Российский Государственный Гуманитарный Университет Russian State University for the Humanities
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Relative Clauses in Upper Necaxa Totonac: Local, Comparative, and Diachronic Perspectives1
Relative clauses in Upper Necaxa Totonac: Local, comparative, and diachronic perspectives1 David Beck University of Alberta Relativization strategies in the Totonacan family are largely undescribed, but detailed examination of one of the languages in the group, Upper Necaxa Totonac, reveals the presence of both externally- and internally-headed relative constructions. Also of note is the presence of relativizers that mark the animacy (human/non-human) of the head of the relative construction. This paper will show that, while phylogenetic evidence clearly demonstrates the relativizers to be descended diachronically from interrogative pronouns, they are best treated synchronically as complementizers, an analysis that follows directly from the presence of internally-headed relative constructions. Totonacan languages are spoken by approximately 240,000 people (INEGI 2010) living in an area of east-central Mexico centred on northern Puebla State and including adjacent parts of Hidalgo and Veracruz (see Figure 1; languages dealt with directly in this paper are shown in red). The family is generally considered an isolate; however, recent work has suggested links to Mixe-Zoque (Brown et al. 2011) and Chitimacha (Brown et al. 2014). Although the family has only recently become the object of serious investigation and description, the focus has been largely on its (admittedly spectacular) morphology; little has been written about syntax, and even less about the structure of complex clauses. Relative clauses in particular seem to have been given short shrift—which is surprising, given that from what we do know about them they seem to have some unusual properties. Consider the example in (1) from Upper Necaxa Totonac, the language for which we currently have the most data on relativization:2 1 I would like to thank my consultants in Patla and Chicontla, especially Porfirio Sampayo Macín and Longino Barragán Sampayo, for their help putting this paper together. -
Documentation of Pisaflores Tepehua
FAMSI © 2003: Carolyn J. MacKay and Frank R. Trechsel Documentation of Pisaflores Tepehua Research Year: 2002 Culture: Totonac Chronology: Classic to Contemporary Location: Veracruz, México Site: Pisaflores Tepehua Table of Contents Abstract Resumen Final Report Publications and grants resulting from FAMSI support Abstract The goal of this project was to yield a sufficient corpus of linguistic material to support the description and analysis of Pisaflores Tepehua, an endangered and undocumented Totonacan language, spoken in Pisaflores, Veracruz in México. The main publication to result from this project will be a linguistic sketch of Pisaflores Tepehua, El Tepehua de Pisaflores, to appear in the series Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México (Archive of the Indigenous Languages of México), published by the El Colegio de México in México City. During June and July of 2002, the investigators conducted linguistic fieldwork in México, interviewing native speakers of the language and eliciting the data to be included in El Tepehua de Pisaflores. This material consists primarily of a lexicon, a list of roughly 1000 diagnostic phrases, and several narratives and conversations. All sessions with native speakers were recorded on paper and on analog and digital audio tape. Once the materials had been recorded, we asked several speakers to assist in the task of producing accurate and detailed phonetic transcriptions. We spent the academic year 2002-2003 reviewing and analyzing the Tepehua materials, checking for errors in transcription and/or translation, identifying the principal grammatical structures in the language, and converting the digital recordings into more usable and accessible CDs. We concentrated on isolating and identifying the relevant phonological and morphological units of the language and describing their distribution and patterns of co- occurrence. -
Misión De Chichimecas, a Case Study
Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 2. Editor: Peter K. Austin The need for capacity building in Mexico: Misión de Chichimecas, a case study YOLANDA LASTRA Cite this article: Yolanda Lastra (2004). The need for capacity building in Mexico: Misión de Chichimecas, a case study. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) Language Documentation and Description, vol 2. London: SOAS. pp. 108-121 Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/024 This electronic version first published: July 2014 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Terms of use: http://www.elpublishing.org/terms Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions The need for capacity building in Mexico: Misión de Chichimecas, a case study Yolanda Lastra 1. Introduction When the Spanish conquerors arrived in 1519 in what is today Mexico, many languages were spoken, but in the central part Nahuatl predominated because it was the language of the Aztecs who were in control of a vast territory. After some relatively peaceful years, with the discovery of silver in Zacatecas the numerous bands of hunters and gatherers (collectively called Chichimecs by the Spaniards) started to attack the travelers and their Indian allies who invaded the territory located between the mines and the already colonized sites. -
Relative Clauses in Coahuitlán Totonac
OKLAHOMA WORKING PAPERS IN INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES Vol. 2 (2016): 22-40 Relative Clauses in Coahuitlán Totonac Devin Moore University of Alberta [email protected] Relatively little has been published concerning relative clause constructions in Totonacan languages. This paper describes the relative clauses of Coahuitlán Totonac, describing a robust system in terms of Andrews’ (2007) typology of relative clauses. Data was gathered from elicitation, a small experiment, and textual analysis. Coahuitlán Totonac shows remarkable flexibility in allowance of different head types, head positions, and accessibility. Light and nominal head relative constructions are joined by a third type that seems to juxtapose a light element and a nominal head. The head of a relative clause may occur both internally and externally, without apparent semantic motivation or clear preference between internal and external heads. Each position of the Accessibility Hierarchy is accessible to relativisation1. Keywords: relative clauses, typology, Coahuitlán Totonac, Totonacan languages 1. Introduction Coahuitlán Totonac is a Northern Totonacan language spoken by around 3,800 speakers in the community of Coahuitlán, located in the northern part of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. This paper describes the robust system relative clauses in Coahuitlán Totonac. I begin with some aspects of the grammar Coahuitlán Totonac to assist those unfamiliar with Totonacan languages. Because, like all Totonacan languages, Coahuitlán Totonac has extremely flexible constituent order, grammatical relations are marked primarily by a detailed system of agreement markers. The subject agreement markers, which mark for both person and number, are given in Table 1. SINGULAR PLURAL 1 k– EXC k– –w INC –w 2 – –tit 3 Ø ta– TABLE 1: Subject agreement for person and number The second person singular subject agreement is variable and irregular, for which reason it is not shown on this table. -
Languages of the World
CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD COORDINATING EDITOR KEITH BROWN University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK CO-EDITOR SARAH OGILVIE University of Oxford Oxford, UK Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION Note that italicized titles are included for classification purposes only and do not cross-refer to articles. Introduction Eastern List of Abbreviations Akkadian Classification of Languages Southern Ethiopian Semitic Languages Areal Linguistics Amharic Africa as a Linguistic Area Ga'sz Balkans as a Linguistic Area Tigrinya Ethiopia as a Linguistic Area Europe as a Linguistic Area Altaic Languages South Asia as a Linguistic Area Southeast Asia as a Linguistic Area Mongolic Languages Tungusic Languages Evenki Afroasiatic Languages Turkic Languages Ancient Egyptian and Coptic Azerbaijanian Berber Languages Bashkir Chadic Languages Chuvash Hausa Kazakh Cushitic Languages Kirghiz Highland East Cushitic Languages Tatar Oromo Turkish Somali Turkmen Omotic Languages Uyghur Wolaitta Uzbek Semitic Languages Yakut Eblaite Central Arabic Australian Languages Arabic Languages, Varation in Australia: Language Situation Aramaic and Syriac Mirndi Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Wambaya Hebrew, Israeli Pama-Nyungan Jewish languages Arrernte Maltese Gamilaraay Phoenician Guugu Yimithirr Syriac Jiwarli Ugaritic Kalkutungu xii Subject Classification Kaytetye Caucasian Languages Morrobalama Abkhaz Pitjantjatjara / Yankunytjatjara Georgian Warlpiri Lak Southern Daly -
