DOCSLIB.ORG

Castanea Sativa Mill.) Normal Conditions (Karacxalı, 2004)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Castanea Sativa Mill.) Normal Conditions (Karacxalı, 2004) HORTSCIENCE 50(4):577–581. 2015. Notwithstanding, in Turkey, chestnut growers are not used any treatments to harvested chestnuts to reduce contaminants and water Effects of Different Postharvest Storage losses before storage. Chestnut fruits should be considered as Methods on the Quality Parameters of fresh fruit for storage purposes because they have a 40% to 45% humidity ratio under Chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) normal conditions (Karacxalı, 2004). The hu- midity ratio of fruits should be maintained Engin Ertan1, Esra Erdal, Guls€ um€ Alkan, and Burak E. Algul€ within a certain level to ensure good storage. Department of Horticulture, Agriculture Faculty, Adnan Menderes Cold storage (CS) is the best method to University, Aydın, Turkey ensure appropriate storage conditions for fruit (Soylu, 2004). Chestnuts can withstand Additional index words. chestnut, harvest, storage, quality, biochemical CS because they are not susceptible to dam- Abstract age caused by low temperatures. The best . This trial was initiated in the harvest season of 2010 to determine the effects of preservation conditions for chestnuts are –1 traditional and cold storage on the fruit quality properties of chestnuts during the harvest to –2 °C (Jermini et al., 2006; Rouves and and postharvest periods. Physical and biochemical analyses were conducted on fruit Prunet, 2002) with a relative humidity (RH) samples collected about once every 2 weeks from the middle of September until the end of of 90% (Mencarelli, 2004). December. Specifically, the shell and kernel colors (hue, chroma), water activity (aw), and Harvest and postharvest losses are high total sugar (%), total starch (%), total carbohydrate (%), and tannin (ppm) contents were due to incorrect storage methods (SM) and determined. Under traditional and cold storage conditions, the total sugar content of the nut quality is threatened by pest and diseases. chestnuts increased whereas the total starch content decreased during the storage period. Many SM exist to prolong and maintain the In addition, the maximum tannin content was measured in fruit that was cold stored for quality of nuts but many growers lack the a period of 60 days. technique (Bounous, 2009). Miller (2009) stated that, quality of chest- nut has two major components: characteris- Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is one of The main storage problems affecting chest- tics and condition. Condition is mainly the most important tree nuts in the world. nuts are the presence of insect worms (Cydia determined by environmental factors, espe- According to the Food and Agriculture Or- splendana Hb, Cydia fagliglandana Zel., and cially postharvest handling, and the time ganization (FAO) Statistical Database, the Curculio elephas Gyll) and the development interval after harvest. Condition is comprised worldwide chestnut production is 1,998,880 of fungi, mainly Cyboria, which blackens the of attributes like moisture content, insect tons. Chestnut fruits are highly regarded and flesh, but also Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp., infestation, fungal decay (mold), and sugar widely consumed throughout Europe, Amer- Collectotrichum sp., Phomopsis sp. (Breisch, content. The most important environmental ica, and Asia. In addition, chestnuts are one 1993; Washington et al., 1997; Wells and factors are temperature and humidity. These of the most popular nuts in the oriental world. Payne, 1980; Xiao-qing et al., 2009), Aspergil- factors directly affect the moisture and sugar Chestnuts are mainly cultivated in China lus sp., Penicillium sp. (Marinelli et al., 2009), content of chestnut kernels. (1,650,000 tons), Republic of Korea (70,000 Alternaria sp., Trichothecium sp., Botrytis sp., In Turkey, chestnut growers typically store tons), Turkey (59,789 tons), and Italy (52,000 Fusicoccum sp., Phoma sp. (Xiao-qing et al., their crops using traditional methods. For tons) (FAO, 2014). 