Six Mois De Guerre Civile En Libye

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Six Mois De Guerre Civile En Libye ÉTUDES, REPORTAGES, RÉFLEXIONS SIX MOIS DE GUERRE CIVILE EN LIBYE ■ ADRIEN JAULMES ■ ls étaient descendus sans armes dans les rues en février der- nier pour manifester contre le régime de Kadhafi . Ils étaient Iétudiants, informaticiens, coiffeurs, employés, footballeurs, réclamant un peu plus de liberté, comme leurs voisins tunisiens et égyptiens. Six mois plus tard, les manifestants sont devenus des gué- rilleros, et paradent dans Tripoli les armes à la main, juchés sur des pick-up équipés de mitrailleuses lourdes et de canons sans recul, tirant en l’air des rafales de joie. La révolution libyenne a commencé comme en Tunisie et en Égypte, par des manifestations non violentes. Mais au lieu de déboucher sur la chute rapide du dictateur, elle a tourné à la guerre civile, et le printemps libyen à l’été meurtrier. Au lieu de quelques semaines de protestations, il a fallu aux Libyens six mois de combats et l’appui aérien des Occidentaux pour se débarrasser enfi n d’un dictateur aussi violent que tenace. La Libye sort profondément bouleversée de ces six mois de guerre civile. Ce petit pays à la population paisible, conservateur 17 11110ETUDES015.indd110ETUDES015.indd 1717 114/09/114/09/11 111:311:31 ÉTUDES, REPORTAGES, RÉFLEXIONS Six mois de guerre civile en Libye et bourré de pétrole, aurait dû selon toute logique connaître un destin comparable à celui d’un émirat tranquille du golfe Arabo- persique. L’apparition, à la fi n des années soixante-dix, comme une comète dans le ciel politique libyen, de Mouammar Kadhafi , l’un des plus fantasques et des plus brutaux dirigeants arabes contem- porains, a complètement bouleversé ce scénario. En quarante-deux ans de règne sans partage, le dictateur a systématiquement détruit toute forme d’organisation collective, depuis l’armée et la justice, jusqu’aux clubs de football et aux associations caritatives, imposé l’idéologie farfelue du « livre vert », dépourvue d’autre logique que celle de son propre pouvoir, et dilapidé les colossales ressources fi nancières du pétrole libyen en aventures militaires et en parrainage du terrorisme international. Il s’est mis à dos, par son activisme et ses sorties insultantes, la quasi-totalité des pays arabes, avant de se tourner vers l’Afrique noire à la poursuite de ses rêves fumeux de gloire et de revanche, la valise de billets remplaçant le colis piégé. Dans sa dernière décennie, le régime Kadhafi s’était assagi sur le plan international. Mais il était resté un système mafi eux et prévari- cateur, au service d’un seul homme et de son clan, lancés dans un affairisme débridé comme dans une grande partie de Monopoly. Pour les Libyens, la dictature était restée la même. La militarisation de la révolution libyenne est une consé- quence directe de la brutalité du régime. Lorsque la contagion du « printemps arabe » gagne la Libye, la réponse de Kadhafi est sans ambiguïté : le pouvoir obtenu par la force se garde par la force, et au lieu des atermoiements d’un Moubarak ou d’un Ben Ali, le colo- nel donne l’ordre de tirer dans le tas. Mais les manifestations qui éclatent à Benghazi le 15 février, puis s’étendent comme une traînée de poudre à travers plusieurs villes du pays prennent le dictateur par surprise. Pendant quelques jours le régime vacille. Le 17 février, la police ouvre le feu sur les manifestants à Benghazi. Mais le mouvement est trop rapide pour être jugulé. La Cyrénaïque, la vaste province de l’Est, se soulève. En quelques jours, la moitié du pays échappe au contrôle de Tripoli. Les défections se multiplient à tous les niveaux du régime. Des pilotes libyens fuient avec leurs appareils plutôt que de bombarder les insurgés. Kadhafi ne tente même pas d’adopter un ton conciliant. Il dénonce les manifestants comme des drogués et des agents de 18 11110ETUDES015.indd110ETUDES015.indd 1818 114/09/114/09/11 111:311:31 ÉTUDES, REPORTAGES, RÉFLEXIONS Six mois de guerre civile en Libye l’étranger, alliés à l’Occident, les comparant à des rats et à des cafards. « Nous vous traquerons ville par ville, rue par rue, allée par allée, zenga zenga ! », éructe Kadhafi du haut du balcon du sérail al-Hamra, l’ancienne forteresse des pirates barbaresques qui domine la place Verte à Tripoli. Son fi ls Saïf al-Islam, parfois présenté un peu rapidement comme un réformateur, promet des « rivières de sang ». Les forces armées libyennes, jugées peu sûres (chaque régime issu d’un coup d’État s’inquiète d’une répétition du mouvement qui l’a porté au pouvoir), sous-équipées, ne sont pas directement employées dans la répression. Le Guide fait appel à ses comités révo- lutionnaires, sorte de Tchéka du régime, et à sa garde prétorienne, les brigades Khamis, commandées par l’un de ses fi ls. Choyée par le régime, dotée de matériel militaire neuf et