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Augu Sugu Socioloģisko Grupu Ekoloģija Un Ģeogrāfija Latvijas

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Augu Sugu Socioloģisko Grupu Ekoloģija Un Ģeogrāfija Latvijas M. Laiviņš et al. Augu sugu socioloģisko grupu ekoloģija un ģeogrāfija Augu sugu socioloģisko grupu ekoloģija un ģeogrāfija Latvijas skujkoku mežos Ecology and Geography of the Plant Species Sociological Groups in Needle-Leaved Forests of Latvia Māris Laiviņš, Baiba Bambe Latvijas Valsts Mežzinātnes institūts „Silava” Latvian State Forestry Research Institute „Silava” e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Solvita Rūsiņa, Dace Piliksere Latvijas Universitātes Ģeogrāfijas un Zemes zinātņu fakultāte Faculty of Geography and Earth sciences, University of Latvia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Vija Kreile Teiču Dabas rezervāta administrācija The Administration of Teichi Nature Reserve e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. On the basis of 2332 vegetation relevés, 30 sociological species groups were developed for Latvian needle-leaved forests. All vascular plant, moss and lichen species were used in analysis. Phi coefficient (Φ) was used as a fidelity measure for calculation of sociological groups, and the threshold value was setΦ > 45.0. All 30 sociological groups were divided into three clusters according to their phytosociological characterization: 10 stable (constant) groups, 13 quasistable (semi-constant), and 7 serial groups. Analysis of Ellenberg indicator values revealed that the most important environmental factors explaining differences in species composition among groups are soil fertility (Ellenberg nitrogen value) and climate continentality (Ellenberg continentality value). Analysis of distribution of sociological species groups into different syntaxa confirmed that Latvian needle-leaved forest plant communities belong to three forest vegetation classes of Eurosiberian boreonemoral zone: Vaccinio-Piceetea, Pulsatillo-Pinetea, and Querco-Fagetea. Key words: needle-leaved forests, sociological group, dynamic categories, Latvia. Ievads Latvijas mežu, arī skujkoku mežaudžu (56% no mežu Biotas dažādību Latvijā nosaka dabas apstākļu kopplatības), sugu kompozīciju un augu sabiedrību maiņa trīs ģeogrāfisko pamatdimensiju sistēmā. dažādību. Baltijas jūras austrumu piekrastes samērā plašajā Meža augu sabiedrību daudzveidības boreonemorālajā starpzonā cauraužas jeb analīzei nepieciešama to klasifikācija. Pašlaik mozaīkveida ainavas zīmējumu veido vasarzaļo objektīvai augāja klasifikācijai izmanto platlapju mežu (nemorālais bioms) un mūžzaļo galvenokārt socioloģiskās (floristiski-ekoloģiskās, skujkoku mežu (boreālais bioms) struktūras sinekoloģiskās utt.) sugu kopas, kurās apvieno (ģeogrāfiskās zonalitātes dimensija). Attālinoties sugas ar augstu savstarpējo sastopamību. Līdzīgās no Baltijas jūras piekrastes, zemes iekšienē ekoloģiskās nišās šīs sugas aug kopā, ir uzticīgas palielinās klimata kontinentalitāte (ģeogrāfiskās viena otrai un veido noteiktu sugu kompozīciju, sektorialitātes dimensija), bet reljefa lielformu kas ir raksturīga, augu sabiedrību diagnosticējoša (zemienes, nolaidenumi, augstienes) izvietojums pazīme. Šādas socioloģiskās grupas norobežo un irdeno nogulumiežu