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Latvijas Veģetācija LATVIJAS UNIVERSITĀTE ĢEOGRĀFIJAS UN ZEMES ZINĀTŅU FAKULTĀTE BIOĢEOGRĀFIJAS LABORATORIJA LATVIJAS VEĢETĀCIJA 4 RĪGA 2001 Latvijas Veģetācija, 4, 2001 Iespiests SIA PIK Galvenais redaktors M.Laiviņš, Latvijas Universitāte, Ģeogrāfijas un Zemes zinātņu fakultāte, Latvija Redkolēģija B.Bambe, Latvijas Valsts Mežzinātnes institūts Silava, Latvija V.Melecis, Latvijas Universitāte, Ģeogrāfijas un Zemes zinātņu fakultāte, Latvija J.Paal, Tartu Universitāte, Botānikas un Ekoloģijas institūts, Igaunija M.Pakalne, Latvijas Universitāte, Bioloģijas fakultāte, Latvija V.Rašomavičius, Lietuvas Botānikas institūts, Lietuva V.Šulcs, Latvijas Universitāte, Bioloģijas institūts, Latvija Valodas redaktori: S.Laiviņa (latviešu valoda), M. Pakalne (angļu valoda) Datorsalikums: S.Jermacāne ISSN 1407-3641 ©Latvijas Universitāte, Bioģeogrāfijas laboratorija SATURS CONTENTS Priekšvārds [Preface]…..………………………………………………. 5 Zviedre E. Engures ezera mieturaļģu veģetācija [The Charophyta vegetation of Lake Engures]…….……………………………………. 7 Pakalne M., Čakare I. Spring vegetation in the Gauja National Park [Avoksnāju veģetācija Gaujas Nacionālajā parkā]………...…………… 17 Ofkante D. Baltijas jūras pludmales un primāro kāpu augu sabiedrības Kurzemes piekrastē [Beach and primary dune vegetation of the Baltic Sea coast in Kurzeme (Latvia)]………………………….. 35 Jermacāne S., Laiviņš M. Dry calcareous dolomite outcrop and grassland communities on the Daugava River bank near “Dzelmes” [Sausas kalcifīlas dolomīta atsegumu un zālāju sabiedrības Daugavas krastā pie “Dzelmēm”]…….…………………………….… 51 Kreile V. Teiču Dabas rezervāta egļu meži minerālaugsnēs [Spruce forests on mineral soils in the Teiči Nature Reserve]……………..……. 71 Bambe B. Dabas lieguma “Čortoka ezers ar apkārtējo ainavu” flora un veģetācija [Flora and vegetation of “The Čortoka Lake and its surrounding landscape” Nature Reserve]……………………….…..... 81 Āboliņa A., Bambe B. Sūnu flora dabas liegumā “Čortoka ezers ar apkārtējo ainavu” [Bryoflora in “The Čortoka Lake and its surrounding landscape” Nature Reserve]……………………………...…………... 105 Jermacāne S., Laiviņš M. Latvijā aprakstīto augu sabiedrību sintaksonu saraksts [List of syntaxa described in Latvia]………..…… 115 Laiviņš M. Jāņa Ilstera (1851-1889) idejas augu ģeogrāfijā un bibliogrāfija [Bibliography of Jānis Ilsters (1851-1889) and his ideas in plant geography]………...………………………………...………… 133 PRIEKŠVĀRDS 20.gs. pēdējā desmitgadē augu sabiedrību pētījumos ir raksturīga strauja floristiski-ekoloģiskā jeb Brauna-Blankē virziena attīstība Latvijā. Pētījumus veic Latvijas Universitātes Ģeogrāfijas un Zemes zinātņu fakultātes Bioģeogrāfijas laboratorijā, Latvijas Universitātes Bioloģijas fakultātē, Teiču valsts rezervātā, Latvijas valsts Mežzinātnes institūtā “Silava” u.c. Šajos gados plašāk pētītās augu sabiedrību grupas ir ezeru un to piekrastes augāja sabiedrības Potamogetonetea un Phragmito-Magnocaricetea (L.Eņģele, L.Salmiņa, S.Jermacāne), oligotrofo sūnekļu Oxycocco-Sphagnetea (B.Bambe, M.Pakalne) un eitrofo purvu Scheuchzerio-Caricetum nigrae (M.Pakalne) augu sabiedrības, jūrmalas sāļo augteņu Ammophiletea un smiltāju Koelerio-Corynephoretea augājs (B.Laime, D.Ofkante), mezofītie