SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 5

amounts h ave in most instances been deducted from the h eading, however, are not representative of the the total sales figure. Only in those instances where total amount of wholesaling done by the manufacturers. the figure for contract work would have disclosed data 17. I nterplant transfers—The amounts reported for individual establishments, has this amount been under this heading represent the value of goods trans left in the sales figure. ferred from one plant of a company to another plant 15. I nventory.—The amounts reported under this of the same company, the goods so transferred being head representing greater production than sales, or used by the plant to which they were transferred as conversely, greater sales than goods produced, are so material for further processing or fabrication, as con— listed only for purposes of reconciling sales figures to tainers, or as parts of finished products. production figures, and should not be regarded as 18. S ales not distributed.—In some industries, actual inventories. certain manufacturing plants were unable to classify 16. W holesaling—In addition to the sale of goods their sales by types of customers. The total distrib— of their own manufacture, some companies buy and uted sales figures for these industries do not include sell goods not made by them. In many instances, the sales of such manufacturing plants. In such manufacturers have included the sales of such goods instances, however, the amount of sales not distributed in their total sales. The amounts reported under is shown in Table 3.

DESCRIPTIONS OF I NDUSTRIES

(The n umerals appearing i n parentheses after the industry tilles represent the group numbers under which the statistics for the several industries may be found in Tables I and 2.)

Agricultural i mplements.——(13)—This classification covers coveredy b a separate classification. Commercial manufac 293 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making products turers only are classified in the ammunition industry, no data falling into the following classes: (1) Plows and listers; (2) har having been collected from Government plants. rows, rollers, pulverizers, and stock cutters; (3) planting and Artificial a nd preserved flowers and plants.—(16)—The 191 fertilizing machinery; (4) cultivators and weeders; (5) harvesting manufacturing plants classified in this industry are engaged machinery; (6) haying machinery; (7) machines for preparing primarily in making artificial flowers, leaves, buds, fruits, palms, crops for market or for use; (8) miscellaneous agricultural grasses, vines, and other plants; the preservation of natural implements, such as straw spreaders, seed-potato cutters, flowers and plants; and the preservation of stems and other equalizers, hay carriers (forks and slings), tracks for hay carriers, parts for use in the manufacture of artificial flowers. The etc. (The annual report on the manufacture and sale of farm principal materials used are textiles, wax, and paper. equipment, published separately, gives production and sales Artificial l eather.—(2)-—This classification covers 17 manu statistics for certain classes of farm equipment such as tractors, facturing plants engaged primarily in making artificial or which are not treated as products of the “Agricultural imple imitation leather on a textile base. All artificial or imitation ments” industry.) leather is included in this classification regardless of the uses of Aircraft a nd parts.—(14)—This classification covers 132 the finished product. Statistics for this industry include the manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making complete air distribution of sales of secondary products, such as lacquers, craft and aircraft parts, except engines and tires; and in repairing enamel, coated paper, rubber autotops, oilcloth, window-shade aircraft. Plants which make aircraft engines for sale as such cloth, etc., valued at $2,506,274. are classified in the “Engine, turbine, tractor, and water wheel” Artists’ m aterials.—(16)—The principal products of the 68 industry. Plants operated by the Federal government are not manufacturing plants covered by this classification are canvas included in this classification. board, prepared canvasses or frames, air brushes for portrait Alcohol, e thyl, and distilled liquors—This classification covers work, air compressors for art work, easels, drawing tables and 30 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the production of boards, palettes, sketch boxes, and pantographs; oil colors, wax, ethyl alcohol, pure or denatured, whisky, and nonbeverage tailors’ chalk, crayons, and crayon pencils; gold and bronze rum. (Methanol, or wood alcohol, is a product of the “Wood mixtures, powders, paints, and size; gold and aluminum enamel distillation and charcoal manufacture” industry.) (N0 dis and paint for china painting; pyrography goods, including tribution of sales statistics published. See p. 2 of text.) platinum points; drawing inks; and drafting materials. ‘ Aluminum m anufactures.—(12)—This classification covers Asbestos p roducts, steam and other packing, pipe and boiler 150 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making alumi covering, and gaskets, not elsewhere classified.——(classified.--(lo)---this)-——This num plates and sheets; motor-vehicle and other commercial classification covers 238 manufacturing plants engaged primarily castings; kitchen and household utensils and appliances (except in making asbestos textiles, asbestos building materials, and electrical appliances); bottle closures; and other aluminum other commodities composed wholly or chiefly of asbestos; products. The manufacture of pig aluminum from the packing for steam, water, and other pipe joints, and for engines, ore is not included in this industry, but is classified in air compressors, etc.; insulating materials for covering boilers the chemicals industry. Plants engaged in the recovery of and pipes; and gaskets made of fiber, paper, or any combination ' a luminum from scrap are classified in the “Smelting and refin of materials. Manufacturers whose principal products are cork ing, m etals other than gold, silver, or platinum, not from the gaskets, rubber gaskets, or leather gaskets, are classified in the ore ” industry. “Cork products,” rubber goods, and the leather goods indus Ammunition a nd related products.—(6)—This classification tries, respectively; but plants making two or more classes of covers 21 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making gaskets are included in this industry classification. ammunition and such related products as fuses, blasting and This c lassification is a combination of two Census of Manufac detonating caps, miners’ squibs, railroad torpedoes, etc. Plants tures industry classifications. They are “Asbestos products. engaged in making dynamite and other explosives for use in other than steam packing or pipe and boiler covering” and blasting. and nitroglycerin for “shooting” oil wells are included “ Steam and other packing, pipe and boiler covering, and gaskets, in the “Explosives” industry; plants making fireworks are not elsewhere classified.” The distribution of sales data for 6 D ISTRIBUTION these t wo industries were combined because of a considerable Belting, l eather.—(9)—The 207 manufacturing plants covered overlapping between them. by this classification are engaged primarily in making leather Asphalted-felt-base fl oor covering and linoleum.—(2)—The belting for use in the transmission of power. Statistics for this 21 manufacturing plants covered by this classification are those industry include the distribution of sales of leather packing or whose principal products are plain, printed, and inlaid linoleum, other secondary products valued at $9,005,524. Leather belts a form of linoleum known as “cork carpet,” and asphalted-felt for wear on the person are products of the “Leather goods, not base floor covering. Linoleum is made on a textile (burlap) elsewhere classified” industry, and the manufacture of rubber foundation or backing which is not made within the industry belting is included in the “Rubber goods other than tires, inner but is purchased. tubes, and boots and shoes” industry. This c lassification is a combination of two Census of Manu Beverages.—(l)——This c lassification covers 5,154 manufac factures industry classifications. They a re “Asphalted-felt- ' turing plants engaged primarily in making carbonated beverages base floor covering,” and “Linoleum.” The distribution of (not including spring waters), cereal beverages, and fruit bever sales data for these two industries were combined because of ages. Many of the products of the industry are made according considerable overlapping between them. to secret formulas and sold under trade-mark names. Plants Awnings, t ents, sails, and canvas covers.—(2)——The 1,002 engaged solely in bottling products manufactured by others, or manufacturing plants covered by this classification are engaged natural waters, are not classified in this industry, nor are plants primarily in making window, store, and veranda awnings; making cider, which is a product of the “Vinegar and cider” tents, sails, and tarpaulins; and canvas covers for trucks, industry. In the main, plants which manufacture fruit furniture, etc. (Small plants which make these goods to in beverages and sell them at retail are not included in this classi dividual order are not covered by the census.) Statistics for fication, although a number of the plants canvassed sell a part this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary of their product at retail. products, valued at $4,647,333, but do not include the distri Billiard a nd pool tables, bowling alleys, and accessories.— bution of sales of these commodities, amounting to $2,176,831, (3)———This classification covers 40 manufacturing plants engaged made as secondary products in other industries. primarily in making billiard and pool tables, cues, balls, chalk, Bags, o ther than paper, not made in textile mills.—(2)—The and other accessories, and bowling alleys and accessories. Sta principal products of the 202 manufacturing plants covered by tistics for this industry do not include the distribution of sales this classification are jute and canvas bags for mail, coal, of these commodities, valued at $1,023,580, made as secondary cement, grain, flour, meal, money, etc.; bags for use by car products in other industries. penters, newsboys, and fruit pickers; individual tea-service Biscuits a nd crackers.—(1)———This classification covers 375 bags, etc. This industry does not include the manufacture of manufacturing plants operating on a factory basis and engaged bags made and used by the same plants as containers for'flour, primarily in making biscuit (except raised biscuit), crackers, tobacco, cement, or other commodities of their own manufac machine-made cookies, pretzels, and similar commodities ture; nor does it include the production of bags in cotton mills. packed in containers and designed to retain palatability for an Statistics for this industry include the distribution of sales of indefinite period. This is not a Census of Manufactures in secondary products, valued at $3,633,512, but do not include dustry classification, but a subclassification of the industry the distribution of sales of bags made as secondary products in " Bread and other bakery products.” other industries valued at $4,099,219 (including $2,031,568, the Blacking, s tains, and dressings.—(6)—The 170 manufac value of bags made in cotton mills from fabrics of their own turing plants covered by this classification are those engaged weaving). primarily in making blackings, waxes, stains, polishes (including Bags, p aper, exclusive of those made in paper Mills.—(4)— stove polish), dressings, etc., for leather, boots and shoes, auto The 95 manufacturing plants covered by this classification are mobile tops, etc. engaged primarily in making, from purchased paper, bags for Bluing.—(6)—This c lassification covers 20 manufacturing groceries and other merchandise, shopping bags, and garment plants engaged primarily in the production of laundry bluing, bags. Some establishments in certain other industries manu soluble and liquid, aniline blue, etc. Statistics for this industry facture the paper bags in which their products are shipped, include the distribution of sales of secondary products, valued but the value of such bags is not separately reported. Statis at $240,510, but do not include the distribution of sales of tics for this industry do not include the distribution of sales of bluing, valued at $258,465, made as a secondary product in paper bags made as secondary products in other industries. other industries. Baking p owders, yeast, and other leavening compounds.— Bolts, n uts, washers, and rivets, not made in plants operated (6)—This classification covers 48 manufacturing plants engaged in connection with rolling millS.—-(11)—This classification primarily in making baking powders, yeast, and other compounds covers 117 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the man for leavening purposes. Statistics for this industry include the ufacture of bolts, nuts, rivets, lock washers, plate washers, rivet distribution of sales of secondary products (flavoring extracts, ing burrs, turnbuckles, toggle bolts, etc. The phrase “not made bakers’ supplies. vinegar, and alcohol) valued at $5,023,405. in plants operated in connection with rolling mills,” refers to pro Baskets a nd rattan and willow ware, not including furni duction in plants operated entirely independently of rolling mills, ture.—(3)—This classification covers 273 manufacturing plants although in some cases under the same ownership. Statistics engaged primarily in making baskets of all kinds; fruit, floral, for this industry do not include the distribution of sales of these berry, and truck packages; laundry and bushel hampers; coffee commodities made‘ in rolling mills, valued at $18,890,021, drums; splint and wicker trays; rattan and cane webbing; and, or as secondary products in other industries, valued at in general, small articles made of veneer, reed, rattan, and $6,899,302. willow. Statistics for this industry do not include the distri Bone b lack, carbon black, and lampblack.—(6)—-This class bution of sales of these commodities made as secondary products ification covers 77 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in in other industries valued at $4,021,680. the manufacture of bone black, carbon black, and lampblack. Belting o ther than leather and rubber, not made in textile Bone black, also known as “char” or animal charcoal, is pro mills.—~(2)——This classification covers 9 manufacturing plants duced by the carbonization of bone in retorts; carbon black, engaged primarily in the manufacture, from purchased fabrics, by the imperfect combustion of natural gas; and lampblack, of cotton and canvas belting, both sewed and endless, and by the imperfect combustion of coal or wood tar, petroleum, balata belting. rosin, etc. Statistics for this industry do not include the dis SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 7

tribution o f sales of bone black, carbon black, and lampblack, industry. Statistics for this industry do not include the dis tvalued a $2,241,415, made as secondary products in other tribution o f sales of wooden boxes, valued at $72,647,965, made industries. as secondary products in the lumber and timber products, Bookbinding a nd blank-book making.—~(5)—This classifica planing-mill products, and other industries. tion covers 1,108 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in Bread a nd other bakery products, other than biscuits and