2013 Annual Meeting Handbook
Meeting Handbook Linguistic Society of America American Dialect Society American Name Society North American Association for the History of the Language Sciences Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas 87th Annual Meeting Marriott Copley Place Boston, MA 3-6 January, 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company New journals from John Benjamins Publishing New Dictionary NOWELE Dizionario Combinatorio Compatto Italiano North-Western European Language Evolution A cura di Vincenzo Lo Cascio Managing Editor: Hans Frede Nielsen This dictionary reconstructs the frame to which 3,000 Italian entries belong and aims to NOWELE: North-Western European Language help non-Italian speakers with an advanced Evolution is an interdisciplinary journal linguistic competence to find the appropriate devoted not only to the study of the early and word combinations for communicating in more recent history of a locally determined Italian. Moreover, this dictionary can also group of languages, but also to the study be useful for native speakers who want to of purely theoretical questions concerning improve their lexical choices in writing and language development. speaking Italian. The dictionary, contrary to ordinary monolingual NOWELE welcomes submissions dealing and bilingual dictionaries, systematically lists word combinations with all aspects of the histories of – and with (almost 90,000), explaining and/or exemplifying them. intra- and extra-linguistic factors contributing to change and 2012. xxvi, 642 pp. variation within – Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Swedish, pb 978 90 272 1193 4 eur 39.00 / usd 59.00 Danish, Frisian, Dutch, German, English, Gothic and the Early Runic language. Accordingly, studies involving past and present New Textbooks neighbouring languages such as Celtic, Finnish, Lithuanian, Russian and French, in so far as these have played and are Dutch for Reading Knowledge playing a role in the development or present status of north- Christine van Baalen, Frans R.E. -
Prosody in Mesoamerican Languages
1 Prosody in Mesoamerican Languages 2 Christian DiCanio and Ryan Bennett 3 Abstract 4 The Mesoamerican linguistic area is rich with prosodic phenomena, including a wide va- 5 riety of complex tone, phonation, stress, and intonational systems. The diversity of prosodic 6 patterns in Mesoamerica reflects the extreme time-depth and complex history of the languages 7 spoken there. This chapter surveys the prosody of Mesoamerican languages and some past 8 analyses of their structures. Topics include the areal distribution of tonal complexity; interac- 9 tions between stress, tone, and segmental contrasts; the phonetics of tone and phonation; met- 10 rical structure; and higher-level prosodic phenomena. Case studies from different languages 11 also highlight interactions between morphological and word-prosodic structure. These top- 12 ics underscore the importance of research on Mesoamerican languages to both phonological 13 theory and linguistic typology. 14 1 Introduction 15 Mesoamerica spans from Northern-Central Mexico to Costa Rica. Several unrelated language 16 families occupy this territory, including the Oto-Manguean, Mayan, and Totozoquean families 17 (Brown et al. 2011), and a few language isolates, e.g. Huave (Kim 2008), Xinca (Rogers 2010), and 18 Tarascan (Purépecha) (Friedrich 1975). Although the Uto-Aztecan languages Nahuatl and Pipil are 19 spoken in Mesoamerica—in close contact, for centuries, with other Mesoamerican languages— 1 20 they are not generally considered part of the Mesoamerican linguistic area (Campbell et al. 1986). 21 The same is true for for the Chibchan and Misumalpan families. This chapter focuses on word- 22 prosody within the Mesoamerican area and, to a lesser extent, prosodic structure above the word. -
Conference on the Languages and Linguistics of Middle and Central America
