Suspension and Chassis Parameters Impact on Vehicle Handling and Road Holding
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Estudio De Un Sistema Aerodinámico Activo En Automóviles: Control Y Automatización Del Sistema
TRABAJO FINAL DE GRADO Grado en Ingeniería Mecánica ESTUDIO DE UN SISTEMA AERODINÁMICO ACTIVO EN AUTOMÓVILES: CONTROL Y AUTOMATIZACIÓN DEL SISTEMA Memoria y Anexos Autor: Antonio Rodríguez Noriega Director: Sebastián Tornil Convocatoria: Junio 2018 Estudio de un sistema aerodinámico activo en automóviles: control y automatización del sistema Resumen A lo largo de este proyecto se tratará el diseño desde cero de un sistema de aerodinámica activa para automóviles. El proceso consta de tres partes diferenciadas: el estudio aerodinámico, donde se caracteriza la interacción fluidodinámica de un perfil alar; el estudio mecánico, donde se diseña el conjunto de mecanismos que forman el sistema mecánico, así como su posterior validación; y la automatización y el control del sistema, donde se modeliza el comportamiento del vehículo y se implementa en un sistema electrónico de control regulado. Estas partes se presentan como tres Trabajos Finales de Grado distintos relacionados entre sí. En esta memoria se desarrolla la tercera de ellas: la automatización y el control del sistema. El objetivo principal ha sido completar la fase de diseño de un sistema que mejore el comportamiento dinámico de un vehículo de carácter deportivo en el mayor número posible de situaciones. Esto se ha conseguido variando la repartición de cargas normales por rueda a partir de la modificación de las características geométricas del propio conjunto aerodinámico, mediante el uso de actuadores lineales regulados por un sistema de control en función de las condiciones del automóvil en tiempo real. I Memoria Resum Durant el transcurs d’aquest projecte es tractarà el disseny des de zero d’un sistema d’aerodinàmica activa per a automòbils. -
The Benefits of Four-Wheel Drive for a High-Performance FSAE Electric Racecar Elliot Douglas Owen
The Benefits of Four-Wheel Drive for a High-Performance FSAE Electric Racecar by Elliot Douglas Owen Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2018 c Elliot Douglas Owen, MMXVIII. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Author.................................................................... Department of Mechanical Engineering May 18, 2018 Certified by . David L. Trumper Professor Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . Rohit Karnik Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Officer 2 The Benefits of Four-Wheel Drive for a High-Performance FSAE Electric Racecar by Elliot Douglas Owen Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on May 18, 2018, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Abstract This thesis explores the performance of Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD) and Four-Wheel Drive (4WD) FSAE Electric racecars with regards to acceleration and regenerative braking. The benefits of a 4WD architecture are presented along with the tools for further optimization and understanding. The goal is to provide real, actionable information to teams deciding to pursue 4WD vehicles and quantify the results of difficult engineering tradeoffs. Analytical bicycle models are used to discuss the effect of the Center of Gravity location on vehicle performance, and Acceleration-Velocity Phase Space (AVPS) is introduced as a useful tool for optimization. -
Camber Effect Study on Combined Tire Forces
Camber effect study on combined tire forces Shiruo Li Master Thesis in Vehicle Engineering Department of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology TRITA-AVE 2013:33 ISSN 1651-7660 Postal address Visiting Address Telephone Telefax Internet KTH Teknikringen 8 +46 8 790 6000 +46 8 790 6500 www.kth.se Vehicle Dynamics Stockholm SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Considering the more and more concerned climate change issues to which the greenhouse gas emission may contribute the most, as well as the diminishing fossil fuel resource, the automotive industry is paying more and more attention to vehicle concepts with full electric or partly electric propulsion systems. Limited by the current battery technology, most electrified vehicles on the roads today are hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Though fully electrified systems are not common at the moment, the introduction of electric power sources enables more advanced motion control systems, such as active suspension systems and individual wheel steering, due to electrification of vehicle actuators. Various chassis and suspension control strategies can thus be developed so that the vehicles can be fully utilized. Consequently, future vehicles can be more optimized with respect to active safety and performance. Active camber control is a method that assigns the camber angle of each wheel to generate desired longitudinal and lateral forces and consequently the desired vehicle dynamic behavior. The aim of this study is to explore how the camber angle will affect the tire force generation and how the camber control strategy can be designed so that the safety and performance of a vehicle can be improved. -