2009), Sclerotinia sp., and Gibberella sp. example, chestnuts are buried with their burs Chestnuts are rich in starch and sugars, (Donis-Gonzalez et al., 2009a). in a pit under trees in the orchard and are primarily monosaccharides and disaccha- Chestnut quality is measured by external covered with plants such as fern. This is the rides such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, and factors such as color, shape, size, surface most commonly used method, especially in the raffinose (Bernardez et al., 2004; De la blemishes, and molds, which are very im- Aegean Region in the western part of Turkey. Montana Miguelez et al., 2004). In addition, portant for consumer acceptance. Internal Using this method for postharvest storage, the chestnuts differ from other nuts for their low disorders may result from anatomical or moisture level of the chestnut fruit is main- fat content which makes them ideally suited physiological changes such as moisture loss, tained and the sugar content increases from the for high complex carbohydrate and low fat chemical conversion, discoloration, senes- time that the fruit separates from the burs until diets (Bounous, 2009) and they have a unique cence, microorganism attack, cell break- the middle of winter (Soylu, 2004), after which flavor and taste. Due to large proportion of down (physiological decay), or insect injury the nuts are sold. moisture and sugar content, enzyme activity (Upchurch et al., 1993; Wang et al., 2000). Extensive research has been conducted on and pericarp characteristics, the shelf life of Weight losses due to dehydration and in- the nutrient content of chestnuts, effect of chestnuts is very limited (Correia et al., festation by insects and microorganisms are storage on fruit quality properties, and pro- 2009). Therefore, chestnuts are frozen, cold the two main problems in chestnut preserva- tection against microbes. However, there are stored, or dried to extend their storage period. tion (Marinelli et al., 2009; Pinto et al., 2007; no studies on the effects of different SM on However, the nuts have a high moisture Talasila et al., 1995; Tian et al., 2009). the quality parameters of chestnuts. Some content and are therefore susceptible to insect Different postharvest preservation treatments researchers evaluated soluble sugars, starch, damage and fungal decay after harvest, have been used to preserve the nutritional and and polyphenols as quality parameters, of the resulting in high perishability (Miller, 2009; sensory properties of the fruit (Bounous, chestnut kernel in their articles (Cristofori Tzortzakis and Metzidakis, 2012). 2002; Conedera et al., 2005) and to keep the et al., 2009; Tian et al., 2009; Portela et al., fresh commodities against physiological 2009; Vasconcelos et al., 2009). and biological losses during postharvest pe- To maintain the quality and extend the riods, such as water curing (Bassi et al., shelf life of chestnuts, it is essential that they Received for publication 20 Nov. 2014. Accepted 2005; Jermini et al., 2006; Marinelli et al., are adequately stored. This study aimed to for publication 20 Feb. 2015. 2009), low temperature, MA storage (Miller, evaluate the effects of different SM (i.e., This research was supported by The Commission of 2009), and CA storage (Tzortzakis and traditional storage (TS) and CS) and length Scientific Research Project of Adnan Menderes University. The authors would like to thank The Metzidakis, 2012), coatings on the surface of storage (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 d) on the Commission of Scientific Research Project of Adnan of chestnut fruits (i.e., chitosan, carrageenan) quality attributes of chestnut fruits (i.e., Menderes University, for its meritorious support. (Tian et al., 2009), and various chemical kernel and shell color, water activity, total 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed; sanitizers (i.e., hydrogen peroxide, peracetic sugar, total starch, total carbohydrate, and e-mail [email protected]. acid, ozone) (Donis-Gonzalez et al., 2009b). tannin content). HORTSCIENCE VOL. 50(4) APRIL 2015 577 Materials and Methods The water activity (Aw) in a kernel was Table 1. Physical and biochemical traits of nuts used determined using a water activity device for determining of different storage methods on Chestnut samples and storage treatments. (TH-500, Novosina, Switzerland) at 25 °C. chestnut quality. Chestnut (C. sativa Mill.) samples from the To determine the biochemical character- Trait symbol Trait description ‘‘N-23-1 genotype,’’ which were previously istics, the outer shells of the chestnut fruits Physical characteristics of nuts selected for their high nut quality and high were removed, the fruits were dried in an Shell color yield among natural populations (Ertan oven at 65 °C to a constant weight, and were Sc (L, a, b, hue, chroma) et al., 2007), were collected from orchards then ground. All biochemical analyses were Kernel color located in Kusxcular village (38°02#32.87$ N, replicated three times. Kc (L, a, b, hue, chroma) Aw Activity of water (%) 28°28#34.18$ E, 1060 m altitude) in the The anthrone method was used to de- Nazilli district of Aydın province in western Biochemical characteristics of nuts termine the total sugar content (TSC) and TSC Total sugar content (g/100 g) Turkey, during the second fortnight of