the binding of books and pamphlets; the manufacture of blank crackers.——(1)—This classification covers 20,410 manufactur books, such as ledgers, account books, sales books, receipts, ing plants engaged primarily in making bread, cakes, pies, and checks, loose-leaf devices, inventory and similar blanks, and other bakery commodities designed for consumption within a indexes; and related work, such as paper ruling and cutting, few days and distributed locally or within the radius of quick embossing, paper and card etching, map and sample mounting, delivery. Plants making biscuits and crackers or similar etc. Binderies operated by publishers for their own publications products designed to be packed in containers and to retain their are not included in this classification. Statistics for this in palatability for an indefinite period are included in a separate dustry do not include the distribution of sales of products classification. Bakeries operated in connection with restaurants, normally classified in the bookbinding industry, valued at chain stores, etc., are included whenever it is possible to segre $21,296,296, made as secondary products in other industries. gate the bakery business from the other business, or, if such Boot a nd shoe cut stock, not made in boot and, shoe fac segregation is impossible, where it is obvious that the income tories.——(9)—This classification covers 210 manufacturing derived from the bakery business constitutes the greater part plants engaged primarily in making, from substances other than of the total income. This is not a Census of Manufactures rubber, uppers, soles, tops, lifts, heels, tips, inner soles, etc., for industry classification but a subclassification of the industry sale to plants which use them as materials in the manufacture “Bread and other Bakery products.” of boots, shoes, and other footwear. Cut stock is also manu Brooms.—(16)——This c lassification covers 407 manufacturing factured for sale, although made principally for their own plants engaged primarily in making household brooms, whisk consumption, by some plants in the boot and shoe industry, brooms, etc., from broom corn and from bassine, and street and a small amount of cut stock is made as a secondary product sweeping brooms from heavier material. Institutions for the by plants classified in other industries. blind engaged in the manufacture of brooms are not included Boot a nd shoe findings, not made in boot and shoe facto in this classification. The production of such institutions was ries.———(9)—This classification covers 382 manufacturing plants valued at $1,507,885. engaged in making, for sale as such, shoe pegs, bows, clasps, Brushes, o ther than rubber.—-(16)——This classification covers stays, metal tips and heelplates, toe caps and heel caps,‘ buckles, 303 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making brushes, staples, counters, shanks, wooden heels, shoe trimmings, boot other than rubber, such as tooth, toilet, paint and varnish, and shoe laces, and other findings for the boot and shoe trade. household, and industrial brushes. Many plants engaged in making boots and shoes also manufac Butter.——(1)——This c lassification covers 3,527 plants (not ture findings, principally for their own consumption but also located on farms) which are engaged primarily in making butter. to some extent for sale, and plants in some other industries Data in regard to the production of butter on farms are collected manufacture them as secondary products. in connection with the quinquennial Census of Agriculture. Boots a nd shoes, other than rubber.——(9)—This classification Statistics for this industry include the distribution of sales of covers 1,341 manufacturing plants engaged in making boots, secondary products (cheese and ice cream) made and sold by shoes, sandals, slippers, moccasins, leggings, overgaiters, and these plants, or other dairy products purchased and sold by allied footwear, chiefly of leather, although footwear made of them. canvas and of other textile fabrics is also included. Some Buttons.—(16)—This c lassification covers 242 manufac plants make only moccasins, sandals, spats, etc. turing plants engaged primarily in making buttons, parts of Boots a nd shoes, rubber.——(8)——This classification covers 22 buttons, and button blanks and molds, regardless of kinds of manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making rubber materials used. boots, shoes, overshoes, and canvas rubber-soled shoes. Statis Candles.—-(6)———This c lassification covers 20 manufacturing tics for this industry do not include the distribution of sales plants engaged primarily in making candles for lighting or for of rubber boots and shoes, valued at $17,179,649, made as decorative and ornamental purposes. Statistics for this in secondary products in other industries (principally other rubber dustry do not include the distribution of sales of candles, industries). valued at $1,972,792, made as secondary products in other Boxes, c igar, wooden.—(3)—This classification covers 118 industries. ' manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making wooden Canning a nd preserving: Fish, crabs, shrimps, oysters, and boxes in which cigars are packed for sale. (Data for paper clams.—(1)——This classification covers 348 manufacturing plants cigar boxes are included in statistics for the “Boxes, paper, not engaged primarily in canning, pickling, smoking, drying and elsewhere classified” industry.) (No distribution of sales sta boning fish, and in Canning shrimps, oysters, clams, etc. It tistics p ublished. See p. 2 of text.) does not include plants engaged primarily in shucking and Boxes, p aper, not elsewhere classified.—(4)——The 1,249 shipping fresh oysters in nonsealed containers. manufacturing plants covered by this classification are engaged Canning a nd preserving: Fruits and vegetables; pickles, primarily in the manufacture of shipping containers; cartons jellies, preserves, and sauces.—(1)——This classification covers and folding boxes; set-up paper boxes; paper cans; decorated, 2,997 manufacturing plants whose principal products are canned lithographed, lacquered, and fancy covered paper boxes; and vegetables and soups; canned fruits; dried fruits; dried and other paper boxes and containers. Statistics for this industry dehydrated vegetables; preserves, jams, jellies, and fruit do not include the distribution of sales of paper boxes made as butter; and pickles, sauces, salad dressings, ketchup, etc. secondary products in other industries. The canning of meat and other products by plants classified in Boxes, w ooden, except cigar boxes.——(3)——The 792 manu— the meat-packing industry; the manufacture of condensed and facturing plants covered by this classification are those engaged evaporated milk, sweetening sirups, and peanut butter; and the primarily in making wooden boxes (not including cigar boxes); drying and packing of fruits on farms, are not included in this crates for butter, fruits, berries, and vegetables; box shooks; industry. cases for eggs and canned goods; carrier trays; etc. Plants Car a nd general construction and repairs, electric-railroad operating sawmills, even though their principal products may repair 'shops.—-This classification covers 446 repair shops be boxes, are classified in the lumber and timber products maintained by electric railroads for the purpose of making 8 D ISTRIBUTION nrepairs o rolling stock. (No d istribution of sales data published. Cash r egisters and adding, calculating, and card-tabulating See p. 2 of text.) machines.—(l3)—This classification covers 46 manufacturing ' C ar and general construction and repairs, steam-railroad plants engaged primarily in making cash registers; adding and repair shops—This classification covers 1,851 repair shops calculating machines; fare registers and fare boxes; taxicab maintained by steam railroads for the purpose of making repairs meters; slide rules; change-making machines; coin-counting, on rolling stock and bridges. (No distribution of sales data ticket-counting, and other counting machines; voting machines; published. See p. 2 of text.) and card-punching, card-sorting, and card-tabulating machines. Carbon p aper and inked ribbons.—(16)—This classification Caskets, c offins, burial cases, and other morticians’ goods.— covers 57 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making (3)—This classification covers 414 manufacturing plants carbon paper for typewriters, sales books, etc., inked ribbons engaged primarily in making caskets and coffins, of wood or of for typewriters, adding machines, cash registers, etc. metal, burial cases, shipping cases, and morticians’ supplies and Cardboard, n ot made in paper mills.——(4)—This classification accessories, such as burial garments, gloves and slippers, casket includes 13 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in surface linings and draperies, ambulance baskets, lowering devices, coating and glazing paper, box board, fiber board, and the like. couches, embalming tables, and embalming fluids. The principal products are printers’ cardboard, display cut Cast-iron p ipe.—(11)—This classification covers 72 manufac outs, lithographic mounts, etc. Statistics for this industry turing plants engaged primarily in making cast-iron pipe and include the distribution of sales of secondary products but do fittings for gas, water, sewage, etc. It has little relation to the not include the distribution of sales of cardboard made as a manufacture of wrought-iron and steel pipe. Statistics for this secondary product in other industries, principally the paper industry do not include the distribution of sales of cast-iron industry. pipe, valued at $11,274,666, made as secondary products in Card c utting and designing.—(4)—This classification covers other industries. 70 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making index, Cement.—(10)—This c lassification covers 174 manufacturing library, and record cards; guides, etc. ; stencil cards for address plants engaged in making hydraulic cement from rock usually ing machines; photograph mats, mounts, and folders; pattern quarried by the manufacturing plants. The principal product cards for weaving; and related products. is Portland cement, but small quantities of natural and puz Carpets a nd rugs, rag.—(2)—This‘ classification covers 94 zolan cements are also manufactured by these establishments. manufacturing plants whose principal products are rag and fluff Portland cement is a calcined and ground mixture of limestone, carpets and rugs made from materials obtained from old carpets chalk or marl, and clay or shale. Natural cement is an argilla and rugs, and to some extent from cotton yarns, cut rags, and ceous limestone, calcined and ground. Puzzolan cement is mill ends. Some of the materials were owned by the plants, made by grinding a mixture of furnace slag and slaked lime. and some by individuals or plants having them made up on a Cereal p reparations.—(l)—This classification covers 121 contract basis. manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making breakfast Carpets a nd rugs, wool, other than rag.—(2)—This classifica foods, prepared flour, coffee substitutes, and similar prepa tion covers 67 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in rations from corn, oats, wheat, and other grains. Statistics making carpets and rugs (other than rag) in which wool is one for this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary of the principal materials. Such rugs are usually made with a products, valued at $40,575,140, but do not include the dis jute, cotton, or linen back. Jute carpets and rugs are products tribution of sales of cereal preparations, valued at $37,354,310 of the “Jute goods” industry, and the manufacture of rag made as secondary products in other industries. carpets and rugs is classified as a separate industry under the Cheese.—(1)—-—This c lassification covers 2,758 manufacturing designation “Carpets and rugs, rag.” plants engaged primarily in making cheese. The sale of other Carriage, w agon, sleigh, and sled materials.—(14)—This products, such as butter, ice cream, milk and eggs, made and classification covers 45 manufacturing plants whose principal sold or purchased and sold by these plants, is included in the products are materials and parts, except springs (which have a distribution of sales statistics for this classification. separate classification), for horse-drawn vehicles, wheelbarrows, Chemicals, n ot elsewhere classified.——(6)—This classification and handcarts. These products, which are sold in part for use covers 551 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making in the manufacture of new vehicles and in part for replacement products falling within the following nine groups: (1) Acids; (2) purposes, include among other items, bodies, tops, hubs, nitrogen and fixed-nitrogen compounds; (3) sodium compounds; felloes, spokes, wheels, whiflietrees, carriage boots and aprons, (4) potassium compounds; (5) alums and other aluminum com axles, dashboards, neck yokes, and whip sockets. pounds; (6) bleaching compounds; (7) coal-tar products; (8) Carriages a nd sleds, children’s.—See “ Toys, games, play plastics; (9) miscellaneous chemicals. It does not include the ground equipment, and children’s carriages and sleds” industry. production of all classes of chemicals in the broad sense of the Carriages, w agons, sleighs, and sleds.——-(14)——The primary term, the principal exceptions being explosives, fertilizers, products of the 88 manufacturing plants covered by this classi soap, and wood-distillation products, the manufacture of each fication are complete horse-drawn vehicles (including sleighs of w hich is treated as a separate industry. Statistics for this . and sleds) of all classes, handcarts, pushcarts, and wheelbarrows. classification i nclude the distribution of sales of secondary Some plants manufacture, in addition to complete vehicles, products, valued at $59,168,229, but do not include the distri parts and materials for sale as such, but those engaged exclu bution of sales of commodities falling in the nine classes of sively or principally in the production of parts and materials are chemicals mentioned above, valued at $87,048,026, made as classified separately in the “Carriage, wagon, sleigh, and sled secondary products in other industries. materials” industry. Statistics for the “Carriages, wagons, Chewing g um.—(l)—This classification covers 37 manufac sleighs, and sleds” industry do not include the distribution of turing plants engaged primarily in making chewing gum from sales of these commodities, valued at $3,589,656, made as such materials as crude gum 01' chicle, paraffin, essential oils, secondary products in other industries. flavoring extracts, etc. Cars, e lectric and steam-railroad, not built in railroad repair China fi ring and decorating, not done in potteries.—(10)— shops.—-This classification covers 147 manufacturing plants This classification covers 27 manufacturing plants engaged pri (not including railroad repair shops) engaged primarily in marily in firing and decorating china for- the trade. Small building, rebuilding, and repairing railroad cars. (No statistics plants engaged in such work for private customers or to indi published. See p. 2 of text.) vidual o rder were not canvassed.

O

SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 9

Chocolate a nd cocoa products.—(1)—This classification Clothing, w omen’s, not elsewhere classified.—(2)——The 8,082 covers 59 manufacturing plants engaged in the manufacture manufacturing plants covered by this classification are those of chocolate from the cocoa bean, and the further manufacture whose principal products are women's, girls’, and children’s of cocoa, cocoa butter, and other chocolate products. Of the 59 clothing (except that made in knitting mills), such as suits, plants reporting for 1929, 19 were engaged primarily in making dresses, skirts, petticoats, kimonos, dressing sacks, house dresses, confectionery but made chocolate coatings for their own use bungalow aprons, jackets, capes, underwear, shirt waists, bath and some chocolate and cocoa products for sale. These plants ing suits, dress shields, etc. The manufacture of corsets, milli are classified in both the chocolate and cocoa products and the nery, gloves and mittens, footwear and hosiery, and of under confectionery industries. wear and outerwear made in knitting mills, is not included, Cigarettes.—(16)——This c lassification covers 49 manufac as these products are classified in other industries. turing plants engaged primarily in making cigarettes. This Of t he 8,082 manufacturing plants classified in-this industry, is not a Census of Manufacture industry classification, but a 2,906 do. only contract work (labor performed _on materials subclassification of the industry “Cigars and cigarettes.” owned by others). The service sales of these contract shops (See the industry description for the “Tobacco: Chewing and are not included in the distribution sales data for this industry. smoking, and snuff” industry for a reconciliation between the Clothing, w ork (including sheep-lined'and blanket-lined work number of establishments included in this classification and coats, but not including shirts), men’s.—(2)—This classifica that shown in the report of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.) tion c overs 511 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in Cigars.—(16)-—This c lassification covers 1,587 manufacturing making o veralls, coveralls, unionalls, work pants, work coats, plants engaged primarily in making cigars. This is not a and jumpers, of denim, khaki, corduroy, drills, and woolen Census of Manufactures industry classification, but a sub cloth. (Work shirts are classified in the shirt industry.) Sheep classification of the industry “Cigars and cigarettes.” (See lined clothing is included in this industry. Statistics for this the industry description for the “Tobacco: Chewing and smok industry include also the distribution of sales of secondary ing, and snuff” industry for a reconciliation between the products valued at $23,056,659. number of establishments included in this classification and Cloth s ponging and refinishing.——The 46 manufacturing plants that shown in the report of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.) covered by this classification are engaged primarily in sponging Clay p roducts (other than pottery) and nonclay refracto and refinishing woolen cloth on contract. (No distribution of ries.—(10)——This classification covers 1,749 manufacturing sales statistics published. See p. 2 of text.) plants engaged primarily in making brick, drain-tile, and other Coffee a nd spice, roasting and grinding.—(1)—-—This classifi tile, sewer pipe, stove lining, terra-cotta products, and other cation covers 928 plants engaged in the roasting and grinding refractories, both clay and nonclay. of coffee and the grinding of spices for the trade. Some of the Cleaning a nd polishing preparations.-—(6)—This classifica most important plants are engaged exclusively or mainly in tion covers 429 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in coffee roasting or in spice grinding, but these operations are making washing, ironing, and sweeping compounds, prepara also carried on largely by wholesale grocers and by jobbers tions for cleaning gloves and other wearing apparel, furniture (who are included in this classification) whose records in regard polish, floor and laundry wax, paint and varnish removers, to their roasting and grinding activities are not, in all cases, metal polish, etc. Statistics for this industry do not include kept separately from those for jobbing coffee and spices or for the distribution of sales of these commodities made as secondary packing and labeling commodities not subjected to any manu products of other industries valued at $14,463,971. facturing process. Clocks, w atches, and parts.—(12)—This classification covers Coke, n ot including gas-house coke.-—(7)-——This classification 121 manufacturing plants whose primary products fall into one covers 153 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the manu or another of four Census of Manufactures industry classifi facture of coke by the distillation of coal either in “beehive” cations, namely, “Clocks, clock movements, time-recording ovens or in “by-product” ovens. The volatile constituents of devices, and time stamps,” “Watch and clock materials and the coal escape from the former class of ovens and are wasted, parts, except watchcases,” “Watchcases,” and “Watches and but are retained by the latter. Plants which, although they watch movements.” operate coke ovens, are engaged primarily in the production Clothing ( except work clothing), men’s, youths’, and boys’, and distribution of gas for illuminating and heating, are classi not elsewhere classified.—(2)—-This classification covers 3,691 fied in the “Gas, manufactured, illuminating and heating” manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the manufacture of industry. Coke plants operated in conjunction with blast fur men’s, youths’, and boys’ outer clothing, such as overcoats, naces are included where such plants are reported as separate suits, separate coats, separate trousers, smoking and similar industrial units. jackets, raincoats, and bathing suits made from purchased fab Collapsible t ubes.—(12)—This classification covers 17 manu ric, and the manufacture of parts of garments, such as shoulder facturing plants whose principal products are collapsible tubes, pads, pockets, coat fronts, and padding, when done by plants made chiefly of tin, lead, and aluminum, for use as containers engaged primarily in the manufacture of such commodities. for tooth paste, shoe polish, shaving cream, etc. The statistics Neither custom tailor shops nor manufacturers whose principal for this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary products are fur and fur-lined garments, hats, gloves, and mit products valued at $1,097,154. tens, boots and shoes, hosiery, and underwear and outerwear Collars, m en’s.——(2)——This classification covers 15 manufac made in knitting mills. are included in this industry. turing plants engaged primarily in making collars for men. Of t he 3,691 manufacturing plants covered by this classifi The distribution of sales data for this industry have been in cation, 1,524 do only contract work (labor performed on mate cluded in the “Shirts and collars, men’s” classification to avoid rials owned by others). The service sales' of these contract disclosing the operations of individual plants. shops are not included in the distribution of sales data for this Combs a nd hairpins, not made from metal or rubber.—(16)——— industry. The 24 manufacturing plants covered by this classification make, Clothing, m en’s, buttonholes.—This classification covers 32 as their principal products, combs, hairpins, barrettes, hair plants e ngaged wholly or mainly in bottonhole making done on ' ornaments, comb mountings, etc., from bone, horn, tortoise contract. ( No distribution of sales statistics published. See text, shell, celluloid, ivory, and other materials except metal and .)p. 2 rubber. Statistics for this industry do not include the distri 10 D ISTRIBUTION

