DOCSLIB.ORG

The New Insurgencies and Mass Uprisings in Africa and International Involvement: Selected Case Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The New Insurgencies and Mass Uprisings in Africa and International Involvement: Selected Case Studies THE NEW INSURGENCIES AND MASS UPRISINGS IN AFRICA AND INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT: SELECTED CASE STUDIES By SAMUEL ADOTEY ANUM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE: POLITICAL SCIENCE in the Department of Political Sciences at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA FACULTY OF HUMANITIES PROMOTER: PROF. M. HOUGH MARCH 2017 © University of Pretoria ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Professor M. Hough for his immeasurable patience, kindness and guidance throughout the study period. Professor Michael Hough, I really appreciate you. I thank Mrs Wilma Martin for her kind assistance and thoughtfulness during the period. My appreciation also go to my wife and children for their support and encouragement. i © University of Pretoria TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH THEME ............................................................. 1 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................. 4 3. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 5 4. FORMULATION AND DEMARCATION OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ..........................10 5. METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES .................................................................................12 6. CHAPTER STRUCTURE ...............................................................................................14 CHAPTER TWO: MASS UPRISINGS, INSURGENCIES AND RELATED TERMS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................17 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................17 2. DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS .......................................................................................17 2.1 UPRISING ...................................................................................................... 17 2.2 MASS UPRISING ............................................................................................. 19 2.3 INSURGENCY ................................................................................................. 20 2.4 RELATED CONCEPTS ...................................................................................... 22 3. VIOLENCE ESCALATION LADDER ...............................................................................24 4. A TYPOLOGY OF INSURGENCIES ...............................................................................26 4.1 FORMS OF INSURGENCY ................................................................................ 26 4.2 GOALS ........................................................................................................... 29 4.3 MOTIVATION ................................................................................................. 30 4.4 STRATEGY OF WARFARE ................................................................................ 34 4.5 LEADERSHIP .................................................................................................. 37 4.6 DURATION .................................................................................................... 39 4.7 EXTERNAL SUPPORT ...................................................................................... 39 5. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MASS UPRISINGS AND INSURGENCIES .............................40 6. CAUSES OF MASS UPRISINGS AND INSURGENCIES ..................................................44 6.1 REMOTE CAUSES ........................................................................................... 44 6.1.1 POPULATION GROWTH ............................................................................ 44 6.1.2 ETHNIC AND RACIAL CLEAVAGES ............................................................. 45 6.1.3 LAND OWNERSHIP ................................................................................... 46 6.1.4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................... 46 ii © University of Pretoria 6.1.5 RELATIVE DEPRIVATION .......................................................................... 47 6.1.6 OTHER CAUSES ........................................................................................ 