DOCSLIB.ORG

Food Allergy: Nuts and Tree Nuts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Food Allergy: Nuts and Tree Nuts Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core British Journal of Nutrition (2006), 96, Suppl. 2, S95–S102 DOI: 10.1017/BJN20061869 q The Authors 2006 Food allergy: nuts and tree nuts . IP address: 1 2 1 1 Jesus F. Crespo *, John M. James , Consuelo Fernandez-Rodriguez and Julia Rodriguez 170.106.202.8 1Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain 2Colorado Allergy and Asthma Centers, Fort Collins, CO, USA , on 25 Sep 2021 at 16:08:59 Nuts are a well-defined cause of food allergy, which affect approximately 1 % of the general population in the UK and the USA. There do appear to be differences in the frequency of nut allergy between different countries because of different dietary habits and cooking procedures. For example, in the USA and France, peanuts are one of the most frequent causes of food allergy, but in other countries, it seems to be less common. Genetic factors, in particular, appear to play a role in the development of peanut allergy. While the majority of nut allergens are seed storage proteins, other nut allergens are profilins and pathogenesis-related protein homologues, considered as panallergens because of their widespread distribution in plants. The presence of specific IgE antibodies to several nuts is a common clinical finding, but the clinical relevance of this cross-reactivity , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at is usually limited. Allergic reactions to nuts appear to be particularly severe, sometimes even life-threatening, and fatal reactions following their ingestion have been documented. Food allergy is diagnosed by identifying an underlying immunological mechanism (i.e. allergic testing), and establishing a causal relationship between food ingestion and symptoms (i.e. oral challenges). In natural history investigations carried out in peanut-allergic children, approximately 20 % of the cases outgrew their allergy or developed oral tolerance. The treatment of nut allergies should include patient and family education about avoiding all presentations of the food and the potential for a severe reaction caused by accidental ingestion. Patients and families should be instructed how to recognise early symptoms of an allergic reaction and how to treat severe anaphylaxis promptly. Peanut allergy: Nut allergy: Tree nut allergy: Allergens: Food allergy Nut and tree nut consumption has been proven to be a healthy prevalence of peanut allergy. They could also be related to dietary habit. For example, several studies show that nuts have the frequency of reactions produced by inadvertent ingestion a beneficial effect on the outcome of coronary disease and in more than 50 % of patients allergic to peanuts and in 15– https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms cholesterol serum levels. However, nuts and tree nuts are 30 % of patients allergic to other nuts in the years following among the highest producers of IgE-mediated allergic reac- diagnosis and dietary avoidance of nuts. tions following food ingestion (Table 1). Food allergy is esti- mated to affect approximately 6–8 % of children below 4 years Epidemiology of age and 1—2 % of individuals over the first decade of life. In the United States, food allergy produces approximately Nuts are the foods that most frequently cause fatal anaphylac- 30 000 anaphylactic reactions and 200 fatalities per year tic reactions. A recent analysis of thirty-two fatal food allergic (Sampson, 2002). Especially in the United States, peanut reactions in the United States from 1994–1999 showed pea- allergy has emerged as an important health problem, with con- nuts and other nuts to be responsible for 63 and 31 % of the siderable consequences for patients, families, schools, health deaths, respectively. All fatalities in patients over 6 years of . https://doi.org/10.1017/BJN20061869 care professionals and the food industry. Moreover, it has age were caused by this food group (Bock et al. 2001). Sur- recently been demonstrated that peanut allergy has a signifi- veys carried out in the UK and the United States showed an cant impact on quality of life and family relationships, similar estimated prevalence of allergic reactions to nuts of approxi- to some rheumatologic diseases (Primeau et al. 2000). Aller- mately 1 % in the general population. A cohort of 1218 new- gic reactions to nuts other than peanuts seem to be less fre- borns followed up to 4 years of age in the Isle of Wight quent although their role as a cause of severe or fatal yielded a percentage of 0·7 % with clinically-important reac- reactions has been well documented. tions to nuts (six to peanuts, one to hazelnuts and one to cash- In the last few years there has been an increase in nut and ews) (Tariq et al. 1996). A random-digit telephone survey of tree nut consumption because of their favourable health 4374 households in the United States