included in TIR Naissus (1976). Except for Poulter (1995), no recent detailed maps exist for settlement in the north Danubian plain, and none for northern Thrace. Two publications (Hoddinott 1975; Velkov 1977) remain the best authorities for Bulgaria from the classical to Late Roman periods. For Dacia (present day Romania), there is a useful and notably reliable source for military sites (Cătăniciu 1981), and another for civilian settlements (Tudor 1968). The Directory cites further bibliography for sites of exceptional importance where recent excavations have been carried out. It also registers uncertainty about the function of some sites (fort or settlement, for example). With notable exceptions (cf. Maddjarov 1990), the exact alignment of roads cannot be confidently determined. Even the Danube road, though its general course is assured, frequently deviates south to avoid low-lying ground. It is by no means certain that this important highway ran directly from one fort to another, or whether side-roads provided access to military installations and cities located on the Danube bank. Few villas have been fully excavated; all those that have been published are marked, except where interpretation is in doubt (Nikolov 1976, 67-71). Variation in the distribution of settlement shown generally reflects regional differences in the intensity of survey and excavation. Only a limited number of major sites have been investigated along the Bulgarian section of the Danube, for example; by contrast, field-survey and excavation, supplemented by aerial reconnaissance, have added substantially to the total of sites in the Romanian Dobrogea (Scythia Minor) and along the valley of the R. Olt (ancient Alutus). Conspicuous is the thinly spread line of Roman forts known for the eastern frontier of Dacia, where field-work has been limited. No doubt there are more military bases to be found here, probably interspersed with watch-towers, as intensive survey has found along the western frontier (Map 21). Only in northeastern Bulgaria, between the R. Athrys and the Black Sea, is the scant evidence for Roman occupation likely to reflect a comparatively low density of settlement in antiquity; as late as the nineteenth century, this largely waterless landscape was forested and thinly populated. Even so, it is remarkable that the region has produced evidence for important sites of the Hellenistic period (Abritus, Sveshtari). More generally, only the well-published Late Roman “refuge settlements” have been included (Sadovets, Tsaravets). Where regional survey has been carried out (as between the R. Asamus and Abritus), numerous hill-top fortifications dating to the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. have been discovered; these were certainly common along the length of the Haemus range, especially in its northern foothills (Poulter 1983 II, 97-100). Military occupation of the plain between the Carpathian foothills and the Danube may already have occurred by the end of Trajan’s first Dacian War (101/102). The majority of forts here, however, were established after the final conquest of the Dacian kingdom in 106. The abandonment of Moldova and the creation of the so-called Limes Transalutanus fortification-line can both be tentatively dated to the reign of Hadrian. Despite claims to the contrary, the Roman abandonment of Dacia probably occurred during the reign of Gallienus (260-68), before the traditional date of around 275 when Aurelian established the new province of Dacia south of the Danube (Cătăniciu 1981, 53-55). In the Late Roman period, the extent of control and military occupation over territory north of the Danube 334 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR remains controversial. One fort (Pietroasa de Jos), well beyond the Danubian Limes, would seem to have been occupied in the fourth century A.D., as were bridge-head forts (Sucidava, Barboşi, and the unlocated Constantiniana Daphne) along the left bank of the river. But the earth bank and ditch, known as the Brazda lui Novac de Nord, though later than the Limes Transalutanus and often regarded as being of Late Roman date, remains problematic. Similarly, although considered first-century and believed to predate the Limes Transalutanus, the function and origins of a shorter section of bank and ditch known as the Brazda lui Novac de Sud remain uncertain. The absence of any evidence for Late Roman forts or