48 6.2 IMMEDIATE CAUSES ...................................................................................... 48 6.2.1 LEGITIMACY ............................................................................................ 48 6.2.2 ECONOMIC DOWNTURN ........................................................................... 48 6.2.3 NATURE OF THE REGIME ......................................................................... 49 6.2.4 POLITICAL CHANGE ................................................................................. 49 6.2.5 DOMINO EFFECT ...................................................................................... 50 7. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................50 CHAPTER THREE: INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT AND MILITARY INTERVENTION IN DOMESTIC CONFLICTS ...........................................................53 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................53 2. DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS .......................................................................................54 2.1 INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT ..................................................................... 54 2.2 INTERVENTION .............................................................................................. 56 2.2.1 MILITARY INTERVENTION ........................................................................ 57 2.2.2 HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION ............................................... 58 2.2.3 THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT .......................................................... 60 2.3 MOTIVATION AND GOALS OF INTERVENTION ................................................. 63 2.4 UNILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL INTERVENTIONS ........................................ 65 2.5 FORMS OF INTERVENTION ............................................................................. 68 3. MECHANISMS OF MULTILATERAL INTERVENTION ....................................................69 4. OUTCOMES OF INTERVENTION .................................................................................71 5. INTERVENTION IN AFRICA ........................................................................................77 6. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................82 CHAPTER FOUR: OVERVIEW OF INSURGENCIES IN AFRICA IN THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD .........................................................................................84 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................84 2. INSURGENCIES IN AFRICA DURING THE COLD WAR ................................................85 2.1 THE COLONIAL PERIOD ................................................................................. 85 2.2 POST-COLONIAL PERIOD ............................................................................... 86 3. THE POST-COLD WAR INSURGENCIES ......................................................................89 iii © University of Pretoria 4. CRIMINAL INSURGENCIES .........................................................................................92 4.1 THE LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY ..................................................................... 92 4.1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... 93 4.1.2 FORMATION OF THE LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY ....................................... 93 4.1.3 ORGANIZATION, MODE OF WARFARE AND TARGETS ................................. 95 4.2 THE REVOLUTIONARY UNITED FRONT ............................................................ 98 4.2.1 SIERRA LEONE-BACKGROUND .................................................................. 98 4.2.2 FORMATION OF THE REVOLUTIONARY UNITED FRONT ........................... 101 4.2.3 ORGANIZATION, MOBILIZATION AND RECRUITMENT .............................. 103 4.2.4 METHOD OF FIGHTING .......................................................................... 104 4.3 BOKO HARAM .............................................................................................. 106 4.3.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 106 4.3.2 FORMATION OF BOKO HARAM ................................................................ 107 4.3.3 CAUSES OF THE UPRISING ..................................................................... 108 4.3.4 POST-YUSUF BOKO HARAM .................................................................... 109 4.3.5 TARGETS, METHODS AND TACTICS ........................................................ 110 4.4 AL-SHABAAB ................................................................................................ 114 4.4.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 114 4.4.2 THE RISE OF AL-SHABAAB ...................................................................... 115 4.4.3 ORGANIZATION, RECRUITMENT AND MOBILIZATION .............................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abu Salman Medical Centre Ailabouni Medical Clinic Al Ghazali Specialized Poly Clinics-Llc Al Kamal Medical Center Al Khazna
