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Baltic Security and Defence Review, 2012 Baltic Security and Defence Review Volume 14, Issue 2 2012 Baltic Security and Defence Review is the publication of the Baltic Defence College © 2012, Baltic Defence College, All rights reserved ISSN 1736-3772 (print) 1736-3780 (online) Editorial Board Editor: Dr. James S. Corum, Dean, Baltic Defence College Deputy editor Mr. James Rogers, Baltic Defence College Harold E. Raugh, Jr., Ph.D. Command Historian, V Corps Lt. Col. John Andreas Olsen PhD, Norwegian Air Force, Dean, Norwegian Defence University College Dr. Augustine Meaher, Department of Political and Strategic Studies, Baltic Defence College Dr. Hannu Kari, Finnish National Defence University Dr. Flemming Hansen, Royal Danish Defence College Dr. Maja Ericksson, Swedish National Defence Academy Erik Mannik, International Centre for Defence Studies Dr. Olaf Mertelsmann, Tartu University Dr. Margarita Seselgyte, Vilnius University Lithuania Dr. Zaneta Ozolina, University of Latvia Assistant editor and layout: Berit Marksoo Cover and print: Tartu University Press www.tyk.ee Electronic version of the Baltic Security and Defence Review can be accessed on the website of the Baltic Defence College at www.bdcol.ee All articles of the Baltic Security and Defence Review are also available through the International Relations and Security Network (ISN) at www.isn.ethz.ch All inquiries should be made to the Baltic Defence College, Riia 12, 51013 Tartu, Estonia, ph: +372 717 6000, fax: +372 717 6050, e-mail: [email protected] Disclaimer: The Baltic Defence College publishes the Baltic Security and Defence Review as a journal of research and commentary on security issues in order to facilitate academic discussion. The views presented in the articles are those only of the authors, and do not represent any official views of the three Baltic States, or their armed forces, or of the Baltic Defence College. Baltic Security and Defence Review Vol 14, Issue 2, 2012 Contents The Polish Air Force Operations in Air Policing over the Baltic States and the Future of the Mission By Major General (ret.) PhD, Krzysztof Załęski ........................................... 4 Operation Unified Protector: Triumph or Warning Sign? By Colonel Daniel F. Baltrusaitis and Professor Mark E.Duckenfield ............................................................ 21 Toward a NATO-African Union Partnership: Structuring Future Engagement By Paul Pryce ........................................................................................ 48 Monitoring and evaluation in multifunctional operations – A critical examination of key challenges for military organizations in measuring what matters By David Harriman ............................................................................... 77 The Concept and Framework of Pre-emptive Strategic Development Operations By Rene Toomse ................................................................................... 102 The Military and the Management Movement By Eric A. Sibul PhD .......................................................................... 147 Hellyer and the Unification of Canada’s Armed Forces Lt. Col. J E M Carey-Hughes ............................................................... 181 3 Vol 14, Issue 2, 2012 Baltic Security and Defence Review The Polish Air Force Operations in Air Policing over the Baltic States and the Future of the Mission By Major General (ret.) PhD, Krzysztof Załęski Air Force Academy, Dęblin, Poland The end of the 20th century was significant for Europe as the dependencies of the former bilateral world were swept away. In the eastern part of the continent new states emerged, among them freshly independent countries of the Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. At the same time, they began their efforts to build new, self-governing states to be fully integrated into Europe. National security emerged as one of the main challenges; especially an understanding of an ongoing threat was a concern that was still in the minds of the people who were ready to face any challenger. Currently, national security system can be described as, “a state of balance of the existing threats and the state’s defence potential that allows the state to retain its territory, organize protection of its citizen, and provide support to the vital economic and political interests of the state by means of various available resources that also include economic, political, diplomatic and military means.”1 Thus, it is a multidimensional issue that concerns all the elements of power.2 One of the main efforts of governments has been to create capable armed forces and it this is a task complicated by the lack of resources. At the start of the emergence of the new Baltic States governments the main interest was to establish and maintain closer relations with the Western nations and this became the basic principle of the foreign policy of the all three nations. This has been successful mainly because of the good political climate and the will of both European Union and NATO nations to cooperate with the three Baltic States. This policy was closely related to the geopolitics of the region and was attentively observed by the Russian Federation. The flights of Russian bombers into the airspace of the Baltic States are a constant interest in that part of Europe. The lack of airspace security was noted by NATO and NATO responded to the potential threat in order to show its commitment to the region. In this context NATO activated the air policing mission. However, it is also important to note that there is no aggressive intent against Russia on NATO’s part related to the mission. The aim of air policing “is going to be a general 4 Baltic Security and Defence Review Vol 14, Issue 2, 2012 patrolling exercise. We consider Russia to be our friends, by the way.”3 However, incidents related to the airspace above Baltic States are still taking place. For example, on 17 February, 2012, “two German fighter jets, (F-4 Phantoms) …, identified and escorted two Russian aircraft TU-22M flying over the Baltic Sea.”4 This was a routine and preannounced flight. However, there are also “unannounced” flights that take place in the framework of training. This is especially the case when the Baltic States’ neighbours conduct large scale exercises in the area. Currently there are ongoing discussions regarding the future of the air policing mission over three Baltic States. The purpose of this article is to present some possible long-term solutions to provide effective air security in the north-east flank of NATO territory. The first part of the article presents the origins of the mission to include some restraints related to very limited air defence capabilities of the air forces of the Baltic States. The second part will present the Polish Air Force’s contribution to air policing mission to highlight the value of performing this mission for the contributing nations. This task is beneficial not only when air space protection is considered, but also includes many positive benefits not only for NATO and the Baltic State but also for all the member s of the Alliance. This article will also discuss future options that take into consideration the multidimensional approach of NATO, the position of the Baltic States, as well as the limitations imposed by technical and infrastructure issues. The current developments are presented along with recommendations regarding the future of the air policing mission, with an emphasis on the position of the political and military leadership of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The origins of air-policing mission in the Baltic States Upon independence in the early 1990s the three Baltic countries began to create armed forces to face the possible threat in all the dimensions of the contemporary battle field. The service developed the most quickly were the land forces founded on trained officers and NCOs. Then came the acquisition of equipment with the help of the Western countries, which is still ongoing. The Baltic States forces were based on light infantry units supported by the creation of paramilitary National Guard type force. Some international exercises took place such as the “Baltic Challenge” in Klaipeda in 1998. These exercises were designed to demonstrate the newly begun cooperation and shared security concerns. At the same time as the 5 Vol 14, Issue 2, 2012 Baltic Security and Defence Review land forces were developed, the Baltic States developed navies with some basic capabilities to patrol territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. A much more complicated situation occurred in the case of developing air forces. At the end of the Soviet era there were few real air capabilities available although there were some qualified personnel on hand. There was infrastructure left after Soviet military left the Baltic countries, for example Tartu Air Base (Raadi Airfield), which had been the home base of the Soviet Air Force 132nd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment. But this base was in poor condition and the land has been turned over to the used for the new Estonian National Museum. For developing the air forces the main Baltic States’ effort was to improve the Ämari Air Base and to make it ready to support NATO air forces, to include support of standard NATO equipment and services in case it becomes necessary to offer host nation support. In Lithuania the most important air effort was to adapt the Šiauliai International Airport (Zokniai Airport) as this had been one of the largest military airports in the former Soviet Union. In spite of some problems,
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