Conference on the Languages and Linguistics of Middle and Central America David Beck Totonacan University of Alberta Totonacan family ❖ approx. 253,000 speakers ❖ divided into two branches: Totonac and Tepehua ❖ 3 Tepehua languages: ❖ Pisaflores ❖ Tlachichilco ❖ Huehuetla ❖ Totonac has traditionally has 4 divisions ❖ Misantla ❖ Northern ❖ Sierra ❖ Lowland ❖ number of languages in divisions is unknown Typological profile ❖ highly agglutinative or polysynthetic languages ḭškinkaːtateːliːšʔonḭkṵtumːʔːnampaláːn ḭš– kin– kaː– ta– teː– liː– šʔó –nḭ –kṵtún –mː –ʔː –nan –palá –yaː –n PAST– 1OBJ– PL.OBJ– 3PL.SUB– PATH– INST– pay –BEN –DSD –PROG –TOT –ST.PL –RPT –IMPF –2OBJ ‘They didn’t want to be coming by and paying us all (they owed us) again because of that.’ ❖ constituent order very flexible, governed by information structure ❖ unmarked VS & VO (as per Dryer 1997) ❖ nominative/accusative alignment, no nominal cases ❖ prefixal numeral classifiers, transnumeral nouns ❖ one to no adpositions, body part terms used as locatives ❖ body part prefixes used on verbs to express locative and configurational meanings ❖ valency regulated by multiple causatives and applicatives ❖ agreement with subject and one or two objects Current issues ❖ field has reached the critical mass for the beginning of bitter internecine warfare ❖ there are almost 10 of us ❖ currently, there is a lot of discussion around ❖ internal reconstruction ❖ Totonac internal relations ❖ glottalic features in proto-Totonacan ❖ primary and symmetrical objects Totonac internal relations ❖ Tot is often split into 4 symmetrical groups Central Totonac ❖ but division Misantla vs. others is stark ❖ phonological, morphological, lexical evidence ❖ Brown et al. (2011) propose Central group ❖ within Central, different sources suggest different sub-groupings ❖ Northern-Sierra vs. -
Other Tensions Prevent the Emergence of a Coherent Vision Of
704 Rezensionen Other tensions prevent the emergence of a coherent ment in form of a phenomenological anthropology. But vision of phenomenological anthropology. Some articles, for this phenomenological anthropology to materialize, like that of Monica Dalidowicz (ch. 4) on the difficulties one has to do the groundwork of formulating the essenc- of learning (and teaching) Indian classical dance across es of both projects and, on this basis, develop a clear un- cross-cultural boundaries, or L. L. Wynn’s reflections on derstanding of the relationship between them. This might the representation of love in anthropology and phenome- be too much to ask from an edited collection, but Ram nology (ch. 10), present rich ethnographic details and ac- and Houston themselves establish this standard through counts. But this tends to go to the detriment of in-depth some of their more far-reaching claims (see also Ram on engagement with phenomenology (or vice versa: in chap- page 30), and their collection, viewed as a whole, does ters leaning towards phenomenology, like those of Throop not live up to it. and Downey, detailed ethnographic descriptions tend to All of this is not to say that “Phenomenology in An- be less prominent). Either one or the other seems to serve thropology” is not worth reading, that it does not con- as an attachment to the author’s main concern; a genuine tain well-crafted and carefully argued contributions full synthesis is rarely achieved, or even sought. Robert Des- of interesting ideas and insights. What it is supposed to jarlais’s essay on the use of photography as phenomenol- mean is that reading it, I found myself asking the question ogy in his long-standing fieldsite in Nepal is an exception whether there has indeed been a conceptual refinement of to this rule, combining a nuanced phenomenological dis- phenomenological anthropology in the last 20 years. -
Supplementary Material for 13 Associated Motion in North America (Including Mexico and Central America) by Matthew S
Supplementary Material for 13 Associated Motion in North America (including Mexico and Central America) by Matthew S. Dryer Chapter 13 in Guillaume, Antoine and Harold Koch (eds.) 2021 Associated Motion. (Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Typology 64). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. This document of Supplemental Material describes markers of associated motion (hereafter AM) in each of the 94 languages that were found to express this notion in North America (plus one marginal case, Ktunaxa). The languages are grouped by language family, organized roughly geographically, starting in Central America and moving northward. Fig. 1 is a map showing the 94 languages. 