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ACCIDENTAL HEROES Britain, France and the Libya Operation

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ACCIDENTAL HEROES Britain, France and the Libya Operation ACCIDENTAL HEROES Britain, France and the Libya Operation An Interim RUSI Campaign Report, September 2011 Key Points Introduction Britain, France and the United States can details and judgments that have not • Britain and France found take some justifiable credit for the appeared in any other form and reflects themselves, uniquely, in the success of the Libyan operation. on some of the less obvious aspects of lead in an operation where the Whatever happens next in Libya, there the campaign. More extensive reports US pulled out of the combat at can be no doubting that the allied air will follow as information is gathered. an early stage; operation was critical to saving many • NATO found itself operating in innocent lives and removing a dictatorial Several features of this operation show new ways that will change the regime. Britain and France, almost alone evidence of improvisation, innovation, alliance; among the international community, and good luck, as well as the characteristic • The operation was unlike any took a consistent and robust line from military professionalism of the allied of those of the last decade, but the beginning and have now seen it forces involved. Non-NATO forces were more like those of two decades through to the verge of military success. integrated into an improvised command ago; They deserve the plaudits. structure that was then operated • The air and maritime campaign through NATO, while the alliance was demonstrated the success of The two allies have thus emerged as the politically divided about it. Surveillance precision weapons but also most key political and military players systems and weapons themselves were their dependency on high tech from a small war in which they had adapted and used in different ways; air- nothing much to gain and a lot of to-ground communications were ISTAR technologies; reputation to lose. Prime Minister minimal – an unusual situation in The maritime aspects of the • Cameron and President Sarkozy became conflicts such as this – and special forces campaign may re-ignite the accidental heroes in a civil war, justified from a number of different countries ‘aircraft carrier debate’ in – unlike most civil wars – on grounds of appear to have played important roles in Britain. principle. a conflict where foreign forces on Libyan • The RAF and the Royal Navy had territory were explicitly ruled out by the to divert assets from other tasks Like all military operations, this one was United Nations. to undertake this operation and more messy and ambiguous than successfully improvised some politicians like to admit. In this particular Amid the justifiable satisfaction of combat systems; case, it reflected a number of new, and military success, this was nevertheless a • Special forces operations on sometimes novel, political and military curious operation – both politically and the ground were extensive and elements. This Interim Report on the militarily – that will offer many pointers multinational. They helped turn Libya operation marks the opening of for the future and will require careful the tide between the rebels and RUSI’s research work to examine all analysis. Qadhafi’s forces. aspects of the campaign. It includes CONTENTS pg 2 pg 5 pg 8 pg 10 pg 13 The Road to War The Air Operation The Maritime The Ground Offensive Conclusion Contribution Timeline David Cameron approves the deployment of four 15 Feb Protests begin against the Qadhafi regime across Libya 27 May Apache attack helicopters • Special Forces enter Libya to aid the evacuation of foreign nationals 24 - • Rebels in Misrata fight against government forces First strikes by Apache attack helicopters near the town 4 Jun 25 Feb beginning the siege of the city of Brega • Zawiyah, to the west of Tripoli, also falls to rebel forces UN passes Resolution 1970 imposing arms embargo Rebels from the Nafusa Mountains take the town of 26 Feb 7 Jun and freezing assets of Qadhafi family Yafran The International Criminal Court (ICC) confirms it French military officials confirm that weapons had 3 Mar is investigating alleged crimes against humanity 29 Jun been air-dropped to rebels in the Nafusa Mountains committed by the Qadhafi regime. The rebel National Transitional Council (NTC) declares The Italians announce they will withdraw their 5 Mar 6 Jul itself the true representative of Libya carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi from Libya to save on costs • Qadhafi forces retake Zawiyah, 175 rebel soldiers reportedly killed • The African Union (AU) reject foreign military West of Misrata on the road to Tripoli, rebels enter 10 Mar 1 Aug intervention in Libya Zlitan in a renewed offensive • Qadhafi counteroffensive continues towards eastern city of Benghazi French carrier Charles De Gaulle leaves Libya and 12 Mar The Arab League backs a no-fly zone over Libya 10 Aug returns to Toulon for maintenance • Rebels capture Sorman and Sabratha, west of Tripoli and continue fighting for Zawiyah. UN