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Languages of the World

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Languages of the World CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD COORDINATING EDITOR KEITH BROWN University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK CO-EDITOR SARAH OGILVIE University of Oxford Oxford, UK Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION Note that italicized titles are included for classification purposes only and do not cross-refer to articles. Introduction Eastern List of Abbreviations Akkadian Classification of Languages Southern Ethiopian Semitic Languages Areal Linguistics Amharic Africa as a Linguistic Area Ga'sz Balkans as a Linguistic Area Tigrinya Ethiopia as a Linguistic Area Europe as a Linguistic Area Altaic Languages South Asia as a Linguistic Area Southeast Asia as a Linguistic Area Mongolic Languages Tungusic Languages Evenki Afroasiatic Languages Turkic Languages Ancient Egyptian and Coptic Azerbaijanian Berber Languages Bashkir Chadic Languages Chuvash Hausa Kazakh Cushitic Languages Kirghiz Highland East Cushitic Languages Tatar Oromo Turkish Somali Turkmen Omotic Languages Uyghur Wolaitta Uzbek Semitic Languages Yakut Eblaite Central Arabic Australian Languages Arabic Languages, Varation in Australia: Language Situation Aramaic and Syriac Mirndi Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Wambaya Hebrew, Israeli Pama-Nyungan Jewish languages Arrernte Maltese Gamilaraay Phoenician Guugu Yimithirr Syriac Jiwarli Ugaritic Kalkutungu xii Subject Classification Kaytetye Caucasian Languages Morrobalama Abkhaz Pitjantjatjara / Yankunytjatjara Georgian Warlpiri Lak Southern Daly Ngan'gi Chukotko-Kamchatkan Languages Tangkic Dravidian Languages Kayardild Brahui Tiwi Gondi Kannada Austroasiatic Languges Kurukh Mon-Khmer Languages Malayalam Eastern Tamil Khmer Telugu Northern Toda Khasi Vietnamese Hmong-Mien Languages Wa Indo-European Languages Southern Albanian Mon Anatolian Languages Munda Languages Hittite Santali Armenian Balto-Slavic Languages Austronesian Languages Baltic Languages Formosan Languages Latvian Malayo-Polynesian Languages Lithuanian Central Slavic Languages Flores Languages Belorussian Malukan Languages Bulgarian Oceanic Church Slavonic Fijian Czech Maori Macedonian Tahitian Old Church Slavonic Tamambo Polish Vures Russian Western 'Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian Linguistic Complex' Balinese Slovak Bikol Slovene Cebuano Sorbian Hawaiian Ukrainian Hiligaynon Celtic Ilocano Breton Javanese Cornish Kapampangan Goidelic Languages Madurese Pictish Malagasy Scots Gaelic Malay Welsh Niuean Germanic Languages North Philippine Languages Afrikaans Riau Indonesian Danish Samar-Leyte Dutch South Philippine Languages English, Old English Tagalog English, Middle English Subject Classification xiii English, Early Modern Romance Languages English, Later Modern (ca. 1700-1900) Catalan English in the Present Day French English, World Englishes Galician English, African-American Vernacular Italian English, Variation in Nonnative Varieties Jerriais German Occitan Gothic Portuguese Luxembourgish Rhaeto Romance Norse and Icelandic Romanian Norwegian Spanish Scots Tocharian Swedish Yiddish Khoesaan Languages Hellenic Niger-Congo Languages Greek, Ancient Adamawa-Ubangi Greek, Modern Atlantic Congo Languages Indo-Iranian Fulfulde Indo-Aryan Languages Ijo Assamese Wolof Bengali Benue-Congo Languages Dardic Efik Kashmiri Mambila Dhivehi Bantu Languages Domari Gikuyu Gujarati Kinyarwanda Hindi Luganda Hindustani Nyanja Lahnda Shona Marathi Southern Bantu Languages Nepali Swahili Nuristani Languages Xhosa Pali Zulu Punjabi Dogon Romani Gur Languages Sanskrit Kru Languages Sindhi Kwa Languages Sinhala Akan Urdu Ewe Iranian Languages Yoruba Avestan Kordofanian Languages Bactrian Mande Languages Balochi Chorasmian Nilo-Saharan Languages Khotanese Dinka Kurdish Kanuri Ossetic Luo Pahlavi Songhay Languages Pashto Persian, Modern North American and Middle American Languages Persian, Old Algonquian and Ritwan Languages Sogdian Cree Tajik Persian Michif Italic Languages Caddoan Languages Latin Chibchan xiv Subject Classification Chimakuan Languages Hawaiian Creole English Eskimo-Aleut Hiri Motu Inupiaq Krio West Greenlandic Louisiana Creole Hokan Languages Mobilian Jargon Pomoan Languages Palenquero Iroquoian Languages Papamientu Oneida Pidgins and Creoles, Variation in Keres Russenorsk Mayan Languages Sango Misumalpan Tok Pisin Mixe-Zoquean Languages Tsotsi Taal Muskogean Languages Yanito Creek Na-Dene Languages Sign Languages Navajo Sign Languages of the World Native. American Languages Sign Language: Morphology Native Languages of North America, Variation in Oto-Mangean Languages Chinantec: Phonology Sino-Tibetan Languages Zapotecan Sinitic Languages Salishan Languages Chinese Siouan Languages Tibeto-Burman Languages Crow Burmese Lakota Karen Languages Omaha-Ponca Tibetan Tanoan Languages Totonacan Languages South American Languages United States of America: Language Situation Andean Languages Uto-Aztecan Languages Aymara Cupeno Quechua Hopi Arawak Languages Nahuatl Tariana Tohono O'odham Cariban Languages Wakashan Choco Languages Nuuchahnulth Macro-Je Mapudungan Papuan Languages Panoan Languages Central Solomon Languages Tucanoan Languages Manambu Tupian Languages Skou Languages Guarani Torricelli Languages Trans New Guinea Languages Tai Kadai Languages Madang Languages Lao West Papuan Languages Thai Pidgins and Creoles Uralic Languages Bislama Estonian Cape Verdean Creole Finnish Fanagalo Hungarian Franglais Nenets Gullah Saami Subject Classification xv Language Isolates and Languages of Disputed Issues in Language Typology and Classification Affiliation Endangered Languages Ainu Ethnologue Basque Morphological Typology Burushaski Diachronic Morphological Typology Elamite Arabic as an Introflecting Language Etruscan Chinese as an Isolating Language Hurrian Central Siberian Yupik as a Polysynthetic Japanese Language Ket Finnish as an Agglutinating Language Korean Italian as a Fusional Language Nivkh Long-Range Comparison: Methodological Ryukyuan Disputes Sumerian Austric hypothesis Yukaghir Austro-Tai hypothesis Nostratic hypothesis Artificial Languages Esperanto.
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