zālāji Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (S.Jermacāne), skujkoku Vaccinio-Piceetea, Pulsatillo-Pinetea (N.Priedītis, V.Kreile, B.Bambe, M.Laiviņš) un lapu koku Querco-Fagetea meži (N.Priedītis, M.Laiviņš). Par šo Latvijā vairāk pētīto klašu augāju publicēti pāri par 3500 augu sabiedrību aprakstu. Floristiski-ekoloģiskā virziena popularitāte Latvijā skaidrojama ar aktīvu starptautisku kontaktu veidošanos, kā arī ar šīs sistēmas noteiktajiem un skaidrajiem uzbūves principiem, kas paver ļoti plašas augāja struktūras un dinamikas salīdzinošas analīzes iespējas. Floristiski-ekoloģiskajā virzienā sintezēti augu sistemātikas, augu ekoloģijas un augu ģeogrāfijas principi un nostādnes. Augu sabiedrību sistematizācija un klasifikācija pamatojas uz pilnīgiem augu sugu sastāva aprakstiem; tās identificē rakstursugu kopas - sugas, kam ir relatīvi šaura ekoloģiskā amplitūda un kas atspoguļo augu sabiedrību ekoloģisko nišu. Jebkura ranga sintaksons ir saistīts ar noteiktiem reģioniem un tā areālu var raksturot ar trīs ģeogrāfiskām dimensijām – zonalitāti, sektorialitāti un vietas augstumu. Augu sabiedrību izpēte, datu analīze un apkopošana turpinās. Šajā Latvijas Veģetācijas laidienā apkopoti augu sabiedrību pētījumi dažādās Latvijas vietās (skat. attēlu). Pirmo reizi ir publicēti materiāli par Latvijas mieturaļģu sabiedrībām (Charetea fragilis), avoksnāju (Montio-Cardaminetea) sabiedrībām un kalcifīlu skeletainu augteņu pioniersabiedrību (Alysso-Sedion albi) augāju. Periodiskā izdevuma Latvijas Veģetācija veidotāji pateicas Mežu pētīšanas stacijas direktoram E.Šmaukstelim un B.Bambei par atbalstu ceturtā laidiena izdošanā. Māris Laiviņš Attēls. Pētījumu vietas Figure. The investigation areas 1. – Zviedre E.; 2. – Pakalne M., Čakare I.; 3. – Ofkante D. ((K) – Ovīšu-Lielirbes posms, (O) – Mi ķeļtorņa apkārtne, (V) – Ventspils-Užavas posms, (L) – Nidas-Jūrmalciema posms); 4. – Jermacāne S., Laivi ņš M.; 5. – Kreile V.; 6. – Bambe B.; Āboliņa A., Bambe B. Latvijas Veģetācija, 2001, 4: 7-15 7 ENGURES EZERA MIETURAĻĢU VEĢETĀCIJA Egita Zviedre Latvijas Dabas muzejs, Kr. Barona iela 4, Rīga, LV- 1712 Darbā atspoguļoti 1997. un 1999. gada Charophyta veģetācijas pētījumi (Brauna-Blankē metode, 143 apraksti) Engures ezerā. Datu analīzei lietotas datorprogrammas TWINSPAN un DECORANA. Engures ezerā konstatētas asociācijas: Charetum asperae A. Melzer 1977, Charetum contrariae Corillon 1957, Magnocharetum hispidae Corillon 1957, Charetum tomentosae Corillon 1957 un Charetum aculeolatum Corillon 1957. Atslēgas vārdi: Charophyta, Charetea fragilis, Engures ezers IEVADS Līdz šim Latvijā saldūdens mieturaļģu (Charophyta) veģetācija nav pētīta. Šis ir pirmais mēģinājums aprakstīt un klasificēt Latvijā sastopamās mieturaļģu augu sabiedrības. Engures ezers ir lielākais (41.3 km2) piejūras ezers Latvijā. Tas ir sekls stipri aizaudzis lagūnas tipa ezers lēzenos krastos. Līdz šim Engures ezerā ir veikti epizodiski mieturaļģu floras pētījumi (Transehe, 1937; Спурис, 1960; Blindow, Hargeby, 1995), kas dod ieskatu par to izplatību ezerā. Mūsu pētījumu mērķis ir aprakstīt Engures ezera mieturaļģu augu sabiedrības (to sastāvu, izplatību, dinamikas tendences) un noteikt šo sabiedrību sintaksonomisko piederību. MATERIĀLS