provided information effects. The production of processed foods containing nuts about 12 032 individuals, and the prevalence of food allergy as components has also increased. This could facilitate con- to nuts was estimated to be 1·1 % (Sicherer et al. 1999). tamination of other food products being handled in the same Both of these investigations were based on reactions reported food manufacturing line (Teuber et al. 2003). These by participants without any further diagnostic procedures; facts could be important causes of the apparent increase in therefore the actual prevalence could have been overestimated. * Corresponding author: Jesus F. Crespo, fax þ34 913908261, email [email protected] Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core S96 J. F. Crespo et al. Table 1. Nuts and tree nuts implicated in IgE-mediated reactions habits in the development of specific food allergy. Differences in cooking methods commonly related to cultural factors may Family Species Common name also contribute to the increase in prevalence of nut allergy Leguminoseae Arachis hypogea Peanut observed in different countries. For example, peanut allergy . IP address: Betulaceae Corylus avellana Hazelnut is not common in China although its consumption per capita Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale Cashew is similar to that in the United States. Most of the peanuts con- Pistacia vera Pistachio sumed in the latter country are dry roasted, including those Juglandaceae Juglans regia Walnut used to process peanut butter, while in China peanuts are gen- 170.106.202.8 Carya illinoinensis Pecan nut* Rosaceae Prunus dulcis Almond* erally boiled or fried before consumption. The higher tempera- Lecythidaceae Bertholletia excelsa Brazil nut tures produced in the dry-roasting process (1508C) compared Fagaceae Castanea sativa Chestnut* to boiling (1008C) or frying (1208C) increase the allergenic Pinaceae Pinus pinea Pine nut* potency of three major allergens of peanuts (Beyer et al. , on Proteaceae Macadamia intergrifolia Macadamia nut* 25 Sep 2021 at 16:08:59 Palmaceae Cocos nucifera Coconut* 2001). Moreover, the difference in frequency of peanut allergy in China and the United States does not appear to be due to * Infrequent or anecdotally described as causing allergic reactions. genetic factors, as the prevalence in the Chinese population living in the United States is similar to that observed in the American population. In a more recent study carried out in the Isle of Wight in chil- In contrast, it has been established that genetic factors may dren of 3–4 years of age, clinical allergy to peanuts was estab- exert an influence on the development of peanut allergy. In , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at lished by oral challenges to be 1·5 % (Grundy et al. 2002). studies carried out in the UK, the frequency of this condition With this in mind, it has been suggested that the incidence has been found to be significantly higher in relatives of peanut of peanut allergy could have increased in the last few years. allergy patients than in the general population (7 % v. 0·5 %). In a study carried out in a population from the UK, a signifi- There is also a possible association with HLA class II genes cant increase in the prevalence of peanut allergy assessed by (Howell et al. 1998). In a study carried out in fifty-eight skin testing was found, ranging from 1·1 % in 1989 to 3·3 % pairs of twins, 7 % of dizygotes shared peanut allergy v. in 1994–1996. The reported prevalence of clinical allergy to 64 % monozygotes, which suggests a significant genetic influ- peanut increased from 0·5 to 1 % in this period of time, ence. The probability of inheriting peanut allergy was esti- although the differences were not significant (Grundy et al. mated to be 81·6 %, a percentage similar to other allergic 2002). The increase in peanut sensitisation may be related to diseases, such as asthma (87 %), atopic dermatitis (74 %) earlier exposure to the allergen, the availability of more and allergic rhinitis (74–82 %) (Sicherer et al. 2000). food products containing small amounts of peanuts and their presence in foods frequently consumed in childhood, such as peanut butter. Immunopathology In general, the prevalence of adverse reactions to foods is IgE-mediated reactions are the most extensively studied and https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms higher in children than in adults. Surveys carried out in the best defined group of all food adverse reactions. A failure in general population, however, show that allergy to nuts is an development, or a breakdown of oral tolerance, leads to an important problem in adulthood. In the UK, the perceived increased production of specific IgE antibodies, which bind prevalence of peanut allergy ranges between 0·61 % in chil- to high-affinity IgE receptors (FceI) on the surface of mast dren below 14 years of age, 0·53 % in individuals from 15 cells, basophils, Langerhans cells and monocytes of atopic to 44 years and 0·3 % in adults over 44 years, with a signifi- subjects.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CHESTNUT (CASTANEA Spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION for COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION
    CHESTNUT (CASTANEA spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION FOR COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION IN HAMILTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE By Ana Maria Metaxas Approved: James Hill Craddock Jennifer Boyd Professor of Biological Sciences Assistant Professor of Biological and Environmental Sciences (Director of Thesis) (Committee Member) Gregory Reighard Jeffery Elwell Professor of Horticulture Dean, College of Arts and Sciences (Committee Member) A. Jerald Ainsworth Dean of the Graduate School CHESTNUT (CASTANEA spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION FOR COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION IN HAMILTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE by Ana Maria Metaxas A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science May 2013 ii ABSTRACT Chestnut cultivars were evaluated for their commercial applicability under the environmental conditions in Hamilton County, TN at 35°13ꞌ 45ꞌꞌ N 85° 00ꞌ 03.97ꞌꞌ W elevation 230 meters. In 2003 and 2004, 534 trees were planted, representing 64 different cultivars, varieties, and species. Twenty trees from each of 20 different cultivars were planted as five-tree plots in a randomized complete block design in four blocks of 100 trees each, amounting to 400 trees. The remaining 44 chestnut cultivars, varieties, and species served as a germplasm collection. These were planted in guard rows surrounding the four blocks in completely randomized, single-tree plots. In the analysis, we investigated our collection predominantly with the aim to: 1) discover the degree of acclimation of grower- recommended cultivars to southeastern Tennessee climatic conditions and 2) ascertain the cultivars’ ability to survive in the area with Cryphonectria parasitica and other chestnut diseases and pests present.
    [Show full text]
  • Castanea Sativa Mill
    Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Tree factsheet images at pages 3, 4, 5, 6 Castanea sativa Mill. taxonomy author, year Miller, … synonym C. vesca Gaertn. Family Fagaceae Eng. Name Sweet Chestnut tree, Spanish Chestnut, European Chestnut Dutch name Tamme kastanje subspecies - varieties - hybrids - cultivars, frequently used references Weeda 2003, Nederlandse oecologische flora, vol.1 (Dutch) PFAF database http://www.pfaf.org/index.html morphology crown habit tree, round max. height (m) 30 max. dbh (cm) 300 actual size Europe 2000? years old, d(..) 197, Etna, Sicily , Italy actual size The Netherlands year 1600-1700, d (130) 270, h 25, Kabouterboom, Beek-Ubbergen year 1810-1820, d(130) 149, h 30 leaf length (cm) 10-27 leaf petiole (cm) 2-3 leaf colour upper surface green leaf colour under surface green leaves arrangement alternate flowering June flowering plant monoecious flower monosexual flower diameter (cm) 1 flower male catkins length (cm) 8-12 pollination wind fruit; length burr (Dutch: bolster) containing 2-3 nuts; 6-8 cm fruit petiole (cm) 1 seed; length nut; 5-6 cm seed-wing length (cm) - weight 1000 seeds (g) 300-1000 seeds ripen September seed dispersal rodents: Apodemus -species – Wood mice - bosmuizen rodents: Sciurus vulgaris - Squirrel - Eekhoorn birds: Garulus glandarius – Jay –Gaai habitat natural distribution Europe, West Asia in N.W. Europe since 9000 B.C. natural areas The Netherlands forests geological landscape types The Netherlands loss-covered terraces, ice pushed ridges (Hoek 1997) forested areas The Netherlands loamy and sandy soils. area Netherlands < 1700 (2002, Probos) % of forest trees in the Netherlands < 0,7 (2002, Probos) soil type pH-KCl indifferent soil fertility nutrient medium to rich light highly shade tolerant as a sapling, shade tolerant when mature shade tolerance 3.2 (0=no tolerance to 5=max.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritive Value and Degradability of Leaves from Temperate Woody Resources for Feeding Ruminants in Summer
    3rd European Agroforestry Conference Montpellier, 23-25 May 2016 Silvopastoralism (poster) NUTRITIVE VALUE AND DEGRADABILITY OF LEAVES FROM TEMPERATE WOODY RESOURCES FOR FEEDING RUMINANTS IN SUMMER Emile JC 1*, Delagarde R 2, Barre P 3, Novak S 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] mailto:(1) INRA, UE 1373 FERLUS, 86600 Lusignan, France (2) INRA, UMR 1348 INRA-Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France (3) INRA, UR 4 URP3F, 86600 Lusignan, France 1/ Introduction Integrating agroforestry in livestock farming systems may be a real opportunity in the current climatic, social and economic conditions. Trees can contribute to improve welfare of grazing ruminants. The production of leaves from woody plants may also constitute a forage