Estudio De Un Sistema Aerodinámico Activo En Automóviles: Control Y Automatización Del Sistema

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Estudio De Un Sistema Aerodinámico Activo En Automóviles: Control Y Automatización Del Sistema TRABAJO FINAL DE GRADO Grado en Ingeniería Mecánica ESTUDIO DE UN SISTEMA AERODINÁMICO ACTIVO EN AUTOMÓVILES: CONTROL Y AUTOMATIZACIÓN DEL SISTEMA Memoria y Anexos Autor: Antonio Rodríguez Noriega Director: Sebastián Tornil Convocatoria: Junio 2018 Estudio de un sistema aerodinámico activo en automóviles: control y automatización del sistema Resumen A lo largo de este proyecto se tratará el diseño desde cero de un sistema de aerodinámica activa para automóviles. El proceso consta de tres partes diferenciadas: el estudio aerodinámico, donde se caracteriza la interacción fluidodinámica de un perfil alar; el estudio mecánico, donde se diseña el conjunto de mecanismos que forman el sistema mecánico, así como su posterior validación; y la automatización y el control del sistema, donde se modeliza el comportamiento del vehículo y se implementa en un sistema electrónico de control regulado. Estas partes se presentan como tres Trabajos Finales de Grado distintos relacionados entre sí. En esta memoria se desarrolla la tercera de ellas: la automatización y el control del sistema. El objetivo principal ha sido completar la fase de diseño de un sistema que mejore el comportamiento dinámico de un vehículo de carácter deportivo en el mayor número posible de situaciones. Esto se ha conseguido variando la repartición de cargas normales por rueda a partir de la modificación de las características geométricas del propio conjunto aerodinámico, mediante el uso de actuadores lineales regulados por un sistema de control en función de las condiciones del automóvil en tiempo real. I Memoria Resum Durant el transcurs d’aquest projecte es tractarà el disseny des de zero d’un sistema d’aerodinàmica activa per a automòbils. El procés consta de tres parts diferenciades: l’estudi aerodinàmic, on es caracteritza la interacció fluidodinàmica d’un perfil alar; l’estudi mecànic, on es dissenya el conjunt de mecanismes que formen el sistema mecànic, així com la seva posterior validació; i l’automatització i el control del sistema, on es modelitza el comportament del vehicle i s’implementa a un sistema electrònic de control regulat. Aquestes parts es presenten com a tres Treballs Finals de Grau diferents relacionats entre si. En aquesta memòria es desenvolupa la tercera d’elles: l’automatització i el control del sistema. L’objectiu principal ha sigut completar la fase de disseny d’un sistema que millori el comportament dinàmic d’un vehicle de caràcter esportiu en el major nombre possible de situacions. Això s’ha aconseguit amb la variació del repartiment de càrregues normals per roda a partir de la modificació de les característiques geomètriques del propi conjunt aerodinàmic, mitjançant l’ús d’actuadors lineals regulats per un sistema de control en funció de les condicions de l’automòbil en temps real. II Estudio de un sistema aerodinámico activo en automóviles: control y automatización del sistema Abstract Throughout this project, the design from scratch of an active aerodynamic system for cars will be treated. The process consists of three different parts: the aerodynamic study, where the fluid dynamics interaction of an alar profile is characterized; the mechanical study, where the set of mechanisms that make up the mechanical system are designed, as well as its subsequent validation; and the automation and control of the system, where the vehicle behaviour is modelled and implemented in an electronic controlled control system. These parts are presented as three different Final Year Projects related to each other. In this memory the third part of them is developed: the automation and control of the system. The main objective has been completing the design phase of a system that improves the dynamic behaviour of a sports car in as many situations as possible. This has been achieved by varying the distribution of normal loads per wheel from the modification of the geometrical characteristics of the aerodynamic system itself, using lineal actuators regulated by a control system based on the vehicle conditions in real time. III Estudio de un sistema aerodinámico activo en automóviles: control y automatización del sistema Agradecimientos Primeramente, queríamos agradecer a los directores de estos tres trabajos, Alfred Fontanals y Sebastián Tornil, por su constante seguimiento y apoyo en el transcurso de este proyecto. Sus experimentadas visiones en los diversos campos ingenieriles estudiados han sido de vital ayuda con tal de encontrar soluciones a los problemas que hemos afrontado en este estudio. Al profesor Ricardo Torres, por su gran interés en nuestro proyecto y su ayuda en aspectos fluidodinámicos. Su disposición ha sido completa en todo momento, tanto