butionf o sales of combs and hairpins, valued at $653,476, made included i n this classification, but are classified in the “Food as secondary products in other industries. ‘ preparations, not elsewhere classified” or the canning and Compressed a nd liquified gases.—(6)-—This classification preserving industries. covers 354 plants engaged primarily in the production of gases, Corsets a nd allied garments.——(2)-—This classification covers such as carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen, etc., for 213 manufacturing plants whose principal products are corsets, sale in compressed and liquefied forms. Statistics for this in brassiéreslbandeaux, combinations, girdles, corset stays, etc. dustry do not include the distribution of sales of compressed Cotton g oods.——(2)——This classification covers 1,281 mills and liquefied gases, valued at $19,670,116, made as secondary engaged primarily in any of the processes preparatory to spin products in other industries. ning, in spinning cotton yarn, or in weaving cotton or cotton Concrete p roducts.—(10)—This classification covers 2,438 mixed piece goods. Manufacturers of cotton knit goods are manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making concrete classified in the “Knit goods” industry. Many of the plants products, such as building block and tile, brick, cast stone, in the industry sell a part or all of their products to other plants pipe, posts, vaults, and miscellaneous articles made of sand within the industry—that is, spinners sell to weavers, etc. The and gravel, or of sand and crushed rock or cinders, bound sales to converters, a distribution of sales classification peculiar together with cement. The classification does not cover con to this industry and to the “Cotton small wares” industry, are struction work on buildings, bridges, etc. included in the sales to wholesalers. Condensed a nd evaporated milk.—(1)-—This classification Cotton s mall wares.-—(2)——This classification covers 202 covers 535 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making mills engaged in weaving tape, webbing, figured labels, banding, condensed and evaporated milk and buttermilk; powdered whole belts, belting, trimmings, edgings, etc., composed of cotton or milk, cream, skim milk; dried and powdered buttermilk; steri of cotton mixed with other kinds of fibers; or in making cotton lized milk (canned); sugar of milk; ice-cream mix; and dried or Cotton-mixed flat or round braids, including shoe and corset casein. Plants engaged primarily in the manufacture of malted laces. Some of these mills produce their own yarns, but the milk are classified under the designation “Food preparations, majority purchase yarns made by plants in the Cotton-goods not elsewhere classified.” Statistics for this industry include industry. The sales to converters, a distribution of sales clas the distribution of sales of secondary products (butter, cheese, sification peculiar to this industry and to the “Cotton goods” and ice cream), made and sold by these plants, or dairy prod industry, are included in the sales to wholesalers. ucts purchased and sold by them. Crucibles ( graphite) .—This classification covers 11 manufac Confectionery.—(1)-—The 2 ,021 manufacturing plants cov turing plants engaged primarily in making graphite crucibles, cred by this classification are engaged primarily in the manu retorts, and stopper heads. The distribution of sales data for facture of candy, confections, cake ornaments, popcorn balls and this industry could not be shown separately without disclosing cakes, salted nuts, stuffed dates, and related products, not the operations of individual plants. For this reason the figures including chewing gum. Plants engaged primarily in the man are included in the general classification “ All other industries.” ufacture of chewing gum are covered by a separate classification. Cutlery ( not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge Cooperage.—(3)——This c lassification covers 586 manufactur tools.—(11)——This classification covers 239 manufacturing ing plants engaged primarily in making barrels, kegs, tubs, pails, plants engaged primarily in making various kinds of cutting hogsheads, and other containers made of staves. implements, which are divided, for census purposes, into two Copper, t in and sheet-iron work, including galvanized-iron groups, namely, “Cutlery (not including silver and plated work, not elsewhere classified.—(12)-—The 2,161 manufacturing cutlery)” and “Edge tools.” The cutting edge is used in so plants classified in this industry are engaged in the production, many f orms that it is impracticable to collect data in detail‘ in the shop, of cornices, gutters, spouts, etc., for the exterior of except f or the major classes. The most important of these are buildings; and of radiator shields, stove and furnace pipe, ven table and kitchen cutlery; pocket knives; razors; scissors and tilators and skylights, tanks and bins, and culverts; and in shears; axes, adzes, and hatchets; chisels; augers and bits; and general coppersmithing and sheet-iron work. The materials cutting dies. used are copper, bronze, tin plate, sheet-iron, and galvanized Dairymen’s s upplies; creamery, cheese-factory, and butter iron. Statistics for this industry do not include distribution of factory equipment; and poultry men's and apiarists’ supplies.— sales data for the outside work, such as the laying of sheet (16)——This classification covers 172 manufacturing plants en metal roofs and the installation of cornices, gutters, spouts, etc., gaged primarily in making products falling in one or more of done by some of the establishments in the industry. the following classes: (1) Milking machines, cream separators, Cordage a nd twine.——(2)—This classification covers 123 and accessories; bottle sterilizers and fillers; milk testers and manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making rope, cord pasteurizers; churns, butter machines, and butter workers; and age, and twine (including binder twine). from any class of textile such supplies as vats, labels, molds, cheese presses and boxes, materials, including cotton, jute, flax, and paper. Penal insti butter colors, rennet extract, and lactic ferment. (2) Incuba tutions making binder twine were not regarded as manufacturing tors, brooders, coops, hovers, feeders, poultry fountains, feed plants and are not included in this classification. (See also cookers, egg testers, etc. (3) Beehives, sections, and honey statistics for the “Linen goods” and “Jute goods” industries, boxes; comb foundation, smokers, bee veils, queen traps, etc. the products of which are closely related.) Statistics for this industry do not include the distribution of Cork p roducts.—(3)—This classification covers 35 manufac sales of these commodities valued at $6,167,052, made as second turing plants engaged primarily in making cork stoppers and ary p roducts in other industries. (Statistics on sales of many bottle closures; cork board, cork pipe covering, molded cork of these items may be found in the annual report entitled fittings, ground cork, cork lagging, and other cork insulation “Manufacture and Sale of Farm Equipment.”) products; cork tiling and flooring; and disks, gaskets, life pre Dental g oods and equipment.—(16)—The 87 manufacturing servers, mooring buoys, and other cork specialties. plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily in Corn s irup, corn sugar, corn oil, and starch.——(1)—This class making such products as dental gold and alloys, artificial teeth, ification covers 35 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in cements and filling materials, and equipment for use in dentists’ making corn'sirup (glucose), corn sugar, corn oil, starch, and offices. related products, such as corn-oil cake and meal, etc. Statis Doors, s hutters, and window sash and frames, metal.— tics for this industry include the distribution of sales of second (11)—The 148 manufacturing plants covered by this classifica ary products valued at $32,410,472. Manufacturers of sirups, tion are engaged wholly or principally in the manufacture of jams, jellies, etc., making and consuming corn sirup are not hollow-metal and solid-metal doors, window sash, and window SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 11

and d oor frames; hollow-metal molding and trim; and metal- ' for i nstallation as parts of complete motor vehicles or other covered fi re retardant doors, window sash, and door and window machines manufactured in the same establishments are not treated frames. The manufacture of elevator doors is not, however, as products of the engine industry. Statistics for this industry included in this industry, but is classified under “Structural and include the distribution of sales of secondary products, valued ornamental iron and steel work, not made in plants operated in at $43,580,810, but do not include the distribution of sales of connection with rolling mills.” Statistics for this industry in these commodities, valued at $53,834,242, made as secondary clude the distribution of sales of secondary products, valued at products in other industries. $12,089,192, but do not include the sale of doors, shutters, etc., Engravers’ m aterials.—(5)—The 19 manufacturing plants valued at $12,215,271, made as secondary products in other covered by this classification are engaged primarily in the prepa industries. ration of boxwood for engravers’ use, of cherry and maple for Druggists’ p reparations.—-—(6)—This classification covers 429 photo-engravers’ mounts, and of steel, brass, copper, and zinc manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making serums, plates for the use of engravers, photo-engravers, and etchers; vaccines, toxins, capsules (filled or unfilled), tablets, pills, and in the grinding, finishing, and polishing of lithographic tinctures, medicinal plasters, cough sirups, ointments, and other stone for the use of lithographers. pharmaceuticals. Statistics for this industry include the dis Engraving ( other than steel, copper plate, or wood), chasing, tribution of sales of secondary products (principally patent and etching, and die sinking.—This classification covers 189 plants proprietary medicines and compounds), valued at $30,229,571, engaged primarily in engraving (for purposes other than print but do not include the distribution of sales of druggists’ prepa ing), etching, and diesinking. The engraving on silverware rations, valued at $30,440,094, made as secondary products in and jewelry is done mainly on a custom basis for the trade. other industries. The products include name plates, badges, signs, etc., and Drug g rinding.—(6)-—The 26 manufacturing plants classified metal dies and stamps. (No distribution of sales statistics pub in this industry are engaged primarily in grinding drugs, char lished. See p. 2 of text.) coal, herbs, gum, licorice, and other roots, etc. Plants which Engraving, s teel and copperplate, and plate printing.— grind drugs for their own use or sale, but which are engaged The 456 plants covered by this classification are engaged pri primarily in some other line of manufacture, are not included in marily in engraving steel and copperplates for printing station this classification. ery, visiting and other cards, invitations, announcements, Dyeing a nd finishing textiles.—(2)——This classification covers securities, bonds, stock certificates, music, maps, half tones, etc., 732 plants engaged primarily in such operations as bleaching, and in printing from these plates. The plates engraved in this dyeing, mercerizing, printing, or otherwise converting yarn or industry are all intended for use in printing. (N0 distribution cloth, without regard to the kind of fiber; beaming or winding of sales statistics published. See p. 2 of text.) yarns (except winding and warping silk); or spooling thread. Engraving, w ood.——This classification covers 27 plants en The m ajority of these plants specialize in this kind of work, gaged primarily in making woodcuts for use in printing illus which is usually performed on a contract or commission basis trations, posters, etc. Woodcuts are also made to some extent on materials owned by others. In some cases, however, the by plants classified in the printing and publishing industry, but goods are purchased, dyed and finished, and sold. The total the value of such work was not separately reported. (No dis sales for this industry represents approximately one-half the tribution of sales statistics published. See p. 2 of text.) value of products, the other half being principally receipts for Envelopes.—(5)—This c lassification covers 171 manufactur services. A number of cotton, silk, woolen, and worsted mills ing plants of which the products of chief value are envelopes of perform these operations themselves, but no separate report any description, including those used for filing, wrapping, etc. covering these operations is made by them. Excelsior.—(3)—This c lassification covers 66 manufacturing Electrical m achinery, apparatus, and supplies.—(l-3)—This plants engaged primarily in the manufacture of wood excelsiors, classification covers 1,802 manufacturing plants engaged pri wood wool, and excelsior pads and wrappers. marily in making machinery, apparatus, and supplies for em Explosives.—(6)—This c lassification covers 95 manufacturing ployment directly in the generation, storage, transmission, or plants whose principal products are explosives (not including utilization of electric energy. It does not cover plants whose fireworks, cartridges, detonators, fuses, etc., which are products principal products are electric-lighting fixtures, electric signs, or of the “Fireworks” or “Ammunition and related products” motor-driven tools, mechanical refrigerators, washing machines, industries). Statistics for this industry include the distribu and other machines and appliances constructed with built-in tion of sales of secondary products valued at $9,586,671. motors, these being classified in other industries. Fancy a nd miscellaneous articles. not elsewhere classified.— Electroplating.—The 5 34 manufacturing plants covered by (16)—The principal products of the 814 manufacturing plants this classification are engaged primarily in the plating, by the covered by this classification are beaded articles, celluloid nov electric process, of various metal articles, such as automobile elties, art novelties, holiday goods, photo jewelry and buttons, accessories, lighting fixtures, musical instruments, and jewelry, inlaid veneer work, silk watch chains, burntwood articles, lamp with gold, silver, nickel, copper, or chromium. (No distribution shades, bric-a-brac, composition ornaments, needle and pin of sales statistics published. See p. 2 of text.) books, and decalcomania work (Not on china or glass). Many Embroideries.—(2)—The 8 13 manufacturing plants covered miscellaneous small articles not covered by distinct classifica by this classification are those engaged primarily in making tions are also included. The sales of products normally embroideries and burnt-out laces. belonging in this industry but made as secondary products by Emery w heels and other abrasive and polishing appliances.— plants classified in other industries, valued at $9,662,986, are (10)—This classification covers 67 manufacturing plants en included in the distribution of sales statistics for the industries gaged primarily in making abrasive wheels of emery, corundum, within which they are made. and other materials, and buffing and polishing wheels. Feathers, p lumes, and manufactures thereof.—(16)——The 39 Engines, t urbines, tractors, and water wheels.—(13)—This manufacturing plants covered by this classification are engaged classification covers 199 manufacturing plants whose products in the preparation of plumes and the manufacture of fancy of chief value fall in any one of the following four classes: (1) articles made principally from feathers, plumes, and quills, and Steam engines (other than locomotives) and turbines; (2) in in curling, dyeing, and renovating ostrich and other feathers. ternal-combustion engines of all kinds; (3) tractors and traction Feeds, p repared, for animals and fowls.—(1)——This classifi engines; (4) water turbines and water wheels. Engines made cation covers 750 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in 12 D ISTRIBUTION making p repared feeds for animals and fowls. Some of the scutching, a nd hackling. The principal product (fiber, or plants grind the grain which they use, and the others purchase “line”) is used mainly in the manufacture of linen goods and of the materials. The products consist principally of two classes, cordage and twine. The distribution of sales data for this namely, prepared feeds made chiefly from grain, and prepared industry could not be shown separately without disclosing the feeds composed principally of ingredients other than grain, operations of individual plants. For this reason the figures are such as molasses, bone meal, meat scraps, ground oyster shells, included in the general classification “All other industries.” etc. Statistics for this industry do not include the distribution Flour a nd other grain-mill products.-——(1)—The 4,022 manu of sales of prepared feeds, valued at $127,843,028, made as facturing plants covered by this classification are those engaged secondary products in other industries. primarily in making flour and meal from wheat, corn, and other Felt g oods, wool, hair, or j ute.—(2) —This classification covers grains. Mills whose principal products are the result of further 54 textile mills whose principal products are felt goods (not manufacturing processes are classified elsewhere. For example: including wool-felt hats) made of wool, hair, or jute, either by Those making cereal breakfast foods are classified in the weaving or by felting without weaving. In the latter process “Cereal preparations” industry, and those making prepared heat, moisture, and pressure are employed. feeds for livestock and poultry in the “Feeds, prepared, for Fertilizer.—(6)——This c lassification covers 638 manufacturing animals and fowls” industry. The “Flour and other grain-mill plants engaged primarily in making complete fertilizers (mix products” industry does not, therefore, embrace all mills tures of superphosphates, potash, and ammoniates) and super~ which use grain as material. The canvass of this industry phosphates. The sales also include goods purchased and sold was restricted to merchant Mills—that is, plants which mill by the plants, such as fertilizing materials for use in the natural purchased grain and sell the products made therefrom. state, and tankage from slaughtering and meat-packing plants Food p reparations, not elsewhere classified.——(l)——This clas for use without further manufacture. Statistics for this industry sification covers 862 manufacturing plants engaged primarily include the distribution of sales of secondary products not nor in making any of a large group of food preparations which do mally belonging to the industry, such as sulphuric acid, bone not belong to any other classification. These include, among black, etc., valued at $30,759,565, but do not include the dis others, the following: Meat products other than those made in tribution of sales of fertilizers, valued at $20,979,745, made as the meat-packing industry, peanut butter, blended and com secondary products of other industries. pounded sirups, mincemeat, potato chips, ice-cream cones, Files.——(11)—This c lassification covers 33 manufacturing malted milk and malted-milk products, etc. The classification plants engaged primarily in making files and rasps and in also covers the pulverizing of sugar, the slicing of meats, and recutting files. Their products comprise not only files and similar operations when carried on in large establishments for rasps for the use of machinists, blacksmiths, cabinetmakers, etc., the purpose of preparing foods for the trade. Statistics for but also small files for jewelers, dentists, and manicurists. this industry do not include the distribution of sales of these Firearms.—(11)—This c lassification covers 21 manufacturing commodities, valued at $26,901,083, made as secondary prod plants engaged primarily in making unmounted firearms— ucts in other industries. weapons made to be fired from the hand or from the shoulder—— Forgings, i ron and steel, not made in plants operated in and their parts. Commercial manufacturers only are classi connection with rolling mills.—(11)——The 218 manufacturing fied in this industry, no data having been collected from Gov plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily in ernment plants. Statistics for this industry include the dis— the commercial production of forgings. The industry does not tribution of sales of secondary products valued at $3,553,846. include the manufacture of forged products, such as tools, for Fire e xtinguishers, chemical.—(12)—This classification covers which separate census classifications are provided, nor of forged 28 manufacturing plants whose primary products are portable parts made and installed by manufacturers of motor vehicles, fire extinguishers, hose reels, and other apparatus (except railroad-cars, machinery, etc. Iron and steel forgings are made motor-propelled apparatus) and appliances for fire extinguishing to a large extent in other industries, but as the products of by the use of chemicals; chemical preparations for use with such some of these industries are not classified as forgings, it is apparatus and appliances; hand grenades for fire extinguishing, impossible to give data showing the distribution of sales of etc. Statistics for this industry include the distribution of forgings made in all industries. sales of secondary products valued at $1,118,546. The p hrase “not made in plants operated in connection with Fireworks.—(6)—This c lassification embraces 50 manufac- ' rolling mills” refers to plants operated entirely independently of turing p lants engaged primarily in the manufacture of fireworks rolling mills, although in some cases under the same ownership. of all kinds, such as toy torpedoes, bombs, shells, pin wheels, Foundry a nd machine-shop products, not elsewhere classi torches, rockets, sparklers, firecrackers, and set pieces. fied.—-(13)——This classification covers 8,605 boiler shops, Flags a nd banners.—(2)—The principal products of the 54 foundries, and machine shops which are not covered by separate plants covered by this classification are flags, banners, pennants, classifications. The foundry, as the term is ordinarily defined, etc., made from bunting, cotton felt, leather, silk, and other is an establishment in which metal is cast into various shapes, materials. and the machine shop is an establishment in which work is done Flavoring e xtracts and flavoring sirups.—(1)——The 642 man by means of machine tools; that is, power-driven tools used in ufacturing plants covered by this classification are engaged cutting and shaping metals. Some of the plants which employ primarily in making flavoring extracts in liquid, paste, and foundry and machine-shop processes specialize in the manu— powder form; sirups and fruit juices for soda-fountain use and facture of specific classes of products. Such plants are covered for use as sauces for ice cream and other foods; malt sirup and by specific industry classifications. On the other hand, many other sirups used in the manufacture of soft drinks; colors for foundries and machine shops manufacture a great variety of bakers’ and confectioners’ use; and cordials not classed as products. It has been necessary, therefore, to adopt the classi patent medicines. Statistics for this industry do not include fication “Foundry and machine-shop products, not else the distribution of sales of these commodities, valued at where classified” to provide for those plants which employ $24,910,092, made as secondary products in other industries. foundry and machine-shop processes but which can not be Flax a nd hemp, dressed.—The six manufacturing plants clearly segregated from one another. Nevertheless, despite its covered by this classification are engaged in dressing flax and comprehensiveness, a great deal of overlapping occurs between hemp, which consists in the separation of the woody portion of this classification and a number of others. Statistics for this the straw from the fiber, a combined process of decay and me industry do not include the distribution of sales of foundry and chanical treatment technically known as retting, breaking, machine-shop products, valued at $316,270,186, made in the

SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 13

foundry a nd machine-shop departments of plants engaged plants e ngaged primarily in making gas meters, regulators, and primarily in making nonferrous metals or in some other line of governors; gas-making machines; acetylene and gasoline-gas manufacture. generators; meters for the measurement of water and other Foundry s upplies.—(16)—This industry classification covers liquids; and parts and appliances such as valves, stop-cocks, 59 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making foundry seals, swivels and caps, meter fittings, and indexes. Statistics facings, cement for castings, core oils and compounds, chaplets, for this industry do not include the distribution of sales of these wax, flux, “parting” composition, flasks, sieves, pipe blacking, commodities, valued at $5,041,442, made as secondary products and plumbago. Facings and supplies made by foundries for in other industries. their own use are not, as a rule, reported separately, and there Gas, m anufactured, illuminating and heating—This classifi fore are not covered by the statistics for this classification. cation covers 754 manufacturing plants, both private and Statistics for this industry do not include the distribution of municipal, engaged primarily in the commercial manufacture of sales of foundry supplies, valued at $2,370 963, made as second gas to be delivered through mains, for illuminating, household, ary products of other industries. and industrial purposes. The products of this industry com Fuel: B riquettes and boulets.—(7)—This classification covers prise not only gas, but also the by-products resulting from its 23 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the manufacture manufacture, such as coke, tar, ammonia, naphthalene, and of fuels by pressing into briquettes or boulets such materials as light oil and its derivatives. (No distribution of sales data pub anthracite culm, bituminous slack, petroleum coke, charcoal, lished. See p. 2 of text.) etc., mixed with asphaltic pitch, coal-tar pitch, or other suitable Glass.—(10)—This c lassification covers 263 manufacturing materials as binders. plants engaged primarily in making glass from raw materials, Fur g oods.—-(16)—The 2,855 manufacturing plants covered but does not include glass beveling, bending sheet glass, en by this classification are those whose principal products are graving glass, making glass labels, staining and ornamenting women’s, misses’, and children's fur sets and furs, including glass, or making glassware from purchased “blanks,” except to boas, capes, collars, muffs, scarfs, shawls, and stoles; fur coats the extent to which these activities are carried on by the same and cloaks; fur and fur-lined overcoats; fur hats, caps, gloves, plants in which the glass is manufactured. The primary prod and mittens; and fur robes. ucts of the industry are: Plate and window glass of all kinds; Furnishing g oods, men’s, not elsewhere classified.—(2)— pressed and blown glass, comprising tableware, lamps, lamp The 598 manufacturing plants covered by this classification are chimneys, lantern globes, bulbs for electric lamps, opal ware, engaged primarily in making men's neckwear, belts (other than tubing, etc.; containers for food products, beverages, and medic leather), bath robes, lounging garments, pajamas, underwear inal and toilet preparations; and general-purpose containers. cut and sewed from purchased fabric, etc. Glass p roducts (except mirrors) made from purchased Furniture, i ncluding store and office fixtures.——-(3)—~This glass.—(10)—This industry classification covers 431 manufac classification covers 3,778 manufacturing plants engaged pri turing plants engaged primarily in glass cutting, glass beveling, marily in making furniture of wood, metal, fiber, reed, rattan, bending sheet glass, engraving on glass, making glass labels, and and willow. The four general classes of products are as follows; staining and ornamenting glass. Products include cut-glass (1) Household furniture—furniture commonly used in dwellings, tableware; scientific glass apparatus; leaded, stained, and art including hammocks and sewing-machine cases and cabinets glass windows; and druggists’ glassware. Statistics for this but not including mattresses, bed springs, and refrigerators; industry do not include the distribution of sales of glass prod (2) furniture and fixtures for offices and stores—desks, chairs, ucts, valued at $10,937,328, made as secondary products in lockers, shelving, counters, tables, partitions, window backs, other industries. show cases, wall cases, cabinets, etc.; (3) professional, labora Gloves a nd mittens, cloth or cloth and leather combined, tory, hospital, barber, and beauty-parlor chairs, tables, cots, made from purchased fabric.—(2)—This classification covers etc.; (4) furniture for public buildings—furniture for schools, 125 manufacturing plants whose principal products are men’s theaters, assembly halls, and churches, together with seats for and women’s cloth and cloth-and-leather gloves and mittens public conveyances. made from purchased fabric. Furs, d ressed.—(16)——The 248 manufacturing plants covered Gloves a nd mittens, leather.-—(9)—The 257 manufacturing by this classification are engaged primarily in scraping, currying, plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily in tanning, bleaching, and dyeing pelts and in dressing hair and making gloves (except baseball and boxing gloves, which are bristles. Many of these plants operate solely on a contract products of the sporting and athletic goods industry) and basis. mittens, made of leather, lined and unlined. Galvanizing a nd other coating, not done in plants operated in Glue a nd gelatin.—(6)—This classification covers 74 manu connection with rolling mills.—This classification covers 65 facturing plants whose principal products are animal, vegetable, manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the coating of sheets and other glues, and edible and inedible gelatin. Statistics for and formed products with zinc (galvanizing or sherardizing), this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary aluminum, lead, etc., and in retinning. (Retinning is included products valued at $5,594,479, but do not include the distribu with these processes as an operation distinct from the manufac tion of sales of these commodities, valued at $5,332,618, made ture of tin plate and terneplate, for which distribution of sales as secondary products in other industries. statistics are compiled.) (No distribution of sales data pub Gold l eaf and foil.—(l2)—This classification covers 75 manu lished. See p. 2 of text.) facturing plants engaged primarily in beating gold into thin Gas a nd electric fixtures; lamps, lanterns, and reflectors.— sheets for use in sign painting, decorating, bookbinding, etc. (12)——This classification covers 614 manufacturing plants en Gold, s ilver, and platinum, reducing and refining, not from gaged primarily in making electric lighting equipment (not in the ore.—(12)—The 69 manufacturing plants covered by this cluding incandescent electric bulbs) for residential, commercial, classification are engaged primarily in refining and alloying and industrial use; motor-vehicle lamps; gas, kerosene, and gold, silver, and platinum for jewelers’ and silversmiths’ use. gasoline lighting equipment; reflectors and shades; parts, etc. The materials used include old gold, silver, and platinum, (Plants which manufacture incandescent electric bulbs as their sweepings, clippings, and plated scrap, as well as purchased primary product are classified in the “Electrical machinery, bullion. apparatus, and supplies” industry.) Graphite, g round and refined.—This classification covers 11 Gas m achines, gas meters, and water and other liquid manufacturing plants engaged primarily in extracting from the meters.—(13)-—This classification covers 72 manufacturing ore or refining graphite (plumbago or black lead). The dis 120210-32 2 14 D ISTRIBUTION tribution o f sales data for this industry could not be shown soft h ats (chiefly for men’s wear) or hat bodies from hatters’ separately without disclosing the operations of individual fur. The principal material used is the fur of the hare. Some plants. For this reason the figures are included in the general plants perform all the various processes, beginning with the classification “All other industries.” first treatment of the raw fur, while others purchase the cut Grease a nd tallow, not including lubricating greases.—(6)—— fur, and still others buy the hat bodies in the rough and finish This classification covers 297 manufacturing plants engaged and trim them. Plants engaged primarily in cutting hatters’ primarily in rendering grease and soap stock, chiefly from fur are classified in the “Hat and cap materials, men’s,” industry. animal fat, bones, meat scraps, etc., and in rendering tallow Hats, s traw, men’s.—(16)—This classification covers 50 from fat. Grease and tallow are also made in large quantities manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making, either from as by-products by plants included in other classifications, prin the straw or from purchased shells, men's straw hats or men’s, cipally “meat packing.” Statistics for this industry include women’s, and children’s harvest hats, and in bleaching, shaping, the d istribution of sales of secondary products, valued at and finishing Panama and other straw hats for men’s wear. $28,989,465, b ut do not include the distribution of sales of Statistics for this industry do not include the distribution of grease and tallow, valued at $35,253,924, made as secondary sales of these commodities, valued at $4,366,578, made as products in other industries. secondary products in other industries. Haircloth.—(2)——This c lassification covers 13 manufacturing Hats, w ool felt.—This classification covers 14 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the weaving of haircloth, mainly plants engaged primarily in making felt hats from wool or wool from cotton warp with horsehair filling. Haircloth is used noils. These plants card the wool and make both hat bodies and principally for upholstery purposes and as a stiffening in the finished hats. Plants whose principal products are women’s manufacture Hair w ork.—(16)—This of clothing. classification covers 59 manufactur'él wool-felt hats made from purchased bodies are classified in the “Millinery” industry. The distribution of sales data for this ing p lants whose principal products are wigs, switches, braids, industry could not be shown separately without disclosing the pufl’s, and related articles made largely from human hair but operations of individual plants. For this reason the figures are to some extent from the hair of Angora goats or other animals. included in the general classification “ All other industries.” Statistics for this industry do not include the distribution of Hones, w hetstones, and similar products.—This classification sales of hair work, valued at $175,829, made as secondary covers 6 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making, products in other industries. from purchased materials, hones, whetstones, oilstones, and Handkerchiefs.—(2)——-The p rincipal products of the 105 similar products. Plants whose principal products are arti manufacturing plants covered by this classification are handker ficial abrasive wheels are assigned to the “Emery wheels and chiefs. other abrasive and polishing appliances” industry. The Hand stamps a nd stencils and brands.—(16)—The principal distribution of sales data for this industry could not be shown products of the 332 manufacturing plants covered by this separately without disclosing the operations of individual classification are rubber and metal stamps, dies, seals, and plants. For this reason the figures are included in the general presses; steel letters and figures; check protectors, date and time classification “All other industries.” stamps; copper and brass stamps for marking textiles; number Horse b lankets, fly nets, and related products.-—The princi ing machines; stencils for use in painting or marking or in ad pal products of the 14 plants covered by this classification are dressing machines; and branding irons. Statistics for this horse blankets, saddle cloths, and breast aprons, made from industry do not include the distribution of sales of these com purchased fabrics; cotton and leather fly nets, sweat pads, etc. modities, valued at $1,902,166, made as secondary products in The manufacture of horse blankets, saddlecloths, and breast other industries. aprons from fabrics woven by the same plants is not included, Hardware n ot elsewhere classified.——-(ll)—This classification such plants being treated as textile mills. The distribution of covers 485 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making sales data for this industry could not be shown separately with a large and rather loosely defined group of metal commodities, out disclosing the operations of individual plants. For this such as builders’ hardware, locks, vehicle hardware, furniture reason the figures are included in the general classification “All and cabinet hardware, casket hardware, vacuum bottles and other industries.” jugs, etc., which do not belong specifically to any of the other House-furnishing g oods, not elsewhere classified.——(2)—~ industry classifications. Statistics for this industry include the This classification covers 964 manufacturing plants engaged distribution of sales of secondary products (commodities nor primarily in making comfortables and quilts, bedspreads and mally belonging in other industries), amounting to $23,060,330. bed sets, sheets and pillowcases, tablecloths, lunch cloths, It should be borne in mind that many commodities retailed napkins, table and dresser covers and scarfs, curtains and drap and generally regarded as hardware are not covered by this eries, feather pillows and feather beds, cushions and hassocks, industry classification. Among the more important of these and mops and dusters. items are nails and spikes, wire and wire products, small ma Ice c ream.——(1)—This classification covers 3,150 manufactur chines such as grinders and lawn mowers, plumbers’ supplies, ing plants engaged primarily in making ice cream, water ices, tools and cutlery, screws and bolts, sporting and athletic goods, sherbets, and frozen custards. It does not cover the manu tinware, and stoves. facture of these products by hotels and restaurants or by retailers Hat a nd cap materials, men ’s.—(2)-—The 112 manufacturing for use at their soda fountains. plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily in Ice, m anufactured.—This classification covers 4,110 manu the preparation of batters’ fur, in the manufacture of linings, facturing plants engaged primarily in making ice for sale. The sweatbands, visors, and trimmings, and in printing on sweat cutting and storage of natural ice is not treated as a manufactur

bands, linings, and bands. The industry does not include the ing operation. (No distribution of sales data published. S08 manufacture of certain classes of hat and cap materials, such p. 2 of text.) as leather and dressed fur, which are covered by separate classi Ink, p rinting.—(6)—This classification covers 147 manufactur fications. ing plants engaged primarily in the production of printing and Hats a nd caps, except felt and straw, men’s.——(2)—This lithographing inks. classification covers 576 manufacturing plants engaged primarily Ink, w riting.—(6)—This classification covers 29 manufactur in making cloth hats and caps, and silk and opera or crush hats. ing plants whose principal products are writing inks and fluids. Hats, f ur-felt.—(2)—The 159 manufacturing plants covered Statistics for this industry include the distribution of sales of by this classification are engaged primarily in making stiff or secondary products, valued at $1,673,588, but do not include

SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 15

the d istribution of sales of writing ink, valued at $1,748,602, instruments, c utlery, eyeglasses, combs, compasses, cigarettes, made as a secondary product in other industries. pipes, toilet sets, etc. Instruments, p rofessional and scientific.—(16)—The 276 Jute g oods.——(2) —This classification covers 20 manufacturing manufacturing plants covered by this classification are engaged plants engaged primarily in making bagging, other woven fabrics, primarily in making such classes of products as the following: and yarns, in which jute is the principal material. (See also Surgical, dental, and veterinary instruments; physicians’ the data for the “Linen goods ” and “Cordage and twine” industries, diagnostic apparatus; surveyors’, nautical, aeronautical, auto the products of which are closely related.) motive, and similar instruments; precision and measuring instru Knit g oods.—(2)—This classification covers 1,888 manu ments; indicating and recording instruments; hypodermic facturing plants whose principal products are made by machine syringes; needle-gage dials; speedometers; barometers and knitting, without regard to whether the yarns used are cotton, thermometers; compasses; dental mirrors; and dental-engine wool, silk, or other material. The industry is divided into equipment. Manufacturers of ophthalmic and optical instru four classes of establishments of which the chief products are, ments, such as optical testing and measuring instruments, respectively, (1) hosiery, (2) underwear, (3) outerwear, and (4) microscopes, telescopes, etc., are classified in the “Optical knit cloth. Each plant has been assigned to one class or goods” industry. another according to the character of its principal products. Iron a nd steel: Blast furnaces.—(11)—This classification Labels a nd tags.——(4)—The 153 manufacturing plants covers 105 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making covered by this classification are engaged primarily in making from ore and scrap, pig iron, ferro-alloys—spiegeleisen, ferro labels and tags of paper, cardboard, metal, celluloid, etc.; manganese, ferrophosphorus, ferrosilicon, etc—and castings baggage and other checks, labels for clothing; patent indexes; made direct from the furnace. (The manufacture of electric laundry and shipping tags; pin tickets, gummed stickers, etc. ferro-alloys is included in the “Chemicals, not elsewhere clas Statistics for this industry include the distribution of sales of sified” industry.) In many cases single establishments operate secondary products made in the industry but do not include the both blast furnaces and steel works; in such instances the estab distribution of sales of labels and tags made as secondary prod lishments file separate reports showing the distribution of sales of ucts in other industries. , each plant, which are allocated to the proper classifications. Lace g oods.—(2)—The principal products of the 42 manu About three-fourths of the production of this industry is not facturing plants covered by this classification are machine-made sold, but is transferred to other plants of the same company. lace goods, of cotton, silk, rayon, and other materials. Nearly Iron a nd steel, processed—The 46 manufacturing plants all the mills purchase their yarns, some of which are imported. covered by this classification are engaged primarily in the heat These imported yarns are used chiefly on the Nottingham lace treating, hardening, tempering, annealing, rustproofing, etc., curtain, levers-lace, and bobbinet machines. of iron and steel, chiefly on a contract or custom basis. Work Lapidary w ork.—(16)——This classification covers 100 manu of this character is also done to a very large extent in the facturing plants engaged primarily in the cutting, recutting, processes of manufacturing various commodities by plants polishing, and setting of diamonds and other precious and classified in other industries. (N0 distribution of sales data semiprecious stones, and the drilling of pearls; the preparation published. See p. 2 of text.) of jewels for watches and chronometers and for surveyors’ Iron a nd steel: Steel works and rolling mills.—(11)—-This instruments; and the preparation of real and imitation stones for classification covers 486 manufacturing plants engaged either emblems. Some jewelry manufacturers cut stones for their own in the conversion of pig iron and scrap into steel or the rolling use, but do not report the value of such work separately; of iron and steel. Products made by these plants include steel consequently some overlapping occurs between the “Jewelry” ingots and direct steel castings; rolled iron and steel, such as and “Lapidary work” industries. rails, splice bars, rail joints, bars and rods, tin-plate bars, Lasts a nd related products.—~(3)—This classification covers wire rods, structural shapes, hoops, bands, and cotton ties; 58 m anufacturing plants engaged primarily in making lasts for plates and sheets, including black plates and sheets for tinning; boots a nd shoes, shoe-trees, shoe stretchers, and display forms’ nail and tack plates; rolled and hammered car axles; car wheels; for boots and shoes. ‘ ' armor plate; gun forgings, etc. Tin plate and terneplate are Leather g oods, not elsewhere classified.—(9)—This classi manufactured almost Exclusively, and wire is manufactured to a fication covers 392 manufacturing plants making miscellaneous considerable extent, in departments operated in connection with leather products not included as products of any one of the other rolling mills. In many cases rolling mills operate departments leather industries. Among these products are belts (for wear for the conversion of rolling-mill products into pipes and tubes, on the person); desk sets; handles, corners, straps, etc., for bolts and nuts, cut nails and spikes, and other finished iron and luggage; embossed leather; check-book covers; dog furnishings; steel products. These products when manufactured in plants key cases; vanity cases; washers; burnt leather; cigar and other than rolling mills are classified in other industries. cigarette cases; and other miscellaneous leather products. Ivory, s hell, and bone work, not including buttons, combs, Statistics for this industry do not include the distribution of or hairpins.—(16)—The principal products of the 21 manufactur sales of these commodities, valued at $10,493,151, made as sec— ing plants covered by this classification are mosaics, knife ondary products in other industries. handles and tips, buckles and other fittings for jewelers’ use, Leather: T anned, curried, and finished.—(9)—This classi manicure implements, watch chains and fobs, stick pins, inlay fication covers 471 uianufucturing plants; either tnnneries Inanu ing for musical instruments, and other articles (not including facturing leather, whether from hides and skins owned by them buttons, combs, and hairpins) made from ivory, shell, horn, or or on a contract basis from hides and skins belonging to others, bone. or plants engaged in currying and finishing leather. Practically Jewelry.—(12)—This c lassification covers 1,536 manufactur all the products of this industry are used as materials for further ing plants engaged in making articles, chiefly for personal adorn manufacture, largely in the other leather industries but to ment, of gold, silver, platinum, gold-filled metal, rolled-gold some extent in industries outside the leather group. plate, brass, bronze, copper, or other metals, plain, engraved, - L ime—(lo)—This classification covers 237 manufacturing or chased, and with or without precious or semiprecious stones. plants engaged primarily in the production of lime, chiefly Jewelry a nd instrument cases.—(16)—The 113 manufactur from limestone but to a small extent from shell and other ng plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily substances. The principal products are quicklime and hydrated in the manufacture of cases, trays, and fancy boxes for jewelry, (slaked) lime. The quarrying and the burning of limestone 16 D ISTRIBUTION are u sually carried on by the same plant. Plants engaged consequently a re classified elsewhere. Statistics for this exclusively in the quarrying of limestone, which is not a manu industry include the distribution of sales of secondary products, facturing operation, are not classified in this industry. valued at $45,900,637. Linen g oods.——(2)—This classification covers 16 manufac Malt.—(1)—This c lassification covers 28 manufacturing turing plants engaged primarily in making threads, yarns, or plants engaged primarily in making malt, chiefly from barley, fabrics made wholly or principally of flax. (See also the data but to some extent from other grains. for the “Jute goods” and “Coradge and twine” industries, the Marble, g ranite, slate, and other stone products.—(10)—— products of which are closely related.) This classification covers 1,881 manufacturing plants engaged Linoleum.———See “ Asphalted—felt-base floor covering and lino primarily in cutting, shaping, and finishing marble, granite, leum” industry. slate, and other stone for building, monumental, and miscel Liquors, v inous.—(6)—This classification covers 24 manu laneous uses. The census does not cover the numerous small facturing plants engaged primarily in the production of fer yards which are engaged in the purchase and sale of finished or mented wines for sacramental and medicinal purposes. Sta partly finished monuments and tombstones but which do no tistics for this industry include the distribution of sales of work on them, except lettering and finishing to individual order. secondary products, valued at $608,074, but do not include the Plants manufacturing grindstones, pulp stones, hones, and whet distribution of sales of these commodities, valued at $261,044, stones are covered by a separate classification. made as secondary products in other industries. Matches.——(3)——This c lassification covers 21 manufacturing Lithographing.——The 3 76 plants covered by this classification plants engaged solely in making matches. No other classes are engaged primarily in drawing or transferring designs and of products were reported by these plants in 1929, and no preparing lithograph plates of stone or metal, and in printing matches were made as secondary products by plants engaged from such plates. The products include calendars, bank notes, primarily in other lines of manufacture. Thus the manufac commercial and bank forms, maps, picture post cards, adver ture of matches, unlike most industries, neither overlaps nor tising signs and pictures, billheads, circulars, etc. Cigar bands, is overlapped by any other industry. blank checks and drafts, bonds, letterheads, passbooks, etc., Mats a nd matting, grass and coin—The 7 manufacturing are reported as products both of this and of the “Engraving, plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily in steel and copperplate, and plate printing” industry. Some of making doormats, floor mattings, rugs, and carpets from such the plants in the lithographing industry draw designs and pre materials a s wire grass, reeds, and coir yarn (coir being the’ pare lithograph plates for use by others in printing. (No dis fiber p repared from the outer husk of the cocoanut). The tribution of sales data published. See p. 2 of text.) distribution of sales data for this industry could not be shown Locomotives, n ot made in railroad repair shops—The 16 separately without disclosing the operations of individual manufacturing plants covered by this classification are engaged plants. For this reason the figures are included in the general exclusively or chiefly in making steam and internal-combustion classification “All other industries.” locomotives. Electric locomotives are treated as products of Mattresses a nd bedsprings, not elsewhere classified.—(16)—— the “Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies” industry. This classification covers 951 manufacturing plants engaged (No distribution of sales data published. See p. 2 of text.) primarily in making mattresses and pads filled with hair, Lubricating o ils and greases, not made in petroleum refin cotton, felt, moss, or similar materials; wire springs for use on beds, couches, and cots; and spring cushions. Statistics for eries.——(7)———This classification covers 177 manufacturing plants this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary engaged primarily in making and compounding lubricating oils products, valued at $23,829,855, but do not include the distri and greases from mineral, animal, and vegetable oils and fats. Statistics for this industry include the distribution of sales of bution of sales of mattresses and bed springs, valued at $9,807,460, made as secondary products in other industries. secondary products, valued at $5,157,388, but do not include Meat p acking, wholesale.——(l)—This classification covers the distribution of sales of lubricating oils and greases, valued 1,277 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in wholesale at $321,446,193, made as secondary products of other indus slaughtering and meat packing, including abattoirs engaged tries, principally the “Petroleum refining” industry. wholly or chiefly in custom slaughtering. Plants that slaughter Lumber a nd timber products, not elsewhere classified.—(3)—— for the retail trade but also wholesale considerable quantities See text, 1). 57. of meats are included and the sales reported generally cover Macaroni, s paghetti, vermicelli, and noodles.——(l)—~The both branches of their operations. Plants slaughtering for 353 manufacturing plants covered by this classification are the retail trade only were not canvassed, and those engaged engaged primarily in making macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli, exclusively or principally in the manufacture of sausage, meat noodles, and other alimentary pastes. puddings, head cheese, etc., and sausage casings are grouped Machine-tool a ccessories and small metal-working tools, under a separate classification. not elsewhere classified.—(l3)—This classification covers 722 Millinery.—(2)—This c lassification covers 1,293 manu manufacturing plants whose principal products are twist-drills, facturing plants engaged primarily in making, for sale to the reamers, milling cutters, taps, dies, etc., or which specialize trade, women’s and children’s trimmed hats, hat frames, in the building of dies, jigs, fixtures, and special tools. Sta millinery braids, millinery trimmings and hat linings, and infants’ tistics for this industry do not include the distribution of sales headwear. Many of the trimmed hats are made from wool of these commodities, valued at $48,865,701, made as secondary felt and fur-felt bodies purchased in the rough. Knit headwear products in other industries. is a product of the “Knit Goods” industry. Custom millinery Machine t ools.——-(l3)—This classification covers 280 manu shops were not canvassed. facturing plants engaged primarily in making power-driven Minerals a nd earths, ground or otherwise treated.———This machines. The classification conforms closely to the defini classification covers 88 manufacturing plants engaged primarily tion given in the tariff act approved September 21, 1922, para in the grinding or pulverizing of certain earths, rocks, or min graph 372, page 32, namely, “any machine operating other erals, such as barium, barytes, bentonite, borax, chalk, clays, than by hand power which employs a tool for work on metal,” Cornwall stone, corundum, diatomaceous earth, emery, feld but covers bending machines also. Certain t ypes of machines ~ spar, flint, fluorspar, glass sand. haydite, iron oxide ores, designed for working metal, especially can-making machinery, kaolin, limerock, magnesite, manganese ore, mica, oxaluma, welding machines, wire-drawing machines, and wireworking pumice, quartz, silica, sintered fine dust, spar, sulphur, and machines, do not come within the terms of this definition and tale. The distribution of sales data for this industry could not SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 17

be s hown separately without disclosing the operations of indi nmarily i manufacturing or assembling complete motorcycles vidual plants. For this reason the figures are included in the and bicycles, or in manufacturing parts and accessories, other general classification “All other industries.” than engines, tires, lamps, and electrical supplies. Statistics Mirror a nd picture frames.—(3)—This classification covers for this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary 178 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making finished products, valued at $4,321,889, but do not include the distribu picture-frame moldings; frames, chiefly of wood, for mirrors, tion of sales of these commodities, valued at $1,917,930, made pictures, photographs, and medallions; and framed pictures. as secondary products in other industries. Plants engaged in framing pictures, etc., to individual order Mucilage, p aste, and other adhesives, except glue and rubber are not included in this classification. cement.—-(6)——The principal products of the 84 manufacturing Mirrors, f ramed and unframed.—-—(10)~—This classification plants covered by this, classification are mucilage, paste, mend covers 304 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making ing cement, sealing wax, and other adhesives, except glue and mirrors, both framed and unframed, such as pier glasses, mantel rubber cement. Statistics for this industry do not include the mirrors, hall mirrors, mirrors for show cases, automobile distribution of sales of these commodities made as secondary mirrors, and hand mirrors. Statistics for this industry include products in other industries valued at $2,560,597. the distribution of sales of secondary products valued at Musical i nstrument parts and materials: Piano and organ.— $7,994,665. (16)—This classification covers 67 manufacturing plants whose Models a nd patterns, not including paper patterns.—~—(16)— principal products are piano and organ parts and materials, The 804 manufacturing plants covered by this classification are for sale as such. The commodities made include piano strings, engaged primarily in making patterns and models for use in plates, keys, actions, keyboards, cases, back frames, pedal making matrices or molds for casting metal or for making brick, attachments, hammers, sounding boards, legs, and bridges; glassware, etc.; and of hat blocks, wax figures, dress and show organ reeds, pipes, stops, knobs, and reed boards; and perforated forms, and similar commodities. Statistics for this industry music rolls. do not include the distribution of sales of models and patterns, Musical i nstruments and parts and materials, not elsewhere valued at $8,610,354, made as secondary products of other classified.——(16)—The 106 manufacturing plants covered by industries. ' this classification are engaged primarily in making musical Motion p ictures, not including projection in theaters—This instruments other than pianos and organs, and parts and mate classification covers 142 plants engaged in such processes and rials for such instruments. activities connected with the production of motion pictures as Musical i nstruments: 0rgans.—(16)—This classification the photography of scenes, the development of exposed films, covers 62 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in makin the printing of projection films, and other studio and laboratory complete pipe organs and reed organs. - work. (No distribution of sales data published. Seep. 2 of text.) Musical i nstruments: Pianos.—(16)—This classification Motor-vehicle b odies and motor-vehicle parts.—(14)——The covers 81 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making 1,154 manufacturing plants covered by this classification are complete pianos. Statistics for this industry include the dis engaged primarily in the manufacture, for sale as such (or for tribution of sales of secondary products valued at $6,651,803. transfer to motor-vehicle manufacturing plants located else Nails, s pikes, etc., not made in wire mills or in plants operated where but operated under the same ownership), of motor in connection with rolling mills.—(ll)-——This classification vehicle bodies, tops, gears (transmission, differential, and covers 55 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making steering), rims, frames, wheels, radiators, wind shields, axles, wire nails, brads, and spikes, cut nails and spikes, horseshoe bumpers, bumperettes, shock absorbers, sheet metal for auto nails, tacks, staples, etc. Wire nails, brads, and spikes are mobiles (such as fenders, dust shields, hoods, or bonnets), and made chiefly in wire mills and in wire-drawing departments of various other assemblies except complete chassis,- and parts. rolling mills. The phrase “not made in plants operated in Plants engaged in the manufacture of certain other assemblies connection with rolling mills” refers to production in plants or parts, of which the most important are engines, motors for operated entirely independently of rolling mills, although in electric vehicles, tires, springs, ignition apparatus, batteries, some cases under the same ownership. and starting and lighting systems, are not included in this Needles, p ins, hooks and eyes, and snap fasteners.—(l2)— industry. Where a manufacturer makes various motor-vehicle This classification covers 43 manufacturing plants engaged parts in his main plant and assembles them into complete vehi primarily in making (1) needles of all kinds, including sewing cles at branches, the main plant is classified in the bodies-and machine needles, knitting-machine needles, and darning, can parts industry and the branches in the motor-vehicle industry. vas, and bag needles; (2) pins—common or toilet pins, safety Similarly, if a manufacturer builds bodies in one plant and in pins, and metal hairpins; (3) hooks and eyes; and (4) snap stalls them on chassis in another factory, the first plant is fasteners. Pins made of precious metals are not treated as classified in the bodies-and-parts industry and the second in the products of this industry, but are classified as jewelry. Hair motor-vehicle industry. Where all the parts, including the pins made of materials other than metal are classified as prod bodies, are made and assembled in the same plant, the entire ucts of the “Combs and hairpins, not made from metal or rub plant is classified in the motor-vehicle industry proper and no ber” industry. Statistics for this industry include the distribu separate report is made covering the manufacture of the bodies tion of sales of secondary products, valued at $2,957,797. and parts. Statistics for this industry include the distribution Nets a nd seines.—(2)—This classification covers 19 marm of sales of secondary products valued at $179,578,896. facturing plants whose principal products are fish nets and Motor v ehicles, not including motor cycles.—(14)—This netting, seines, and laundry nets. classification covers 244 manufacturing plants whose principal Nonferrous-metal a lloys and products, not including alumi products are four-wheeled motor-propelled (internal-combus num products.—(l2)—The 1,225 manufacturing plants covered tion, steam or electric) steerable vehicles, or trailers for use by this classification are engaged primarily in making brass, with such vehicles. Some of these plants are engaged primarily bronze, and other nonferrous alloys, such as nickel alloys, anti in making motor-propelled fire-department apparatus, street friction bearing metal, type metal, solders, etc., and the rolling sweepers, road oilers, etc. Assembling plants are included in and drawing of these alloys and of copper, lead, and zinc into this classification. 'plates, s heets, rods, bars, tubing, and pipe; and castings, Motor c ycles, bicycles, and parts.—(14)-—The 21 manufac bearings, a nd other finished products from these alloys and turing plants covered by this classification are engaged pri from copper. 18 D ISTRIBUTION

