AP-42, CH 9.10.2.2: Peanut Processing
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Good Manufacturing Practices and Industry Best Practices for Peanut
GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES AND INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICES FOR PEANUT PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS Revised October 2009 The American Peanut Council 1500 King Street, Suite 301 Alexandria, Virginia _____________________________________________________________ Any reproduction of the information contained in this document requires the express written consent of the American Peanut Council, 1500 King Street, Suite 301, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. Contents DEFINITION OF TERMS .............................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 5 GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES ................................................................................................... 7 Personnel Practices ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Establishing a Training Program .............................................................................................................. 8 Educate workers on the importance of proper hand washing techniques ................................................. 8 Building and Facilities ................................................................................................................................. 9 Plants and Grounds .................................................................................................................................. -
ABSTRACT SHI, XIAOLEI. Effects of Different
ABSTRACT SHI, XIAOLEI. Effects of Different Roasting Conditions on Peanut Quality. (Under the direction of Dr. Lisa L. Dean and Dr. K.P. Sandeep). In the U.S., a major portion of the peanut crop is converted from whole seed into value-added products. For such purposes, the peanut seeds are processed using a thermal operation as the first step in the manufacture of the final products, to achieve specific flavors, colors, and textures. Peanuts are typically processed by dry roasting or oil roasting (deep frying and blister frying). Comparisons among different dry roasting conditions and different roasting methods were made in this work regarding their effects on the quality-related properties of roasted peanuts. On an industrial scale, peanuts are typically roasted to a specific color for quality control. Recent lab scale experiments demonstrated that peanuts roasted to equivalent surface colors at different time/temperature combinations could vary substantially in chemical and physical properties related to product quality. This study expanded that approach to a pilot plant scale roaster. Jumbo-size runner-type peanuts were systematically roasted at 5 temperatures (149-204 °C) to three Hunter L-values of 53.0, 48.5, and 43.0 using the same peanut bed depth and air flow. The flavor of medium dry roasted peanuts was superior to light and dark roasts, with higher roasted peanutty and sweet aromatic flavor notes. Total tocopherols of oil extracted from the roasted peanuts was greatest in peanuts roasted to darker colors, with the medium and dark oil showing no significant differences from the raw oil. -
The Roasted and the Boiled: Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthropology Faculty Publications Anthropology, Department of 1-1997 The Roasted and the Boiled: Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking LuAnn Wandsnider University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub Part of the Anthropology Commons Wandsnider, LuAnn, "The Roasted and the Boiled: Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking" (1997). Anthropology Faculty Publications. 28. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub/28 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16 (1997) , pp. 1–48. Copyright © 1997 Academic Press. Used by permission. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jaa Submitted March 1, 1996; revised October 17, 1996; accepted October 20, 1996. The Roasted and the Boiled: Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking LuAnn Wandsnider Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0368 Abstract Heat treatment is one of the major ways humans change the composition and chemistry of food tis- sues, making them more digestible, less toxic, and more durable. This paper reviews salient features of food chemistry and food composition and how heat treatment, especially pit-hearth cooking, af- fects that composition. Ethnographic accounts of cooking indicate that traditional populations relied on pit-hearth cooking especially to alter the composition of foods high in either lipids or complex carbohydrates. -
Canarium Ovatum) Shells
International Journal of Engineering Research And Management (IJERM) ISSN: 2349- 2058, Volume-04, Issue-09, September 2017 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Utilizing Pili Nut (Canarium Ovatum) Shells Ariel B. Morales are widely used for various purposes. It is a lightweight and Abstract— This study aims to make a 200 mm x 200 mm strong kind of plastic that can be easily remolded into particleboard with nine millimeter thickness using Crushed Pili different shapes [5]. This study also helps in lessening Nut Shells (CPNS) and sawdust as raw materials with the ratios non-biodegradable wastes and be useful as a resin. This study (CPNS: sawdust) 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50 by weight and determine their physical and mechanical properties. Also, the specifically aims the following objectives: results were compared to the standard properties of commercial • To determine its physical property such as density, unit particleboard set classified by the Philippine Standard weight and thickness swelling, Association (PHILSA). The raw materials were mixed with • To determine the mechanical property, specifically High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as an adhesive. All Modulus of Rupture (MOR). particleboards have passed and exceeded the PHILSA standard • To compare the results to the standard properties for for particle board where 100:0 mixtures with density of 1204.09 kg/m3 has the highest MOR of 110 MPa and lowest thickness commercial particleboard from Philippine Standard swelling of 1.11%. Therefore, particleboard made from Pili nut Association (PHILSA) if it will pass or exceed the given shells has an outstanding property compared to commercial standards. particleboards that depends on its application. -
Trailer Decontamination)
Preventing Peanut Cross-Contamination in Georgia Pecans (Trailer Decontamination) Peanut cross contamination within the pecan industry is a serious concern. One potential source of cross-contamination within the Georgia pecan industry is the use of trailers previously used in peanut harvest for transport of pecans during pecan harvest. Sixty three percent of all food-allergen related deaths in the U.S. are the result of peanut allergies. These allergies result from allergenic proteins found in the peanut kernel. If pecan growers were to use trailers which previously held peanuts during pecan harvest, the potential would exist for the pecans to be contaminated with peanut allergens through peanut oil residue left on the surface of the trailer or through left-over peanuts still remaining in the trailer from peanut harvest. If contaminated pecans were to be processed in a shelling plant, the entire shelling plant itself could become contaminated. Ultimately, a peanut allergin-related death traced back to the consumption of peanut contaminated pecans could have a devastating effect upon the Georgia pecan industry. Therefore, before pecans are dumped into trailers at harvest, the following steps are suggested for decontaminating trailers that may have previously been used in peanut harvest: 1. Clean & sweep trailer thoroughly, assuring that all previous products are removed from trailer. 2. Wash trailer with soap & water solution, making sure all surfaces are scrubbed well with a brush. Use any FDA approved food grade detergents. 3. Rinse trailer out thoroughly with water making sure there are no visual signs of cleaning solution left inside. 4. Sanitize inside of trailer with at least 50 ppm chlorine water solution. -
