DOCSLIB.ORG

The Archaeobotany of Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong: the Agriculture of Late Prehistoric Southern Thailand (Volume 1)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Archaeobotany of Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong: the Agriculture of Late Prehistoric Southern Thailand (Volume 1) The Archaeobotany of Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong: The Agriculture of Late Prehistoric Southern Thailand (Volume 1) Cristina Castillo Institute of Archaeology University College London Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London 2013 Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation consists of original work undertaken by the undersigned. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged. Cristina Castillo October 2013 Institute of Archaeology, UCL 2 Abstract The Thai-Malay Peninsula lies at the heart of Southeast Asia. Geographically, the narrowest point is forty kilometres and forms a barrier against straightforward navigation from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea and vice versa. This would have either led vessels to cabotage the southernmost part of the peninsula or portage across the peninsula to avoid circumnavigating. The peninsula made easy crossing points strategic locations commercially and politically. Early movements of people along exchange routes would have required areas for rest, ports, repair of boats and replenishment of goods. These feeder stations may have grown to become entrepôts and urban centres. This study investigates the archaeobotany of two sites in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong. Khao Sam Kaeo is located on the east whereas Phu Khao Thong lies on the west of the peninsula and both date to the Late Prehistoric period (ca. 400-100 BC). Khao Sam Kaeo has been identified as the earliest urban site from the Late Prehistoric period in Southeast Asia engaged in trans-Asiatic exchange networks. There is evidence of craft specialisation and material culture that links the site to India, China and the rest of Southeast Asia. Phu Khao Thong has similar material culture as Khao Sam Kaeo. The purpose of examining the archaeobotanical results from Khao Sam Kaeo is to add to the understanding of how an early urban site with an active exchange network and specialised craft production would have supported itself. The results provide insights into exchanged foodstuffs and the agricultural base that sustained the different communities at Khao Sam Kaeo: the local population, temporary settlers and transient voyagers. The archaeobotany of Khao Sam Kaeo is compared to the contemporaneous site Phu Khao Thong. Phu Khao Thong lies closer to the Indian Ocean and has more Indian domesticates in the assemblage. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration 2 Abstract 3 Table of Contents 4 List of Figures 8 List of Tables 14 List of Appendices 18 Acknowledgements 20 CHAPTER 1 – Introduction 1.1 INTRODUCTION 23 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 28 1.3 A NOTE ON 'INDIANISATION' 30 1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 31 CHAPTER 2 – Geography: Present and Past 2.1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 34 2.2 GEOLOGY 40 2.3 CLIMATE and RAINFALL 43 2.4 VEGETATION 45 2.5 SOILS 53 2.6 AGRICULTURE 56 2.7 PAST ENVIRONMENT 62 CHAPTER 3 – Archaeobotany in Southeast Asia 3.1 INTRODUCTION 66 3.2 A SHORT HISTORY OF ARCHEOBOTANY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 66 3.3 SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHEOBOTANY 70 CHAPTER 4 – Materials and Methods 4.1 SOURCE DATA 77 4 4.2 MACROREMAINS 77 4.3 PHYTOLITHS 84 4.4 IDENTIFICATION CHALLENGE 85 4.5 REFERENCE COLLECTIONS 86 4.6 CHARRING EXPERIMENTS 87 4.7 OTHER REFERENCES 87 4.8 A FINAL NOTE ON TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS and SAMPLING 87 CHAPTER 5 – Preservation Bias 5.1 INTRODUCTION 90 5.2 OTHER EXPERIMENTS and RESULTS 92 5.3 METHODOLOGY 98 5.4 OBSERVATIONS 102 5.5 OVERALL RESULTS 105 5.5.1 Absolute frequencies 105 5.5.2 Relative frequencies 108 5.5.3 Shrinkage factors 109 5.5.4 Temperature 112 5.6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA and PRESERVATION BIAS 113 CHAPTER 6 –Khao Sam Kaeo 6.1 SITE DESCRIPTION 114 6.1.1 The material artefacts 116 6.1.2 Early globalisation 122 6.2 CHRONOLOGY 123 6.3 CONTEXTS 125 6.4 DATASETS 131 6.5 RESULTS and DISCUSSION: An ecological and agricultural interpretation 134 6.5.1 The Resource Base 134 6.5.2 Modern contaminants and context security 135 6.5.3 The Economic Crops: cereals and pulses 138 6.5.3.1 Oryza sativa (L.) 140 6.5.3.2 Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. ssp. italica 150 6.5.3.3 Paspalum cf. scrobiculatum 157 6.5.3.4 Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata 158 5 6.5.3.5 Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lamarck) Verdcourt 166 6.5.3.6 Vigna cf. umbellata 169 6.5.3.7 Cajanus sp. / cf. Cajanus 173 6.5.3.8 cf. Lablab 176 6.5.3.9 A few notes on pulses (Fabaceae) 178 6.5.4 The Cash Crops: evidence of exchange networks 179 6.5.4.1 cf. Citrus / Citrus sp. 180 6.5.4.2 cf. Gossypium 182 6.5.4.3 Piper cf. longum 185 6.5.5 Overall analysis of economic crops, pulses and cash crops 189 6.5.6 Weeds 195 6.5.7 Agricultural Practices in Khao Sam Kaeo 202 6.6 KHAO SAM KAEO and THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA 205 6.7 CONCLUSION 208 CHAPTER 7 –Phu Khao Thong 7.1 SITE DESCRIPTION 210 7.2 CHRONOLOGY 213 7.3 CONTEXTS 214 7.4 DATASETS 217 7.5 RESULTS 219 7.5.1 The Resource Base 219 7.5.2 Modern contaminants and context security 220 7.5.3 The Economic Crops: cereals and pulses 221 7.5.3.1 Oryza sativa (L.) 222 7.5.3.2 Eleusine cf. coracana 229 7.5.3.3 Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata 234 7.5.3.4 Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lamarck) Verdcourt 239 7.5.3.5 Vigna cf. mungo 241 7.5.3.6 Lathyrus sativus (L.) 246 7.5.3.7 Vigna cf. umbellata 249 7.5.4 The Cash Crops 251 7.5.4.1 cf. Citrus / Citrus sp. 251 7.5.4.2 Piper cf. longum 252 7.5.4.3 Sesamum indicum 253 7.5.5 Acmella paniculata: weed of agriculture or vegetable? 257 6 7.5.6 Weeds of cultivation 263 7.6 DISCUSSION: East of India and West of Khao Sam Kaeo 266 CHAPTER 8 – Charring Experiments: Interpretation 8.1 INTRODUCTION 272 8.2 CEREAL HUSK 272 8.3 RICE SPIKELET BASES 275 8.4 MUNGBEAN BIAS 283 8.5 THE SMALL MILLET GRAINS 284 8.6 CONCLUSION 285 CHAPTER 9 – Rice in Prehistoric Thailand 9.1 INTRODUCTION 287 9.2 BACKGROUND ON DOMESTICATION OF RICE 288 9.3 DIFFERENTIATING WILD FROM DOMESTICATED RICE 293 9.4 RICE IN THAILAND 298 9.5 ORIGINS and SPREAD OF RICE 308 9.6 GENETIC and MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES 312 9.7 NEW VIEWS ON THE SPREAD OF RICE 323 9.8 CONCLUSION 328 CHAPTER 10 – Discussion and Conclusion 10.1 SUMMARISING THE LATE PREHISTORIC SUBSISTENCE REGIME IN PENINSULAR THAILAND 330 10.2 INDIANISATION and WORLD SYSTEMS 332 10.3 FUTURE WORK 335 BIBLIOGRAPHY 337 APPENDICES 375 7 LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1 Figure 1.1: Map of the Thai-Malay Peninsula showing the location of 24 the two areas of study, Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong and the approximate distance of the Kra Isthmus, and the length of the Peninsula. CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.1: Map of Thailand showing the six regions and the sites 36 Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong. Figure 2.2: Aerial view of Khao Sam Kaeo showing the meandering 38 Ta Taphao river to the west and the site demarcations. Figure 2.3: Elevation map of Thailand with corresponding regions. 