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Líbia: Um Estudo Da Intervenção Internacional De 2011 E De Seus Aspectos Jurídicos E Políticos

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Líbia: Um Estudo Da Intervenção Internacional De 2011 E De Seus Aspectos Jurídicos E Políticos UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS BRUNO BERRETTINI CAMPONÊS DO BRASIL LÍBIA: UM ESTUDO DA INTERVENÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE 2011 E DE SEUS ASPECTOS JURÍDICOS E POLÍTICOS São Paulo 2017 BRUNO BERRETTINI CAMPONÊS DO BRASIL LÍBIA: UM ESTUDO DA INTERVENÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE 2011 E DE SEUS ASPECTOS JURÍDICOS E POLÍTICOS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Pedro Bohomoletz de Abreu Dallari Versão corrigida A versão original se encontra disponível na Biblioteca do Instituto de Relações Internacionais e na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP, documentos impresso e eletrônico. Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo Brasil, Bruno Berrettini Camponês do Líbia: um estudo da intervenção internacional de 2011 e de seus aspectos jurídicos e políticos. / Bruno Berrettini Camponês do Brasil – Orientador: Pedro Bohomoletz de Abreu Dallari. São Paulo: 2017. 312 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Relaçõe s Internacionais. Universidade de São Paulo. 1. Intervenção na crise (Líbia). 2. Resolução 1973 - Responsabilidade de Proteger (Líbia). 3. Direito internacional. 4. Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) - Conselho de Segurança. I. Dallari, Pedro Bohomoletz de Abreu. II. Título. Brasil, Bruno Berrettini Camponês do Líbia: um estudo da intervenção internacional de 2011 e de seus aspectos jurídicos e políticos. / Bruno Berrettini Camponês do Brasil – Orientador: Pedro Bohomoletz de Abreu Dallari. São Paulo: 2017. 312 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de RelaçõesCDD Internacionais. 347.612 Universidade de São Paulo. 1. Intervenção na crise (Líbia). 2. Resolução 1973 - Responsabilidade de Proteger (Líbia). 3. Direito internacional. 4. Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) - Conselho de Segurança. I. Dallari, Pedro Bohomoletz de Abreu. II. Título. CDD 347.612 DEDICATÓRIA Aos meus pais, Osiris e Lia, responsáveis por tudo o que sou. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Universidade de São Paulo e a seu Instituto de Relações Internacionais, por terem aberto suas portas a mim. Agradeço a meu orientador, professor Pedro Bohomoletz de Abreu Dallari, por ter-me auxiliado nesta empreitada e por ter-me dado oportunidades que permitiram meu crescimentoprofissional. Agradeço, também, aos professores Arlene Clemesha, Alberto Pfeifer, Ceciclia Baeza, Feliciano Guimarães, Geraldo Adriano Campos, Guilherme Casarões, Hussein Kalout, Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro e Ricardo Sennes, com os quais participei de diversos eventos realizados no Instituto de Relações Internacionais e no Grupo de Análise da Conjuntura Internacional, o que foi crucial não só para minha pesquisa, mas também para minha formação intelectual. Agradeço, em especial, ao professor Álvaro Vasconcelos, com quem convivi intensamente nos anos de 2014 e 2015 e com quem aprendi muito a respeito sobre variados temas, sobretudo o Oriente Médio e os levantes populares nos países árabes em 2011. Junto a ele, bem como aos professores acima referidos, ajudei a realizar o Curso de Introdução Geoestratégica ao Médio Oriente e a conferência internacional intitulada Brazil and the Middle East: Shaping new patterns of connections?, que me foram fundamentais neste período de crescimento interno. Agradeço ao funcionários do Instituto de Relações Internacionais, principalmente a Giselle Castro, a Adriana Castilho, a Cristina Bonavita e a Patrícia Staaks, que muito me ajudaram em diferentes fases desta empreitada. RESUMO Este trabalho tem dois grandes objetivos: analisar a intervenção internacional ocorrida na Líbia em 2011 pelas perspectivas do direito internacional e das relações internacionais, e tratar da atual conjuntura do país no pós-intervenção. Quanto ao primeiro objetivo, aborda-se toda a evolução do uso da força no sistema internacional até o desenvolvimento do conceito de Responsabilidade de Proteger, que constitui o ponto de confluência da longa tradição de guerra justa, do adensamento normativo do direito internacional (sobretudo do jus ad bellum e do jus in bello), da ampliação das atribuições do Conselho de Segurança da ONU e das transformações dos conflitos armados. Após, verificam-se as resoluções aprovadas entre fevereiro e outubro de 2011, sobretudo a Resolução 1973, que autorizou o uso da força para a proteção de civis. Passa-se a estabelecer os limites jurídicos do mandato interventor, visando a determinar se as ações dos Estados