    Essential Network of Providers 03'Mar, 14 Abu Dhabi Name ABU SALMAN MEDICAL CENTRE AILABOUNI MEDICAL CLINIC AL GHAZALI SPECIALIZED POLY CLINICS-LLC AL KAMAL MEDICAL CENTER AL KHAZNA MEDICAL CLINIC ALMAZEN MED CTR FOR COSMO DERMATOLOGY AL MUSAFFAH MEDICAL CTR-BRANCH(AHALIA) AL RAFA MEDICAL CENTRE LLC (MOOPEN'S) AL SAQI MEDICAL CENTRE AL WAHDA MEDICAL CENTER AL ZAHRAH MEDICAL CENTRE - AUH AMERICAN CRESCENT HEALTH CARE ANNAB LABORATORIES APOLLO MEDICAL CENTRE ARAB AL JAZEERA AL ARABIYA MEDICALCENTRE BANIYAS AHALIA MED CTR (AHALIA GROUP) CARE WELL CENTER CARE WELL MODERN MEDICAL CENTRE DAR AL SHIFA MEDICAL C (AUH)(MOOPENS) DAWN MEDICAL CENTER (AHALIA GROUP) DR. GUPTA MEDICAL CLINIC DR. SABAH AL SAGBAN CLINIC EASTERN AL AHLIA MEDICAL CTR(AHALIA) FREEDOM MEDICAL POLYCLINIC GAYATHY AHALIA M CENTRE(AHALIA GROUP) GOLDEN SANDS MEDICAL CENTRE GULF RADIOLOGY & LABORATORIES (MEDSOL) HOME HEALTH MEDICAL CENTER ITTIHAD MEDICAL CENTRE KHALIFA MEDICAL CENTRE MADINAT ZAYED AHALIA MED CTR(AHALIA GRP) MIDDLE EAST SPECIALIZED MEDICAL CENTRE MIRFA AHALIA MEDICAL CENTRE (AHALIA GRP) MOOPEN'S MEDICAL CENTRE (MOOPENS) MUSSAFAH AHALIA MED CTR (AHALIA GROUP) NEW NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTRE ( (HC-MENA) OASIS MEDICAL CENTRE (AHALIA GROUP) OXFORD MEDICAL CENTER PRIME MEDICAL CENTER (AUH) RAHMA MEDICAL CLINIC STAR MEDICAL CENTER TAHA MEDICAL CENTRE TALAT MEDICAL CENTRE TALAT MEDICAL CENTRE MUSSAFAH TOP CARE MEDICAL CENTRE ZIA MEDICAL CENTRE Ajman Name AALIYAH MEDICAL CENTER ADVANCED MEDICAL CENTRE - AJMAN-KMC AL GHARAFA MEDICAL CENTRE AL HELAL POLYCLINIC AL SHROOQ POLYCLINIC ASTER MEDICAL CENTER( MOOPENS) AJMAN CITY MEDICAL CENTRE IBN SINA MEDICAL CENTRE METRO MEDICAL CENTRE AJMAN Al Ain Name ADVANCED MEDICAL CENTER AL AIN AHILI MEDICAL CENTRE (AHALIA GRP) AL DHAHERY MEDICAL CLINIC AL FARABI MEDICAL CLINIC AL KHALEEJ MEDICAL CENTRE (MEDSOL) AL MADAR MEDICAL CENTER - BRANCH AL NOOR MEDICAL CENTRE - AL AIN DR.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power and the People Charles Tripp Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80965-8 — The Power and the People Charles Tripp Index More Information Index Abbas, Ferhat, 23 Al Khalifa, Salman bin Hamad, crown Abbas, Mahmoud, president of the prince of Bahrain, 112–14 Palestinian National Authority, Aleppo 124 citadel, 19 Abbasgholizadeh, Mahboubeh, 209 killing of Alawi officer cadets (1979), 54 Abd al-Jalil, Mustafa, leader of the Alexandria National Transitional Council protest demonstrations (1977), 134, (Libya), 65, 67 149, 154 Abd al-Qadir, Amir, 24 protest demonstrations (2011), 71, 92, Abdel-Fattah, Israa, 98 94–5, 97, 99, 104 Abdi, Abed, 279–80 Alexandroni Brigade, 230. See also Abdoun, Hamid, 284. See also Algeria: Tantura killings (1948) Aouchem art movement Algeria Abdul-Aziz, Mustafa, 162 Algerian League of Human Rights, 246 Abdullah I, king of Jordan, 28 Algiers riots (1988), 134 Abdullah II, king of Jordan, 213 Aouchem art movement, 244, 284–6 Abeling, Johannes Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN), ‘Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip’ (2005), 302 22, 238, 241 Abu `Aisha, Dareen, 207 Armée Islamique du Salut (AIS), 249 Abu Iyad (Salah Khalaf), 29 Berber Spring (1980), 237–40, 245–6, al-Adly, Habib, 96 251 Adnan, Etel Black Spring (2001), 247 ‘Blessed Day’ (1990), 290 Constitution (1963), 241 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, president of European settlers, 22–4 Iran, 82–6, 179, 193, 197, 199, Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), 301 16, 22–4, 30, 33, 136, 221, 237–47, Ait Ahmed, Hocine, 241–2, 245. See also 249, 251, 254–5, 285–6 Algeria: Front des Forces Socialistes party congress (1983), 246 (FFS) Front des Forces Socialistes (FFS), Ait Manguellet, Lounis, 244 241–2, 245, 248 al-Akhal, Tamam, 281 Front Islamique du Salut (FIS), 241 Akmoun, Mustafa, 285.