39 Figure 2.4: Suggested river and terrestrial routes across the narrowest 40 part of the Thai-Malay peninsula (the Kra Isthmus) which shows Khao Sam Kaeo. Figure 2.5: Map 'A' shows the geology of Thailand. Map 'B' shows the 41 Tertiary basins in dark grey. Figure 2.6: Köppen-Geiger climate type map of Southeast Asia. 43 Figure 2.7: Vegetation map of Thailand. 50 Figure 2.8: Soil map of the Southern Peninsula showing the two sites 55 Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong. Figure 2.9: Land use in the Southern Peninsula of Thailand. 58 Figure 2.10: Map showing localities where interviews were conducted 60 in 2009 in relation to the area of study Khao Sam Kaeo. Figure 2.11: Pollen histogram of AU1. 64 Figure 2.12: Pollen histogram of AU2. 65 CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.1: Cumulative number of Southeast Asian sites excavated and 68 the cumulative number of sites where flotation was used as a recovery technique for plant remains. Figure 3.2: Archaeobotanical methodologies employed in SEA. 69 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1: Map showing the locations of soil samples collected for 80 macroremains analysis. Figure 4.2: Images of the team at Khao Sam Kaeo doing flotation and 81 the sieves drying. Figure 4.3: Map showing the locations of soil samples collected for 84 phytolith analysis. CHAPTER 5 Figure 5.1: 1) Oryza sativa (rice) naked, 2) Oryza sativa (rice) husked, 99 3) Vigna radiata (mung bean), 4) Coix lachryma-jobi (job's tears), 5) Glycine max (soy bean), 6) Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) husked, 7) Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) naked, 8) Setaria italica (foxtail millet) husked, 9) Setaria italica (foxtail millet) naked. 8 Figure 5.2: Graph showing the temperatures recorded with the 101 thermocouple. Figure 5.3: SEM images of rice spikelet bases found in the 0.5-1 mm 103 fraction. Figure 5.4: SEM images of a typical charred rice spikelet base from 103 Primtech08 experiment 1A (L) and from Khao Sam Kaeo tp128 us 11 (R).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AP-42, CH 9.10.2.2: Peanut Processing
    9.10.2.2 Peanut Processing 9.10.2.2.1 General Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), also known as groundnuts or goobers, are an annual leguminous herb native to South America. The peanut peduncle, or peg (the stalk that holds the flower), elongates after flower fertilization and bends down into the ground, where the peanut seed matures. Peanuts have a growing period of approximately 5 months. Seeding typically occurs mid-April to mid-May, and harvesting during August in the United States. Light, sandy loam soils are preferred for peanut production. Moderate rainfall of between 51 and 102 centimeters (cm) (20 and 40 inches [in.]) annually is also necessary. The leading peanut producing states are Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Florida, and Oklahoma. 9.10.2.2.2 Process Description The initial step in processing is harvesting, which typically begins with the mowing of mature peanut plants. Then the peanut plants are inverted by specialized machines, peanut inverters, that dig, shake, and place the peanut plants, with the peanut pods on top, into windrows for field curing. After open-air drying, mature peanuts are picked up from the windrow with combines that separate the peanut pods from the plant using various thrashing operations. The peanut plants are deposited back onto the fields and the pods are accumulated in hoppers. Some combines dig and separate the vines and stems from the peanut pods in 1 step, and peanuts harvested by this method are cured in storage. Some small producers still use traditional harvesting methods, plowing the plants from the ground and manually stacking them for field curing.