mandatados se coadunaram com os parâmetros jurídicos existentes. Nesse sentido, recorre-se ao contexto político no Conselho de Segurança da ONU existente na aprovação da Resolução 1973 e no decorrer da intervenção. Conclui-se que a coalition of the willing violou a Resolução 1973 e o direito internacional ao promover mudança de regime, ao fornecer aos rebeldes armamentos ofensivos e treinamento militar, bem como ao coordenar-se com eles, ao bombardear civis, ao rejeitar propostas de paz da União Africana após a proteção a Benghazi e ao procurar derrotar militarmente o regime de Kadafi. Em seguida, estudam-se as políticas externas dos Estados-membros permanentes do Conselho de Segurança da ONU em 2011, tanto suas diretrizes gerais quanto os objetivos específicos para o Oriente Médio e a Líbia. São analisadas as razões por que Estados Unidos, França e Reino Unido decidiram intervir e por que não houve vetos de Rússia e China. Quanto ao segundo objetivo, estuda-se a atual situação da Líbia, a fim de verificar as principais causas de sua presente instabilidade, bem como os fatores por que Estados mandatados pouco se comprometeram com a reconstrução do país após a intervenção. Apontam-se como fatores de instabilidade a proliferação de grupos armados fora de efetivo controle estatal, fronteiras porosas aliadas a crescimento de tráficos e contrabando, vazio institucional desde a independência, hesitante identidade nacional e constante dicotomia centro-periferia. Iniciativas de reconstrução pós-conflito tampouco constituíram norma jurídica a obrigar os Estados. Alto custo financeiro e político de missões de paz/estabilização (capacetes azuis), a exemplo daquelas no Afeganistão e Iraque, em contexto de crise econômica, falta de apoio popular nos principais Estados mandatados e entre as novas lideranças líbias contribuíram para missão da ONU de baixo perfil. Eventos na Líbia de 2011 indicam que intervenções para proteção de civis seguem lógica de maximizar benefícios pretendidos e minimizar custos (Rationality to Protect). Spillover regional da instabilidade e novas intervenções internacionais na Líbia pós-2011 seguido de Mea culpa das principais lideranças dos Estados mandatados. Palavras-chave: Oriente Médio, Líbia, Resolução 1973, Responsabilidade de Proteger, direito internacional, ONU, Conselho de Segurança ABSTRACT This research has two objectives: to analyse the 2011 international intervention in Libya through the lenses of both international law and international relations, and to discuss Libya’s post-intervention political process. Regarding the first objective, the historic evolution of the use of force in international law until the development of the concept of Responsibility to Protect is discussed. Responsibility to Protect is the point into which the long tradition of just war, the development of international law (especially the rules of jus ad bellum and jus in bello), the growing responsibilities of the UN Security Council in the maintenance of world peace and security, and the changing nature of armed conflicts converge. Also, all the resolutions passed by the UN Security Council between February and October 2011 are examined in detail, especially Resolution 1973, which authorised the use of force to protect civilians in Libya, in order to verify if the actions of the states that took part in the intervention were consistent with the existing legal parameters. In this regard, the political context of the UN Security Council when Resolution 1973 was passed and during the intervention is taken into consideration. It is therefore concluded that the coalition of the willing violated Resolution 1973 and international law by promoting regime change, by sending weapons to the rebels, by training and coordinating with them, by bombing civilians, by rejecting the African Union peace overtures after Benghazi was secured, and by pursuing the military defeat of Gaddafi’s forces. Moreover, the foreign policies of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are analysed, including the strategies concerning the Middle East and North Africa, as well as those concerning Libya in 2011. Thus, the motives that led the United States, France, and Great Britain to push for intervention, as well as those that drove Russia and China to abstain, are explained. As for the second objective, the current political situation of Libya is analysed, especially the reasons for its post-intervention instability, as well as the causes of the intervening states’ lack of commitment to post-conflict reconstruction. Libya’s political instability derives mostly from the proliferation of armed groups that are not placed under effective government control, from porous borders, from the growth of human and drug trafficking as well as smuggling routes, from
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