422 Part 180—Tolerances and Ex- Emptions for Pesticide
Pt. 180 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–16 Edition) at any time before the filing of the ini- 180.124 Methyl bromide; tolerances for resi- tial decision. dues. 180.127 Piperonyl butoxide; tolerances for [55 FR 50293, Dec. 5, 1990, as amended at 70 residues. FR 33360, June 8, 2005] 180.128 Pyrethrins; tolerances for residues. 180.129 o-Phenylphenol and its sodium salt; PART 180—TOLERANCES AND EX- tolerances for residues. 180.130 Hydrogen Cyanide; tolerances for EMPTIONS FOR PESTICIDE CHEM- residues. ICAL RESIDUES IN FOOD 180.132 Thiram; tolerances for residues. 180.142 2,4-D; tolerances for residues. Subpart A—Definitions and Interpretative 180.145 Fluorine compounds; tolerances for Regulations residues. 180.151 Ethylene oxide; tolerances for resi- Sec. dues. 180.1 Definitions and interpretations. 180.153 Diazinon; tolerances for residues. 180.3 Tolerances for related pesticide chemi- 180.154 Azinphos-methyl; tolerances for resi- cals. dues. 180.4 Exceptions. 180.155 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; tolerances 180.5 Zero tolerances. for residues. 180.6 Pesticide tolerances regarding milk, 180.163 Dicofol; tolerances for residues. eggs, meat, and/or poultry; statement of 180.169 Carbaryl; tolerances for residues. policy. 180.172 Dodine; tolerances for residues. 180.175 Maleic hydrazide; tolerances for resi- Subpart B—Procedural Regulations dues. 180.176 Mancozeb; tolerances for residues. 180.7 Petitions proposing tolerances or ex- 180.178 Ethoxyquin; tolerances for residues. emptions for pesticide residues in or on 180.181 Chlorpropham; tolerances for resi- raw agricultural commodities or proc- dues. essed foods. 180.182 Endosulfan; tolerances for residues. 180.8 Withdrawal of petitions without preju- 180.183 Disulfoton; tolerances for residues. -
Kinetic Studies and Moisture Diffusivity During Cocoa Bean Roasting
processes Article Kinetic Studies and Moisture Diffusivity During Cocoa Bean Roasting Leydy Ariana Domínguez-Pérez 1, Ignacio Concepción-Brindis 1, Laura Mercedes Lagunes-Gálvez 1 , Juan Barajas-Fernández 2, Facundo Joaquín Márquez-Rocha 3 and Pedro García-Alamilla 1,* 1 División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias (DACA), Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Carret. Villahermosa-Teapa Km 25 Ra. La Huasteca. Centro, Tabasco. C.P. 86280, Mexico; [email protected] (L.A.D.-P.); [email protected] (I.C.-B.); [email protected] (L.M.L.-G.) 2 División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura (DAIA), Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Carret. Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez Km 1. Col. La Esmeralda. Cunduacán, Tabasco. C.P. 86690, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Centro Regional para la Producción más Limpia, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Tabasco Business Center, Edificio FINTAB, Carretera Reforma-Dos Bocas, Km. 17+920, Ranch. Pechucalco, 2da. sección, Cunduacán, Tabasco, C.P. 86691, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 17 September 2019; Accepted: 18 October 2019; Published: 21 October 2019 Abstract: Cocoa bean roasting allows for reactions to occur between the characteristic aroma and taste precursors that are involved in the sensory perception of chocolate and cocoa by-products. This work evaluates the moisture kinetics of cocoa beans during the roasting process by applying empirical and semi-empirical exponential models. Four roasting temperatures (100, 140, 180, and 220 ◦C) were used in a cylindrically designed toaster. Three reaction kinetics were tested (pseudo zero order, pseudo first order, and second order), along with 10 exponential models (Newton, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, Two-Term, Midilli, Verma, Diffusion Approximation, Silva, and Peleg). -
Food Oral Immunotherapy for Severe Food Allergies