    [Show full text]
  • Thailand Singapore
    National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth THAILAND SINGAPORE National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth THAILAND National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth of Thailand July 2019 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes or to provide wider dissemination for public response, provided prior written permission is obtained from the PEMSEA Executive Director, acknowledgment of the source is made and no commercial usage or sale of the material occurs. PEMSEA would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale, any commercial purpose or any purpose other than those given above without a written agreement between PEMSEA and the requesting party. Published by Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA). Printed in Quezon City, Philippines PEMSEA and Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR, Thailand). 2019. National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth of Thailand. Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. 270 p. ISBN 978-971-812-056-9 The activities described in this report were made possible with the generous support from our sponsoring organizations - the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of PEMSEA Country Partners and its other participating organizations. The designation employed and the presentation do not imply expression of opinion, whatsoever on the part of PEMSEA concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authority or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Good Manufacturing Practices and Industry Best Practices for Peanut
    GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES AND INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICES FOR PEANUT PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS Revised October 2009 The American Peanut Council 1500 King Street, Suite 301 Alexandria, Virginia _____________________________________________________________ Any reproduction of the information contained in this document requires the express written consent of the American Peanut Council, 1500 King Street, Suite 301, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. Contents DEFINITION OF TERMS .............................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 5 GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES ................................................................................................... 7 Personnel Practices ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Establishing a Training Program .............................................................................................................. 8 Educate workers on the importance of proper hand washing techniques ................................................. 8 Building and Facilities ................................................................................................................................. 9 Plants and Grounds ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT SHI, XIAOLEI. Effects of Different
    ABSTRACT SHI, XIAOLEI. Effects of Different Roasting Conditions on Peanut Quality. (Under the direction of Dr. Lisa L. Dean and Dr. K.P. Sandeep). In the U.S., a major portion of the peanut crop is converted from whole seed into value-added products. For such purposes, the peanut seeds are processed using a thermal operation as the first step in the manufacture of the final products, to achieve specific flavors, colors, and textures. Peanuts are typically processed by dry roasting or oil roasting (deep frying and blister frying). Comparisons among different dry roasting conditions and different roasting methods were made in this work regarding their effects on the quality-related properties of roasted peanuts. On an industrial scale, peanuts are typically roasted to a specific color for quality control. Recent lab scale experiments demonstrated that peanuts roasted to equivalent surface colors at different time/temperature combinations could vary substantially in chemical and physical properties related to product quality. This study expanded that approach to a pilot plant scale roaster. Jumbo-size runner-type peanuts were systematically roasted at 5 temperatures (149-204 °C) to three Hunter L-values of 53.0, 48.5, and 43.0 using the same peanut bed depth and air flow. The flavor of medium dry roasted peanuts was superior to light and dark roasts, with higher roasted peanutty and sweet aromatic flavor notes. Total tocopherols of oil extracted from the roasted peanuts was greatest in peanuts roasted to darker colors, with the medium and dark oil showing no significant differences from the raw oil.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Millets
    The Story of Millets Millets were the first crops Millets are the future crops Published by: Karnataka State Department of Agriculture, Bengaluru, India with ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India This document is for educational and awareness purpose only and not for profit or business publicity purposes 2018 Compiled and edited by: B Venkatesh Bhat, B Dayakar Rao and Vilas A Tonapi ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad Inputs from: Prabhakar, B.Boraiah and Prabhu C. Ganiger (All Indian Coordinated Research Project on Small Millets, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India) Disclaimer The document is a compilation of information from reputed and some popular sources for educational purposes only. The authors do not claim ownership or credit for any content which may be a part of copyrighted material or otherwise. In many cases the sources of content have not been quoted for the sake of lucid reading for educational purposes, but that does not imply authors have claim to the same. Sources of illustrations and photographs have been cited where available and authors do not claim credit for any of the copy righted or third party material. G. Sathish, IFS, Commissioner for Agriculture, Department of Agriculture Government of Karnataka Foreword Millets are the ancient crops of the mankind and are important for rainfed agriculture. They are nutritionally rich and provide number of health benefits to the consumers. With Karnataka being a leading state in millets production and promotion, the government is keen on supporting the farmers and consumers to realize the full potential of these crops. On the occasion of International Organics and Millets Fair, 2018, we are planning before you a story on millets to provide a complete historic global perspective of journey of millets, their health benefits, utilization, current status and future prospects, in association with our knowledge partner ICAR - Indian Institute of Millets Research, with specific inputs from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru.