grassement payée, cette garde sera le fer de lance de la guerre personnelle de Kadhafi contre la contestation. Des mercenaires venus d’Afrique noire complètent l’armée que le Guide lance contre son propre peuple. Supérieurement équipées face à des rebelles qui n’ont que les fusils pris dans les casernes ou apportés par les militaires qui font défection, ces forces sont en revanche relativement peu nom- breuses. Si elles peuvent s’emparer de n’importe quelle localité, elles ne sont pas en mesure tenir le terrain reconquis lorsque la popula- tion se soulève à nouveau. Comme des pompiers sanguinaires ten- tant d’éteindre des incendies qui éclatent un peu partout, ils vont de ville en ville, massacrant, forçant les gens à rentrer chez eux, avant de passer à la suivante. Ils parviennent à mater Tripoli en tirant sur tous ceux qui se rassemblent dans les rues. À Zaouïa, sur la côte, à quelque cinquante kilomètres de la capitale, il leur faut plusieurs semaines pour noyer le soulèvement dans le sang. En quelques semaines, la Libye se retrouve coupée en mor- ceaux. La région de Tripoli, la plaine côtière jusqu’en Tunisie et le centre du pays, bastion historique et tribal de Kadhafi autour de Syrte jusqu’à la ville de garnison de Saba au Sahara, reste aux mains des loyalistes. Les insurgés tiennent trois zones principales : la Cyrénaïque, soit la moitié est du pays, depuis la frontière égyp- tienne et Tobrouk jusqu’à Benghazi, le contrefort montagneux du djebel Nafoussa, dans l’Ouest, et la ville côtière de Misrata, à l’est de Tripoli. 19 11110ETUDES015.indd110ETUDES015.indd 1919 114/09/114/09/11 111:311:31 ÉTUDES, REPORTAGES, RÉFLEXIONS Six mois de guerre civile en Libye Kadhafi part à la reconquête de ces zones rebelles. Des colonnes de chars appuyés par des lance-roquettes multiples pren- nent la route de Benghazi. Comme les Britanniques et les forces de l’Axe pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les belligérants s’affron- tent dans les immensités désertiques. Le général Rommel qualifi ait le désert de paradis pour le tacticien, mais de cauchemar pour le logisti- cien. S’ils doivent faire face aux mêmes problèmes de ravitaillement, ni les rebelles ni les loyalistes libyens ne font preuve de la moindre ingéniosité tactique. La drôle de guerre qu’ils se livrent entre avril et mai n’a pas de front, et se déroule presque exclusivement le long de la route qui suit la côte au fond du golfe de Syrte. Dans ce paysage désespérément plat, ruban de bitume entre la Méditerranée et le désert, avec pour seul décor des lignes à haute tension courant sur l’horizon, les opérations suivent un étrange va-et-vient en fonction de l’avance et du recul des uns et des autres. Mais l’avantage tourne vite en faveur des kadhafi stes. La campagne de Cyrénaïque Débarrassés en quelques semaines du régime de Kadhafi , depuis longtemps impopulaire dans l’Est, les rebelles se sont armés. Leur joyeux cortège de véhicules de tous types prend la route de l’Ouest et la direction de Syrte et de Tripoli. Leur avance ne rencontre d’abord aucune opposition. Ils prennent la ville d’Ajdabiya, et les ter- minaux pétroliers de Brega et de Ras Lanouf. Mais leur instruction militaire est rudimentaire, et leur enthousiaste de courte durée. Ils sont arrêtés par les kadhafi stes au niveau de la bourgade de Ben Jawad. De là, le rouleau compresseur des chars, appuyés par l’avia- tion libyenne, et précédé par les terrifi antes orgues de Staline, les font refl uer de plus en plus vite. Ras Lanouf est perdu, puis Brega. Ajdabiya tombe en moins d’une heure. La route de Benghazi est ouverte. La ville est sans défense, malgré les assurances complètement fantaisistes du général com- mandant les rebelles, Abdel Fattah Younès. Ancien exécuteur des basses œuvres du régime Kadhafi avant de se rallier à la révolution, ce général était plus à l’aise à Benghazi dans les conférences de presse lénifi antes que sur le front. 20 11110ETUDES015.indd110ETUDES015.indd 2020 114/09/114/09/11 111:311:31 ÉTUDES, REPORTAGES, RÉFLEXIONS Six mois de guerre civile en Libye Les chars de Kadhafi sont bientôt aux portes de la ville. La répression de la capitale rebelle s’annonce sanglante. Les malheu- reux combattants rebelles n’ont rien pour arrêter les chars : ni armes, ni chefs, ni plans. L’intervention occidentale Un coup de théâtre vient sauver le soulèvement libyen du massacre annoncé. Le 10 mars 2011, le président français Nicolas Sarkozy a pris l’une des décisions les plus audacieuses de son mandat en recon- naissant le gouvernement provisoire des rebelles, le Conseil natio- nal de transition. La diplomatie française s’active pour arracher une résolution à l’ONU qui permettra d’intervenir en leur faveur, ne serait-ce que par une zone d’exclusion aérienne, destinée à empê- cher l’aviation de Kadhafi de pilonner leurs positions.
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