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Eric C. De Sena, Phd John Cabot University Via Della “THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND BEYOND II: COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE OF MATERIAL AND IDEAS” Session Organizer: Eric C. De Sena, PhD John Cabot University Via della Lungara, 233 00165 Rome, Italy [email protected] Halina Dobrzanska, PhD Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences 17 Sławkowska St. 31­016 Cracow, Poland [email protected] The last decade has witnessed a growing interest in the socio­economic realities of the “East European” region of the Roman Empire and the neighboring territories of “Barbaricum”. While important issues concerning the Roman army are still being investigated, questions pertaining to urban history and daily life in Rome’s East European provinces as well as the complex relationship with “Barbaricum” are of increasing concern. In their investigations, scholars working on both sides of the Roman limes are relying upon a variety of methodologies and bodies of evidence: regional surveys, archaeological excavation, study of artifact/ecofact assemblages, art historical analyses and the study of ancient texts. This session continues a discourse begun at the 12th Annual Meetings of the EAA in Cracow. Papers are invited from researchers working in Eastern Europe on sites that are contemporary with the Roman Imperial period. Questions to consider may be related but not limited to how the “Romans” and “barbarians” perceived each other, landscape and natural resources, economic exchange, influence of art/craft production, influence of Roman urban and social structure on the “barbarians”. Consider shifts in the limits of the Roman Empire (e.g. pre­Roman, Roman and post­Roman Dacia). PAPER ABSTRACTS “Being Roman in post­Roman Dacia: evidence from the Porolissum Forum Project” Eric C. De Sena (John Cabot University) and Alexandru V. Matei (Zalau County Museum of History and Art) One of the objectives of the Porolissum Forum Project is to consider daily life in post­Roman Dacia. As is commonly known, Dacia is a unique case since the province was released from Roman authority in AD 271, two hundred years prior to the fall of the Empire. Archaeologists working in Romania have demonstrated that there was a strong connection between post­Roman Dacia and the Roman Empire; however, scholars are still pondering the extent of contact. After three field seasons, team members of the Porolissum Forum Project are beginning to understand how the area of the Roman forum was used and transformed following the late third century. A sequence of deposits excavated in summer 2007 contained a large amount of materials dating to the fourth century which indicate that the post­Roman city of Porolissum maintained strong ties with the Roman Empire for at least a century. Evidence is in the form of Christian items and symbols and a relationship between the regionally manufactured sigillata Porolissensis and African red­slip C and D forms and decoration. While significantly more information is required before we fully comprehend lifeways in post­Roman Porolissum, this evidence lends further proof, in addition to coins and an early Christian church, that contact was regular and profound rather than sporadic. Wheel­Made Pottery Manufacturing in European Barbaricum: How and Why? Halina Dobrzańska, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków Branch In the area of the Central and Eastern Europe wheel­made grey pottery was produced from the 1 st century AD to the 5 th century AD. The scope of this paper is mainly concerned with vessel building technics and technology of the grey ceramics. Due to a shortage of archaeological evidence for kiln structures in the study area comparing with high frequency of the grey pottery on sites the possibility of use of bonfires is also discussed. The properties of the grey vessels fired in reducing atmosphere are presented as well. The study is supported by the results of the laboratory testing, firing experiments and ethnographic observations. It will also contribute to our understanding of the Hellenistic and La Tène traditions and the relations between Roman and barbaric cultures in the realm of the grey pottery manufacturing. “The Links between the Province of Dalmatia and the Provinces of Thracia and Moesia in the 1 st Century AD based on the Aucissa fibulae type” Anna Haralambieva (Rimski Termi, Varna, Bulgaria) The Province of Dalmatia was founded in the 2 nd century BC and was the immediate neighbor of the Roman Republic on the Adriatic coast. It started to play an important role in the conquest of Macedonia and later on the lands on the south and north banks of the river Danube and in the formation of the provinces of Moesia and Thracia in the 1 st century AD and Dacia in the beginning of the 2 nd century AD. The military expansion of Rome is attested by the numerous early Roman fibulae found in those provinces, which were part of the uniform of the Roman legionaries. Among them figure the brooches