Oct. total starch content (TStC) that constituted TStC Total starch content (g/100 g) 2010. The orchards have loamy soil, which is the total carbohydrate content (TCC) Total carbohydrates saltless and slightly alkaline, with good (Morris, 1948) using the Shimadzu ultravio- TCC content (g/100 g) mineral and poor organic matter content let 160-A model spectrophotometer. The TC Tannin content (ppm) (Seferoglu and Ertan, 2009). absorbance values were measured spectro- Well-formed chestnuts without any phys- photometrically at 620 nm and the results are ical injury on the outer skin were selected reported on a dry matter basis. Table 2. F-values from the analysis of variance of the immediately after harvesting. Before the treat- The tannin content (TC) was determined physical and biochemical traits as affected by ments, chestnuts were completely mixed and using Folin–Denis reagent according to storage methods (SM) and days of storage (DS). placed in pure water where the majority of the AOAC (1990) (Canbolat et al., 2007).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CHESTNUT (CASTANEA Spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION for COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION
    CHESTNUT (CASTANEA spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION FOR COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION IN HAMILTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE By Ana Maria Metaxas Approved: James Hill Craddock Jennifer Boyd Professor of Biological Sciences Assistant Professor of Biological and Environmental Sciences (Director of Thesis) (Committee Member) Gregory Reighard Jeffery Elwell Professor of Horticulture Dean, College of Arts and Sciences (Committee Member) A. Jerald Ainsworth Dean of the Graduate School CHESTNUT (CASTANEA spp.) CULTIVAR EVALUATION FOR COMMERCIAL CHESTNUT PRODUCTION IN HAMILTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE by Ana Maria Metaxas A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science May 2013 ii ABSTRACT Chestnut cultivars were evaluated for their commercial applicability under the environmental conditions in Hamilton County, TN at 35°13ꞌ 45ꞌꞌ N 85° 00ꞌ 03.97ꞌꞌ W elevation 230 meters. In 2003 and 2004, 534 trees were planted, representing 64 different cultivars, varieties, and species. Twenty trees from each of 20 different cultivars were planted as five-tree plots in a randomized complete block design in four blocks of 100 trees each, amounting to 400 trees. The remaining 44 chestnut cultivars, varieties, and species served as a germplasm collection. These were planted in guard rows surrounding the four blocks in completely randomized, single-tree plots. In the analysis, we investigated our collection predominantly with the aim to: 1) discover the degree of acclimation of grower- recommended cultivars to southeastern Tennessee climatic conditions and 2) ascertain the cultivars’ ability to survive in the area with Cryphonectria parasitica and other chestnut diseases and pests present.
    [Show full text]
  • AP-42, CH 9.10.2.2: Peanut Processing
    9.10.2.2 Peanut Processing 9.10.2.2.1 General Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), also known as groundnuts or goobers, are an annual leguminous herb native to South America. The peanut peduncle, or peg (the stalk that holds the flower), elongates after flower fertilization and bends down into the ground, where the peanut seed matures. Peanuts have a growing period of approximately 5 months. Seeding typically occurs mid-April to mid-May, and harvesting during August in the United States. Light, sandy loam soils are preferred for peanut production. Moderate rainfall of between 51 and 102 centimeters (cm) (20 and 40 inches [in.]) annually is also necessary. The leading peanut producing states are Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Florida, and Oklahoma. 9.10.2.2.2 Process Description The initial step in processing is harvesting, which typically begins with the mowing of mature peanut plants. Then the peanut plants are inverted by specialized machines, peanut inverters, that dig, shake, and place the peanut plants, with the peanut pods on top, into windrows for field curing. After open-air drying, mature peanuts are picked up from the windrow with combines that separate the peanut pods from the plant using various thrashing operations. The peanut plants are deposited back onto the fields and the pods are accumulated in hoppers. Some combines dig and separate the vines and stems from the peanut pods in 1 step, and peanuts harvested by this method are cured in storage. Some small producers still use traditional harvesting methods, plowing the plants from the ground and manually stacking them for field curing.