FOOD ORAL IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR SEVERE FOOD ALLERGIES ALLISON FREEMAN MD Clinical Assistant Professor, University at Buffalo Division of Allergy/Immunology & Rheumatology GOALS • REVIEW UP TO DATE GUIDANCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND COSTS OF FOOD ALLERGY • KNOW HOW AND WHEN TO TEST FOR FOOD ALLERGY • DISCUSS FORMS OF THERAPY THAT ARE OR SOON WILL BE MARKETED • DISCUSS FORMS OF THERAPY THAT ARE NOW AVAILABLE AT UBMD PEDIATRIC ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY 1. SEVERE FOOD ALLERGY MAY BE PREVENTABLE • LEARNING EARLY ABOUT PEANUT ( DUTOIT ET AL , NEJM 2015) TAUGHT US THAT OUR 20 YEAR OLD STRATEGY OF DELAYING ALLERGENIC FOOD INTRODUCTION TO INFANTS WAS WRONG • THEY SHOWED IN A LARGE RANDOMIZED TRIAL THAT; • INFANTS OFTEN HAVE POSITIVE SKIN TESTING FOR ALLERGENIC FOODS BEFORE ORAL EXPOSURE, ESPECIALLY IF THEY HAVE SIGNIFICANT ECZEMA OR ONE CLINICAL FOOD ALLERGY ALREADY- THIS IS TERMED SENSITIZATION AND MAY BE A STAGE OF THE ALLERGIC MARCH WE CAN TURN AROUND • EARLY INTRODUCTION OF EGG, MILK AND POSSIBLY CASHEW ARE SHOWN TO LESSEN LATER ALLERGY • INFANTS WITH POSITIVE SKIN TESTS TO PEANUT ARE NOT ALL DANGEROUSLY ALLERGIC • INFANTS WITH PEANUT WHEAL < 8MM OFTEN TOLERATE CHALLENGE AND IF THEY CONTINUE TO EAT IT ROUTINELY THEY HAVE >85% RISK REDUCTION FOR PEANUT ALLERGY AT SCHOOL AGE 2. FOOD ALLERGY ONCE CONFIRMED CAN BE LIFE CHANGING • ALL CHILDREN DIAGNOSED BY CLINICAL REACTION WITH CONFIRMATORY TESTING, OR BY ORAL FOOD CHALLENGE NEED TO BE TAUGHT; • HOW TO READ A FOOD LABEL AND THAT FOODS ‘PROCESSED IN A FACTORY THAT ALSO PROCESSES ‘THEIR ALLERGEN IS A SERIOUS WARNING THAT THEY SHOULD FOLLOW • HOW TO USE THEIR EPINEPHRINE, AND WHAT CONSTITUTES ANAPHYLAXIS ( ANY MULTISYSTEM REACTION TO A KNOWN ALLERGEN FOR THAT PATIENT) • THAT EPINEPHRINE HELPS MOST WHEN DELIVERED EARLY, WHICH IS WHY THEY NEED TO CARRY IT EVERYWHERE ,KEEP IT IN DATE AND STORE IT CORRECTLY The Impact of Food Allergy Diagnoses • Risk of a severe anaphylaxis is just one of many concerns. -
Cooking Temperatures (Oven)
Cooking Temperatures (Oven) 1. Bottom Round Roast- Bake at 325 degrees for an hour and a half or until internal temperature is 135 degrees 2. Eye Round Roast- Cook at 350 degrees F for 20 for 25 minutes per pound. 30 minutes per pound at 350 degrees F until Internal Temperatures reaches 175 degrees F 3. Top Round Roast- Bake for 15 minutes at 450 degrees. Then reduce the oven to 325 degrees and bake for an hour or until an instant read thermometer reads 135 to 140 degrees. Remove from the oven and tent with tin foil for 15 minutes. 4. Chuck Roast- Sear first! Cover and roast at 250 degrees on the center rack for 2 hours. Remove from oven and take roast from pan - best in crockpot 5. Top Sirloin Roast- Place in the oven at 375 degrees, and roast until you reach an internal temperature of 130 F for medium rare. For each additional 'step' of doneness, add ten degrees. So medium would be 140, medium-well, 150, and well-done 160. 6. Brisket- Preheat the oven or smoker to 225 degrees F. Trim the fat evenly across the top to 1/4-inch thick. Season the brisket liberally with the seasoning rub. Cook in the oven or smoker until the internal temperature on an instant- read meat thermometer reaches 175 degrees F, about 6 to 8 hours. 7. Standing Rib Roast- Bake at 350 degrees for 16 to 18 minutes a pound, to an internal temperature of 120 degrees. For a 7-pound roast, that's going to be about two hours 8. -
Spiced Eggplant with Peanut Coconut Sauce)
Bhagara Baingan – Southern India, Sri Lanka (Spiced Eggplant with Peanut Coconut Sauce) Eggplants are historical plant foods of the Indian subcontinent and can be grown in both temperate and tropical climates. Eggplants are commonly cooked along with spices in curry style dishes in parts of India and this recipe is an adaptation of preparations of eggplant found in the southern part of India and Sri Lanka. Cooking Method Sauce – Simmered Cooking Method Eggplant - Sautéed Yield – 15 orders at 4-5 oz each Kitchen Station – Sauté Advanced Preparation – Sauce and Prepped Eggplant Ingredients: For Prepping the Eggplant 2.5 lbs Eggplant 1 tbsp Salt 6 oz Vegetable Oil ½ tbsp Turmeric, ground 1 tbsp Coriander, ground 1 tsp Cumin, ground 1 tsp Black Pepper ¼ tsp Cayenne Pepper For the Sauce 14 oz Coconut Milk 3 tbsp