Nuclear Developments

NUCLEAR-RELATED TRADE AND COOPERATION DEVELOPMENTS, JANUARY- APRIL 1993

EMERGING NUCLEAR SUPPLIER STATES

ARGENTINA WITH EGYPT ARGENTINA WITH ALGERIA ARGENTINA 3/93 1993 The Argentine ambassador to Egypt, Jorge A Russian intelligence report states that Al- Humberto de Belaustegui, announces that geria has attempted to establish contacts Argentina will train Egyptian experts in the with Argentina in order to obtain "technical field of nuclear technology. Argentina will secrets" and nuclear technology. work with Egypt to build a nuclear reactor INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Report by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, under IAEA supervision. Moscow, 1993; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. Rose al-Yasuf (Cairo), 12/14/92, p. 55; in JPRS- 21 (9476). 2/93 TND-93-009, 3/29/93, p. 23 (9823). Enrique de la Torre, director of international nuclear safety for the Argentine Foreign ARGENTINA WITH BRAZIL Ministry, states that the Treaty of Tlatelolco ARGENTINA WITH GERMANY is expected to be ratified by Argentina's con- gress in 3/93. 2/93 4/93 Armin Scmid, Nucleonics Week, 2/25/93, p. 12 Enrique de la Torre, director of international Germany announces that it is removing Ar- (9940). nuclear safety for the Argentine Foreign gentina from its "H" list. Exports o sensitive Ministry, visits Brazil in an attempt to get material to a country on the list must be ap- that country to speed up its ratification of proved by a number of German ministeries; the "four party" treaty on nuclear prolifera- The number listed in parenthesis following removing Argentina from the list will make it tion, which Argentina ratified in 1992. considerably simpler to export items to that the bibliographic references refers to the Armin Scmid, Nucleonics Week, 2/25/93, p. 12 identification number of the document in (9940). Nuclear Engineering International, 4/93, country. Germany had placed Argentina on the Emerging Nuclear Suppliers Project p. 8 (9654). the list because of concerns over Database, from which the news summaries Argentina's missile project, its lack of export were abstracted. Events listed in this issue controls, and its failure to sign the Treaty of of The Nonproliferation Review are ARGENTINA WITH CANADA, FRANCE, Tlatelolco. Armin Scmid, Nucleonics Week, 2/25/93, p. 12 abstracted from documents published GERMANY AND UNITED STATES (9940). Press Communique, Ministry of Foreign between January and April 1993. Because Affairs of Argentina, Buenos Aires, 4/21/93 (9549). of the rapidly changing nature of the subject 2/93 matter, we are unable to guarantee that the Enrique de la Torre, director of international information reported herein is complete or nuclear safety for Argentina's Foreign Min- ARGENTINA WITH IRAN accurate, and we disclaim liability to any istry, states that Argentina is ready to nego- party for any loss or damage caused by tiate agreements on nuclear cooperation with 2/93 errors or omissions. the U.S., France, Germany and Canada. The IAEA confirms that Argentina will Armin Scmid, Nucleonics Week, 2/25/93, p. 12 (9940). Nuclear Engineering International, 4/93, p. 8 (9654).