Automotive Service Modern Auto Tech Study Guide Chapter 67 & 69 Pages 1280 1346 Suspension & Steering 32 Points Automotive Service 1
Automotive Service Modern Auto Tech Study Guide Chapter 67 & 69 Pages 1280 1346 Suspension & Steering 32 Points Automotive Service 1. The ____________________ system allows a vehicle’s tires & wheels to move up and down as they roll. Steering Suspension Brake Automotive Service 2. Suspension can be grouped into 2 broad categories: _________________ & ________________. Independent & Nonindependent Coil Springs & Air Springs Active & Passive Automotive Service 3. The perfect suspension system balances understeer and oversteer, resulting in ______________ steering. Tight Neutral Loose Automotive Service 4. Compressing springs is known as ________. As springs extend, they are said to ________. Jounce, Rebound Bounce, Resound Dribble, Rebound Automotive Service 5. Springs can be one of 4 types: A. _________, B. __________, C. _________________ ______, & D. _______. Coil Leaf Air Torsion Bar Automotive Service 6. ______________ weight is all of the weight supported by the springs. __________________ weight is all of the weight not supported by the springs. The more sprung weight, the better the vehicle will ride. Spring, Unspring Sprang, Unsprang Sprung, Unsprung Automotive Service 7. Control arms are connected to the steering knuckles with pivoting joints called ___________ joints. Automotive Service Automotive Service 8. __________ ______________ limit spring oscillations (jounce & rebound), but don’t effect ride height Slack Absorbers Shock Absorbers Shock Restorers Automotive Service 9. ______ shocks are filled with low pressure nitrogen gas to prevent fluid aeration (bubble formation). Gas Water Air Automotive Service 10. Options on shock absorbers include the ___________________________ feature & adjustable stiffness. SelfLeveling SelfIgniting SelfEnergizing Automotive Service Automotive Service Automotive Service 11. A ______ assembly consists of a shock, coil spring & an upper damper/pivot bearing. -
Influence of Body Stiffness on Vehicle Dynamics Characteristics In
Influence of Body Stiffness on Vehicle Dynamics Characteristics in Passenger Cars Master's thesis in Automotive Engineering OSKAR DANIELSSON ALEJANDRO GONZALEZ´ COCANA~ Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Vehicle Dynamics group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY G¨oteborg, Sweden 2015 Master's thesis 2015:68 MASTER'S THESIS IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING Influence of Body Stiffness on Vehicle Dynamics Characteristics in Passenger Cars OSKAR DANIELSSON ALEJANDRO GONZALEZ´ COCANA~ Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Vehicle Dynamics group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY G¨oteborg, Sweden 2015 Influence of Body Stiffness on Vehicle Dynamics Characteristics in Passenger Cars OSKAR DANIELSSON ALEJANDRO GONZALEZ´ COCANA~ c OSKAR DANIELSSON, ALEJANDRO GONZALEZ´ COCANA,~ 2015 Master's thesis 2015:68 ISSN 1652-8557 Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Vehicle Dynamics group Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 G¨oteborg Sweden Telephone: +46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: Volvo S60 model reinforced with bars for the multibody dynamics simulation tool MSC Adams Chalmers Reproservice G¨oteborg, Sweden 2015 Influence of Body Stiffness on Vehicle Dynamics Characteristics in Passenger Cars Master's thesis in Automotive Engineering OSKAR DANIELSSON ALEJANDRO GONZALEZ´ COCANA~ Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Vehicle Dynamics group Chalmers University of Technology Abstract Automotive industry is a highly competitive market where details play a key role. Detecting, understanding and improving these details are needed steps in order to create sustainable cars capable of giving people a premium driving experience. Body stiffness is one of this important specifications of a passenger car which affects not only weight thus fuel consumption but also handling, steering and ride characteristics of the vehicle. -
Employing Optimization in Cae Vehicle Dynamics