Peanut Butter 1 oz Vegetable Oil 8 oz Yellow Onion, minced 1 tbsp Garlic, minced 2 tbsp Fresh Ginger, minced 2 ea Fresh Red Chilies, minced ½ tbsp Turmeric, ground 1 tsp Coriander, ground 1 tsp Salt 1 oz Tamarind (hydrated in 2 oz hot water and strained to remove any particles) 14 oz Coconut Milk For Assembly and Garnish 3 oz Vegetable Oil Prepped Eggplant 4 oz Roasted Peanuts, crushed 0.5 oz Sesame Seeds, toasted 15 sprigs fresh Cilantro Procedure: For Prepping the Eggplant 1. Slice the eggplant into rounds approximately 1/3 inch thick and sprinkle the salt evenly over all of the sliced eggplant by laying the eggplant slices onto a sheet pan and then sprinkling evenly. 2. Allow the eggplant to sit with the salt on the slices for 15-20 minutes and then rinse off the eggplant pieces and immediately pat them dry with a paper towel 3. -
Concretes Jackhammer™ Sundaes
CONCRETES ANDY’S ANYWHERE™ Small | Medium | Large Buy now, enjoy later! Perfect for a night at home, for celebrations or after the game. BootDaddy® Concrete Quarts and Pints Vanilla frozen custard blended with Oreo®, crème caramel and hot fudge. Your choice of vanilla or chocolate. Triple Chocolate Concrete Specialty Pint Flavors Chocolate frozen custard blended with chocolate chip cookie dough and melted chocolate chip. Chocolate-Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough, Mint Chocolate Chip, Hot Fudge Brownie, Bordeaux Cherry Chip or Butter Pecan. Ooey Gooey Concrete Quart Combo™ Vanilla frozen custard blended with Heath® Bar, crème caramel and almonds. (Serves 4-6) Vanilla or chocolate quart, plus two toppings of your choice. Snowmonster™ Concrete Andy’s Frozen Custard® Bars* Vanilla frozen custard blended with delicious strawberries and melted chocolate chip. Hand-dipped in milk chocolate. Hand-dipped in dark chocolate. Butter Pecan Concrete - Vanilla frozen custard - Chocolate frozen custard - Salted caramel frozen custard - Mint frozen custard Vanilla frozen custard blended with roasted pecans and butterscotch. - Coffee frozen custard Andy’s™ Custom Concrete Vanilla or chocolate frozen custard blended with the topping of your choice. CONES, MALTS & MORE ™ Golden Crisp Waffle Cone, Cone or Cup JACKHAMMER Scoops of Made Fresh Hourly™ vanilla, chocolate (or a combo) frozen custard. Small | Medium | Large Toppings not available on Cones or Cups James Brownie Funky Jackhammer™ Malts Vanilla frozen custard blended with creamy peanut butter and brownies, filled with hot fudge. Vanilla frozen custard blended with your favorite topping and malt powder. Rico Suave Jackhammer™ Old-Fashioned Freezes Vanilla frozen custard blended with roasted pecans and Oreo®, filled with hot fudge. -
Storage Conditions, Fatty Acid Composition, and Roasting Methods)
i FLAVOR FORMATION AND SENSORY PERCEPTION OF SELECTED PEANUT GENOTYPES (ARACHIS HYPOGEA L.) AS AFFECTED BY STORAGE WATER ACTIVITY, ROASTING, AND PLANTING DATE By GEORGE L. BAKER IV A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all of my family, friends, and faculty at the University of Florida for the care and guidance that they have given me through the past few years. Thanks go to my committee members (Dr. Robert Bates, Dr. Daniel Gorbet, and Dr. Steven Talcott) for their outstanding ideas, personal and financial cooperation, as well as those who helped at the Marianna Research Station with the growing, grading and shelling of the peanuts used in these studies. Many thanks go to John Cornell for the suggestions, explanations, and analysis of statistical methods throughout my studies. My appreciation goes to Timothy Sanders et al. and members of the North Carolina State Food Science Department for roasting the peanuts discussed in the first chapter of this dissertation. I would like to especially thank Dr. Sean F. O’Keefe and Dr. Charles A. Sims, for their mentorship, financial assistance, and friendship. Last, but definitely not least, I would like to thank my wonderful wife, Florian, for the love, patience, and direction that only she could give. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………...……………………….………….ii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………..…vi