passes Resolution 1973 authorising a ‘no-fly zone’ 14 - 17 Mar • Main supply lines from Tunisia to Tripoli are cut. over Libya – China and Russia abstain 15 Aug • Rebels in the Nafusa Mountain region reportedly control Gharyan and Tiji • US, UK and French military assets begin bombing campaign Rebels push into Tripoli as part of a ‘three-pronged’ • Italian carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi leaves the port of 19 Mar 20 Aug assault called ‘Operation Mermain Dawn’ on the Taranto Libyan capital • First RAF Tornado aircraft arrive at Gioia del Colle airbase in Italy • Rebels push out of Benghazi in second-offensive • French carrier Charles De Gaulle leaves Toulon Naval Rebels enter Qadhafi’s Tripoli compound in Bab al- 20 Mar 23 Aug Base for Libya Azizia, signifying the end of the Qadhafi regime • First RAF Typhoon aircraft arrive at Gioia del Colle • NATO takes over from the US command enforcing • Libyan interim leader, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, arrives in no-fly zone, it is named Operation Unified Protector Tripoli 25 Mar 10 Sep • Fierce fighting in Ajdabiya leads to rebel victory, they • Strong opposition encountered in Qadhafi push onto Brega, Ras Lanuf and Bin Jawad strongholds of Ban Walid and Sirte Qadhafi forces go on the offensive and retake Brega David Cameron and Nicolas Sarkozy visit interim 7 Apr 15 Sep beginning a stalemate between the opposing forces government in Tripoli. French Defence Minister Gerard Longuet confirms that 24 May 20 Sep Heavy fighting continues in Ban Walid and Sirte France will send attack helicopters to Libya Compiled by Grant Turnbull 2 | RUSI Interim Libya Campaign Report The Road to War There was something surprising – even to London and Paris – about the way unfolding events in Libya drew the two European powers into the leading roles they played. The protests on Libyan streets that began on 15 February rapidly became an outright challenge to the authority of the Qadhafi regime and within weeks a full-scale civil war had erupted across Libya, with rebel forces first on the offensive in Cyrenaica moving out from Benghazi, and in Tripolitania, west and south of Tripoli itself. Once government forces had recovered from the immediate shock of rebellion, they fought back with evident brutality directed at population centres, and rapidly reversed rebel gains in a series of helter-skelter engagements along the coastal strip of the country. Within two weeks the Libyan government was being widely condemned for its indiscriminate Prime Minister David Cameron (left), NTC Chair Mustafa Abdul Jalil and President Nicolas Sarkozy. attacks on civilians.1 Photo courtesy of the Prime Minister’s Office rapid international recognition. On 7 Colonel Qadhafi and his heir, Saif al- By the first week of March, the idea that March, the Gulf Cooperation Council Islam, evidently felt that they could snuff an international coalition should enforce (GCC) supported the establishment of a out the rebellion before any of this could a no-fly zone over Libya was being no-fly zone, and the following day the take effect, and they made blood- publically debated. But there was Organisation of the Islamic Conference curdling threats against the people of widespread scepticism both about its (OIC) did the same. The African Union, Benghazi. political feasibility and its utility in meeting on 10 March, pointedly rejected protecting Libya’s civilians from a the notion of any foreign military France and Britain took the diplomatic vengeful leadership in Tripoli. In the reaction to events in Libya. NATO beefed lead in outlining a toughly worded UN United States, John Kerry, Chairman of up its naval operations in the resolution to impose a no-fly-zone. This the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Mediterranean to give itself more was drafted more in anger than called for a no-fly zone, as did Senator options in the crisis and the NATO anticipation of success but it would John McCain. But Defense Secretary, Secretary General continued planning clarify Paris and London’s position. The Robert Gates, pointed out that such a for a no-fly zone. The EU had met at head key moment came on Saturday 12 March zone would require an outright attack on of state level to increase the pressure on when the Arab League explicitly called Libya to disable its extensive air defence Qadhafi; and the UN dispatched a peace for a no-fly-zone. By Tuesday a draft UN system, while Chairman of the Joint envoy to Tripoli. resolution was in circulation via France Chiefs, Admiral Mike Mullen, regarded a and Britain. US Secretary of State Hillary no-fly zone as an ‘extremely complex The critical days were from 12-17 March. 2 Clinton urged support for it on operation’. Besides, Russia and China Up to this point, it was clear that the Wednesday 16 March and Prime Minister argued against the concept, both in international community was alarmed Cameron and President Sarkozy were principle and on practical grounds, so by events in Libya, but evidently split working the international phones to gain the chances of UN Security Council over how to react.
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