    [Show full text]
  • Canarium Ovatum) Shells
    International Journal of Engineering Research And Management (IJERM) ISSN: 2349- 2058, Volume-04, Issue-09, September 2017 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Utilizing Pili Nut (Canarium Ovatum) Shells Ariel B. Morales are widely used for various purposes. It is a lightweight and Abstract— This study aims to make a 200 mm x 200 mm strong kind of plastic that can be easily remolded into particleboard with nine millimeter thickness using Crushed Pili different shapes [5]. This study also helps in lessening Nut Shells (CPNS) and sawdust as raw materials with the ratios non-biodegradable wastes and be useful as a resin. This study (CPNS: sawdust) 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50 by weight and determine their physical and mechanical properties. Also, the specifically aims the following objectives: results were compared to the standard properties of commercial • To determine its physical property such as density, unit particleboard set classified by the Philippine Standard weight and thickness swelling, Association (PHILSA). The raw materials were mixed with • To determine the mechanical property, specifically High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as an adhesive. All Modulus of Rupture (MOR). particleboards have passed and exceeded the PHILSA standard • To compare the results to the standard properties for for particle board where 100:0 mixtures with density of 1204.09 kg/m3 has the highest MOR of 110 MPa and lowest thickness commercial particleboard from Philippine Standard swelling of 1.11%. Therefore, particleboard made from Pili nut Association (PHILSA) if it will pass or exceed the given shells has an outstanding property compared to commercial standards. particleboards that depends on its application.
    [Show full text]
  • Castanea Sativa Mill
    Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Tree factsheet images at pages 3, 4, 5, 6 Castanea sativa Mill. taxonomy author, year Miller, … synonym C. vesca Gaertn. Family Fagaceae Eng. Name Sweet Chestnut tree, Spanish Chestnut, European Chestnut Dutch name Tamme kastanje subspecies - varieties - hybrids - cultivars, frequently used references Weeda 2003, Nederlandse oecologische flora, vol.1 (Dutch) PFAF database http://www.pfaf.org/index.html morphology crown habit tree, round max. height (m) 30 max. dbh (cm) 300 actual size Europe 2000? years old, d(..) 197, Etna, Sicily , Italy actual size The Netherlands year 1600-1700, d (130) 270, h 25, Kabouterboom, Beek-Ubbergen year 1810-1820, d(130) 149, h 30 leaf length (cm) 10-27 leaf petiole (cm) 2-3 leaf colour upper surface green leaf colour under surface green leaves arrangement alternate flowering June flowering plant monoecious flower monosexual flower diameter (cm) 1 flower male catkins length (cm) 8-12 pollination wind fruit; length burr (Dutch: bolster) containing 2-3 nuts; 6-8 cm fruit petiole (cm) 1 seed; length nut; 5-6 cm seed-wing length (cm) - weight 1000 seeds (g) 300-1000 seeds ripen September seed dispersal rodents: Apodemus -species – Wood mice - bosmuizen rodents: Sciurus vulgaris - Squirrel - Eekhoorn birds: Garulus glandarius – Jay –Gaai habitat natural distribution Europe, West Asia in N.W. Europe since 9000 B.C. natural areas The Netherlands forests geological landscape types The Netherlands loss-covered terraces, ice pushed ridges (Hoek 1997) forested areas The Netherlands loamy and sandy soils. area Netherlands < 1700 (2002, Probos) % of forest trees in the Netherlands < 0,7 (2002, Probos) soil type pH-KCl indifferent soil fertility nutrient medium to rich light highly shade tolerant as a sapling, shade tolerant when mature shade tolerance 3.2 (0=no tolerance to 5=max.
