Kinetic Studies and Moisture Diffusivity During Cocoa Bean Roasting
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
AP-42, CH 9.10.2.2: Peanut Processing
9.10.2.2 Peanut Processing 9.10.2.2.1 General Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), also known as groundnuts or goobers, are an annual leguminous herb native to South America. The peanut peduncle, or peg (the stalk that holds the flower), elongates after flower fertilization and bends down into the ground, where the peanut seed matures. Peanuts have a growing period of approximately 5 months. Seeding typically occurs mid-April to mid-May, and harvesting during August in the United States. Light, sandy loam soils are preferred for peanut production. Moderate rainfall of between 51 and 102 centimeters (cm) (20 and 40 inches [in.]) annually is also necessary. The leading peanut producing states are Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Florida, and Oklahoma. 9.10.2.2.2 Process Description The initial step in processing is harvesting, which typically begins with the mowing of mature peanut plants. Then the peanut plants are inverted by specialized machines, peanut inverters, that dig, shake, and place the peanut plants, with the peanut pods on top, into windrows for field curing. After open-air drying, mature peanuts are picked up from the windrow with combines that separate the peanut pods from the plant using various thrashing operations. The peanut plants are deposited back onto the fields and the pods are accumulated in hoppers. Some combines dig and separate the vines and stems from the peanut pods in 1 step, and peanuts harvested by this method are cured in storage. Some small producers still use traditional harvesting methods, plowing the plants from the ground and manually stacking them for field curing. -
Good Manufacturing Practices and Industry Best Practices for Peanut
GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES AND INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICES FOR PEANUT PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS Revised October 2009 The American Peanut Council 1500 King Street, Suite 301 Alexandria, Virginia _____________________________________________________________ Any reproduction of the information contained in this document requires the express written consent of the American Peanut Council, 1500 King Street, Suite 301, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. Contents DEFINITION OF TERMS .............................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 5 GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES ................................................................................................... 7 Personnel Practices ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Establishing a Training Program .............................................................................................................. 8 Educate workers on the importance of proper hand washing techniques ................................................. 8 Building and Facilities ................................................................................................................................. 9 Plants and Grounds .................................................................................................................................. -
ABSTRACT SHI, XIAOLEI. Effects of Different
ABSTRACT SHI, XIAOLEI. Effects of Different Roasting Conditions on Peanut Quality. (Under the direction of Dr. Lisa L. Dean and Dr. K.P. Sandeep). In the U.S., a major portion of the peanut crop is converted from whole seed into value-added products. For such purposes, the peanut seeds are processed using a thermal operation as the first step in the manufacture of the final products, to achieve specific flavors, colors, and textures. Peanuts are typically processed by dry roasting or oil roasting (deep frying and blister frying). Comparisons among different dry roasting conditions and different roasting methods were made in this work regarding their effects on the quality-related properties of roasted peanuts. On an industrial scale, peanuts are typically roasted to a specific color for quality control. Recent lab scale experiments demonstrated that peanuts roasted to equivalent surface colors at different time/temperature combinations could vary substantially in chemical and physical properties related to product quality. This study expanded that approach to a pilot plant scale roaster. Jumbo-size runner-type peanuts were systematically roasted at 5 temperatures (149-204 °C) to three Hunter L-values of 53.0, 48.5, and 43.0 using the same peanut bed depth and air flow. The flavor of medium dry roasted peanuts was superior to light and dark roasts, with higher roasted peanutty and sweet aromatic flavor notes. Total tocopherols of oil extracted from the roasted peanuts was greatest in peanuts roasted to darker colors, with the medium and dark oil showing no significant differences from the raw oil. -