sastāvs nosaka secīgu intuitīvi, pamatojoties uz ilgstošu pētījumu ainavas maiņu dažādos hipsometriskos līmeņos pieredzi (Scamoni, 1955, 1963; Scamoni, Passarge, (augstumjoslojums) (Krauklis, 1999, 2006; Laiviņš, 1959; Csapody et al., 1963; Passarge, Hofmann, 1964 1994, 2005; Laiviņš, Melecis, 2003; Буш, 1989). u.c.) vai arī izmantojot dažādus sugu asociēšanās Šāda klimatisko un edafisko dabas apstākļu algoritmus, kas ir sevišķi aktuāli pēdējos variēšana, kā arī cilvēka ilgstošā darbība nosaka gados (Chytry et al., 2002a; Bruelheide, 2000 u.c.). LLU Raksti 20 (315), 2008; 1-21 1 M. Laiviņš et al. Augu sugu socioloģisko grupu ekoloģija un ģeogrāfija Latvijā ģeobotāniskajos un meža ekoloģijas Vairāk aprakstu ir divos reģionos – Piejūras zemienē pētījumos sugu asociēšanās noteikšanai izmantoti (22% no aprakstu kopskaita) un Aiviekstes zemē dažādi rādītāji: korelācijas koeficients (Буш, Аболинь, (21%). Piejūras zemienes skujkoku mežus raksturo 1968), Koula sugu asociēšanās koeficients (Vugule, Ventspils, Jūrmalas un Rīgas pilsētmežu aprakstu 1970), x2 kritērijs (Лайвиньш, 1980) un u koeficients kopas, kā arī Rucavas integrālā monitoringa poligona (Rūsiņa, 2005, 2007; Rūsiņa, Piliksere, 2005). un Engures ezera dabas parka apraksti, bet Aiviekstes Pētījuma mērķis ir apkopot un unificēt līdz šim zemes mežus – galvenokārt pētījumu dati Krustkalnu Latvijā veikto ģeobotānisko pētījumu materiālus un Teiču rezervātā. Samērā liels datu apjoms savākts par priežu un egļu mežiem, analizēt augu sugu Daugavas ielejas skujkoku audzēs (13% no aprakstu asociatīvās struktūras jeb augu sugu socioloģiskās kopskaita), kas izveidojušās uz smilšainām un arī (sinekoloģiskās) grupas, lai objektīvi pamatotu karbonātiskām augsnēm. Aprakstu skaits katrā no skujkoku mežu augu sabiedrību un biotopu pārējām 13 ainavzemēm nepārsniedz 10% no to klasifikācijas sistēmu. kopējā skaita. Materiāls un metode Socioloģisko sugu grupu izveide Veģetācijas dati Socioloģisko sugu grupu veidošanā izmantota Pavisam 2332 skujkoku mežu sabiedrību apraksti, klasifikācijas metode COCKTAIL (datu apstrādes pakete kas veikti pēc Brauna-Blankē metodes (Dierschke, JUICE), kuras pamatā ir H. Bruelheides socioloģisko 1994) no 1980. līdz 2006. gadam, ir uzkrāti LU sugu grupu veidošanai ieteiktais matemātiskais Bioloģijas institūta Ģeobotānikas laboratorijas algoritms (Bruelheide, 1995, 2000). Divu sugu TURBOVEG datu bāzē (Hennekens, 1995). Daļa no kopīgas sastopamības tendence (asociēšanās) tika šiem aprakstiem (31%) jau ir publicēti (Bambe, 2001, noteikta, izmantojot Φ koeficientu (Chytry et al., 2002, 2003; Kreile, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2002b; Tichy, Holt, 2006), kuru aprēķina pēc 2005a, b, 2006; Laiviņš, 1986, 1988, 2002; Laiviņš, formulas: Laiviņa, 1988, 1991; Laiviņš, Jankevica, 1999; , Laiviņš, Kreile, 2006). Datu bāzē apkopotie skujkoku mežu sabiedrību kur N – kopējais aprakstu skaits datu masīvā (datu apraksti aptver visus Latvijas dabas reģionus jeb bāzes apjoms); ainavzemes (1. att.), bet to sadalījums ir nevienmērīgs. 1. att. Skujkoku mežu sabiedrību aprakstu izvietojums (5 x 5 km tīklojumā) Latvijā. Fig. 1. Distribution of needle-leaved forest vegetation descriptions in Latvia (in 5 x 5 km grid net). 