Space Domain Mission Assurance Is the First Priority in Space Policy

Space Policy of Japan

Feb. 2019 National Space Policy Secretariat Cabinet Office of Japan Contents

1. Overview of Space Policy of Japan 2. Space Security 3. Quasi-Zenith Satellite System(QZSS） 4. Future Direction

1 Rich Space experience , but heavily focused on only Science & Technology

1950s 1980s 2000s 2010s ～1970s ～1990s

▲1991 Soviet Union Collapse ▲1993 GPS operation start

Over ▲1957 Sputnik crisis ▲1958 NASA established ▲1998 ISS operation start seas ▲2007 China ASAT test

▲2011 Space shuttle ▲1969 Apollo 11 landed terminate on the moon ▲1955 Pen-shaped rocket launch test ▲2008 Space basic law ▲1969 Parliament resolution of

Domestic ▲2016 peaceful use of space Space Activities Act ▲1970 Japan’s 1st satellite 「Ohsumi」 2018 ▲

（4th country） National Defense Program Guidelines ▲1986 Purely domestic H-I rocket 2 Parliament resolution in 1969 left huge influence on Japanese Space

“Parliament resolution of peaceful use of outer space”（in 1969, Sato Cabinet )

The development and use of outer space is limited only for peaceful purpose. It should ensure the progress of education and promotion of people’s life and welfare. In addition to that, it contributes the development of industry and international cooperation.

The 61st Parliament session: House of Representatives, special committee of science and technology promotion measures. （8. May. 1969）

○Tsuguo Ishikawa（Socialist Party） The word “peaceful use” or just “peace” should be perceived under the assumption that the word “peace” must include “non-military” meaning. This is my interpretation of the word “peace”. What is your comment on this point?

○Shiro Kiuchi (Secretary of Science and Technology Agency) I agree , for the most part, with your interpretation of “peace” .

3 Japan’s Space Policy has changed since Basic Act for Space was settled in 2008

• Basic Act on Space policy was settled in 2008.

Past Today

Aimed at development of Promoting use of space for satellite and rocket solutions for challenges （national security, use in civil area）

１．Non-military use ⇒ include use for national security within exclusively defensive oriented policy

２．Establishment of Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy ・Establishing “Basic Plan on Space policy” ・Chaired by Prime Minister.

３．Establishment of National Space Policy Secretariat in Cabinet Office ・Adding new missions to JAXA 2 The Cabinet Office comprehensively navigates space policy

Strategic Headquarters for National Space Policy (Chairman; the Prime Minister) Request for advice Secretariat Committee on National Space Policy Secretariat National Space Policy Management of (9 committees from industry, academia etc.) (NSPS) QZSS

[Cooperation among ministries] Cabinet Satellite MOFA Intelligence MEXT NPA Center MAFF etc… (CSICE) MLIT MOE MOD MIC MEXT METI

Meteorological Greenhouse National Intelligence Communications Science and Satellite Gases Defense Space Industry and Technology Observing Promotion Broadcast Development

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

MLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport MIC: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications MOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 3 MOE: Ministry of the Environment MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology NPA: National Police Agency MOD: Ministry of Defense METI: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan Japan’s space policy stands on 3 pillars.

3 goals of Basic Plan

①Ensuring stable use of outer space ①Ensuring Space ②Strengthen security capabilities by using space Security ③Strengthen partnership with the U.S through cooperation for space use

②Promoting use of ① Resolution for global problem by using outer space and realizing safe and secure society space in civil area ②Creation of New business

③Maintaining and ①Maintain and Strengthen space industrial relation strengthening Industrial ②Maintain and Strengthen Science and Technology and Science and basis which can produce the new value Technology basis Japan’s Space budget for fiscal 2019 is $ 3270 million , the biggest ever.

Fiscal 2019 budget proposal $3,270 million （Increase of $158 million year on year（Increase of 5.1％））＜The biggest ever＞

［Trends in Space budget］［Breakdown by ministry and agency］（Unit: million dollars）

3,270 MIC 67 3,014 2,946 3,027 2,950 3,020 3,112 3,111 2,804 2,827 2,904 MOD 321 MLIT 57 3000 MOE 30 METI 24 2500 NPA 8 2000 MAFF 3 MOFA 2 1500

1000 CAO 385

500 MEXT 1,655 CAS 716 (JAXA) 0 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29 H30 H31 （Unit: million dollars）

MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology CAS: Cabinet Secretariat (Cabinet Satellite Intelligence Center) (Source; Ministry of Finance) CAO: Cabinet Office (QZSS) (1USD=110yen) MOD: Ministry of Defense 7 National Defense Program Guidelines focus on Space.