100 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments ARGENTINA-BRAZIL export a shipment of 20% enriched uranium be used for peaceful purposes only and that BRAZIL WITH ARGENTINA to Iran in 1993. it would not be transferred to a third coun- Claude Van England, Christian Science Monitor, try. 2/93 2/18/93, p. 7 (9701). The Arms Control Reporter, Nuclear Fuel, 2/15/93, p. 13 (9269). 3/93 (9707). Enrique de la Torre, director of international nuclear safety for the Argentine Foreign 2/12/93 Ministry, visits Brazil in an attempt to per- Argentina signs a memorandum of under- suade that country to speed up its ratifica- ARGENTINA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP standing with the U.S. regarding sensitive tion of the "four party" treaty on nuclear technology transfer. proliferation, which Argentina ratified in 1/93 Armin Schmid, Nucleonics Week, 2/25/93, p. 12 Argentina participates in a planning meet- (9940). Press Communique, Ministry of Foreign 1992. Affairs of Argentina, Buenos Aires, 4/21/93 (9549). Armin Scmid, Nucleonics Week, 2/25/93, p. 12 ing of the "Regional Cooperative Agree- (9940). Nuclear Engineering International, 4/93, ments for the Promotion of Nuclear Science p. 8 (9654). and Technology in Latin America" (ARCAL). Other members of the group in- clude Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, BRAZIL BRAZIL WITH IRAQ Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 1/93 El Mercurio (Santiago), 2/1/93, p. C2; in JPRS- Brazil is suspected of providing Iraq with a TND-93-005, 2/12/93, p. 9 (9653). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS design for centrifuges and also of supply- ing Iraq with an actual centrifuge. 10/92 David Albright and Mark Hibbs, Bulletin of Atomic ARGENTINA WITH NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS The impeachment of President Collor de Scientists, 1-2/93, pp. 8-9 (9624). Mednews, 1/25/ 93, pp. 1-3 (9621). GROUP Mello and his replacement by Itmar Franco leads to changes in Brazil's nuclear policy. 3/93 Franco restructures the Commisao Nacional BRAZIL WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP Argentina participates in a Nuclear Suppli- de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), so that the na- ers Group meeting. tional commission retains the right to formu- 1/93 Press Communique, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of late nuclear energy policies in Brazil, but no Brazil participates in a planning meeting of Argentina, Buenos Aires, 4/21/93 (9549). longer has control over the organizations the "Regional Cooperative Agreements for that implement them. In addition, conclu- the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Tech- sion of a refinancing agreement for the Angra ARGENTINA WITH ROMANIA AND SOUTH nology in Latin America" (ARCAL). Other II plant and ratification of the four-party members of the group include Argentina, Bo- KOREA treaty on nuclear proliferation between Bra- livia, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, zil, Argentina, ABACC (Brazil-Argentina As- Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 3/93 sociation for the Control of Nuclear Weap- National Commission of Atomic Energy El Mercurio (Santiago), 2/1/93, p. C2; in JPRS- ons), and the IAEA are also delayed. TND-93-005, 2/12/93, p. 9 (9653). (CNEA) president Manuel Mondino men- Nuclear Engineering International, 1/93, p. 6 tions "the possibility that arose during the (9652). Nuclear Engineering International, 4/93, last few days" that Argentina would export p. 8 (9654). BRAZIL WITH NORTH KOREA heavy water to Romania and South Korea. Buenos Aires Radio Nacional Network, 3/15/93; in 1/93 JPRS-TND-93-009, 3/29/93, p. 29 (9655). Marcio Costa is appointed head of the 2/93 Commisao Nacional de Energia Nuclear Brazil objects to the IAEA's demand for spe- (CNEN) by Brazilian President Itmar Franco. cial inspections of suspected nuclear facili- ARGENTINA WITH THE UNITED STATES Costa had previously served as director of ties in North Korea. ABACC (Brazil-Argentina Association for Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 16-17 (9431). 