resource for livestock (Papanastasis et al. 2008) during periods of low grasslands production (summer and autumn). To know the potential of leaves from woody plants to be fed by ruminants, including dairy females, the nutritive value of these new forages has to be evaluated. References on nutritive values that already exist for woody plants come mainly from tropical or Mediterranean climatic conditions (http://www.feedipedia.org/) and very few data are currently available for the temperate regions. In the frame of a long term mixed crop-dairy system experiment integrating agroforestry (Novak et al. 2016), a large evaluation of leaves from woody resources has been initiated. The objective of this evaluation is to characterise leaves of woody forage resources potentially available for ruminants (hedgerows, coppices, shrubs, pollarded trees), either directly by browsing or fed after cutting. This paper presents the evaluation of a first set of 12 woody resources for which the feeding value is evaluated through their protein and fibre concentrations, in vitro digestibility (enzymatic method) and effective ruminal degradability.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conversion of Abandoned Chestnut Forests to Managed Ones Does Not Affect the Soil Chemical Properties and Improves the Soil Microbial Biomass Activity
    Article The Conversion of Abandoned Chestnut Forests to Managed Ones Does Not Affect the Soil Chemical Properties and Improves the Soil Microbial Biomass Activity Mauro De Feudis 1,* , Gloria Falsone 1, Gilmo Vianello 2 and Livia Vittori Antisari 1 1 Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Fanin, 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] (G.F.); [email protected] (L.V.A.) 2 Centro Sperimentale per lo Studio e l’Analisi del Suolo (CSSAS), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 June 2020; Accepted: 19 July 2020; Published: 22 July 2020 Abstract: Recently, several hectares of abandoned chestnut forests (ACF) were recovered into chestnut stands for nut or timber production; however, the effects of such practice on soil mineral horizon properties are unknown. This work aimed to (1) identify the better chestnut forest management to maintain or to improve the soil properties during the ACF recovery, and (2) give an insight into the effect of unmanaged to managed forest conversion on soil properties, taking in consideration sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forest ecosystems. The investigation was conducted in an experimental chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forest located in the northern part of the Apennine chain (Italy). We identified an ACF, a chestnut forest for wood production (WCF), and chestnut forests 1 for nut production with a tree density of 98 and 120 plants ha− (NCFL and NCFH, respectively). WCF, NCFL and NCFH stands are the result of the ACF recovery carried out in 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Naturalization of Almond Trees (Prunus Dulcis) in Semi-Arid Regions
    *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Naturalization of almond trees (Prunus dulcis) in semi-arid 10 11 regions of the Western Mediterranean. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 1,3 19 Pablo Homet-Gutierrez , Eugene W. Schupp , José M. Gómez * 20 1Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada, España. 21 2 22 Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center. Utah State University. USA. 23 3Dpt de Ecología Evolutiva y Funcional, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC), 24 25 Almería, España. 26 27 28 *Corresponding author 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 1 63 64 65 Abstract 1 Agricultural land abandonment is rampant in present day Europe. A major consequence of this 2 3 phenomenon is the re-colonization of these areas by the original vegetation. However, some 4 agricultural, exotic species are able to naturalize and colonize these abandoned lands. In this 5 6 study we explore the ability of almonds (Prunus dulcis D.A. Webb.) to establish in abandoned 7 croplands in semi-arid areas of SE Iberian Peninsula. Domesticated during the early Holocene 8 9 in SW Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean, the almond has spread as a crop all over the world. 10 We established three plots adjacent to almond orchards on land that was abandoned and 11 12 reforested with Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) about 20 13 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Localized Gene Expression Changes During Adventitious Root Formation in Black Walnut (Juglans Nigra L.)