    [Show full text]
  • People's Power
    #2 May 2011 Special Issue PersPectives Political analysis and commentary from the Middle East PeoPle’s Power the arab world in revolt Published by the Heinrich Böll stiftung 2011 This work is licensed under the conditions of a Creative Commons license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You can download an electronic version online. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work under the following conditions: Attribution - you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work); Noncommercial - you may not use this work for commercial purposes; No Derivative Works - you may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. editor-in-chief: Layla Al-Zubaidi editors: Doreen Khoury, Anbara Abu-Ayyash, Joachim Paul Layout: Catherine Coetzer, c2designs, Cédric Hofstetter translators: Mona Abu-Rayyan, Joumana Seikaly, Word Gym Ltd. cover photograph: Gwenael Piaser Printed by: www.coloursps.com Additional editing, print edition: Sonya Knox Opinions expressed in articles are those of their authors, and not HBS. heinrich böll Foundation – Middle east The Heinrich Böll Foundation, associated with the German Green Party, is a legally autonomous and intellectually open political foundation. Our foremost task is civic education in Germany and abroad with the aim of promoting informed democratic opinion, socio-political commitment and mutual understanding. In addition, the Heinrich Böll Foundation supports artistic, cultural and scholarly projects, as well as cooperation in the development field. The political values of ecology, democracy, gender democracy, solidarity and non-violence are our chief points of reference.
    [Show full text]
  • Profile of Internal Displacement : Sierra Leone
    PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : SIERRA LEONE Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 15 October, 2003) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT 9 BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT 9 CHRONOLOGY OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS SINCE INDEPENDENCE (1961 - 2000) 9 HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF THE FIRST EIGHT YEARS OF CONFLICT (1991-1998) 13 CONTINUED CONFLICT DESPITE THE SIGNING OF THE LOME PEACE AGREEMENT (JULY 1999-MAY 2000) 16 PEACE PROCESS DERAILED AS SECURITY SITUATION WORSENED DRAMATICALLY IN MAY 2000 18 RELATIVELY STABLE SECURITY SITUATION SINCE SIGNING OF CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT IN ABUJA ON 10 NOVEMBER 2000 20 CIVIL WAR DECLARED OVER FOLLOWING THE FULL DEPLOYMENT OF UNAMSIL AND THE COMPLETION OF DISARMAMENT (JANUARY 2002) 22 REGIONAL EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN PEACE IN SIERRA LEONE (2002) 23 SIERRA LEONEANS GO TO THE POLLS TO RE-ELECT AHMAD TEJAN KABBAH AS PRESIDENT (MAY 2002) 24 SIERRA LEONE’S SPECIAL COURT AND TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION START WORK (2002-2003) 25 MAIN CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 28 COUNTRYWIDE DISPLACEMENT
    [Show full text]
  • Six Mois De Guerre Civile En Libye
    ÉTUDES, REPORTAGES, RÉFLEXIONS SIX MOIS DE GUERRE CIVILE EN LIBYE ■ ADRIEN JAULMES ■ ls étaient descendus sans armes dans les rues en février der- nier pour manifester contre le régime de Kadhafi . Ils étaient Iétudiants, informaticiens, coiffeurs, employés, footballeurs, réclamant un peu plus de liberté, comme leurs voisins tunisiens et égyptiens. Six mois plus tard, les manifestants sont devenus des gué- rilleros, et paradent dans Tripoli les armes à la main, juchés sur des pick-up équipés de mitrailleuses lourdes et de canons sans recul, tirant en l’air des rafales de joie. La révolution libyenne a commencé comme en Tunisie et en Égypte, par des manifestations non violentes. Mais au lieu de déboucher sur la chute rapide du dictateur, elle a tourné à la guerre civile, et le printemps libyen à l’été meurtrier. Au lieu de quelques semaines de protestations, il a fallu aux Libyens six mois de combats et l’appui aérien des Occidentaux pour se débarrasser enfi n d’un dictateur aussi violent que tenace. La Libye sort profondément bouleversée de ces six mois de guerre civile. Ce petit pays à la population paisible, conservateur 17 11110ETUDES015.indd110ETUDES015.indd 1717 114/09/114/09/11 111:311:31 ÉTUDES, REPORTAGES, RÉFLEXIONS Six mois de guerre civile en Libye et bourré de pétrole, aurait dû selon toute logique connaître un destin comparable à celui d’un émirat tranquille du golfe Arabo- persique. L’apparition, à la fi n des années soixante-dix, comme une comète dans le ciel politique libyen, de Mouammar Kadhafi , l’un des plus fantasques et des plus brutaux dirigeants arabes contem- porains, a complètement bouleversé ce scénario.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Soldiers and Blood Diamonds OVERVIEW & OBJECTIVES GRADES