Oil, c ake, and meal, cottonseed.—(6)—This classification waxed p aper; glazed and fancy paper; toilet paper; coated book covers 553 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the paper; gummed tape; paper cups, dishes, spoons, etc. ; paper manufacture of products from cottonseed, but does not cover napkins; Water-proof wrapping paper; paper towels; crepe and the activities of plants engaged in the further manufacture, lace paper; bottle caps; playing cards; paper cores and tubes; from refined cottonseed oil, of lard substitutes and vegetable egg-case fillers; bag, barrel, and trunk linings; adding-machine cooking oils. The statistics relate to the 12-month period and cash-register paper; soda straws; stencil paper; etc. from August 1 to July 31, which coincides with the production Statistics for this industry include the distribution of sales of cycle of the industry. secondary products but do not include the distribution of Oil, c ake, and meal, linseed.——(6)—The 29 manufacturing sales of these commodities made as secondary products in other plants covered by this classification are ,those whose principal industries. products are linseed oil and its natural by-products, cake and Patentr o proprietary medicines and compounds.—(6)——This meal, and ground flaxseed. classification covers 1,522 manufacturing plants engaged pri Oils, e ssential.—(6)—This classification covers 22 manu marily in making medicines and compounds sold under the facturing plants engaged primarily in the distillation and refining protection of patents, copyrights, or trade-marks, or prepared of natural essential oils and of witch-hazel extract. Essential according to secret formulas, including medicines of a proprie oils, volatile oils, or essences are distinguished by the possession tary character, not necessarily patented or sold under a trade of strong and characteristic odors and by being vaporized mark, and various compounds or products handled by the without decomposition and usually with little or no residue. pharmaceutical trade, such as insecticides, corn cures, house A large amount of synthetic oils and perfume bases which are hold ammonia, disinfectants, boiler compounds, etc. Statistics chiefly of coal-tar origin, are classed as chemicals and are, for this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary therefore, covered by other industry classifications. products, valued at $51,729,639, but do not include the distribu Oils, n ot elsewhere classified. (6)—This classification tion of sales of patent or proprietary medicines and compounds, covers 75 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the pro valued at $46,576,022, made as secondary products in other duction of animal oils, such as fish, lard, and neat’s-foot, and of industries (principally the “Druggists’ preparations” industry). certain vegetable oils, such as castor, cocoanut, palm, and soy Paving m aterials: Asphalt, tar, crushed slag, and mixtures.— bean. It does not include the production of cottonseed and lin (16)—This classification ‘covers 126 manufacturing plants seed oils, each of which has a separate industry classification. engaged primarily in making asphalt paving blocks, asphalt Oilcloth. T he 9 manufacturing plants covered by this compounds, asphaltic concrete, emulsified asphalt, coal-tar classification are engaged primarily in making enameled, table paving materials, crushed slag, and mixtures of asphalt, crushed and shelf, and wall oilcloth. Oilcloth is made on a textile stone or slag, lime, sand, kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, and oil. foundation of unbleached cotton sheeting or drill. This foun Plants operated by contractors for the mixing of paving ma dation material is not made within the industry but is purchased, terials which they themselves lay on the highways are not so that the process of manufacture consists principally in mixing included unless they also manufacture paving materials in and applying the ingredients with which the fabric is coated. considerable quantities for sale as such. Those plants making The distribution of sales data for this industry could not be some paving materials, but engaged primarily in quarrying shown separately without disclosing the operations of individual and crushing stone in 1929, were canvassed for the Census of plants. For this reason the figures are included in the general Mines and Quarries, and not for the Census of Distribution or classification “All other industries.” Manufactures. Oleomargarine, n ot made in meat-packing establishments.— Statistics f or this industry include the distribution of sales of (1)—This classification covers 41 manufacturing plants engaged secondary products, valued at $4,479,932, but do not include primarily in making commodities known as “oleomargarine,” the distribution of sales of paving materials made as secondary “butter-inc,” “nut margarine,” “nut butter,” etc. Statistics products in other industries amounting to $2,823,516. for this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary Peanuts, w alnuts, and other nuts, processed or shelled.— products, valued at $11,004,004, but do not include the dis (1)—The 169 plants covered by this classification are engaged tribution of sales of oleomargarine made in meat-packing plants primarily in bleaching and shelling English walnuts and al or as a secondary product in other industries amounting to monds; polishing and shelling pecans; grading, cleaning, and $24,897,641. shelling peanuts; and similar activities, partly on a custom basis. Optical g oods.—(16)—This classification covers 117 manufac The industry does not cover the operations of wholesale grocery turing plants engaged in making spectacles, eyeglasses, goggles, and commercial establishments in which the processing of nuts frames, and mountings; lenses and prisms; microscopes, tele is incidental to other lines of business. Statistics for this scopes, field glasses, and opera glasses; ophthalmic instruments industry do not include the distribution of sales of these com and apparatus; photomicro and micro-projection apparatus; modities processed as secondary products in other industries optical-testing and measuring instruments; artificial human valued at $5,233,132. eyes; and glass eyes for the use of furriers and taxidermists. Pencils, l ead (including mechanical) .—The 38 manufactur Paints a nd varnishes.—(6)—This classification covers 1,063 ing plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making pigments or in making complete wooden and mechanical lead pencils, and colors (other than bone black, carbon black, and lampblack), pencil holders, leads, and findings. (N0 distribution of sales paints in paste form, paints mixed ready for use, varnishes, statistics published. See p. 2 of text.) lacquers, japans, enamels, fillers, stains, etc. Pens, f ountain and stylographic; pen points, gold, steel, and Paper.——(4)——This c lassification covers 685 manufacturing brass.—(16)——This classification covers 76 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the manufacture of paper and plants whose principal products fall into one or another of the paperboards. (The principal material used in the paper mills following classes: Fountain pens, fountain pen desk sets, sty is wood pulp, the greater part of which is manufactured in lographic p ens, and ink pencils; gold, steel, and brass pen points; - pulp mills operated in conjunction with the paper mills.) rubber h olders and other parts. Statistics for this industry Statistics f or this industry include the distribution of sales of include the distribution of sales of secondary products and secondary p roducts valued at $150,161,363. receipts for custom work and repairing amounting to $7,686,497. Paper g oods, not elsewhere classified.—(4)—The 436 manu Perfumes, c osmetics, and other toilet preparations—(6)— facturing plants covered by this classification are engaged This classification covers 815 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the manufacture, from purchased paper stock, of primarily in making perfumes of all kinds; toilet waters;

SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 19

:reams a nd rouges; face, talcum, and other toilet powders; fixtures c losely related to plumbing work. It does not, however, tooth pastes and other dentifrices; washes and lotions; skin include the manufacture of vitreous~china and semivitreous or emollients; etc. Statistics for this industry include the dis porcelain (all-clay) sanitary ware, which is treated as a product tribution of sales of secondary products, valued at $27,720,507, of the pottery industry. Statistics for this industry do not but do not include the distribution of sales of these commodities include the distribution of sales of these commodities made as made as secondary products in other industries amounting to secondary products in other industries valued at $22,633,643. $35,969,111. Pocketbooks, p urses, and card cases.—(9)—This classifica Petroleum r efining.—(7)—This classification covers 390 tion covers 290 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in manufacturing plants engaged primarily in refining crude pe making leather pocketbooks, purses, women’s purse-handbags, troleum by distillation. It does not include plants engaged in cardcases, wallets, coin purses, bill folds, etc. compounding refined or partly refined petroleum products nor in Pottery, i ncluding porcelain ware.—(10)—This classification producing gasoline from natural gas at the wells. The principal covers 313 manufacturing plants whose principal products are products, named in the order of their importance as measured by stoneware, earthenware, porcelain ware, vitreous-China plumb value, are gasoline, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and illuminating ing fixtures, and allied products. oils. Poultry k illing, dressing, and packing, wholesale.—( l)——-This Phonographs.—(16)—This c lassification covers 59 manu classification covers 485 manufacturing plants engaged pri facturing plants engaged primarily in making machines for marily in killing, dressing, and packing poultry or in processing recording and reproducing speech, music, and other sounds, and packing dressed poultry purchased, whose products for the and parts and accessories for such machines. The parts and year were valued at $20,000 or more. Some of these plants kill accessories include records, blanks, and cabinets, as well as con and dress rabbits; also prepare and pack poultry products, such stituent parts of the machines themselves. Statistics for this as potted chicken. Although a number of large plants operate industry include the distribution of sales of secondary products throughout the year, the industry is mainly a seasonal one, and and receipts for repair work, valued at $19,140,008, but do not most of the plants are active only a few months each year. N 0 include the distribution of sales of phonographs, records, etc., data are included for those doing business only a few- weeks. valued at $8,888,404, made as secondary products in other Printing a nd publishing, book and job.—(5)—This classifica— industries. tion covers 12,712 plants engaged primarily in commercial Photo-engraving, n ot done in printing establishments.—The printing, machine composition for other establishments, book 654 plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily in printing and publishing, or book publishing only. This report making photo-engraved plates for printing illustrations, art shows only the distribution of sales of the 597 plants which are work, post cards, greeting cards, magazine covers, half-tone engaged wholly or principally in book publishing and printing, engravings, etc. Such plants do not, as a rule, print from the or book publishing alone. No distribution of sales data were plates which they make, but prepare them for use by others. compiled for plants doing primarily job or other commercial print (No distribution of sales statistics published. See p. 2 of text.) ing, linotype, etc. , as the receipts of these establishments represent, Photographic a pparatus and materials—The 115 manufac for the most part, the sales of services. turing plants covered by this classification are engaged pri Printing a nd publishing, music.—(5)—This classification marily in making cameras, motion-picture machines, photostat covers 124 plants engaged primarily in music printing and machines, and blue-printing machines; flashlight apparatus and publishing, or music publishing only. materials; tripods, plate holders, film rewinders and reels, and Printing a nd publishing, newspapers and periodicals.—(5)— developing tanks; sensitized paper and cloth; dry plates and This classification covers 11,524 plants engaged in printing and films; lantern and stereopticon slides; and sheet gelatin. The publishing, or publishing only, newspapers and periodicals. distribution of sales data for this industry could not be shown This report shows only the distribution of sales of the 2,925 separately without disclosing the operations of individual plants. plants engaged primarily in printing and publishing, or in pub For this reason the figures are included in the general classifica lishing only, periodicals. No distribution of sales data were tion “ All other industries.” compiled for plants printing and publishing newspapers as the Pipes ( tobacco) .—(16)——The 24 manufacturing plants covered greater part of the value represents sales of advertising, or by this classification are engaged primarily in making tobacco receipts from subscriptions, and the distribution of sales inquiry pipes from brier, meerschaum, composition, corn cobs, and clay, was entirely inapplicable to the selling practices of the plants. with mouthpieces of amber, rubber, celluloid, ivory, and other No distribution of sales data were compiled for plants engaged materials. primarily in job or other commercial printing since the receipts in Planing-mill p roducts (including general millwork), not made this case represent only sales of services. in planing mills connected with sawmills.~—(3)—This classifica Printing m aterials, not including type or ink.—-(5)—The 84 tion covers 4,849 “independent” planing mills; that is, planing manufacturing plants covered by this classification are engaged mills not operated in conjunction with sawmills. (Planing mills primarily in making composing rules and sticks, mallets, planes, operated in conjunction with sawmills are classified in the lumber chases, quoins, type cases, galleys, printer’s rollers, blocks, and timber products industry.) The principal planing-mill prod plate hooks, and locking devices. ucts a re dressed lumber, sash, doors, frames, interior wood Pulp g oods.—(3)——This classification covers 45 manufactur work, a nd molding. ing plants engaged primarily in making vulcanized-fiber Plated w are.-—(l2)—This classification covers 96 manufac products, such as sheets, rods, tubes, boxes, baskets, and other turing plants engaged primarily in making silver-plated ware or containers, megaphones, etc.; laminated phenolic (bakelite) other plated ware and nickel-silver and pewter ware. The prod products, such as sheets, rods, tubes, and fabricated pieces and ucts of this industry include flat and hollow tableware, toilet parts; and dishes, etc., made of molded pulp. articles, fancy articles, etc., plated with silver or other metals, Pulp ( wood and other fiber) .—(4)—This classification covers and similar articles made from nickel-silver and pewter. 198 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making pulp Plumbers’ s upplies, not including pipe or vitreous-China sani from wood or other fiber. tary ware.—(ll)-—This classification covers 255 manufacturing Pumps ( hand and power) and pumping equipment.—(13)— plants engaged in making porcelain—enameled (enameled-iron) This classification covers 322 manufacturing plants engaged sanitary ware (bathtubs, laundry tubs, lavatories, and sinks), primarily in making hand and power pumps of all kinds, such plumbers’ brass goods, plumbers’ woodwork, galvanized-iron as water pumps, gasoline pumps, air pumps (except compres and copper range boilers, and miscellaneous bathroom and other sors), oil pumps, hydraulic rams, spraying outfits (complete 20 D ISTRIBUTION units), s pray pumps, and domestic water systems; and pump Safes a nd vaults.—(ll)——This classification covers 27 manu jacks, pump cylinders, and other pumping equipment. Statis facturing plants engaged primarily in making fire-proof and tics for this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary burglar-proof safes and vaults for banks, offices, and residences; products, valued at $27,802,466, but do not include the distri money chests; safe-deposit boxes; vault doors; and safe locks. bution of sales of pumps and pumping equipment, valued at Salt.—(6)—This c lassification covers 58 manufacturing plants $16,786,626, made as secondary products in other industries. engaged primarily in making commercial salt, whether from Rayon a nd allied products.—-(6)—This classification covers rock salt or from natural or artificial brines. The greater part 29 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making rayon of the product is brine salt, which is obtained mainly by running yarn and allied products in sheets or other forms. No plants fresh water into bore-holes in beds of rock salt, pumping the engaged primarily in the further manufacture of products from artificial brine to the surface, and evaporating it. In a few rayon as a material are included. places natural brine is pumped to the surface and evaporated Refrigerators a nd regrigerator cabinets, exclusive of mechan and in some cases salt is extracted from the ocean and from ical refrigerating equipment.—(3)—This classification covers salt lakes. The figures shown in this and in the report of the 188 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the factory Census of Manufactures differ from those published by the production of refrigerators, ice boxes, water coolers, cooling Bureau of Mines for the reason that there is included in the rooms, display refrigerators, and ice-cream cabinets, using ice census figures (1) the value of containers in which the salt is as the cooling agent; and in the manufacture of cabinets for packed, and (2) the value of products other than salt (amounting sale as such, for use with mechanical refrigerating units. The to $1,608,425) made by plants primarily engaged in making salt. industry does not cover the construction, by builders, of built-in Sand-lime b rick.—(10)—This classification covers 40 manu cooling rooms, cabinets, etc. The manufacture of electrically facturing plants making brick from a combination of sand and operated and heat-operated refrigerating equipment and units lime molded under heavy pressure and subjected to the action for commercial and for household use is classified under “ Refrig of steam in a hardening chamber. erators, mechanical,” and ice-making machinery for use in ice Sandpaper, e mery paper, and other abrasive paper and factories is made in the “Foundry and machine-shop prod cloth.——(16)—The 11 manufacturing plants covered by this ucts not elsewhere classified” industry. classification are those whose principal products are sandpaper, Refrigerators, m echanical.——(l3)—This classification covers emery paper, and other abrasive paper and cloth, made by 34 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making mechani coating paper and cloth with abrasives, such as sand, emery, cal refrigerators. This designation covers all types which do and carborundum. Statistics for this industry do not include not use ice as the refrigerating agent. The principal products the distribution of sales of these commodities, valued at $4,077,650, are domestic refrigerators, with or without cabinets, and com made as secondary products in other industries. mercial refrigerating machines of not more than 500 pounds Sausage, m eat puddings, headcheese, etc., and sausage ice-melting capacity in 24 hours, such as water coolers, ice-cream casings, not made in meat-packing establishments.——(1)—This cabinets, etc. classification covers 681 manufacturing plants engaged primarily Regalia, b adges, and emblems.—(2)—The principal products in making sausage, meat puddings, headcheese, etc., and sausage of the 77 manufacturing plants covered by this classification are casings. Plants which are engaged primarily in slaughtering robes, costumes, badges, lodge paraphernalia, church vestments, and which also manufacture sausage are classified in the meat religious medals, printed ribbons, etc., for use by military, naval, packing industry. Statistics for this industry include the dis fraternal, and religious organizations. tribution of sales of secondary products, valued at $10,165,310, Rice c leaning and polishing.—(l)—The 60 manufacturing but do not include the distribution of sales of sausage, etc., plants covered by this classification are engaged in cleaning valued at $225,014,616, made as secondary products in other and polishing rice after it comes from the thresher. The rough industries, principally the meat-packing industry, which value rice is cleaned, the outer shell or hull and the inner cuticle or is greater than the production of the sausage industry. bran are removed, and the grain is scoured, polished, and graded, Saws.—(11)—This c lassification covers 81 manufacturing and in most cases given a coat of glucose and talc. plants engaged primarily in making saws. Their products COlll Roofing, b uilt-up and roll; asphalt shingles; roof coatings prise both woodworking and metal-working saws of all types, other than paint.——(16)——This classification covers 102 manu such as carpenters’ and butchers’ saws, pruning saws, and facturing plants engaged primarily in the manufacture of asphalt buck saws, and saw blades for all types of hand and power saws, roll roofing, asphalt shingles, tar and asphalt saturated felt, and such as hack saws, band saws, circular saws, and drag saws. asphalt and other roof coatings. Plants making chiefly saw frames, saw tables, and sawing Rubber g oods other than tires, inner tubes, and boots and machines are not covered by this industry. Statistics for this shoes.——(8)——The principal products of the 412 manufacturing industry include the distribution of sales of secondary products plants covered by this classification are rubber belting and hose, and repair work, amounting to $4,381,721, but do not include rubber heels and soles, reclaimed rubber, rubberized fabrics, the distribution of sales of saws, valued at $2,164,729, made as and hard-rubber goods. The rubber-goods industry does not secondary products in other industries. include the manufacture of rubber-insulated wire and cable, Scales a nd balances.—(13)—This classification covers 59 which are classified in the “Electrical machinery, apparatus, manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making scales and and supplies” -industry. Statistics for this industry do not balances of all descriptions—-—stationary and portable, light and include the distribution of sales of these commodities, valued at heavy, spring and beam, counter and platform—and weighing $83,549,885, made as secondary products in other industries, machinery. Many of the scales and weighing machines have principally other rubber industries. automatic computing devices. Coin—operated mechanisms for Rubber t ires and inner tubes.—(8)——This classification covers weighing, laboratory scales and weights, and scale parts are also 91 manufacturing plants which are engaged primarily in making made by plants covered by this classification. Statistics for pneumatic tires, inner tubes, and solid and cushion rubber tires, this industry include the distribution of sales of secondary for any class of vehicles. Statistics for this industry include the products and repair work valued at $5,680,902. distribution of sales of secondary products valued at $93,812,206. Screw-machine p roducts and wood screws.—(11)—Th1s Saddlery a nd harness.—'(9)—This classification-covers 260 classification covers 273 manufacturing plants of two types: manufacturing plants engaged in making saddles and parts, (1) Plants engaged primarily in making machine screws and harness and parts, halters, horse boots, turf boots, feed bags, etc. other screw-machine products (a great variety of special parts,

SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 21

fmany o which are threaded) and (2) those whose principal toilet a rticles, ornaments, vases, fancy articles, novelties, silver products are screws for use in wood. Statistics for this industry deposited glassware and chinaware, etc. Statistics for this include the distribution of sales of secondary products, valued industry include the distribution of sales of small quantities of at $18,893,753, but do not include the distribution of sales of gold ware and other commodities, made as secondary products, these commodities, valued at $17,377,446, made as secondary valued at $5,787,839. products in other industries. Smelting a nd refining, copper.—This classification covers 26 Sewing m achines and attachments.—(l3)—This classifica manufacturing plants engaged primarily in smelting and refining tion covers 39 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in copper. (No distribution of sales data published. See text, making sewing machines (hand, foot, and power) for home and p. 2.) factory use, including those designed for sewing leather. Plants Smelting a nd refining, lead.—This classification covers 19 engaged primarily in making sewing-machine cases, cabinets, manufacturing plants engaged primarily in smelting and refining and tables, are classified in the “Furniture, including store and lead. (No distribution of sales data published. See text, p. 2.) office fixtures” industry. Smelting a nd refining, metals other than gold, silver, or plat Ship a nd boat building, steel and wooden, including repair inum, not from the ore.—This classification covers 106 manu work.—(14)——This classification covers 624 privately-owned facturing plants engaged primarily in the recovery of copper, manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the construction of lead, zinc, nickel, aluminum, and alloys thereof from scrap and water craft of any kind. The term “ship,” or “vessel” is dross. (N0 distribution of sales statistics published. See text, applied, for census purposes, to craft of 5 or more gross p. 2.) tonnage; the term “boat” is used in referring to craft of less Smelting a nd refining, zinc.——-The 30 manufacturing plants than 5 gross tonnage. Distribution of Sales data for this covered by this classification are engaged primarily in smelting industry do not include receipts for repairing or rebuilding, or and refining zinc. (No distribution of sales data published. work on vessels which were not completed during the year. See text, p. 2.) Shirts a nd collars.——(2)—The 878 manufacturing plants cov Soap.—(6)-—This c lassification covers 282 manufacturing ered by this classification are engaged primarily in making men's, plants engaged primarily in making soap and soap products, boys’ and juniors‘ shirts (including work shirts), and boys’ together with the soap departments of large slaughtering and blouses; and collars for men. meat-packing plants. The principal products are toilet soap, This c lassification is a combination of two Census of Manu white and yellow laundry soap, soap chips, and other hard factures industry classifications. They are the “Shirts,” and soaps; granulated and powdered soaps and soap powders; “Collars, men's” industries. The distribution of sales data shaving soap, cream, and powder; and soft, liquid, and paste for these two industries were combined in order to avoid soaps. Statistics for this industry include the distribution of disclosing the operations of individual plants. sales of secondary products, such as lye, glycerin, candles, Shortenings ( not including lard) and vegetable cooking oils.—— insecticides and disinfectants, and perfumes, cosmetics, and (1)—The 40 manufacturing plants covered by this classification toilet preparations, valued at $35,352,226. are engaged primarily in making shortenings and vegetable Soda-water a pparatus.—(16)—The 54 manufacturing plants cooking oils from materials including both animal and vegetable covered by this classification are engaged primarily in the substances. Statistics for this industry do not include the manufacture of complete soda fountains, and of tanks, siphons, distribution of sales of shortenings, valued at $57,573,659, and other parts and accessories. made as secondary products in other industries. Sporting a nd athletic goods, not including firearms or ammu Signs a nd advertising novelties.——The 1,239 manufacturing nition.—(16)—-This classification covers 242 manufacturing plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily in plants engaged primarily in the manufacture of a group of making neon and other electric signs; posters, show cards, and products which are not clearly defined in all respects but which window and lobby displays not lithographed or printed; name are designated in general as sporting and athletic goods. These plates and store-front signs; highway and other signs made in comprise not only such specific sporting equipment as that for the shop; and advertising novelties and devices. Sign painting fishing and hunting (except firearms and ammunition) and for and lettering done outside the shop are not included. (No athletic games and sports, such as golf, baseball, football, tennis, distribution of sales data published. See text, p. 2.) skating, etc., but also related commodities such as exercising Silk a nd rayon manufactures.—(2)—This classification covers machines and other gymnasium equipment and shooting 1,491 manufacturing plants falling in two classes: (1) those gallery equipment (not including firearms and ammunition). engaged primarily in the manufacture of silk and rayon fabrics Clothing and footwear made specifically for sporting and ath and other finished silk and rayon products, not including knit letic purposes, such as hunting coats and boots, bathing suits, fabrics, hosiery, and other knit goods made of silk and rayon, sweaters, tennis shoes, leggings, etc., do not come within the which are classified in the “Knit goods” industry; (2) those scope of this industry classification but are assigned to the engaged primarily in the manufacture of silk yarn (known clothing industries, the knit-goods industry, the boot and shoe technically as organzine, tram, and hard or crépe twist), spun industry, etc. silk, and rayon yarn (thrown, twisted, or otherwise changed Springs, s teel, except wire, not made in plants operated in into different forms from those in which purchased) and in the connection with rolling mills.——(11)—The 86 manufacturing dressing of warps. (Organzine and tram, which, when used in plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily in weaving, constitute, respectively, the warp and the filling of silk the manufacture of leaf springs—railway, motor-vehicle, car fabrics, are made from silk by the process of “throwing.” riage, wagon, etc—and of hot-wound springs, railway and Hard or crépe twist is yarn to which an extra twist has been other. Wire springs are products of the "Wirework, not else given. Spun silk is produced by spinning the short-fibered where classified” industry. silk from pierced cocoons or from waste silk which can not The p hrase “not made in plants operated in connection with be thrown by the usual method.) The greater part of the rolling mills” refers to production in plants operated entirely work performed by throwsters and by warpers is done on independently of rolling mills, although in some cases under contract. the same ownership. Silversmithing a nd silverware.~—(12)——This classification Statistics f or this industry include the distribution of sales covers 83 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making of secondary products, valued at $10,824,032, but do not include sterling-silver commodities, such as hollow and flat tableware. the distribution of sales of steel springs, valued at. $14,450,588, 22 D ISTRIBUTION mades a secondary products in other industries (including fittings a nd steam and hot-water heating apparatus have a rolling mills). separate industry classification. Stamped w are, enameled ware, and metal stamping, enamel Structural a nd ornamental iron and steel work, not made in ing, japanning, and lacquering.—(12)—This classification covers plants operated in connection with rolling mills.——(11)—This 582 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the stamping of classification covers 1,482 manufacturing plants engaged pri articles from sheet steel, tin, copper, and zinc, and, in many marily in assembling and fabricating structural steel for build cases, the enameling of these articles. The principal products ings and bridges, ornamental iron and steel work, balconies, are kitchen utensils, household and hospital ware, perforated bank fixtures, coal chutes, elevator inclosures, expanded metal metals, motor-vehicle parts and accessories, motor-vehicle for plaster and concrete work, iron fences, fire escapes, fireproof license plates, metal seals, and bottle and can caps and stoppers. moving-picture booths, gratings, portable steel buildings, etc. Statistics for this industry include the distribution of sales of The figures presented cover shop work only. secondary products, valued at $21,584,296, but do not include The t erm “not done in plants operated in connection with the distribution of sales of stamped and enameled ware, valued rolling mills” refers in some cases to plants having no connec at $42,620,000, made as secondary products in other industries. tion with rolling mills, and in other cases to plants under the Stationery g oods, not elsewhere classified.—(16)——The 203 same ownership as rolling mills but operated as independent manufacturing plants covered by this classification are engaged units and not usually located adjacent to the rolling mills. primarily in making papeterie and other stationers’ specialties, Sugar, b eet.—(1)—The 82 manufacturing plants covered inkstands, penholders, desk pads, calendars, copying devices, by this classification are engaged wholly or mainly in the school supplies, etc. manufacture of sugar from sugar beets. The schedule used Statuary a nd art goods, factory product.——(10)—This classi for this industry called for data in regard to sales during the fication covers 171 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in seasons 1928—1929. A few of the establishments, however, making ornamental plaster work, plaster casts, ecclesiastical appear to have reported sales for the crop year 1929—30. statuary, architectural sculpture, cast-bronze statues, and other Sugar, c ane, not including products of refineries.—(1)—This art goods of cement, plaster, and composition. The production classification covers 70 manufacturing plants engaged primarily of statuary by individual sculptors in their own studios is not, in making various grades of sugar, including refined sugar, and of course, a manufacturing process, and therefore is not covered sirup and molasses, from sugar-cane. The schedule used in by the Census of Manufactures. The sale of bronze statues cast canvassing the cane sugar industry called for data in regard to in bronze foundries engaged primarily in the manufacture of the sale of sugar during the season 1928—29 from cane grown other classes of products is included in the distribution of sales in 1928. Most of the establishments, however, reported their data for the “ N onferrous-metal alloys and products, not includ— sales for the calendar year 1929, or the seasons 1929—30. The ing aluminum products” industry. The term “art goods” is industry does not cover the refining of purchased cane sugar, necessarily vague, as there are many products of other industries which is classified as a separate industry. (All the plants to which it might be applied; but the art goods covered by this classified in this industry are located in Louisiana.) classification are more or less closely related to the art of Sugar r efining, cane.—(1)—This classification covers 21 sculpture. manufacturing plants engaged in the refining of raw cane sugar, Steam a nd other packing, pipe and boiler covering, and gas the greater part of which is imported. The cane-sugar refineries kets not elsewhere classified.—See “Asbestos products; steam are located in Continental United States, chiefly in or near the and other packing, pipe and boiler coverings, and gaskets not else seaports through which the raw materials are imported. where classified.” Surgical a nd orthopedic appliances, including artificial Steam fi ttings and steam and hot-water heating apparatus.— limbs.——(16)—This classification covers 363 manufacturing (ID—This classification covers 240 manufacturing plants plants engaged primarily in making surgical dressings, bandages engaged primarily in making steam and hot-water heating and gauze, braces, trusses, abdominal supports, suspensories, boilers, radiators, safety valves, vacuum gauges, heat regula elastic hosiery, anklets, kneecaps, pneumatic splints, extension tors, coils, unions, flanges, and similar fittings, and other classes shoes, arch supports, crutches, and artificial limbs. Manu of steam specialties. Statistics for this industry do not include facturers of surgical and dental instruments are included in the the distribution of sales of these commodities made as secondary “Instruments, professional and scientific” industry. products in other industries, principally the “Stoves and ranges Suspenders, g arters, and other elastic woven goods, made (other than electric) and warm-air furnaces” industry. from purchased webbing.——(2)—The 91 manufacturing plants Steel b arrels, kegs, and drums.—(11)—The 53 manufactur covered by this classification are engaged in making suspenders, ing plants covered by this classification are engaged primarily garters, and other elastic goods, made from purchased webbing. in making steel barrels, kegs, and drums for use as shipping Statistics for this industry also include the distribution of sales containers. of secondary products valued at $5,286,735. Stereotyping a nd electrotyping, not done in printing estab Tanning m aterials, natural dyestuffs, mordants and assist lishments.—This classification covers 230 plants engaged pri ants, and sizes.——(6)—This classification covers 126 manu marily in making stereotype and electrotype plates. (N0 dis facturing plants engaged primarily in making tanning extracts tribution of sales statistics published. See p. 2 of text.) and solutions, natural dyestuffs, mordants and assistants, and Stoves a nd ranges (other than electric) and warm-air fur sizes. Natural dyestuffs are made from woods, barks, leaves, naces.—(11)——This classification covers 609 manufacturing berries, and other forest and vegetable products. Artificial or plants engaged primarily in making stoves, ranges, heaters, and synthetic dyes are products of the “Chemicals, not elsewhere burners of all kinds (except those made for industrial use), classified” industry. Statistics for this industry include the designed to consume coal, wood, gas, oil, alcohol. acetylene, and distribution of sales of secondary products valued at $8,700,950. gasoline; flatirons heated with alcohol or other fuel burned Textile m achinery and parts.—-(13)——This classification cov internally; gas and oil appliances for heating water for kitchen ers 376 manufacturing plants, of which 160 are engaged or household use, and other gas-burning heating and cooking primarily in making complete machines of the following classes: appliances; warm-air furnaces, auxiliary and ventilating heaters, (1) Fiber-to-fabric machinery—that is, machinery for working and stove and furnace parts. The manufacture of electric raw stock, and all textile-mill machinery used in subsequent stoves, ranges, and heating appliances is included in the “Elec processes in the preparation of yarn for weaving, knitting, trical machinery, apparatus, and supplies” industry. Steam etc. ; (2) fabric machinery—looms, knitting machines, etc.;

SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 .23

(3) m achinery for bleaching, dyeing, printing, mercerizing, carriages a nd certain other classes of children’s wheel goods, and finishing, etc.; (4) miscellaneous textile machinery not included children’s sleds; apparatus for games, both for adults and for in any of the foregoing classes. Of the remainder, 175 manu children, except that classified under “Sporting and athletic facture extra parts, attachments, and accessories for textile goods, not including firearms or ammunition,” and ordinary machinery, and 41 produce and cover rolls. playing cards; playground equipment and lawn swings; toys of Theatrical s cenery and stage equipment.——(16)—This clas all kinds, such as dolls, doll parts, and doll clothes; toy furniture sification covers 55 manufacturing plants whose principal and utensils; mechanical toys and toy building blocks; toy products are scenery and curtains for theaters, halls, and drums; hobby horses and rockinghorses; kites; conjuring appara schools; stage hardware and equipment, other than electrical; tus, tricks, and puzzles; masks; marbles; educational boards; and floats for street pageants. Plants engaged in the manu toy pistols, air rifles, etc. facture of electrical stage equipment are classified in the This c lassification is a combination of two Census of Manu “Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies” industry. factures industry classifications. They are “Carriages and Tin a nd other foils, not including gold foiL—This classifica sleds, children’s” and “Toys (not including children’s wheel tion covers 7 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making goods or sleds) games, and playground equipment.” The tin, lead, aluminum, and composition foils. The distribution of distribution of sales data for these two industries were combined sales statistics for this industry could not be shown separately because of a considerable overlapping between them. without disclosing the operations of individual plants. For this Trimmings ( not made in textile mills) and stamped art goods reason the figures are included in the general classification for embroidering.——(2)—This classification covers 639 manufac “All other industries.” turing plants engaged primarily in making dress and coat Tin c ans and other tinware, not elsewhere classified.——(11)—— trimmings, millinery trimmings, tucking, pleating, hemstitching, This classification covers 232 manufacturing plants engaged bias bindings, crochet goods, and stamped art goods for embroid primarily in making, from purchased tin plate, hole-top, sani ering. Statistics for this industry include also the distribution tary, and general-line cans and packages, ice-cream and milk of sales of secondary products valued at $5,859,009. cans, pails, boxes, household and cooking utensils, and cabinet Trunks, s uitcases, and bags.—-(9)—This classification covers and other tinware, except stamped ware. Tin-can departments 467 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making trunks, operated by plants which manufacture tin cans for use as con valises, suitcases, traveling bags, satchels, Boston bags, carrying tainers for their own products are also included. Plants whose cases, brief cases, hatboxes, luncheon kits, etc. These commodi principal product is stamped tinware are classified in the ties are made principally from leather, but certain other materi “ Stamped ware, enameled ware, and metal stamping, enameling, als, such as imitation leather, Canvas, and fiber board, are also japanning, and lacquering” industry. used. 9 T obacco: Chewing and smoking, and snufi'.—(16)—This Turpentine a nd rosin.—(3)——This classification covers 1,183 classification covers 152 manufacturing plants engaged primarily manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the distillation of in making chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff. Statistics the semifluid exudation from certain species of pine trees. This for this industry do not include the distribution of sales of these exudation is known by various names, such as crude gum, crude commodities, valued at $87,917,300, made as secondary products turpentine, and dip. Relatively small quantities of wood in other industries chiefly the “cigars and cigarettes” industry. turpentine and wood rosin are obtained from pine wood by The n umbers of establishments shown in the census report fall steam and solvent extraction and by destructive distillation. below the corresponding numbers given in the report of the Plants engaged in the production of turpentine, or of both Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The differences are due to turpentine and rosin, by these methods are classified in the the following causes: (1) On the records of the Bureau of Internal “Wood-distillation” industry, and the sale of such production Revenue the same plant may appear two or more times—for is included in the distribution of sales data for that industry. example, as a manufacturer of cigars, as a manufacturer of The p roducing season in the turpentine and rosin industry chewing tobacco, and as a manufacturer of cigarettes—while commences in the spring when the sap begins to flow. In for census purposes such a plant might make only one report order to make the statistics conform as nearly as possible to and would be classified according to its product of chief value. the crop year and to make the task of reporting 12 months’ (2) A separate report is required by the Bureau of Internal activities less difficult for the operators, the data were collected Revenue for each factory, whereas in compiling the census for the crop year ending March 31. returns two or more factories operated under the same ownership Type f ounding.—This classification covers 19 manufacturing in the same city, town, or village are treated as a single plant. plants engaged primarily in making metal type, including that (3) Every dealer in scrap tobacco is required to register with the for typewriters and adding machines; and of brass rules, leads, Bureau of Internal Revenue, whereas the distribution of sales slugs, and related items. The distribution of sales data for statistics do not include data for dealers. (4) All growers of this industry could not be shown separately without disclosing perique tobacco are required by the Bureau of Internal Revenue the operations of individual plants. For this reason the figures to register as manufacturers of tobacco, but are not covered are included in the general classification “All other industries.” by this classification. (5) A considerable number of manufac Typewriters a nd parts.——(13)—This classification covers 26 turers registered for taxation purposes reported products valued manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making and rebuild at less than $5,000, and such plants are not covered by this ing typewriters and in making typewriter parts and attach classification. (See Explanation of Terms—manufacturing ments. plant.) Umbrellas, p arsols, and canes.—(16)-—This classification Tools, n ot including edge tools, machine tools, files, or saws.— covers 141 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making (11)—This classification covers 534 manufacturing plants umbrellas, parasols, canes, umbrella and parasol cases, handles engaged primarily in making plumbers’ and tinners’ tools, other than gold or silver, and frames and other parts for um stonecutters’ tools, wrenches, punches, pliers, calking tools, nail brellas and parasols. pullers, and other mechanical hand tools except edge tools, files, Upholstering m aterials, not elsewhere classified.—(2)—The and saws; other hand tools and implements, such as shovels, 53 manufacturing plants covered by this classification are those scoops, hoes, rakes, forks, etc. whose principal products are curled hair and ginned mass, for Toys, g ames, playground equipment, and children’s carriages use as upholstery materials. Some of them also report such and sleds.——(16)—The 555 manufacturing plants covered by products as jute-fiber batting, sisal-fiber filling, palm-leaf fiber, this classification are engaged primarily in making children’s carpet padding, gimps and binding for automobile upholstery, 24 ' D ISTRIBUTION and t assels. This classification does not include the manufac Wire, d rawn from purchased bars or r0ds.——(11)—This ture of upholstery fabrics in textile mills. classification covers 81 manufacturing plants engaged primarily Vinegar a nd cider.-—(1)—This classification covers -172 in drawing wire from purchased bars or rods of iron, steel, manufacturing plants engaged primarily in making vinegar and copper, or other metals. The statistics for this industry do not cider in factories, not including small custom mills nor those include the distribution of sales of wire, valued at $361,069,774, located on farms. Statistics for this industry do not include the made as secondary products in other industries, principally the distribution of sales of vinegar and cider, valued at $8,251,386, wire departments of steel works and rolling mills and brass and made as secondary products in other industries, principally the copper rolling mills, which value is greater than that of the fruit and vegetable canning and preserving industry. production of the “Wire, drawn from purchased bars or rods” Wall p aper.—(4)—The 56 manufacturing plants covered by industry. this classification are engaged primarily in designing and print Wirework, n ot elsewhere classified.——(11)—This classifica ing wall paper, using as their principal material “hanging tion covers 547 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in paper” manufactured in paper mills. making, from purchased wire, commodities such as woven-wire Wall p laster, wall board, insulating board, and floor com fencing, fly screening, wire cloth and netting, Fourdrinier and position.——(10)—-—This classification covers 236 manufacturing cylinder wire cloth, wire rope and cable, barbed wire, tire plants engaged primarily in making gypsum board, gypsum chains, bale ties, wire guards, partitions and grille work, wire and other plasters, fiber wall and insulating board (except as trays and baskets, kitchen wire goods, and wire springs. It explained below), and floor composition. Plants engaged in does not cover plants which manufacture insulated wire from mixing lime and other materials for sale as pre-mixed plaster purchased plain wire, such plants being classified in the “Elec are classified in this industry, but those engaged in burning trical machinery, apparatus, and supplies” industry. More lime to be used in lime plaster are assigned to the lime industry. fabricated wire products are made as secondary products in Plants which manufacture wall board or insulating board on other industries than as primary products of this industry. paper machines without further processing it are classified in Statistics for this classification do not include the distribution the paper industry. Statistics for this industry include the of sales of such secondary production. distribution of sales of secondary products, valued at $9,003,905, Wood d istillation and charcoal manufacture.——(6)-—This but do not include the distribution of sales of these commodities, classification covers 91 manufacturing plants of three types: valued at $14,671,502, made as secondary products in other (1) Those engaged in hardwood distillation; (2) those engaged industries. in softwood distillation; (3) those engaged in charcoal manu Washing m achine, wringer, driers, and ironing machines, facture by means of kilns or pits. The principal products of for household use.-—(l3)—This classification covers 65 manu hardwood distillation are methanol, acetate of lime and its facturing plants engaged primarily in making washing machines, derivatives, charcoal, and tar. The principal products of wringers, driers, and ironing machines, other than those used softwood distillation are turpentine, rosin, pine oil, tar, tar oils, in commercial laundries, whether operated by hand power or and charcoal. Two distinct processes are employed in wood by mechanical power. distillation, namely, destructive distillation and the steam Waste.—(2)—The 1 36 manufacturing plants covered by this process. In the manufacture of charcoal by the carbonizing classification are those engaged in cleaning or otherwise pre of wood in kilns or by the pit method the volatile substances are paring purchased waste of cotton, wool, or other fiber by the use driven off and lost, leaving charcoal and wood tar as the only of pickers or similar machines, and in the manufacture of wiping products. rags and oakum. Wood p reserving.——(3)—This industry covers 199 manufac Watch a nd clock materials and parts, except watchcases.— turing plants engaged primarily in treating wood with creosote, See “Clocks, watches, and parts” industry. zinc chloride, or other preservatives to prevent decay and for Watchcases.—Sec " Clocks, watches, and parts n industry. protection against insects. The treatment is applied either Watches a nd watch movements—See “Clocks, watches, and under pressure or by a non pressure process. Among the parts” industry. products are railway ties, poles, paving blocks, etc. The Whips.—(16)——-The 8 m anufacturing plants covered by this treatment of battery separators and the staining of wood classification are engaged primarily in making whips and crops, shingles are also included under this classification. The distri whipstocks, whip handles, whiplashes, etc. Statistics for this bution of sales statistics shown for this industry represent only industry do not include the distribution of sales of whips, sales of products owned by the plants; the value of goods made valued at $103,875, made as secondary products in other and consumed, and of wood merely treated for others, is not industries. included in the distribution of sales statistics for this classifica Windmills a nd windmill towers.—(13)—-—The 15 manufac tion. turing plants covered by this classification, are those whose Wood t urned and shaped and other wooden goods, not else principal products are windmills, accessories, parts, and wind where classified.——(3)—This classification covers 894 manu mill towers. Some of these plants manufacture water tanks as facturing plants engaged primarily in turning and shaping wood secondary products. and in making wood handles; furniture turnings and shapes; Window a nd door screens and weather strip.—(3)—This textile-machinery turnings and shapes; vehicle stock; rough~ classification covers 280 manufacturing plants engaged pri turned toys, toy parts, and novelties; turned and shaped marily in making window screens, door screens, and weather woodenware, including wood dishes, skewers, clothespins, and strip, regardless of the materials used. Statistics for this clothes bars; ladders and scaffolding equipment; and miscellane industry include the distribution of sales of secondary products, ous turned and shaped wooden products. valued at $3,103,983, but do not include the distribution of Woolen g oods and worsted goods.——(2)—-This classification sales of window and door screens and weather strip made as covers 724 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the secondary products in other industries valued at $6,996,219. production of woolen goods (made of carded yarns, the fibers Window s hades and fixtures.—(16)—~This classification of which are to some extent crossed) or worsted goods (Made covers 482 manufacturing plants whose principal products are of combed yarns from which the short fibers have been removed window shades, window-shade rollers, and fixtures; and curtain and the long fibers left in a more or less parallel condition). poles, rods, and fixtures. oi T a considerable extent woolen goods are made by worsted SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 25 mills a nd worsted goods by woolen mills as secondary products, Wool s hoddy.—(2)—This classification covers 50 manu and for this reason the distribution of sales data for the two facturing plants engaged primarily in the recovery of wool types of establishments have been combined. fiber from rags, waste, noils, tailors’ clippings, etc. The This c lassification is a combination of two Census of Manu products are termed “shoddy,” “mungo,” “flocks” (the result factures industry classifications. They are “Woolen Goods” of shearing cloth), and “wool extract.” The recovered fiber and “ Worsted Goods.” The distribution of sales data for these may be used alone or mixed with new materials for various textile two industries were combined because of a considerable over purposes. lapping between them. . Worsted g oods—See “Woolen goods and worsted goods '7 Wool p ulling.———This classification covers 18 manufacturing industry. plants engaged wholly or mainly in pulling wool from pelts. Wrought p ipe, welded and heavy riveted, not made in plants Considerable wool pulling is done in tanning and in slaughter operated in connection with rolling mills.—(11)—This classi ing and meat-packing plants, but this work is not represented fication covers 50 manufacturing plants engaged primarily in the statistics for the wool-pulling industry. The distribution in making boiler tubes, oil-country casing, tubing, and pipe, of sales data for this industry could not be shown separately other black and galvanized wrought pipe, electrical conduit, without disclosing operations of individual plants. For this and heavy-riveted pipe. Statistics for this industry do not reason the figures are included in the general classification include the distribution of sales of these commodities, valued “ All other industries.” at $330,617,562, made as secondary products in other indus Wool s couring—This classification covers 21 manufacturing tries, principally the “Steel works and rolling mill products” plants of two types (1) independent plants engaged primarily industry which value is greater than that of the production in scouring, sorting, and carbonizing wool owned by others, of the wrought pipe industry. and (2) independent plants engaged primarily in scouring, The p roduction of seamless tubes from pierced billets is sorting, and carbonizing purchased wool. The distribution of classified in the rolling-mill industry. The phrase “not made in sales data for this industry could not be shown separately with plants operated in connection with rolling mills” refers to plants out disclosing the operations of individual plants. For this operated entirely independently of rolling mills, although in some reason the figures are included in the general classification cases under the same ownership. “All other industries.”