2 LLU Raksti 20 (315), 2008; 1-21 M. Laiviņš et al. Augu sugu socioloģisko grupu ekoloģija un ģeogrāfija Np – kopējais aprakstu skaits dotajā veģetācijas Nomenklatūra vaskulārajiem augiem: Gavrilova, vienībā; Šulcs, 1999; sūnaugiem: Āboliņa, 2001; ķērpjiem: n – visa datu masīva aprakstu skaits, kuros Piterāns, 2001. suga ir pārstāvēta; n – dotās veģetācijas vienības aprakstu skaits, p Rezultāti kuros suga ir pārstāvēta. Sugu socioloģisko grupu dinamiskās Φ koeficienta aprēķināšanai tiek ņemti vērā tikai kategorijas sugu kvalitatīvie dati (suga aprakstā ir/nav). Tāpēc Ņemot vērā sugu savstarpējo asociēšanos (Φ sugu asociēšanās koeficienta vērtības neietekmē sugu koeficienta vērtība) skujkoku mežu sabiedrību projektīvais segums. Φ koeficienta vērtības mainās aprakstos, norobežotas 30 augu sugu socioloģiskās robežās no -1 līdz 1, bet, analizējot datus, parasti tā grupas (Pielikums). Skujkoku mežu socioloģiskās lielums tiek reizināts ar 100. Augstākā Φ koeficienta sugu grupas un to sastāvs atspoguļo Latvijas vērtība 1 tiek sasniegta, ja suga ir sastopama visos skujkoku mežu sabiedrību daudzveidību, plašo dotās veģetācijas vienības (aprakstu kopas) aprakstos, augšanas apstākļu amplitūdu un dinamisko bet vispār nav sastopama pārējā datu masīvā. kontinuitāti. Datu masīvā ir iekļauti un analizēti Ja koeficienta vērtība ir 0, tas nozīmē, ka sugai dažādu dinamisku stadiju (stabilas, sērijveida un sastopamība dotajā veģetācijas vienībā (aprakstu to starpstadijas), atšķirīgā pakāpē antropogēni kopā) ir vienāda ar tās sastopamību atlikušajā datu ietekmētu vietu (pilsētmeži un atpūtas vietu meži, masīvā, kas norāda, ka starp konkrētajām sugām un ar dažādu intensitāti apsaimniekotas audzes, īpaši noteikto aprakstu kopu jeb veģetācijas vienību nav aizsargājamo dabas teritoriju meži utt.), kā arī saistības. Φ koeficienta priekšrocība salīdzinājumā Latvijai raksturīgo skujkoku un platlapju mežu ar dažiem citiem statistiskajiem sugu asociēšanās kontaktsabiedrību apraksti. Tāpēc augu sugu jeb sugu savstarpējās uzticamības rādītājiem socioloģiskās grupas pēc to noturības (stabilitātes) (piemēram, u koeficienta, χ2) ir tā neatkarība no pakāpes un sastopamības norobežotas trijās, pēc datu masīva lieluma. Tādējādi grupas, kas atrastas audžu stabilitātes (transformācijas intensitātes) vienā datu masīvā, var tieši salīdzināt ar citā datu atšķirīgās dinamiskās kategorijās: stabilās, masīvā izdalītajām augu sugu socioloģiskajām kvazistabilās jeb daļēji stabilās un sērijveida augu grupām. sugu socioloģiskās grupās. Socioloģisko sugu grupu veidošanas algoritma soļi Stabilas jeb pastāvīgas augu sugu socioloģiskās ir aprakstīti ārzemju (Chytry et al., 2002a, b; Tichy, grupas ir raksturīgas skujkoku mežu ilglaicīgām Chytry, 2006) un pašmāju ģeobotāniskajā literatūrā pamatasociācijām, kas pēc apjoma pielīdzināmas (Rūsiņa 2005, 2007; Rūsiņa, Piliksere, 2005). meža tipiem un atspoguļo klimaksa stadijai tuvu augu Pētījumā izmantots H. Bruelheides (Bruelheide, sabiedrību sugu kompozīcijas. Tās Latvijā raksturīgas 2000) ieteikums noteikt brīvi izvēlētu Φ koeficienta zonālajam makroģeogrāfisko dabas apstākļu slieksni (jo lielāka izvēlēta sliekšņa vērtība, jo (klimatisko un edafisko) kopumam (Kiršteins, 1923; lielākas diagnosticējošās spējas ir izveidotajai sugu Eihe, 1933; Sarma, 1954; Ramans, 1956; Bušs, 1981;
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