    Tree Physiology 38, 877–894 doi:10.1093/treephys/tpx175 Research paper Localized gene expression changes during adventitious root formation in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) Micah E. Stevens1, Keith E. Woeste2 and Paula M. Pijut2,3 1Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; 2USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, HTIRC, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; 3Corresponding author ([email protected]) Received May 31, 2017; accepted December 20, 2017; published online January 25, 2018; handling Editor Danielle Way Cutting propagation plays a large role in the forestry and horticulture industries where superior genotypes need to be clonally multiplied. Integral to this process is the ability of cuttings to form adventitious roots. Recalcitrance to adventitious root develop- ment is a serious hurdle for many woody plant propagation systems including black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), an economically valuable species. The inability of black walnut to reliably form adventitious roots limits propagation of superior genotypes. Adventitious roots originate from different locations, and root induction is controlled by many environmental and endogenous factors. At the molecular level, however, the regulation of adventitious root formation is still poorly understood. In order to eluci- date the transcriptional changes during adventitious root development in black walnut, we used quantitative real-time polymer- ase chain reaction to measure the expression of nine key genes regulating root formation in other species. Using our previously developed spatially explicit timeline of adventitious root development in black walnut softwood cuttings, we optimized a laser capture microdissection protocol to isolate RNA from cortical, phloem fiber and phloem parenchyma cells throughout adventi- tious root formation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Insects on Seed Set of Ozark Chinquapin, Castanea Ozarkensis" (2017)
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2017 The ffecE t of Insects on Seed Set of Ozark Chinquapin, Castanea ozarkensis Colton Zirkle University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Botany Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Zirkle, Colton, "The Effect of Insects on Seed Set of Ozark Chinquapin, Castanea ozarkensis" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 1996. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1996 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The Effect of Insects on Seed Set of Ozark Chinquapin, Castanea ozarkensis A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology by Colton Zirkle Missouri State University Bachelor of Science in Biology, 2014 May 2017 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Dr. Ashley Dowling Thesis Director ____________________________________ ______________________________________ Dr. Frederick Paillet Dr. Neelendra Joshi Committee Member Committee Member Abstract Ozark chinquapin (Castanea ozarkensis), once found throughout the Interior Highlands of the United States, has been decimated across much of its range due to accidental introduction of chestnut blight, Cryphonectria parasitica. Efforts have been made to conserve and restore C. ozarkensis, but success requires thorough knowledge of the reproductive biology of the species. Other Castanea species are reported to have characteristics of both wind and insect pollination, but pollination strategies of Ozark chinquapin are unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Cross-Sensitivity to Tree Nut and Seed Allergens," Aliso: a Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 33 | Issue 2 Article 3 2015 An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Cross- sensitivity to Tree Nut and Seed Allergens Amanda E. Fisher Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California, [email protected] Annalise M. Nawrocki Pomona College, Claremont, California, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, Evolution Commons, and the Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Fisher, Amanda E. and Nawrocki, Annalise M. (2015) "An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Cross-sensitivity to Tree Nut and Seed Allergens," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 33: Iss. 2, Article 3. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol33/iss2/3 Aliso, 33(2), pp. 91–110 ISSN 0065-6275 (print), 2327-2929 (online) AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN CROSS-SENSITIVITY TO TREE NUT AND SEED ALLERGENS AMANDA E. FISHER1-3 AND ANNALISE M. NAWROCKI2 1Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Claremont Graduate University, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711 (Current affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, California 90840); 2Pomona College, 333 North College Way, Claremont, California 91711 (Current affiliation: Amgen Inc., [email protected]) 3Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Tree nut allergies are some of the most common and serious allergies in the United States. Patients who are sensitive to nuts or to seeds commonly called nuts are advised to avoid consuming a variety of different species, even though these may be distantly related in terms of their evolutionary history.