of the type Aucissa. In some of the cases they bear the sign of the optionum (the aid of the centurion). The location of the finds of such brooches, which were pinned to the upper garments of the legionaries, marks the centers of their production in and outside Italy – in Dalmatia, as well as the route of their distribution along the rivers Sava and the Middle and the Lower Danube. Similar fibulae were found in the Roman camps south of the Lower Danube and in the towns of Thracia where the legions and their supporting staff were located. Their functional qualities and beautiful appearance made these small metal items prone to mass imitation as part of the military uniforms and the costumes of civilians in the first and second centuries AD. “Romans and Barbarians: Culture Contact, Influence and Material Culture” Eduard Krekovič (FF Univerzity Komenskeho, Bratislava, Slovakia) The author deals with the terms „contact“ and „influence“ and their meaning in concrete circumstances of Roman – barbarian relations. Some varieties of Roman wares in the barbarian milieu indicate that other archaeologically invisible products were also exported beyond the Roman frontier – for example wine or cosmetics. It seems the distribution of Roman wares was to some degree accidental – especially in peripheral regions. Some types were produced primarily for the barbarian market. The cultural identity of the interaction zones over the frontiers of the Roman Dacia Coriolan Horatiu Oprean, Institute of Archaeology and History, Cluj­Napoca, Romanian Academy From the beginnings, the Roman province of Dacia created by Trajan, had a main strategic role: to separate the barbarian world and to stop possible dangerous alliances. Trajan’s Dacia was reorganized by Hadrian, after the crisis of AD 117­119. The strategic essence of his decision represented a new concept of the defense of the province. To the North­West the main problem was to control the three important passages to the Transylvanian plateau, watching the movements of the barbarians, mainly the Iazyges. The South­East section of the frontier, facing the Wallachian plain, was based on a military road running from South­East Transylvania to the Danube, in Lower Moesia. The plain was protected against the Roxolani mainly by the army from the Danube line. Ancient written sources attest also the “free Dacians”, as the Costoboci and other tribes, living to the North­East and to the North till the Northern Carpathians in Southern Ukraine and Poland. In the time of the Marcomannic wars the Vandal tribes coming from the Przeworsk culture area advanced closer and closer to the North­Western border of Dacia Porolissensis. War was often combined with Roman diplomacy. The new diplomatic relations established by the Empire to the Barbarian world after the Marcomannic wars, were going on till the middle of the 3 rd century AD. The defeated Germanic tribes of the Buri and several thousands of the “free Dacians” were allowed to live in the vicinity of the Roman frontier. Some barbarian groups were also settled, by receptio, in the territory of Roman Dacia. The new situation determined the growing of the trade contacts between the province and the barbarian world. Along the main roads that enter Dacia from the west and north­west appeared the interaction zones. Here many barbarian settlements were set up, where Roman goods (pottery, brooches and coins) arrived, as a consequence of the frontier trade. Soon, barbarian workshops imitating Roman products emerged, as the pottery workshops. Recent archaeological research in the barbarian settlements and cemeteries situated inside the interaction zone from North­West Romania permitted a better knowledge of the chronology and the cultural identity of the region. There are known 296 finds. The chronology can be followed between stages B2 ­ C3/D1. The cultural identity of the finds show that the Przeworsk culture populations advanced over the Northern Carpathians, starting with the stage C1a. The presence of the Dacian pottery proves that the Przeworsk groups of warriors were mixed with Dacian elements, probably, even before their arrival in the neighbourhood of Roman Dacia. It is possible that the Dacian component of the newcomers to be very strong or, it is also possible that free Dacian groups brought from the Tisa region have been settled by the Romans together with the Przeworsk tribes. Under the strong Roman cultural influence an interesting acculturation process has taken place in the area. In the second layer of the settlements (stages C1b­C2), the Przeworsk culture elements disappeared almost totally and a new material culture with Dacian characteristics and strong Roman influence was identified. It was the so­called Blazice­Bereg culture. It was this period when the province of Dacia was abandoned by the Roman authorities and army. It is very probable that Roman craftsmen from Dacia flew in Barbaricum after AD 271, joining the barbarian communities which needed their technological knowledge.
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