    Civil War in Sierra Leone: Child Soldiers and Blood Diamonds OVERVIEW & OBJECTIVES GRADES This lesson addresses the civil war in Sierra Leone to 8 illustrate the problem of child soldiers and the use of diamonds to finance the war. Students will draw TIME conclusions about the impact of the ten years civil war on the people of Sierra Leone, as well as on a boy who 4-5 class periods lived through it, by reading an excerpt from his book, A Long Way Gone. This lesson explores the concepts REQUIRED MATERIALS of civil war, conflict diamonds, and child soldiers in Sierra Leone while investigating countries of West Computer with projector Africa. Students will also examine the Rights of the Child and identify universal rights and Computer Internet access for students responsibilities. Pictures of child soldiers Poster paper and markers Students will be able to... Articles: Chapter One from A Long Way describe the effects of Sierra Leone’s civil war. Gone by Ishmael Beah; “What are Conflict analyze the connection between conflict Diamonds”; “How the Diamond Trade diamonds and child soldiers. Works”; “Rights for Every Child” analyze the role diamonds play in Africa’s civil wars Handouts: “Pre-Test on Sierra Leone”; compare their life in the United States with the “Post-Test on Sierra Leone”; “Sierra Leone lives of people in Sierra Leone. and Its Neighbors” describe the location and physical and human geography of Sierra Leone and West Africa. identify factors that affect Sierra Leone’s economic development analyze statistics to compare Sierra Leone and its neighbors. assess the Rights of the Child for Sierra Leone analyze the Rights of the Child and the responsibility to maintain the rights MINNESOTA SOCIAL STUDIES STANDARDS & BENCHMARKS Standard 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Actors, Camps and Conflicts in the New Libya
    SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Wolfram Lacher Fault Lines of the Revolution Political Actors, Camps and Conflicts in the New Libya RP 4 May 2013 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2013 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They express exclusively the personal views of the author(s). SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3−4 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 Translation by Meredith Dale (English version of SWP-Studie 5/2013) The English translation of this study has been realised in the context of the project “Elite change and new social mobilization in the Arab world”. The project is funded by the German Foreign Office in the framework of the transformation partnerships with the Arab World and the Robert Bosch Stiftung. It cooperates with the PhD grant programme of the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung and the Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung. Table of Contents 5 Problems and Conclusions 7 Parameters of the Transition 9 Political Forces in the New Libya 9 Camps and Interests in Congress and Government 10 Ideological Camps and Tactical Alliances 12 Fault Lines of the Revolution 14 The Zeidan Government 14 Parliamentary and Extra-Parliamentary Islamists 14 The Grand Mufti’s Network and Influence 16 The Influence of Islamist Currents
    [Show full text]
  • (4Ws) in Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Libya 2017
    WHO IS WHERE, WHEN, DOING WHAT (4WS) IN MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT LIBYA 2017 WHO IS WHERE, WHEN, DOING WHAT (4WS) IN MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT LIBYA 2017 This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of the presentation are the responsibility of MHPSS.net and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by MHPSS.net in Report written by: Renata Reali and Marcio partnership with WHO Libya and The Delegation Gagliato. of the European Union to Libya. The purpose of the report is to facilitate the exchange of Reviewers (in alphabetical order): Ananda knowledge and information on available services Galappatti (MHPSS.net), Edda Costarelli information among MHPSS actors and their (Delegation of the European Union to Libya), Dr. partners in Libya. Ghassan Karem (PHC Director, Libya Ministry of Health), Malak Ben Giaber (Libyan Clinical We are thankful for the collaboration with many Psychologist), Margriet Blaauw (MHPSS.net), Dr. Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) Sara Zarti (WHO Libya). actors, their efforts and contributions. We are especially thankful to the Libyan colleagues Tripoli Psychosocial Support Team1 generously involved in data collection across the country. provided the image on the front cover and section pages We would like to acknowledge the Libyans colleagues participating in this study, who The Mental Health & Psychosocial Support welcomed this initiative and shared valuable Network (MHPSS.net) is a growing global information. platform for connecting people, networks and organizations, for sharing resources and for Coordination: Marcio Gagliato (MHPSS.net).