settlements along its course and south of it rather suggests a later, probably medieval, date (see also the Czorsz-arok, Map 21 B2). In the list of Unlocated Toponyms, where possible, a general location is provided, either with reference to a nearby site, or to the Late Roman province to which it was probably assigned (Maps 101, 102). In the case of sites mentioned by Procopius, there is particular reason for scepticism. Although he credits Justinian (527-565) with major reconstruction and the building of new fortifications, the only corroborative evidence is confined to Mesembria. Along the Danube, notably in Scythia Minor, tile-stamps and inscriptions suggest that Anastasius (491-518) was responsible for the reconstruction of frontier installations. Procopius is confused, especially in his descriptions of Moesia II and Scythia; many names are clearly corrupt, and similar names in separate lists may be the same site included twice by error, not two different places with the same name. Directory All place names are in Romania unless otherwise noted Abbreviations TIB Thrakien P. Soustal, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 6, Thrakien, DenkWien 221, Vienna, 1991 TIR Aquincum Tabula Imperii Romani L 34, Aquincum-Sarmizegetusa-Sirmium, Amsterdam, 1968 TIR Naissus Tabula Imperii Romani K 34, Naissus, Dyrrhachion-Scupi-Serdica-Thessalonike, Ljubljana, 1976 TIR Romula Tabula Imperii Romani L 35, Romula-Durostorum-Tomis, Bucharest, 1969 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference E5 Abrit L BUL Velkov 1977, 109 (n. 423) D5 Abritus HRL Razgrad BUL Hoddinott 1975, 156-65; Ivanov 1980 E4 Abrud RL? TIR Romula 21 Acidava = (S)Acidava B4 Acidava R Enoşeşti Cătăniciu 1981, 26 B5 Ad Putea RL Riben BUL Hoddinott 1975, 126 B6 Ad Radices RL Popina Leka BUL Maddjarov 1990, 24 F3 Aegyssus RL Tulcea TIR Romula 21-22 Agathopolis = Aulaiouteichos B3 Albeşti RTIRRomula22 B4 Albota RTIRRomula22 F3 Aliobrix R MOL TIR Romula 22 A5 Altimir RL fort, settlement BUL TIR Naissus 14 E4 Altinum RL Oltina TIR Romula 22 B4 Alutus fl. Olt TIR Romula 22-23 E6 Anchialus CHRL Pomorie BUL Hoddinott 1975, 221-23 D2 Angustia? R Breţu TIR Romula 23 A2 Apahida See Map 21 A3 Apoldu de Sus See Map 21 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 335 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference E6 Apollonia Pontica/ CHRL/ Sozopol BUL Hoddinott 1975, 33-41; Velkov 1977, 117 Sozopolis L D5 Appiaria RL Ryahovo BUL RE; Velkov 1977, 99 § Appiarienses R A2 Apulum See Map 21 E6 Aquae Calidae HRL Burgaski Mineralni Bani Hoddinott 1975, 221 BUL F4 Argamum RL Sarichioi? TIR Romula 24 E6 Aristaeum R Emona BUL Hoddinott 1975, 223 F3 Arubium RL Măcin TIR Romula 24 B3 Arutela R Bivolărie Cătăniciu 1981, 27-28 § Alutela C6 Arzus RL Kalugerovo BUL Hoddinott 1975, 206 B5 Asamus RL Mussalievo BUL Velkov 1977, 102 B5 Asamus fl. RL Osum BUL RE C5 Athrys/ RL Iskur BUL RE Ieterus Iatros/ Ieterus fl. A5 Augusta fl. BUL See Map 21 A5 Augustae RL Hârlets BUL TIR Naissus 19; Maschov 1994 AugustaTraiana=Beroe E6 Aulaiouteichos/ CHRL? Achtapol BUL Arrian, PPE 24.6; Anon., PPE 15v28; Agathopolis RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, col. 1037 F4 Axiopolis RL Hinog TIR Romula 24-25 F4 Babadag RL TIR Romula 25 A2 Baciu See Map 21 C5 Băneasa R Cătăniciu 1981, 35-36 F3 Barboşi RL TIR Romula 25 F3 Bastarnae R MOL / UKR RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, col. 1013 B7 Batak BUL See Map 51 F4 Beroe RL Piatra Frecăţei TIR Romula 26-27 C6 Beroe/ HRL/ Stara Zagora BUL Hoddinott 1975, 199-202 Augusta Traiana R B6 Bessapara RL near Pazardjik BUL Hoddinott 1975, 67 B6 Bessi CHR BUL RE Bessoi F5 Bizone CHR Kavarna BUL Hoddinott 1975, 333 Brazda lui Novac de Nord See Earthworks Brazda lui Novac de Sud See Earthworks B2 Brîncoveneşti R Cătăniciu 1981, 22-23 F3 Britolagai R MOL / UKR Ptol. 3.10.7 A2 Brucla See Map 21 E4 Bugeac RL TIR Romula 29 B3 Buridava R Stolniceni Cătăniciu 1981, 26-27 § *Buridavenses TIR Romula 80 A5 Căciulăteşti See Map 21 F5 Callatis CHRL Mangalia RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, cols. 1079-81 B2 Călugăreni R Cătăniciu 1981, 23 Candidiana = Nigrinianis E4 Canlia RL TIR Romula 29 F4 Capidava RL Topalu TIR Romula 29-30 B3 Caput Stenarum R Boiţa Cătăniciu 1981, 29-30 C6 Carassura RL Rupkite BUL Böttger 1983 F3 Carcaliu LTIRRomula30 E2 Carpi R RE 1 E4 Carsium RL Hîrşova
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