    [Show full text]
  • Trailer Decontamination)
    Preventing Peanut Cross-Contamination in Georgia Pecans (Trailer Decontamination) Peanut cross contamination within the pecan industry is a serious concern. One potential source of cross-contamination within the Georgia pecan industry is the use of trailers previously used in peanut harvest for transport of pecans during pecan harvest. Sixty three percent of all food-allergen related deaths in the U.S. are the result of peanut allergies. These allergies result from allergenic proteins found in the peanut kernel. If pecan growers were to use trailers which previously held peanuts during pecan harvest, the potential would exist for the pecans to be contaminated with peanut allergens through peanut oil residue left on the surface of the trailer or through left-over peanuts still remaining in the trailer from peanut harvest. If contaminated pecans were to be processed in a shelling plant, the entire shelling plant itself could become contaminated. Ultimately, a peanut allergin-related death traced back to the consumption of peanut contaminated pecans could have a devastating effect upon the Georgia pecan industry. Therefore, before pecans are dumped into trailers at harvest, the following steps are suggested for decontaminating trailers that may have previously been used in peanut harvest: 1. Clean & sweep trailer thoroughly, assuring that all previous products are removed from trailer. 2. Wash trailer with soap & water solution, making sure all surfaces are scrubbed well with a brush. Use any FDA approved food grade detergents. 3. Rinse trailer out thoroughly with water making sure there are no visual signs of cleaning solution left inside. 4. Sanitize inside of trailer with at least 50 ppm chlorine water solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritive Value and Degradability of Leaves from Temperate Woody Resources for Feeding Ruminants in Summer
    3rd European Agroforestry Conference Montpellier, 23-25 May 2016 Silvopastoralism (poster) NUTRITIVE VALUE AND DEGRADABILITY OF LEAVES FROM TEMPERATE WOODY RESOURCES FOR FEEDING RUMINANTS IN SUMMER Emile JC 1*, Delagarde R 2, Barre P 3, Novak S 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] mailto:(1) INRA, UE 1373 FERLUS, 86600 Lusignan, France (2) INRA, UMR 1348 INRA-Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France (3) INRA, UR 4 URP3F, 86600 Lusignan, France 1/ Introduction Integrating agroforestry in livestock farming systems may be a real opportunity in the current climatic, social and economic conditions. Trees can contribute to improve welfare of grazing ruminants. The production of leaves from woody plants may also constitute a forage resource for livestock (Papanastasis et al. 2008) during periods of low grasslands production (summer and autumn). To know the potential of leaves from woody plants to be fed by ruminants, including dairy females, the nutritive value of these new forages has to be evaluated. References on nutritive values that already exist for woody plants come mainly from tropical or Mediterranean climatic conditions (http://www.feedipedia.org/) and very few data are currently available for the temperate regions. In the frame of a long term mixed crop-dairy system experiment integrating agroforestry (Novak et al. 2016), a large evaluation of leaves from woody resources has been initiated. The objective of this evaluation is to characterise leaves of woody forage resources potentially available for ruminants (hedgerows, coppices, shrubs, pollarded trees), either directly by browsing or fed after cutting. This paper presents the evaluation of a first set of 12 woody resources for which the feeding value is evaluated through their protein and fibre concentrations, in vitro digestibility (enzymatic method) and effective ruminal degradability.
    [Show full text]
  • 422 Part 180—Tolerances and Ex- Emptions for Pesticide
    Pt. 180 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–16 Edition) at any time before the filing of the ini- 180.124 Methyl bromide; tolerances for resi- tial decision. dues. 180.127 Piperonyl butoxide; tolerances for [55 FR 50293, Dec. 5, 1990, as amended at 70 residues. FR 33360, June 8, 2005] 180.128 Pyrethrins; tolerances for residues. 180.129 o-Phenylphenol and its sodium salt; PART 180—TOLERANCES AND EX- tolerances for residues. 180.130 Hydrogen Cyanide; tolerances for EMPTIONS FOR PESTICIDE CHEM- residues. ICAL RESIDUES IN FOOD 180.132 Thiram; tolerances for residues. 180.142 2,4-D; tolerances for residues. Subpart A—Definitions and Interpretative 180.145 Fluorine compounds; tolerances for Regulations residues. 180.151 Ethylene oxide; tolerances for resi- Sec. dues. 180.1 Definitions and interpretations. 180.153 Diazinon; tolerances for residues. 