    [Show full text]
  • Juglandaceae (Walnuts)
    A start for archaeological Nutters: some edible nuts for archaeologists. By Dorian Q Fuller 24.10.2007 Institute of Archaeology, University College London A “nut” is an edible hard seed, which occurs as a single seed contained in a tough or fibrous pericarp or endocarp. But there are numerous kinds of “nuts” to do not behave according to this anatomical definition (see “nut-alikes” below). Only some major categories of nuts will be treated here, by taxonomic family, selected due to there ethnographic importance or archaeological visibility. Species lists below are not comprehensive but representative of the continental distribution of useful taxa. Nuts are seasonally abundant (autumn/post-monsoon) and readily storable. Some good starting points: E. A. Menninger (1977) Edible Nuts of the World. Horticultural Books, Stuart, Fl.; F. Reosengarten, Jr. (1984) The Book of Edible Nuts. Walker New York) Trapaceae (water chestnuts) Note on terminological confusion with “Chinese waterchestnuts” which are actually sedge rhizome tubers (Eleocharis dulcis) Trapa natans European water chestnut Trapa bispinosa East Asia, Neolithic China (Hemudu) Trapa bicornis Southeast Asia and South Asia Trapa japonica Japan, jomon sites Anacardiaceae Includes Piastchios, also mangos (South & Southeast Asia), cashews (South America), and numerous poisonous tropical nuts. Pistacia vera true pistachio of commerce Pistacia atlantica Euphorbiaceae This family includes castor oil plant (Ricinus communis), rubber (Hevea), cassava (Manihot esculenta), the emblic myrobalan fruit (of India & SE Asia), Phyllanthus emblica, and at least important nut groups: Aleurites spp. Candlenuts, food and candlenut oil (SE Asia, Pacific) Archaeological record: Late Pleistocene Timor, Early Holocene reports from New Guinea, New Ireland, Bismarcks; Spirit Cave, Thailand (Early Holocene) (Yen 1979; Latinis 2000) Rincinodendron rautanenii the mongongo nut, a Dobe !Kung staple (S.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Hierarchical Spatial Models to Assess the Occurrence of an Island Endemism: the Case of Salamandra Corsica Daniel Escoriza1* and Axel Hernandez2
    Escoriza and Hernandez Ecological Processes (2019) 8:15 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0169-5 RESEARCH Open Access Using hierarchical spatial models to assess the occurrence of an island endemism: the case of Salamandra corsica Daniel Escoriza1* and Axel Hernandez2 Abstract Background: Island species are vulnerable to rapid extinction, so it is important to develop accurate methods to determine their occurrence and habitat preferences. In this study, we assessed two methods for modeling the occurrence of the Corsican endemic Salamandra corsica, based on macro-ecological and fine habitat descriptors. We expected that models based on habitat descriptors would better estimate S. corsica occurrence, because its distribution could be influenced by micro-environmental gradients. The occurrence of S. corsica was modeled according to two ensembles of variables using random forests. Results: Salamandra corsica was mainly found in forested habitats, with a complex vertical structure. These habitats are associated with more stable environmental conditions. The model based on fine habitat descriptors was better able to predict occurrence, and gave no false negatives. The model based on macro-ecological variables underestimated the occurrence of the species on its ecological boundary, which is important as such locations may facilitate interpopulation connectivity. Conclusions: Implementing fine spatial resolution models requires greater investment of resources, but this is advisable for study of microendemic species, where it is important to reduce type II error (false negatives). Keywords: Amphibian, Corsica, Mediterranean islands, Microhabitat, Salamander Introduction reason, studies evaluating the niche of ectothermic verte- Macro-ecological models are popular for evaluating eco- brates associated with forests should include parameters logical and evolutionary hypotheses for vertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Green-Sustainable Recovery of Phenolic and Antioxidant
