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IVHS, Information Systeffis, and Simulation TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORI) No. 1403 Operations ønd Søfety Driver Performance: Measurement and Modeling, IVHS, Information Systeffis, and Simulation rR Â Nspon "n 'r?T,Tl|o¡r rì c r.r Bo.4 nD A peer-revíeuted publication of the Trønsportation Research Board TnaNspoRTATroN REsEeRcH Bonnn NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIT NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. 1993 Trânsportâtion Research Record 1403 Sponsorship of Transportation Research Record 1403 ISSN 0361-1981 rsBN 0-309-05551-2 GROUP 3_OPERATIONS, SAFETY, AND MATNTENANCE OF Price: $25.00 TRANSPORTATION FACILITTBS Chairman: Jerome W. Hall, University of New Mexico Subscriber Category Users and Vehicles Section IV operations and safety Chairman: Conrad L. Dudek, Texas A&M University TRB Publications Stâff Committee on Vehicle User Characteristics Director of Reports and Editorial Services: Nancy A. Ackerman Chairman: Alison Smiley, Human Factors North, Inc. Associate EditorlSupervisor.' Luanne Crayton Secretary: Thomas A. Ranney, Liberty Mutual Research Center Associate Editors: Naomi Kassabian, Alison G. Tobias Scou L. Baker, Vivek D. Bhise, Linda Clifford, Robert E. Dewar, Assistant Editors: Susan E. G. Brown, Norman Solomon Eugene Farber, Brian Gran!, Peter H. Hehlen, Errol R. Hoffman, Production Coordinalor: Sharada Gilkey Wolf-Dieter Kappler, P. Robert Knaff, Jan Moraal, James F, Graphics Coordinator: Terri WaYne O'Hanlon, J. Brian Peacock, Michael Perel, Val Pezoldt, Thomas Office Manager: Phyllis D. Barber H. Rockwell, Kare Rumar, Robert R. Safford, Michael Sivak, Senior Production Assistant: Betty L' Hawkins Anthony C. Stein, BurtonW. Stephens, Charles B. Stoke, E. Donald Sussman, Thomas J. Triggs, Robert C. Vanstrum, Kenneth Ziedman, Helmut T, Zwahlen Printed in the United States of America Committee on Simulation and Measurement of Vehicle and National Research Council. Transportation Research Board. Operator Performance Chairman: Norman Seidle, Ori Inc. Committee on User Information Systems Chairman: Arthur W. Roberts III, New Jersey Department of Transportation Kevin N. Balke, Kenneth A. Brewer, Robert E' Dewar, Fred R. Hanscom, David L. Helman, David B. Knies, Harold Lunenfeld, Truman M. Mast, Michele Ann McMurty, Richard Arnold Olsen, Jeffrey F. Paniati, Martin T. Pietrucha, Richard A. Staley, James W. Stoner, James L Taylor, Gary B. Thomas, Leslie Ann Whitaker, Eugene M. Wibon, David M. Zaidel Committee on Traffic Records and Accident Analysis Chairman: Paul P. Jovanis, University of Calþrnia-Davis Secretary: Jeffrey F. Paniati, Federal Highway Administratiott Sherry S. Borener, David J. Bozak, Thomas E. Bryer, Myung' Soon Chang, Benjamin V. Chatfuld, Ted Chira-Chavala, Barbara Hilger DeLucia, Mark Lee Edwards, C' Arthur Geurts, Alan F, Hoskin, Patricia S, Hu, John J. Lawson, Joseph C. Marsh IV, Judson S. Mauhias, Carol Lederhaus Popkin, Howard S. Stein, Iohn G. Viner, Phyllis E. Young Richard F. Pain, Transportation Research Board staff Sponsorship is indicated by a footnote at the end of each paper. The organilational units, officers, and members are as of December 31,1992. Transportation Research Record L403 Contents Foreword Design of TravTek Auditory Interface Linda G. Means, Rebecca N, Fleischman, lanethT, Carpenter, Francis E. Szczublewski, Thomas A. Díngus, and Marli K. Krage A Simulation Model for Driver's Use of In-Vehicle Information Systems William H. Leaison Eye scanning Rules for Drivers: How Do They compare with Actual 14 Observed Eye Scanning Behavior? Helmut T. Zwahlen !¡{qi{iary Task Measures of Driver Mental Workload: A Long-Term 2g Field Study Lawrence R. Zeitlin Effect of Ambient_tigltlng and Daytime Running Light (DRL) 28 Intensity on Peripheral Detection of DRL Kenneth Ziedman and William Burger Broadcast Parking Information: Behavioral Impacts and Design 36 Reguirements lohn Polak, Petros Vythoulkas, and lan Chatfield Motorist Information Needs and Changeable Message Signs for 45 Adverse Winter Travel Stephen G. Pouliot and Eugene M. Wilson Yotorist Interpretation of MUTCD Freeway Lane control signals 49 Gerald L. Ullman Reflector Posts-Signs of Danger? 