    [Show full text]
  • G U I N E a Liberia Sierra Leone
    The boundaries and names shown and the designations Mamou used on this map do not imply official endorsement or er acceptance by the United Nations. Nig K o L le n o G UINEA t l e a SIERRA Kindia LEONEFaranah Médina Dula Falaba Tabili ba o s a g Dubréka K n ie c o r M Musaia Gberia a c S Fotombu Coyah Bafodia t a e r G Kabala Banian Konta Fandié Kamakwie Koinadugu Bendugu Forécariah li Kukuna Kamalu Fadugu Se Bagbe r Madina e Bambaya g Jct. i ies NORTHERN N arc Sc Kurubonla e Karina tl it Mateboi Alikalia L Yombiro Kambia M Pendembu Bumbuna Batkanu a Bendugu b Rokupr o l e Binkolo M Mange Gbinti e Kortimaw Is. Kayima l Mambolo Makeni i Bendou Bodou Port Loko Magburaka Tefeya Yomadu Lunsar Koidu-Sefadu li Masingbi Koundou e a Lungi Pepel S n Int'l Airport or a Matotoka Yengema R el p ok m Freetown a Njaiama Ferry Masiaka Mile 91 P Njaiama- Wellington a Yele Sewafe Tongo Gandorhun o Hastings Yonibana Tungie M Koindu WESTERN Songo Bradford EAS T E R N AREA Waterloo Mongeri York Rotifunk Falla Bomi Kailahun Buedu a i Panguma Moyamba a Taiama Manowa Giehun Bauya T Boajibu Njala Dambara Pendembu Yawri Bendu Banana Is. Bay Mano Lago Bo Segbwema Daru Shenge Sembehun SOUTHE R N Gerihun Plantain Is. Sieromco Mokanje Kenema Tikonko Bumpe a Blama Gbangbatok Sew Tokpombu ro Kpetewoma o Sh Koribundu M erb Nitti ro River a o i Turtle Is. o M h Sumbuya a Sherbro I.
    [Show full text]
  • TUNISIA This File Contains Election Results for the Tunisian Constituent
    TUNISIA This file contains election results for the Tunisian Constituent Assembly in 2011. It does not include results for the Abroad constituencies. Year, Geography, and Turnout YEAR Election Year GOVERN Governorate EDIST Constituency Name ENUM Electoral District/Constituency REGIS Registered Voters BALLOTS Total Ballots Cast BLANK Blank Ballots INVALID Invalid/Cancelled Ballots BSENT Ballots Sent to Office UNUSED Unused Ballots DAMAGE Damaged Ballots VALID Valid Votes Votes by Party قائمة حزب حركة النهضة ,(Party (Renaissance Movement Ennahda EM: Harkat El-Ennahad قائمة الحزب التونسي Tunisi Hijzb Party, Tunisian TP: قائمة حركة الثقافة و التنوع Diversity and Culture of List LOCADM: Movement, Harkat Al-Thakafa Wa Tinwa’a قائمة حزب العمال الشيوعى Communist Tunisian the of List LOTCWP: –التونسي(البديل الثوري) Hijb Alternative) (Revolutionary Party Workers’ Al-Alim Al-Shawi’ay قائمة من أجل جبهة وطنية Front National Tunisian the for List LFTTNF: -تونسية Tunisiya Wataniya قائمة الحزب الإصلاحي الدستوري -Al Hijb List, Party Reform Constitutional CFPL: Talhi Al-Dasturi طيون قائمة المستقلون الديمقرا -Al Democrats, Independent of List LOID: immtiklun Al- Demecratoon -قائمة الانتصار لتونس Altunis Al-Intisar Tunisia, for Victory of List LOVT: -قائمة تونس الأمل Al-Imal Tunis Hope, Tunisia List LTH: قراطي قائمة حزب الاتحاد الديم ,Party Union Democratic Unionist List LUDUP: -الوحدوي Al-Wahdawi Al-Deomcratee Al-Atahad Hijb –قائمة حزب الأحرار التونسي Hijb Tunisia, of Party Liberal the of List LOTLPOT: Al-Ihrar Al-Tunisi -قائمة حزب المجد Al-Majad Hijb List,