    [Show full text]
  • Wat Phra That Hariphunchai ( ) Sited in Mid-Town, It Was Built During the Reign of King Arthitayarat, a Descendant of Queen Chamthewi Some 800 Years Ago
    Amphoe Mueang Lamphun 01 - Wat Phra That Hariphunchai ( ) Sited in mid-town, it was built during the reign of King Arthitayarat, a descendant of Queen Chamthewi some 800 years ago. A principal landmark is the 46-metre tall golden Chedi whose present appearance was the result of the restoration work in 1443 by a king of Chiang Mai. It has long been regarded as a major place of worship. Other architectural works include the ancient-style brick arch adorned with fine designs and the pair of sculptured lions at the door. There are also a square-shaped Chedi and a Khmer-style Buddha statue. 02 - Hariphunchai National Museum ( ). Located on Inthayongyot Road almost opposite Wat Phra That Hariphunchai it displays and exhibits include historical development and archaeological items found in Lamphun. These include prehistorical human skeletons and objects of arts from the Dvaravati, Hariphunchai, Lanna and Rattanakosin periods. A chamber is devoted to a collection of inscription stones in Mon and Lanna scripts. Another displays ancient utensils, Lanna indigenous arts and carvings. The museum is open Wednesday-Sunday from 9.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. 03 - Phra Nang Chamthewi Statue ( ) Located in the Nong Dok public park in town commemorating the first ruler of Hariphunchai. 04 - Suthewa Rusi Statue ( ) In front of the Town Hall, the Legend has it that the Rusi, or ascetic, was the actual founder of Hariphunchai. As an ascetic refraining from worldly affairs he invited Phra Nang Chamthevi, a daughter of the King of Lopburi, to ascend the throne and helped her to firmly establish Buddhism in the land.
    [Show full text]
  • An Intergeneric Hybrid Between Franklinia Alatamaha and Gordonia
    HORTSCIENCE 41(6):1386–1388. 2006. hybrids using F. alatamaha. Ackerman and Williams (1982) conducted extensive crosses · between F. alatamaha and Camellia L. spp. Gordlinia grandiflora (Theaceae): and produced two intergeneric hybrids, but their growth was weak and extremely slow. An Intergeneric Hybrid Between Ranney and colleagues (2003) reported suc- cessful hybridization between F. alatamaha Franklinia alatamaha and and Schima argentea Pritz. In 1974, Dr. Elwin Orton, Jr. successfully crossed G. lasianthus with F. alatamaha and produced 33 hybrids Gordonia lasianthus (Orton, 1977). Orton (1977) further reported Thomas G. Ranney1,2 that the seedlings grew vigorously during the Department of Horticultural Science, Mountain Horticultural Crops first growing season and that a number of them flowered the following year; however, Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, 455 all the plants eventually died, possibly be- Research Dr., Fletcher, NC 28732-9244 cause of some type of genetic incompatibility 1 or a pathogen (e.g., Phytophthora). Although Paul R. Fantz Orton’s report was somewhat discouraging, Department of Horticultural Science, Box 7603, North Carolina State hybridization between F. alatamaha and University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 G. lasianthus could potentially combine the cold hardiness of F. alatamaha with the ever- Additional index words. Gordonia alatamaha, Gordonia pubescens, distant hybridization, green foliage of G. lasianthus and broaden intergeneric hybridization, plant breeding, wide hybridization the genetic base for further breeding among Abstract. Franklinia alatamaha Bartr. ex Marshall represents a monotypic genus that was these genera. The objective of this report is originally discovered in Georgia, USA, but is now considered extinct in the wild and is to describe the history of and to validate new maintained only in cultivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Practices of Sacred Natural Sites: a Socio-Religious Approach for Successful Implementation of Primary