57 Veli-Pekka Kallberg Driver Comprehension of Regulatory Signs, Warning Signs, and 67 Pavement Markings H. Gene Hawkins, lr., Ihtie N. Womack, and lohn M. Mounce Presenting Desciptive Information in Variable Message Signing 83 Wiel lanssen and Ríchard uan der Horst Hierarchy of Symbolic Computer-Generated Real-Time Vehicle 88 Dynamics Models Michael W. Sayers and Paul S. Fancher Motion Algorithm for Large-Displacement Driving Simulator 98 L. D. Reid and P. R. Grant Foreword Tle 13 papers in this volume focus on driver performance and simulation. Human engineering of advanced technology to aid drivers is discussed first: topics include the design of-auditor! interfaces new to the world of automobiles and the design of vehicle controls and models of human performance to use in evaluating the development of high technology for drivers. Then human behavior in the driving environment is explored in studies of eyã-scanning and driver work load. Ways to improve information to thè driver are examineâ from the-per- spective of the vehicle, through the use of daytime running lights, and from sources exteinal to the vehicle, such as broadcasting, signs, and markings. The Record concludes with papers on simulation of vehicle dynamics and motion, TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD I4O3 Design of TravTek Auditory Interface Lrxpe G. Mneus, Rnnncca N. FrnrscHn¿aN, Jaunrs T. CannrNrnn, Fnaucrs E. szczuBlEwsKr, Tnorras A. Drxcus, AND Menx K. Knecr In an advanced driver information system, computer voice mes- VOICE FUNCTIONS IN TRAVTEK sages and nonvelbal auditory signals provide a means ofimparting information to the driver without creating a visual distraction. In Synthesized voice is used extensively in the TravTek system, synthesized voice has been used extensively the TravTek system, as a supplement to the visual display, providing route guidance providing l'oute guidance instructions, navigation assistance, instructions, navigation assistance, and traffic information. Spe- and traffic i¡rformation. Nonverbal auditory signals are also cial consideration has been given to strategies for maximizing the used in a limited way as feedback for button presses, as well acceptability of synthesized voice to drivers. TravTek voice mes- as prompting for screen glances when voice functions are sages are designed as concise utterances that aid the driver in deactivated. Voice functions are controlled by the driver through reaching the destination easily, quickly, and safely. Data collected the use of four buttons on the steering wheel. from onboard computers, controlled experirnents, and driver These buttons are labeled .,Traffic questionnaires will be analyzed to evaluate user acceptance and "Where Am I?", "Repeat Voice," Re- feature preferences. port," and "Voice Guide." The voice controls allow a driver to select the types of information desired through voice, al- lowing all voice messages to be disabled if necessary. Computer-generated voice has been widely identified as a useful way to impart informatio¡r to drivers in an advanced driver information system (ADIS) (/). A typical ADIS may rilhere Am I? use voice to present navigation and traffic information without creating a visual distraction. There is, however, a common The Where Am I? function provides information on the ve- perception the in North American automotive community hicle's current street location and the name of the next cross that people do not like talking cars. In the TravTek ADIS, street ahead of the vehicle. Each press of the Where Am I? the authors have attempted to understand the objections that button elicits a single message with location information. Spe- drivers may have to the use of voice in cars and to develop cial messages have been formulated to accommodate situa- strategies enhance that the user acceptance of synthesized tions in which the vehicle is not situated on a known street voice. or no known cross streets are ahead of the vehicle. TRAVTEK DEMONSTRATION Repeat Voice TravTek is an ADIS operarional jointly field test conducted The Repeat Voice function enables the driver to replay the by General Motors, FHWA, the American Automobile As- most recently spoken voice message. The message, when re- sociation, the Florida Department of Transportation, and the peated, is prefaced by the statement "The last message was city of Orlando, Florida. TravTek has been in operation in . .". The replay is a literal repeat as opposed to a functional Orlando with 100 vehicles available as rental cars and for use one. Even if the information has changed since the message by local drivers. ADIS features of the TravTek system include was originally spoken, the original text is spoken in the replay. route planning and guidance, real-time traffic information, The repeatability of a message times out after a short period, navigation assistance, and an onboard services and attractions to avoid repeating messages in which the information content data base, Fleischman et al. (2) and Carpenter et al. (3) de- is extremely outdated. After the timeout, a button press of scribe the functionality and human factors design of the TravTek Repeat Voice produces the message "No recent message to driver interface. Rillings and Lewis (a) and Krage (5) provide repeat. " details of the TravTek program and the architecture of the vehicle subsystem. Traffic Report The Traffic Report function provides a verbal traffic advisory i that reports known traffic problems.
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