＜Construct new power for defense＞ It has become essential that Japan achieve superiority in new domains, which are space, cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum.

＜ Cooperation with JAXA and US＞ Enhance cooperation with relevant agencies including the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and with the United States and other relevant countries.

＜ Organization building and Develop human resources＞ Engage in organization building such as the creation of units specializing in space and dedicated career field, and develop human resources and accumulate knowledge and expertise in the space field. 8 Space Domain Mission Assurance is the first priority in space policy.

Space Domain Mission Assurance Japan is strengthening Space Domain Mission Assurance refer to US white paper “Space Domain Mission Assurance A Resilience Taxonomy”. Basic concept of Space Domain Mission Assurance was released by Space policy council in 2017.

Space Domain Mission Assurance

Defensive Operations Resilience Reconstruction

・Strengthening threat ・Every kind of Protective Measures and risk detection ・System recovery ・・Distribution of Equipment Timely provision of ・Substitute system(s) warning ・Redundancy of Means ・Strengthening operational ability

9 Strategy for strengthening mission assurance

〇Make the architecture of space system more resilient . Small Sat, Proliferation, Use of LEO

〇Partnerships with allies

『The Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation (April 27, 2015 )』  Information sharing for SSA・MDA  Cooperation in equipment and technology (Hosted payloads)

〇Partnerships with industries

10 Augment ＳＳＡ capability, ＭＤＡ and ＴＴＸ are progressing

Implementation Plan of the Basic Plan on Space Policy

SSA(SpaceSSA Situational Awareness)

■SSA system in Japan will start operating in 2023. MOD will start detailed design, manufacturing, test, etc. with JAXA and US partnerships for various asset in 2019.

MDA(MaritimeMDA Domain Awareness ) ■We will steadily establish the Maritime Situational Display System and other systems to effectively gather, share, and distribute information. We are also promoting maritime information gathering and observation, including the use of earth observation satellites.

TTX(Table Top Exercise)

■Japan participated in the Schriever Wargame, a multilateral tabletop exercise in the space field, in FY2018 for the first time. Government of Japan is developing 7 satellite constellation of QZSS.

【QZSS Orbit】  “QZO” satellites move in elliptical orbits tilted between 40 to 50 degrees with respect to the “GEO” orbit. The orbital period is about 24 hours and in-sync with the earth’s rotation, like GEO. As a result, they trace a figure “8” on the earth’s surface, with a focus around 135 degrees east longitude, and stay long-term just above Japan.  QZO covers East Asia.

【QZO】 slow Elliptical orbit tilted between 40 to 50 degrees with Long-time respect to the stationary GEO orbital plane. （set to remain over Japan）（From ground it traces an “8” far orbital path,） Just above Japan about 3㎞/sec Period: 24 hours （about ８ hours） ←Japan

Japan

Equator

【GEO】 fast near Above the equator 36,000㎞ about 3㎞/sec（constant velocity） Period: 24 QZSS Satellite Ground Track Short-time Low altitude or not hours above Japan Used by communication satellites, and weather satellites 13 Initial Operations with 4-Satellite-Constellation in 2018

JFY 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020～2032

QZSS 3 Sats Launch Development / Design Adjustments In operation （No. ２～４）

Preliminary Development 1st(Michibiki) Adjustments design Design Successor Around 2023; 7 satellites constellation

①GPS complementary ②GNSS augmentation ③Messaging service Improved accuracy by using Improved precision positioning ・Disaster/crisis report more satellites （improved in （enables cm-class positioning utilizing ・ urban areas) GPS-based Control Station） Safety confirmation service through QZS QZS Rescue signal messaging

Rescue signal Receive

Disaster Report Rescue signal Control Receive Station

14 Autonomous operation; Promotion of utilization of QZSS

©三菱重工/JAXA

weeding（day） weeding（night） fertilization agricultural Constructing machines machine 3次元地図

Autonomous Driving Seaベクトル情報 Transportation

14 Future Direction

◇Steady progress based on “Space Basic Plan”

◇Ensuring Stable Use of Outer Space ・Mission Assurance ・SSA, STM, Partnerships with concerned ministries

◇Develop human resources

15 Cabinet Office

Thank You 16