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Logic of Kleptocracy: Corruption, Repression, and Political Opposition in Post-Soviet Eurasia Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92g1h187 Author LaPorte, Jody Marie Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Logic of Kleptocracy: Corruption, Repression, and Political Opposition in Post-Soviet Eurasia By Jody Marie LaPorte A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Jason Wittenberg, Co-chair Professor Michael S. Fish, Co-chair Professor David Collier Professor Victoria Bonnell Spring 2012 The Logic of Kleptocracy: Corruption, Repression, and Political Opposition in Post-Soviet Eurasia Copyright 2012 by Jody Marie LaPorte Abstract The Logic of Kleptocracy: Corruption, Repression, and Political Opposition in Post-Soviet Eurasia by Jody Marie LaPorte Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Berkeley Professor Jason Wittenberg, co-chair Professor Michael S. Fish, co-chair This dissertation asks why some non-democratic regimes give political opponents significant leeway to organize, while others enforce strict limits on such activities. I examine this question with reference to two in-depth case studies from post-Soviet Eurasia: Georgia under President Eduard Shevardnadze and Kazakhstan under President Nursultan Nazarbayev. While a non- democratic regime was in place in both countries, opposition was highly tolerated in Georgia, but not allowed in Kazakhstan. I argue that these divergent policies can be traced to variation in the predominant source and pattern of state corruption in each country.
    [Show full text]
  • The Boko Haram Example in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon MOSES JOSEPH YAKUBU University of Benin Nigeria Yak [email protected]
    Child insurgents in West Africa: The Boko Haram example In Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon MOSES JOSEPH YAKUBU University of Benin Nigeria [email protected] Abstract One of the most shocking horrors of Boko Haram’s rampage in West Africa has been the insurgents’ ability to turn captured boys and girls into destroyers and killers. Since 2014, Boko Haram group has used hundreds of young boys and girls to terrorize north-east Nigeria and some of her northern neighbours such as Niger, Cameroon and Chad. A critical aspect of neglect in available materials on this subject is the inadequate presentation and documentation of child insurgents in Boko Haram insurgency. This study examines children’s involvement in Boko Haram insurgency. Specifically it discusses the implications of child insurgents on national development. Keywords: Boko Haram, child insurgent, Cameroon, development, insurgency, Niger, Nigeria. Introduction The involvement of children in war is a disturbing social and political phenomenon. It is a universal problem with adverse security and developmental implications in West Africa. In the 1990s and 2000s, most of the wars in Africa such as Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan Angola, Cote d’Ivoire and Burundi were not without children. Children under the age of 18 were coerced, manipulated and recruited into fighting forces. Despite the protection of the International Convention and Customary International Laws over children, this underaged group is still widely used in armed conflict. The most worrisome is the recent phenomenon of child insurgents in the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon. Since 2014, the use of child insurgents within the selected countries has been on the increase.1 Young boys and girls have been recruited into Boko Haram terrorist group and are designated both destructive and non-destructive roles.
    [Show full text]