    Medicinal practices of sacred natural sites: a socio-religious approach for successful implementation of primary healthcare services Rajasri Ray and Avik Ray Review Correspondence Abstract Rajasri Ray*, Avik Ray Centre for studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity and Background: Sacred groves are model systems that Sustainability (CEiBa), Malda - 732103, West have the potential to contribute to rural healthcare Bengal, India owing to their medicinal floral diversity and strong social acceptance. *Corresponding Author: Rajasri Ray; [email protected] Methods: We examined this idea employing ethnomedicinal plants and their application Ethnobotany Research & Applications documented from sacred groves across India. A total 20:34 (2020) of 65 published documents were shortlisted for the Key words: AYUSH; Ethnomedicine; Medicinal plant; preparation of database and statistical analysis. Sacred grove; Spatial fidelity; Tropical diseases Standard ethnobotanical indices and mapping were used to capture the current trend. Background Results: A total of 1247 species from 152 families Human-nature interaction has been long entwined in has been documented for use against eighteen the history of humanity. Apart from deriving natural categories of diseases common in tropical and sub- resources, humans have a deep rooted tradition of tropical landscapes. Though the reported species venerating nature which is extensively observed are clustered around a few widely distributed across continents (Verschuuren 2010). The tradition families, 71% of them are uniquely represented from has attracted attention of researchers and policy- any single biogeographic region. The use of multiple makers for its impact on local ecological and socio- species in treating an ailment, high use value of the economic dynamics. Ethnomedicine that emanated popular plants, and cross-community similarity in from this tradition, deals health issues with nature- disease treatment reflects rich community wisdom to derived resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Resistance of Gordonieae Trees to Phytophthora Cinnamomi
    HORTSCIENCE 44(5):1484–1486. 2009. Successful crosses of Franklinia · Schima produced the intergeneric hybrid ·Schimlinia (Ranney et al., 2003) and crosses of Frank- Differential Resistance of Gordonieae linia · Gordonia produced the intergeneric hybrid ·Gordlinia (Ranney and Fantz, 2006). Trees to Phytophthora cinnamomi However, little is known about the resistance 1 2,5 3 of related species and potential parents to Elisabeth M. Meyer , Thomas G. Ranney , and Thomas A. Eaker P. cinnamomi. The objective of this study Department of Horticultural Science, Mountain Horticultural Crops was to evaluate a collection of species, Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, 455 clones, and hybrids of Franklinia, Gordonia, Research Drive, Fletcher, NC 28732 and Schima for resistance to P. cinnamomi. 4 Kelly Ivors Materials and Methods Department of Plant Pathology, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, 455 Research Drive, During the summer of 2008, seven taxa of Gordonieae trees were inoculated with Mills River, NC 28759 P. cinnamomi at the North Carolina State Additional index words. host plant resistance, disease resistance, Abies fraseri, Franklinia University Mountain Horticultural Crops alatamaha, Gordonia lasianthus, ·Gordlinia grandiflora, ·Schimlinia floribunda, Schima Research Station in Mills River, NC. These taxa included F. alatamaha, G. lasianthus, S. wallichii, Schima khasiana, Phytophthora cinnamomi khasiana, S. wallichii, ·Gordlinia H2004- Abstract. Trees in the Theaceae tribe Gordonieae are valuable nursery crops, but some of 024-008, ·Schimlinia H2002-022-083, and these taxa are known to be highly susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora ·Schimlinia H2002-022-084. The plants of cinnamomi Rands. The objective of this study was to evaluate a collection of Gordonieae the selected Gordonieae taxa were 5-month- taxa for resistance to this pathogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Gluta Laosensis (Anacardiaceae), a New Species from Vientiane, Laos