The Effects of Roasting Time of Unfermented Cocoa Liquor Using the Oil Bath Methods on Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Compound Profiles
Agritech, 39 (1) 2019, 36-47 The Effects of Roasting Time of Unfermented Cocoa Liquor Using the Oil Bath Methods on Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Compound Profiles N. Nurhayati1*, Francis Maria Constance Sigit Setyabudi2, Djagal Wiseso Marseno2, S. Supriyanto2 1Department of Agricultural Technology University of Muhammadiyah Mataram, Faculty of Agricultural, Jl. K. H. Ahmad Dahlan No 1 Pagesangan, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara 83116, Indonesia 2Departement of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia *Email: [email protected] Submitted: February 6, 2018; Acceptance: February 9, 2019 ABSTRACT This study aimed to measure the effect of roasting time on physicochemical properties and volatile compounds of unfermented cocoa liquor roasted with an oil bath method. Physicochemical properties (pH, temperature, and color), flavor, and volatile compounds were analyzed. The results showed that the longer the roasting time the higher the unfermented cocoa liquor’s temperature, °Hue, and ΔE value, but lower pH and L value. There were 126 volatile compounds obtained by various roasting time, identified as pyrazines (12), aldehydes (16), esters (1), alcohols (31), acids (15), hydrocarbons (11), ketones (19), and others (21). At 15, 20, and 25 minutes of roasting time, 69, 74, and 67 volatile compounds, respectively, were identified. Volatile compounds’ profiles were indicated to be strongly influenced by roasting time. The largest area and highest number of compounds, such as pyrazines and aldehydes, were obtained at 20 minutes, which was also the only time the esters were identified. As well as the time showed a very strong flavor described by panelists. -
The Roasted and the Boiled: Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthropology Faculty Publications Anthropology, Department of 1-1997 The Roasted and the Boiled: Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking LuAnn Wandsnider University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub Part of the Anthropology Commons Wandsnider, LuAnn, "The Roasted and the Boiled: Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking" (1997). Anthropology Faculty Publications. 28. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub/28 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16 (1997) , pp. 1–48. Copyright © 1997 Academic Press. Used by permission. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jaa Submitted March 1, 1996; revised October 17, 1996; accepted October 20, 1996. The Roasted and the Boiled: Food Composition and Heat Treatment with Special Emphasis on Pit-Hearth Cooking LuAnn Wandsnider Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0368 Abstract Heat treatment is one of the major ways humans change the composition and chemistry of food tis- sues, making them more digestible, less toxic, and more durable. This paper reviews salient features of food chemistry and food composition and how heat treatment, especially pit-hearth cooking, af- fects that composition. Ethnographic accounts of cooking indicate that traditional populations relied on pit-hearth cooking especially to alter the composition of foods high in either lipids or complex carbohydrates. -
Distribution of Sales of Manufacturing Plants
SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 5 amounts h ave in most instances been deducted from the h eading, however, are not representative of the the total sales figure. Only in those instances where total amount of wholesaling done by the manufacturers. the figure for contract work would have disclosed data 17. I nterplant transfers—The amounts reported for individual establishments, has this amount been under this heading represent the value of goods trans left in the sales figure. ferred from one plant of a company to another plant 15. I nventory.—The amounts reported under this of the same company, the goods so transferred being head representing greater production than sales, or used by the plant to which they were transferred as conversely, greater sales than goods produced, are so material for further processing or fabrication, as con— listed only for purposes of reconciling sales figures to tainers, or as parts of finished products. production figures, and should not be regarded as 18. S ales not distributed.—In some industries, actual inventories. certain manufacturing plants were unable to classify 16. W holesaling—In addition to the sale of goods their sales by types of customers. The total distrib— of their own manufacture, some companies buy and uted sales figures for these industries do not include sell goods not made by them. In many instances, the sales of such manufacturing plants. In such manufacturers have included the sales of such goods instances, however, the amount of sales not distributed in their total sales. The amounts reported under is shown in Table 3. -