Technical University of Crete School of Production Engineering & Management EMPLOYING OPTIMIZATION IN CAE VEHICLE DYNAMICS Alexandros Leledakis December 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis study was performed between March and October 2014 at Volvo Cars in Goteborg of Sweden, where I had the chance to work inside Volvo’s Research and Development Centre (in the Active Safety CAE department). I would like to thank my Volvo Cars supervisor Diomidis Katzourakis, CAE Active Safety Assignment Leader, for his constant guidance during this thesis. He always provided knowledge and ideas during all phases of the thesis; planning, modelling, setup of experiments, etc. It is with immense gratitude that I acknowledge the support and help of my academic supervisor Nikolaos Tsourveloudis, Professor and Dean of the school of Production engineering and management at Technical University of Crete, for his trust and guidance throughout my studies. The MSc thesis of Stavros Angelis and Matthias Tidlund served as-foundation of the current thesis: I would also like to thank Mathias Lidberg, Associate Professor in Vehicle Dynamics, Chalmers University of Technology. Field tests would have been impossible without the help of Per Hesslund, who installed the steering robot in the vehicle for our DLC verification testing session, conducted each test and guided me through the procedure of instrumenting a vehicle and performing a test. I share the credit of my work with Lukas Wikander and Josip Zekic, who helped with the setup of the Vehicle for the steering torque interventions test as well as Henrik Weiefors, from Sentient, for his support regarding the Control EPAS functionality. I would also like to thank Georgios Minos, manager of CAE Active Safety. -
Driving Near the Limits Dick Maybach, Appalachian Region – PCA [email protected] January 13, 2018
Driving Near the Limits Dick Maybach, Appalachian Region – PCA [email protected] January 13, 2018 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-noncommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. You are free to: • Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material • The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms: • Attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • NonCommercial – You may not use the material for commercial purposes. • No additional restrictions – You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. This article has two main topics, vehicle dynamics and driving techniques, and concludes with a brief recap. We’ll begin vehicle dynamics by looking at a single tire, because all forces, whether you’re accelerating, braking, or turning, are applied through your tires. Next we’ll look at understeer and oversteer. Understanding these key concepts is essential to maintain control of your car as you maneuver. Another important aspect of vehicle dynamics is weight shifting. As your car changes speed and direction, the distribution of traction among your tires also changes. -
Analytical Models Correlation for Vehicle Dynamic Handling Properties
Analytical Models Correlation for Vehicle Dynamic Handling Properties Analytical Models Correlation for Daniel Vilela [email protected] Vehicle Dynamic Handling Properties General Motors do Brasil Ltda. Analytical models to evaluate vehicle dynamic handling properties are extremely Vehicle Synthesis interesting to the project engineer, as these can provide a deeper understanding of the Analysis and Simulation Dept. underlying physical phenomena being studied. It brings more simplicity to the overall Sao Caetano do Sul solution at the same time, making them very good choices for tasks involving large 09550-051 SP, Brazil amounts of calculation iterations, like numerical optimization processes. This paper studies in detail the roll gradient, understeer gradient and steering sensitivity vehicle dynamics metrics, starting with analytical solutions available in the literature for these Roberto Spinola Barbosa metrics and evaluating how the results from these simplified models compare against real [email protected] vehicle measurements and more detailed multibody simulation models. Enhancements for Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo these available analytical formulations are being proposed for the cases where the initial Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica results do not present satisfactory correlation with measured values, obtaining improved Sao Paulo analytical solutions capable of reproducing real vehicle results with good accuracy. 05508-900 SP, Brazil Keywords: handling, vehicle dynamics, analytical solution, -
Car Suspension and Handling Fourth Edition
Car Suspension and Handling Fourth Edition List of Chapters: Preface to the Fourth Edition 3.8 Tire Uniformity 3.9 Aspect Ratios Preface to the First Edition 3.10 Tire Selection and Air Chamber Geometry Notation 3.11 References Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 4 Steering 1.1 Scope and Layout of the Book 4.1 Dynamic Function of the Steering 1.2 The Function of the Suspension System System 4.2 Steering Angles: Effects of Tire Slip 1.3 Suspension Geometry Angles and Steering and Suspension 1.4 Kinematics and Compliance (K&C) Kinematics 1.5 Vehicle Dynamics 4.3 Relative Positions of Front- and Rear- 1.6 References Wheel Tracks 4.4 Understeer and Oversteer Chapter 2 Disturbances and Sensitivity 4.5 Directional Stability 2.1 Road Irregularities 4.6 Torque in the Steering System 2.2 