180.3 Tolerances for related pesticide chemi- 180.154 Azinphos-methyl; tolerances for resi- cals. dues. 180.4 Exceptions. 180.155 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; tolerances 180.5 Zero tolerances. for residues. 180.6 Pesticide tolerances regarding milk, 180.163 Dicofol; tolerances for residues. eggs, meat, and/or poultry; statement of 180.169 Carbaryl; tolerances for residues. policy. 180.172 Dodine; tolerances for residues. 180.175 Maleic hydrazide; tolerances for resi- Subpart B—Procedural Regulations dues. 180.176 Mancozeb; tolerances for residues. 180.7 Petitions proposing tolerances or ex- 180.178 Ethoxyquin; tolerances for residues. emptions for pesticide residues in or on 180.181 Chlorpropham; tolerances for resi- raw agricultural commodities or proc- dues. essed foods. 180.182 Endosulfan; tolerances for residues. 180.8 Withdrawal of petitions without preju- 180.183 Disulfoton; tolerances for residues.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conversion of Abandoned Chestnut Forests to Managed Ones Does Not Affect the Soil Chemical Properties and Improves the Soil Microbial Biomass Activity
    Article The Conversion of Abandoned Chestnut Forests to Managed Ones Does Not Affect the Soil Chemical Properties and Improves the Soil Microbial Biomass Activity Mauro De Feudis 1,* , Gloria Falsone 1, Gilmo Vianello 2 and Livia Vittori Antisari 1 1 Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Fanin, 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] (G.F.); [email protected] (L.V.A.) 2 Centro Sperimentale per lo Studio e l’Analisi del Suolo (CSSAS), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 June 2020; Accepted: 19 July 2020; Published: 22 July 2020 Abstract: Recently, several hectares of abandoned chestnut forests (ACF) were recovered into chestnut stands for nut or timber production; however, the effects of such practice on soil mineral horizon properties are unknown. This work aimed to (1) identify the better chestnut forest management to maintain or to improve the soil properties during the ACF recovery, and (2) give an insight into the effect of unmanaged to managed forest conversion on soil properties, taking in consideration sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forest ecosystems. The investigation was conducted in an experimental chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forest located in the northern part of the Apennine chain (Italy). We identified an ACF, a chestnut forest for wood production (WCF), and chestnut forests 1 for nut production with a tree density of 98 and 120 plants ha− (NCFL and NCFH, respectively). WCF, NCFL and NCFH stands are the result of the ACF recovery carried out in 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Oral Immunotherapy for Severe Food Allergies
    FOOD ORAL IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR SEVERE FOOD ALLERGIES ALLISON FREEMAN MD Clinical Assistant Professor, University at Buffalo Division of Allergy/Immunology & Rheumatology GOALS • REVIEW UP TO DATE GUIDANCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS OF FOOD ALLERGY • KNOW HOW AND WHEN TO TEST FOR FOOD ALLERGY • DISCUSS FORMS OF THERAPY THAT ARE OR SOON WILL BE MARKETED • DISCUSS FORMS OF THERAPY THAT ARE NOW AVAILABLE AT UBMD PEDIATRIC ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY 1. SEVERE FOOD ALLERGY MAY BE PREVENTABLE • LEARNING EARLY ABOUT PEANUT ( DUTOIT ET AL , NEJM 2015) TAUGHT US THAT OUR 20 YEAR OLD STRATEGY OF DELAYING ALLERGENIC FOOD INTRODUCTION TO INFANTS WAS WRONG • THEY SHOWED IN A LARGE RANDOMIZED TRIAL THAT; • INFANTS OFTEN HAVE POSITIVE SKIN TESTING FOR ALLERGENIC FOODS BEFORE ORAL EXPOSURE, ESPECIALLY IF THEY HAVE SIGNIFICANT ECZEMA OR ONE CLINICAL FOOD ALLERGY ALREADY- THIS IS TERMED SENSITIZATION AND MAY BE A STAGE OF THE ALLERGIC MARCH WE CAN TURN AROUND • EARLY INTRODUCTION OF EGG, MILK AND POSSIBLY CASHEW ARE SHOWN TO LESSEN LATER ALLERGY • INFANTS WITH POSITIVE SKIN TESTS TO PEANUT ARE NOT ALL DANGEROUSLY ALLERGIC • INFANTS WITH PEANUT WHEAL < 8MM OFTEN TOLERATE CHALLENGE AND IF THEY CONTINUE TO EAT IT ROUTINELY THEY HAVE >85% RISK REDUCTION FOR PEANUT ALLERGY AT SCHOOL AGE 2. FOOD ALLERGY ONCE CONFIRMED CAN BE LIFE CHANGING • ALL CHILDREN DIAGNOSED BY CLINICAL REACTION WITH CONFIRMATORY TESTING, OR BY ORAL FOOD CHALLENGE NEED TO BE TAUGHT; • HOW TO READ A FOOD LABEL AND THAT FOODS ‘PROCESSED IN A FACTORY THAT ALSO PROCESSES ‘THEIR ALLERGEN IS A SERIOUS WARNING THAT THEY SHOULD FOLLOW • HOW TO USE THEIR EPINEPHRINE, AND WHAT CONSTITUTES ANAPHYLAXIS ( ANY MULTISYSTEM REACTION TO A KNOWN ALLERGEN FOR THAT PATIENT) • THAT EPINEPHRINE HELPS MOST WHEN DELIVERED EARLY, WHICH IS WHY THEY NEED TO CARRY IT EVERYWHERE ,KEEP IT IN DATE AND STORE IT CORRECTLY The Impact of Food Allergy Diagnoses • Risk of a severe anaphylaxis is just one of many concerns.