Chocolate-Slides- V2.Pdf
Chocolate’s journey 600AD ➔ Mayans, Aztec, Incas ➔ Xocolatl ➔ Cocoa drink made of crushed beans, spices and water Chocolate’s journey 1520 - 1660 ➔ Brought to Spain, Italy, France ➔ Added sugar, but still bitter ➔ Drink for the wealthy Chocolate’s journey Early 1700’s ➔ Brought to England ➔ Milk added to the drink ➔ Chocolate houses Chocolate’s journey 1828 ➔ Van Houtens developed Dutching process to better disperse cocoa in hot water and reduce bitter flavor Chocolate’s journey 1847 ➔ First chocolate bar produced in England ➔ Joseph Fry Components of chocolate Sugar Cocoa pod Cocoa bean Cocoa nibs Cocoa Milk Genetic varieties: Criollo, Forastero, Trinitario, Nacional From bean to bar process Cleaning Fermenting & Drying Winnowing Roasting Grinding & Conching ➔ Beans separated from pods and left to ferment at 120C for ~5 days Tempering From bean to bar process Cleaning Fermenting & Drying Winnowing Roasting Grinding & Conching ➔ Beans are dried to bring down moisture content Tempering From bean to bar process Cleaning Fermenting & Drying Winnowing Roasting Grinding & Conching ➔ Beans are ground to remove shell, leaving just the nibs Tempering From bean to bar process Cleaning Fermenting & Drying Winnowing Roasting Grinding & Conching ➔ Nibs are roasted to kill micro-bacteria and remove acidic and bitter flavors Tempering From bean to bar process Cleaning Fermenting & Drying Winnowing Roasting Grinding & Conching ➔ Chocolate liquor is ground to reduce particle size to ~30um. Tempering ➔ Cocoa butter and sugar are added From bean to bar process -
Improving Livelihoods for Cocoa Farmers and Their Communities Cargill Cocoa & Chocolate Improving Livelihoods for Farmers and Their Communities Navigation
The 2015 Cargill Cocoa Promise global report Improving livelihoods for cocoa farmers and their communities Cargill Cocoa & Chocolate Improving livelihoods for farmers and their communities Navigation Navigate through our Cargill Cocoa Promise reporting by downloading individual features and articles, or download the full report. The fast read Feature articles Our performance About our Cargill Cocoa Promise reporting Improving livelihoods for farmers and Planet cocoa B01 A thriving cocoa sector for generations About this report D01 their communities to come A01 Working better together B04 C01 About the Cargill Cocoa Promise evolution A02 Want to make a living from cocoa? Working with farmer organizations and empowering them 2015 highlights A05 Then think “livelihoods” B08 C05 Improving farmer livelihoods Empowering women and supporting children B12 C11 Farmer training From cocoa bean to chocolate bar B16 C14 Does the Cargill Cocoa Promise really work Farm development C16 for farmers and their communities? B20 Improving community livelihoods C24 Cargill Cocoa & Chocolate Improving livelihoods for farmers and their communities A01 The fast read: Improving livelihoods for farmers and their communities Our ambition is to accelerate progress towards a transparent global cocoa supply chain, enable farmers and their communities to achieve better incomes and living standards, and deliver a sustainable supply of cocoa and chocolate products. Cargill Cocoa & Chocolate Improving livelihoods for farmers and their communities A02 About the Cargill Cocoa Promise evolution Our ambition really comes alive through our Cargill Cocoa Promise. This report focuses on the progress we have made this year in improving incomes and living standards, or as we call them, livelihoods, for cocoa farmers and those people living in cocoa farming communities. -
Cocoa Bean Shell—A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential
nutrients Review Cocoa Bean Shell—A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential Olga Rojo-Poveda 1,2,* , Letricia Barbosa-Pereira 2,3 , Giuseppe Zeppa 2,* and Caroline Stévigny 1,* 1 RD3 Department-Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium 2 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy 3 Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (O.R.-P.); [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (C.S.) Received: 20 March 2020; Accepted: 15 April 2020; Published: 17 April 2020 Abstract: Cocoa bean shells (CBS) are one of the main by-products from the transformation of cocoa beans, representing 10%-17% of the total cocoa bean weight. Hence, their disposal could lead to environmental and economic issues. As CBS could be a source of nutrients and interesting compounds, such as fiber (around 50% w/w), cocoa volatile compounds, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and a large spectrum of polyphenols, CBS may be a valuable ingredient/additive for innovative and functional foods. In fact, the valorization of food by-products within the frame of a circular economy is becoming crucial due to economic and environmental reasons. The aim of this review is to look over the chemical and nutritional composition of CBS and to revise the several uses that have been proposed in order to valorize this by-product for food, livestock feed, or industrial usages, but also for different medical applications. -