en la parte teórica como en la práctica. Su ayuda nos facilitó el acceso a una impresora 3D, esencial para el diseño de la experimentación en el túnel de viento y de la fabricación de la maqueta final. Al profesor Esteve Ribas, por compartir con nosotros sus amplios conocimientos en la simulación por el método de elementos finitos, en particular con el software ANSYS y por aportarnos la documentación necesaria para mejorar la semejanza del modelo con la realidad. Se agradece también a la Universidad y especialmente al Departamento de fluidos el acceso a las instalaciones utilizadas durante la realización del proyecto. Trabajar en el túnel de viento ha sido una gran oportunidad y ha aportado una mayor rigurosidad científica al proyecto. Queremos agradecer a la unidad de servicios de taller y laboratorios por sus diversas ayudas en la experimentación en el túnel de viento. En especial, a Alejandro Martínez por darnos acceso al túnel de viento cuando ha sido necesario, y a Daniel Romanillos y Sergio Calles por el mecanizado de las barras de soporte necesarias para el estudio experimental. A Cristian Jiménez, ingeniero en Applus+ IDIADA, por aportarnos diversas posibles fuentes de obtención de datos vehiculares, necesarios para la modelización de la dinámica del coche. También se agradece la ayuda de otras empresas de automoción, las cuales nos han aportado algunos de estos valores tan necesarios para el proyecto. Finalmente, pero no menos importante, agradecer a nuestra familia y amigos su constante apoyo y motivación que, durante los momentos de dificultad atravesados durante el trabajo, siempre han estado ahí para ayudarnos a sacar el máximo rendimiento de nosotros. A todos ellos, muchas gracias. V Estudio de un sistema aerodinámico activo en automóviles: control y automatización del sistema Índice de Figuras Figura 3.1. Diagrama de un sistema. ________________________________________________ 5 Figura 3.2 Clasificación de las variables de un sistema. __________________________________ 6 Figura 3.3. Sistema elemental en lazo abierto. ________________________________________ 7 Figura 3.4. Sistema elemental en lazo cerrado. Realimentación negativa. ___________________ 7 Figura 3.5. Modelo de sistema industrial con realimentación negativa. _____________________ 8 Figura 3.6. Variación de la temperatura del agua con el tiempo en el intercambiador de calor. __ 9 Figura 4.1. Esquema general de las variables del proceso de control. ______________________ 13 Figura 4.2. Subproceso de control de dinámica vehicular. _______________________________ 14 Figura 4.3. Subproceso de control de aerodinámica. ___________________________________ 14 Figura 4.4. Subproceso de control principal (feedforward). ______________________________ 15 Figura 4.5. Subproceso de control del actuador (feedback). _____________________________ 15 Figura 5.1. Movimiento de traslación de un cuerpo sólido rígido. _________________________ 19 Figura 5.2. Movimiento de rotación de un cuerpo sólido rígido. __________________________ 19 Figura 5.3. Movimiento combinación de traslación y rotación de un cuerpo sólido rígido. _____ 20 Figura 5.4 Reformulación de aceleraciones como fuerzas equivalentes. ____________________ 23 Figura 5.5. Elemento infinitesimal con las tensiones expresadas en forma ingenieril. _________ 25 Figura 5.6. Interpretación del módulo de Young en un diagrama tensión-deformación. _______ 28 VII Memoria Figura 5.7. Esfuerzo de tracción y compresión aplicados a un sólido prismático. _____________ 30 Figura 5.8. Esfuerzos de flexión y torsión provocados por fuerzas externas. ________________ 31 Figura 5.9. Diagrama tensión-deformación con el límite elástico mostrado gráficamente. _____ 31 Figura 6.1. Sistema de referencia del vehículo. _______________________________________ 36 Figura 6.2. Comportamiento ideal de la fuerza de fricción. _____________________________ 38 Figura 6.3. Deformación elástica del neumático bajo la actuación de una fuerza lateral. ______ 39 Figura 6.4 Coeficiente de fuerza lateral frente al ángulo de deriva para distintas cargas normales.40 Figura 6.5 Fuerza lateral frente al ángulo de deriva para distintas cargas normales. __________ 40 Figura 6.6. Círculo de tracción ideal, expresado en forma de aceleraciones. ________________ 41 Figura 6.7. Vista de planta del vehículo. ____________________________________________ 45 Figura 6.8. Vista lateral del vehículo. _______________________________________________ 45 Figura 6.9 Geometría de la transferencia lateral de carga. ______________________________ 47 Figura 6.10. Geometría de la transferencia longitudinal de carga. ________________________ 51 Figura 6.11. Giro con inclinación lateral. Vista posterior. _______________________________ 52 Figura 6.12. Efecto de la pendiente. _______________________________________________ 55 Figura 6.13. Afectación de la carga
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