    Phytotaxa 415 (3): 153–156 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press Correspondence ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.415.3.6 Gluta laosensis (Anacardiaceae), a new species from Vientiane, Laos SHUICHIRO TAGANE1,*, CHIKA KAMEDA2, SOUPHACHAY PHOUPHASOUK3 & PHETLASY SOULADETH2 1The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima University, 1-21-30 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 819-0065, Japan. 2Faculty of Forest Science, National University of Laos, Dongdok campus, Vientiane, Lao PDR. 3Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Laos, Nabong campus, Vientiane, Lao PDR *Authors for correspondence: [email protected] A new species of Gluta (Anacardiaceae), Gluta laosensis Tagane & Kameda, from Vientiane, Central Laos, is described and illustrated. A new species is easily distinguished from the other species of the genus in Indo-China in having short petioles less than 4 mm long, obovate-oblong or oblong-elliptic leaf blade with rounded to slightly cordate base, and 18–24 pairs of secondary veins. Keywords: flora, Indochina, Sapindales, taxonomy Introduction The genus Gluta Linnaeus (1771: 293) is trees or rarely shrubs of Aacardiaceae distributed from Madagascar, India, Myanmar, Indo-China, Thailand, to throughout Malesia (Kochummen 1996, Chayamarit 2010). It consists of about 30 species, among which four species have been known from Laos: G. cambodiana Pierre (1897: 368), G. laccifera (Pierre 1885: 538) Ding Hou (1978a: 14), G. tavoyana Wallich ex Hooker (1879: 22) and G. usitata (Wallich 1829: 29) Ding Hou (1978a: 21) (Tardieu-Blot, 1962, Newman et al. 2007, Chayamarit 2010, Gardner et al. 2015). Whilst conducting botanical exploration of Vientiane Capital, Central Laos by the second and third authors, an interesting Gluta species was discovered in mixed deciduous forest.
    [Show full text]
  • SRIVIJA YA and the MALAY PENINSULA 1. Srivijaya, About
    CHAPTER NINE SRIVIJA YA AND THE MALAY PENINSULA FROM THE END OF THE 7m TO THE 8TH CENTURY We must prepare ourselves for the likeli­ hood that Srivijaya, though not entirely a myth, will prove to have been quite different from the way we have imagined it. (Bronson 1979: 405). A. SRIVIJAYA: MYTH OR REALITY? (DOC. 30) 1. Srivijaya, about which we have said little up till now, is the vague supposed thalassocracy that owes its deliverance from the oblivion to which it had sunk to a celebrated study by G. Credes ( 1918), then at the start of his career, in which he took another look at some theories formulated before him by S. Beal (1883/86). Taking the measure of a 'kingdom' of Srivijaya mentioned in the Kota Kapur inscription (Island of Bangka; end of the seventh century),1 he linked it with another place with the identical name that figures in an inscription discovered much farther to the north, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, known at the time as the Wiang Sa, later as the Ligor, inscription, when in fact, as we will later explain, it originated in Chaiya. Could these have been "one and the same country?" he asked at the time (Credes 1918: 3); if this were the case, "the exis­ tence of a kingdom that had left tangible traces in two places as far removed from each other as Bangka and Vieng Sa and bearing a name that had hitherto been unknown" was a new fact of sufficient importance to justify additional research.
    [Show full text]
  • The King's Nation: a Study of the Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand
    THE KING’S NATION: A STUDY OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATION AND NATIONALISM IN THAILAND Andreas Sturm Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London (London School of Economics and Political Science) 2006 UMI Number: U215429 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U215429 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I Declaration I hereby declare that the thesis, submitted in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and entitled ‘The King’s Nation: A Study of the Emergence and Development of Nation and Nationalism in Thailand’, represents my own work and has not been previously submitted to this or any other institution for any degree, diploma or other qualification. Andreas Sturm 2 VV Abstract This thesis presents an overview over the history of the concepts ofnation and nationalism in Thailand. Based on the ethno-symbolist approach to the study of nationalism, this thesis proposes to see the Thai nation as a result of a long process, reflecting the three-phases-model (ethnie , pre-modem and modem nation) for the potential development of a nation as outlined by Anthony Smith.
    [Show full text]