2 Fig. 1 Map showing the 94 languages discussed in this chapter S1. Chibchan The Chibchan family straddles the boundary between North and South America, extending from northwest Colombia up to Costa Rica. 3 S1.1. Kuna (Chibchan; Panama) Kuna has a construction involving compounding of verbs, the second verb of which must be one of four motion verbs and five stance verbs. Because the construction is limited to these nine verbs, I consider it grammaticalized. However, the only examples cited by Smith where one of these verbs combines with a verb that is not a motion verb and occurs with a sense of AM involves the verb na ‘go’, as in (S1). (S1) an be=ga an ibmar saki-na-o-ye. 1SG 2SG=DAT 1SG thing steal-GO-PROS-QUOT ‘I will go and steal something for you.’ (Smith 2014: 195) S1.2. Guatusa (Chibchan; Costa Rica) Guatusa has two AM prefixes, an andative and a ventive. Both are used for prior AM, though there are also examples of the ventive being used as a directional. -
Word Order Variation: Towards a Restrictive Theory* Guglielmo Cinque August 2020
Word order variation: towards a restrictive theory* Guglielmo Cinque August 2020 Abstract: The derivation of linear order is often taken to be rather trivial as the physics of speech, it is said, leaves just two options (a head either precedes or follows its complements and modifiers). This idea however falls short of a number of generalizations concerning linear order; among these, the fact that of all the theoretically possible combinations of some elements only a subset is ever attested, and the fact that more orders are found to the right of a head than to its left (just one). The physics of speech does not help us understand any of these generalizations. An account of them and a restrictive theory of linear order may however be attained once we have 1) a precise understanding of the fine-grained hierarchies and sub-hierarchies that underlie the clause and its phrases, 2) a restriction on movement whereby only the Head of each (sub-)hierarchy can move (by itself or in one of the two pied piping modes), and 3) Kayne’s Linear Correspondence Axiom. 1. Introduction. The bewildering variation in word order among the languages of the world should not detain us from researching what, if anything, determines which orders are possible (and attested, or attestable) and which orders are impossible (and not attested/non attestable), both when they maximally conform to the ‘head-final’ or ‘head-initial’ types and when they depart from them to varying degrees. This quest should be pursued, I think, as some results may be within our reach. -
Totonac-Tepehua Genetic Relationships*
AMERINDIA N°37(2) 2015, 121-158 Totonac-Tepehua Genetic Relationships* Carolyn J. MACKAY & Frank R. TRECHSEL Ball State University [email protected] & [email protected] The languages which comprise the Totonac-Tepehua language family are spoken in central Mexico in a region that includes parts of three states - southern Hidalgo, northern Puebla, and northwestern Veracruz. Traditionally, these languages have been divided into two groups: Totonac, with approximately 244,033 speakers, and Tepehua, with about 8,868 speakers (INEGI-Censo 2010). Each of these branches has been further sub-divided into four and three groups, respectively. The family tree in Figure 1 below recapitulates hypotheses by Arana Osnaya 1953; García Rojas 1978; Hasler 1966; MacKay 1991, 2011; MacKay & Trechsel 2006, 2012, in press; McQuown 1940, 1990; Smith-Stark 1983; Watters 1988; and others. Despite the popularity of this classification, it has never been rigorously defended. Linguists have been content with a classificatory scheme based, primarily, on comparison of the limited lexical data available and on the relative geographic locations of the languages involved and not on any formal and explicit grammatical analysis. Lack of data from many * We are grateful to the following institutions which have supported our fieldwork in Mexico: National Endowment for the Humanities (DEL PD-50016), Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI), National Science Foundation (Grant No. BCS-0132293), Endangered Language Fund, Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI), Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (Grants No. 4720 and 5498), and Ball State University. We also want to thank our fellow Totonaquistas (especially Gabriela Román Lobato, José Santiago Francisco and Susan Kung), who have been very generous with their data, and the many Totonac and Tepehua speakers who have helped us over the years.