Cooking Temperatures (Oven)
Cooking Temperatures (Oven) 1. Bottom Round Roast- Bake at 325 degrees for an hour and a half or until internal temperature is 135 degrees 2. Eye Round Roast- Cook at 350 degrees F for 20 for 25 minutes per pound. 30 minutes per pound at 350 degrees F until Internal Temperatures reaches 175 degrees F 3. Top Round Roast- Bake for 15 minutes at 450 degrees. Then reduce the oven to 325 degrees and bake for an hour or until an instant read thermometer reads 135 to 140 degrees. Remove from the oven and tent with tin foil for 15 minutes. 4. Chuck Roast- Sear first! Cover and roast at 250 degrees on the center rack for 2 hours. Remove from oven and take roast from pan - best in crockpot 5. Top Sirloin Roast- Place in the oven at 375 degrees, and roast until you reach an internal temperature of 130 F for medium rare. For each additional 'step' of doneness, add ten degrees. So medium would be 140, medium-well, 150, and well-done 160. 6. Brisket- Preheat the oven or smoker to 225 degrees F. Trim the fat evenly across the top to 1/4-inch thick. Season the brisket liberally with the seasoning rub. Cook in the oven or smoker until the internal temperature on an instant- read meat thermometer reaches 175 degrees F, about 6 to 8 hours. 7. Standing Rib Roast- Bake at 350 degrees for 16 to 18 minutes a pound, to an internal temperature of 120 degrees. For a 7-pound roast, that's going to be about two hours 8. -
Recommended International Code of Practice
CAC/RCP 72-2013 Page 1 of 9 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF OCHRATOXIN A CONTAMINATION IN COCOA (CAC/RCP 72-2013) 1. INTRODUCTION 1. This document is intended to provide guidance for all interested parties producing and handling cocoa beans for human consumption. All cocoa beans should be prepared and handled in accordance with the General Principles of Food Hygiene1, which are relevant for all foods being prepared for human consumption. This code of practice indicates the measures that should be implemented by all persons that have the responsibility for assuring that food is safe and suitable for consumption. 2. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic fungal metabolite classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B). JECFA established a PTWI of 100 ng/kg bodyweight for OTA. OTA is produced by a few species in the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. In cocoa beans, the studies have shown that only Aspergillus species, specifically A. carbonarius and A. niger agregate, with lower numbers of A. westerdijkiae, A. ochraceus and A. melleus are involved. OTA is produced when favourable conditions of water activity, nutrition and temperature required for growth of fungi and OTA biosynthesis are present. 3. The fruit of cocoa derived from the cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao L., is composed of pericarp, tissue that arises from the ripened ovary wall of a fruit, and the ovary. When the fruit is ripe the external tissue, also known as the pod, consisting of thick and hard organic material, could be used as compost, animal feed and a source of potash. -
Homogenization of Cocoa Beans Fermentation to Upgrade
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:11, No:7, 2017 +RPRJHQL]DWLRQRI&RFRD%HDQV)HUPHQWDWLRQWR 8SJUDGH4XDOLW\8VLQJDQ2ULJLQDO,PSURYHG )HUPHQWHU $ND6.RIIL1¶*RUDQ<DR3KLOLSSH%DVWLGH'HQLV%UXQHDX'LE\.DGMR RSHQHG>@>@WRH[WUDFWWKHEHDQVDQGWKHLUHQYHORSLQJSXOS Abstract²&RFRD EHDQV Theobroma cocoa/ DUHWKHPDLQ LQVLGH IRU IROORZLQJ DOFRKROLF DQG DFHWLF IHUPHQWDWLRQV 7KH FRPSRQHQWV IRU FKRFRODWH PDQXIDFWXULQJ 7KH EHDQV PXVW EH ODVWVWHSLVWKHGU\LQJRQWKHIDUPLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKHLU FRUUHFWO\ IHUPHQWHG DW ILUVW 7UDGLWLRQDO SURFHVV WR SHUIRUP WKH ILUVW VWDELOLW\ 7KH IHUPHQWDWLRQ SURFHVV LQYROYHV PDQ\ FKHPLFDO IHUPHQWDWLRQ ODFWLF IHUPHQWDWLRQ RIWHQ FRQVLVWV LQ FRQILQLQJ FDFDR UHDFWLRQV WKDW OHDG WR UHYHDO WKH DURPDWLF FRPSRXQGV DQG WR EHDQV XVLQJ EDQDQD OHDYHV RU D IHUPHQWDWLRQ EDVNHW ERWK RI WKHP OHDGLQJWRDSRRUSURGXFWWKHUPDOLQVXODWLRQDQGWRDQLQDELOLW\WRPL[ GHYHORSFKRFRODWHWDVWHSUHFXUVRUV2QFHWKHSRGVDUHRSHQHG WKH SURGXFW %R[ IHUPHQWHU UHGXFHV WKLV ORVV E\ XVLQJ D ZRRG ZLWK WKHEHDQVDUHKDQGOHGE\WKHRSHUDWRUDQGWKXVJHWLQFRQWDFW ODUJH WKLFNQHVV H!FP EXW PL[LQJ WR KRPRJHQL]H WKH SURGXFW LV ZLWK WKH RSHUDWRU KDQGV DQG WRROV DQG VXUURXQGLQJ DLU DQG VWLOOKDUGWRSHUIRUP$XWRPDWLFIHUPHQWHUVDUHQRWUHQWDEOHIRUPRVW LQVHFWV 7KLV IHUPHQWDWLRQ HQYLURQPHQW WKXV EULQJV WKHP RI SURGXFHUV +HDW 7!& DQG DFLGLW\ SURGXFHG GXULQJ WKH \HDVWV EDFWHULD DQG PROGV >@ >@ 7KH PLFURELDO DFWLYLW\ IHUPHQWDWLRQ E\ PLFURELRORJ\ DFWLYLW\ RI \HDVWV DQG EDFWHULD DUH JHQHUDWHG E\ WKHVH JHUPV LV FRPSRVHG RI WZR VXFFHVVLYH HQDEOLQJ