UN METODE Mieturaļģu veģetācijas pētījumi Engures ezerā veikti 1997. un 1999. gada jūlijā un augustā (skat. 6.lpp. - 1.). Augu sabiedrības pēc Brauna- Blankē metodes (Dierschke 1994; Pakalne, Znotiņa, 1992) aprakstītas 143 subjektīvi izvietotos laukumiņos (1m2), aptverot ezera vidusdaļu (ieskaitot Dzedru līci) (1.att.). Datu apstrādei lietotas datorprogrammas TWINSPAN un DECORANA (Hill, 1979; Kent, Coker, 1994). Augu sabiedrības klasificētas pēc tradicionālās Eiropā lietotās veģetācijas klasifikācijas sistēmas (Oberdorfer, 1977; Matuszkiewicz, 1981; Doll, 1989; Schratt, 1993; Sinkevičiene, 1994). 8 E. Zviedre 1.att. Pētījumu vietas Engures ezerā Fig.1. The studied sites in Lake Engures REZULTĀTI Engures ezerā vairumu iegrimušo ūdensaugu sabiedrību veido haru (Chara) ģints mieturaļģes. Mieturaļģes aug galvenokārt tādās vietās, kur nav virsūdens augāja. Litorālo helofītu audžu tuvumā tās dažreiz sastop vienīgi šaurās (parasti līdz 1m platās) pārejas joslās. Haru floristiski diezgan nabadzīgās sabiedrības veido lielas audzes dažādās ezera vietās. Nereti tajās ir vairāki stāvi - kāda no sugām blīvi klāj grunti, bet citas aug tuvāk ūdens virsai. Engures ezerā konstatētas piecas Chara ģints asociācijas (1., 2. tab.), to sintaksonomija ir šāda: Klase: Charetea fragilis Fukarek ex Krausch 1964 Rinda: Charetalia hispidae Sauer ex Krausch 1964 Savienība: Charion fragilis Krausch 1964 Asociācija : Charetum tomentosae Corillon 1957 Latvijas Veģetācija, 2001, 4: 7-15 9 Asociācija: Charetum aculeolatum Corillon 1957 Asociācija: Charetum asperae A. Melzer 1977 Asociācija: Magnocharetum hispidae Corillon 1957 Asociācija: Charetum contrariae Corillon 1957 Charetum tomentosae Corillon 1957 sabiedrības sastopamas dūņainā substrātā dažāda dziļuma (0.2-2 m) ūdenī un ir visizplatītākās. Šīs sabiedrības ir sugām bagātākās (15 sugas) - piecas Chara sugas, kā arī deviņas augstāko augu sugas, to skaitā arī Latvijā reta un īpaši aizsargājama suga Najas marina (Anon., 2000). Taču ap 20% visu sabiedrību ir Ch. tomentosa viensugas audzes. Seklākajās vietās jūlijā un augustā Ch. tomentosa augot paceļas virs ūdens, bet dziļākajās vietās tā visu laiku paliek pilnīgi iegrimusi. 1. tabula Klases Charetea fragilis sabiedrību sinoptiskā tabula Synoptic table of Charetea fragilis communities Asociācijas (Associations): 1 – Charetum tomentosae, 2 – Charetum aculeolatum, 3 – Charetum asperae, 4 – Magnocharetum hispidae, 5 – Charetum contrariae Asociācija 1 2 3 4 5 Association Aprakstu skaits 61 44 20 12 6 Number of relevés Sugu skaits 15 5 3 5 3 Number of species Charetea fragilis rakstursugas Chara fragilis I2 . Charetalia hispidae rakstursugas Ch. aspera I1-3 III+-4 V2-5 I2-3 I+ Ch. contraria II1-2 I+-2 . I2 V3-5 Ch. hispida I1-2 I1 . V3-5 . Charion fragilis rakstursugas Ch. tomentosa V+-5 III1-3 I2-3 II3-5 III+-4 Ch. aculeolata II1-3 V3-5 . I+ . Pārējās sugas . Phragmites australis I2-5 . I4 . Najas marina I1-3 . Ceratophyllum demersum I3 . Myriophyllum spicatum I+-2 . Potamogeton natans I+-2 . P. pectinatus I+-2 . Hippuris vulgaris I2 . Batrachium circinatus I1 . Utricularia sp. I+ . 10 10 71 2.tabula Charetea fragilis TWINSPAN tabula TWINSPAN table of Charetea fragilis
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