    antioxidants Article Green-Sustainable Recovery of Phenolic and Antioxidant Compounds from Industrial Chestnut Shells Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction: Optimization and Evaluation of Biological Activities In Vitro 1,2, 1, 1 3 3 Fátima Lameirão y, Diana Pinto y, Elsa F. Vieira , Andreia F. Peixoto , Cristina Freire , Stefania Sut 4, Stefano Dall’Acqua 4,5 , Paulo Costa 2 , Cristina Delerue-Matos 1 and Francisca Rodrigues 1,* 1 Polytechnic of Porto—School of Engineering, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (F.L.); [email protected] (D.P.); [email protected] (E.F.V.); [email protected] (C.D.-M.) 2 REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; pccosta@ff.up.pt 3 REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (A.F.P.); [email protected] (C.F.) 4 DAFNAE, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (S.D.) 5 DSF, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35121 Padova, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +351-22-83-40-500; Fax: +351-22-83-21-159 The authors contributed equally to the present work.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugars Profiles of Different Chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) and Almond (Prunus Dulcis) Cultivars by HPLC-RI
    Sugars Profiles of Different Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and Almond (Prunus dulcis) Cultivars by HPLC-RI João C. M. Barreira & José Alberto Pereira & M. Beatriz P. P. Oliveira & Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira Abstract Sugar profiles of different almond and chestnut Introduction cultivars were obtained by high-performance liquid chro- matography (HPLC), by means of a refractive index (RI) Edible nuts, from which almond (Prunus dulcis)and detector. A solid-liquid extraction procedure was used in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) are typical examples, are defatted and dried samples. The chromatographic separation cultivated in a variety of growing conditions and climates, was achieved using a Eurospher 100-5 NH2 column using an being globally popular and valued for their sensory, isocratic elution with acetonitrile/water (70:30, v/v) at a flow nutritional, and health attributes [1]. Recently, almonds rate of 1.0 ml/min. All the compounds were separated in are among fruits that are considered important for human 16 min. The method was optimized and proved to be health [2]. Almond tree, the number one nut tree produced reproducible and accurate. Generally, more than 95% of on a global basis, is especially spread through and well sugars were identified for both matrixes. Sugars profiles adapted to the whole Mediterranean region, from which were quite homogeneous for almond cultivars; sucrose was about 28% of the world production is obtained. In the main sugar (11.46±0.14 in Marcona to 22.23±0.59 in Portugal, almond is a traditional crop, mainly spread Ferragnes g/100 g of dried weight), followed by raffinose through Algarve and Baixo Alentejo in the south, and (0.71±0.05 in Ferraduel to 2.11±0.29 in Duro Italiano), “ ” Terra Quente Transmontana in the north [1], with 24,522 glucose (0.42±0.12 in Pegarinhos two seeded to 1.47±0.19 crops representing 36,530 ha [3].
    [Show full text]