Influence of Wheel Size 4.7 Steering Torque Effects Due to 2.3 Subjective Assessment of Ride Steering Geometry 2.4 Human Sensitivity to Vibration 4.8 The Steering Column 2.5 Measurement Standards for Vibration 4.9 Steering Gear 2.6 Influence of Noise on Assessment of 4.10 Constant Velocity (CV) Driveshaft Ride Comfort Joints 2.7 Influence of Phase of Differential 4.11 Torque Steer Effects Vibration on Assessment of Ride 4.12 Front-Wheel Steering Oscillations— Comfort Shimmy 2.8 References 4.13 Power Assistance 4.14 Electric Power Steering Chapter 3 The Wheel and Tire 4.15 Rear-Wheel Steering Systems 3.1 Introduction 4.16 References 3.2 The Wheel Rim 3.3 Tire Size Designation Chapter 5 Suspension Systems and 3.4 Tire Construction Types Their Effects 3.5 Tire Properties -
University of Birmingham Multi-Chamber Tire Concept for Low
University of Birmingham Multi-chamber tire concept for low rolling- resistance Aldhufairi, Hamad; Essa, Khamis; Olatunbosun, Oluremi DOI: 10.4271/06-12-02-0009 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Aldhufairi, H, Essa, K & Olatunbosun, O 2019, 'Multi-chamber tire concept for low rolling-resistance', SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, vol. 12, no. 2, 06-12-02-0009, pp. 111-126. https://doi.org/10.4271/06-12-02-0009 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. -
Unscented Kalman Filter for Real-Time Vehicle Lateral Tire Forces And
Unscented Kalman filter for real-time vehicle lateral tire forces and sideslip angle estimation Moustapha Doumiati, Alessandro Victorino, Ali Charara and Daniel Lechner Abstract— Knowledge of vehicle dynamic parameters is im- trajectories, and to better vehicle control. Moreover, it makes portant for vehicle control systems that aim to enhance vehicle possible the development of a diagnostic tool for evaluating handling and passenger safety. Unfortunately, some fundamen- the potential risks of accidents related to poor adherence or tal parameters like tire-road forces and sideslip angle are difficult to measure in a car, for both technical and economic dangerous maneuvers. reasons. Therefore, this study presents a dynamic modeling and Vehicle dynamic estimation has been widely discussed in observation method to estimate these variables. The ability to the literature. Several studies have been conducted regarding accurately estimate lateral tire forces and sideslip angle is a crit- the estimation of tire-road forces, sideslip angle and the ical determinant in the performances of many vehicle control friction coefficient. For example, in [9], the authors esti- system and making vehicle’s danger indices. To address system nonlinearities and unmodeled dynamics, an observer derived mate longitudinal and lateral vehicle velocities and evaluate from unscented Kalman filtering technique is proposed. The sideslip angle and lateral forces. In [13] and [5], sideslip estimation process method is based on the dynamic response of angle estimation is discussed in detail. More recently, the a vehicle instrumented with easily-available standard sensors. sum of front and rear lateral forces have been estimated in Performances are tested using an experimental car in real [4] and [6]. -
Annual Report 2015 the Specialist in Demanding Conditions
Annual Report 2015 The specialist in demanding conditions Nokian Tyres is the world’s northern- of competitive advantage: an image of most tyre manufacturer. It promotes and quality based on innovations, state-of- facilitates safe driving in demanding the-art technology, decades of customer conditions. Whether driving through a experience, a strong distributor network winter storm or heavy summer rain, and logistical expertise. our tyres offer reliability, performance, Central Europe and North America are and peace of mind. We are the only also important market areas in which we Drive tyre manufacturer to focus on products are seeking profitable growth. for demanding conditions and customer We mainly sell our products in requirements. the aftermarket. Nokian Tyres group Innovative tyres for passenger cars, includes the Vianor tyre retail chain with trucks, and heavy machinery are mainly wholesale and retail business in Nokian safely! marketed in areas with snow, forests and Tyres’ primary markets. Nokian Tyres has challenging driving conditions caused by factories in Finland and Russia. In 2005– varying seasons. We develop our products 2015, we invested more than EUR 1 billion with the goals of sustainable safety and in our factories, whose productivity and Our unique expertise creates the safest environmental friendliness throughout the product quality are top-notch in the premium products and services for the product’s entire life cycle. industry. Nokian Hakkapeliitta has been the In 2015, the company’s Net sales everyday life. As a pioneer in the tyre leading brand of winter tyres for more were approximately EUR 1,4 billion, and industry, we want to be the best in than 80 years.