    [Show full text]
  • Naturalization of Almond Trees (Prunus Dulcis) in Semi-Arid Regions
    *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Naturalization of almond trees (Prunus dulcis) in semi-arid 10 11 regions of the Western Mediterranean. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 1,3 19 Pablo Homet-Gutierrez , Eugene W. Schupp , José M. Gómez * 20 1Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada, España. 21 2 22 Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center. Utah State University. USA. 23 3Dpt de Ecología Evolutiva y Funcional, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas (EEZA-CSIC), 24 25 Almería, España. 26 27 28 *Corresponding author 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 1 63 64 65 Abstract 1 Agricultural land abandonment is rampant in present day Europe. A major consequence of this 2 3 phenomenon is the re-colonization of these areas by the original vegetation. However, some 4 agricultural, exotic species are able to naturalize and colonize these abandoned lands. In this 5 6 study we explore the ability of almonds (Prunus dulcis D.A. Webb.) to establish in abandoned 7 croplands in semi-arid areas of SE Iberian Peninsula. Domesticated during the early Holocene 8 9 in SW Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean, the almond has spread as a crop all over the world. 10 We established three plots adjacent to almond orchards on land that was abandoned and 11 12 reforested with Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) and Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) about 20 13 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Localized Gene Expression Changes During Adventitious Root Formation in Black Walnut (Juglans Nigra L.)
    Tree Physiology 38, 877–894 doi:10.1093/treephys/tpx175 Research paper Localized gene expression changes during adventitious root formation in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) Micah E. Stevens1, Keith E. Woeste2 and Paula M. Pijut2,3 1Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; 2USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, HTIRC, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; 3Corresponding author ([email protected]) Received May 31, 2017; accepted December 20, 2017; published online January 25, 2018; handling Editor Danielle Way Cutting propagation plays a large role in the forestry and horticulture industries where superior genotypes need to be clonally multiplied. Integral to this process is the ability of cuttings to form adventitious roots. Recalcitrance to adventitious root develop- ment is a serious hurdle for many woody plant propagation systems including black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), an economically valuable species. The inability of black walnut to reliably form adventitious roots limits propagation of superior genotypes. Adventitious roots originate from different locations, and root induction is controlled by many environmental and endogenous factors. At the molecular level, however, the regulation of adventitious root formation is still poorly understood. In order to eluci- date the transcriptional changes during adventitious root development in black walnut, we used quantitative real-time polymer- ase chain reaction to measure the expression of nine key genes regulating root formation in other species. Using our previously developed spatially explicit timeline of adventitious root development in black walnut softwood cuttings, we optimized a laser capture microdissection protocol to isolate RNA from cortical, phloem fiber and phloem parenchyma cells throughout adventi- tious root formation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Insects on Seed Set of Ozark Chinquapin, Castanea Ozarkensis" (2017)
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2017 The ffecE t of Insects on Seed Set of Ozark Chinquapin, Castanea ozarkensis Colton Zirkle University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Botany Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Zirkle, Colton, "The Effect of Insects on Seed Set of Ozark Chinquapin, Castanea ozarkensis" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 1996. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1996 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The Effect of Insects on Seed Set of Ozark Chinquapin, Castanea ozarkensis A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology by Colton Zirkle Missouri State University Bachelor of Science in Biology, 2014 May 2017 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Dr. Ashley Dowling Thesis Director ____________________________________ ______________________________________ Dr. Frederick Paillet Dr. Neelendra Joshi Committee Member Committee Member Abstract Ozark chinquapin (Castanea ozarkensis), once found throughout the Interior Highlands of the United States, has been decimated across much of its range due to accidental introduction of chestnut blight, Cryphonectria parasitica. Efforts have been made to conserve and restore C. ozarkensis, but success requires thorough knowledge of the reproductive biology of the species. Other Castanea species are reported to have characteristics of both wind and insect pollination, but pollination strategies of Ozark chinquapin are unknown.
    [Show full text]