11/23/92 the Control of Nuclear Weapons) and direc- The U.S. Department of Energy authorizes tor of the utility Furnas Centrais Electricas the sale of the Electric Power Research SA, which operates the Angra nuclear power Institute's Retran computer program to Ar- plant. BRAZIL WITH UNITED STATES gentina. The Retran program is used to de- Nucleonics Week, 1/14/93, p. 13 (9059). sign nuclear power plants. Argentina was 11/92 required to promise that the program would Brazil reaches an agreement with the Wis-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 101 Nuclear Developments BRAZIL-INDIA consin Public Service Corporation to lease the Kewaunee power plant simulator. The 2/93 4/93 simulator will be used by Brazil to train A study done by the Stockholm Peace Re- India's Department of Atomic Energy an- nuclear power plant operators at the Angra I search Institute (SIPRI) states that India nounces that it is planning to keep the plant. possesses 60 nuclear warheads, had pro- Tarapur Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) run- Nuclear Fuel, 2/15/93, p. 13 (9651). duced 700 lbs. of weapons grade plutonium ning by using mixed oxide fuel (MOX) in- by the end of the 1991 and is expected to stead of enriched uranium. India announces have twice that amount by 2000. The study that production of oxide rods for the BWRs is part of a publication entitled World Inven- will begin in the near future, and that it plans INDIA tory of Plutonium and Highly Enriched Ura- to build another reprocessing plant at nium 1992, and was written by William Kalpakkam. Walker, David Albright, and Franz Berkhout. Hindu (Madras), 4/29/93, p. 11 (9535). Other Western intelligence sources state that India has 25-30 nuclear devices. 4/93 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 3/4/93, pp. 16-17 K. Balaramamurthy, chief executive of the (9226). Julian Isherwood, Daily Telegraph, 2/3/ Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), states that In- 1/93 93 (9615). Foreign Report, 3/25/93 (9667). dia is now able to produce and export zirco- Indian officials discuss a number of ad- nium alloy tubes as well as other vital nuclear vances in the country's nuclear industry. 3/93 reactor components; the U.S. and Canada India's Kakrapar PHWR unit is the first reac- The Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Re- are the only other countries with this capa- tor in which thorium bundles have been in- search (IGCAR) at Kalpakkam announces bility. troduced in the initial fuel stage. Other ad- that it has developed new electrochemical Times of India (Bombay), 4/27/93, p. 18; in JPRS- vancements include programs to produce sensors which are designed to monitor the TND-93-022, 7/12/93, p. 11 (9545). zinc alloy and natural uranium fuels, new purity of the liquid sodium used as a coolant mining facilities, and the exploration, pro- in fast breeder reactors. cessing, and production of zirconium and Gopal Raj, The Hindu (Madras), 3/3/93, p. 17; in INDIA WITH GERMANY JPRS-TND-93-012, 5/4/93, p. 15 (9677). titanium sponge. India's three-stage devel- 1992 opment of its nuclear program, which in- 4/93 Leybold AG of Germany refuses to sell an cludes a first stage of building and operat- India announces that it has "come of age" in ore smelting furnace to India despite the fact ing PHWRs, a second stage of creating and nuclear power technology thanks to a new that the sale has been approved by Germany operating fast breeder reactors for burning monazite-based fuel cycle for fast breeder authorities. plutonium, and a third stage of using tho- reactors. The technology uses a blanket of rium, is "firmly on course." Juergen Salz, VDI Nachrichten (Duesseldorf), 1/ thorium produced from the beach sands of 29/93, p. 5; in JPRS-TND-93-010, 4/16/93, p. 57 Patriot (New Delhi), 1/4/93, p. 5; in JPRS-TND- (9589). 93-004, 2/5/93, p. 19 (9637). Kerala. India also announces the develop- ment of a 200 MW advanced heavy water 1/20/93 reactor which would derive most of its en- 2/93 Indian police seize approximately 2.5 lbs of ergy from thorium while minimizing the use German Chancellor Helmut Kohl states that material believed to be uranium. The un- of plutonium. Germany will engage in bilateral talks with claimed material is discovered in a pharmacy Cecil Victor, Patriot (New Delhi), 4/10/93, p. 5; in India in an attempt to persuade India to join JPRS-TND-93-019, 6/22/93, p. 9 (9642). Sunday in the town of Begusarai and is sent to the the NPT. Kohl states that India's signing of Times of India (Bombay), 2/21/93, p. 6; in JPRS- the NPT "would be beneficial to Indo-Ger- Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) for TND-93-010, 4/16/93, p. 23 (9641). analysis. man economic and technical cooperation." AFP (Hong Kong), 1/21/93; in JPRS-TND-93-004, 4/93 An Indian source states that India's deci- 2/5/93, p. 19 (9931). P. Rodriguez, director of India's Indira Gandhi sion to sign the NPT would only affect tech- Centre for Atomic Research, announces that nological transfers and would not influence 1/31/93 the new 30 kW Kamini research reactor will German investment and trade in India. R. Chidambaram replaces P.K. Iyengar as The Hindu (Madras), 3/20/93; in JPRS-TND-93- use uranium alloy fuel made from U-233, and 010, 4/16/93, p.57 (9948). chairman of India's Atomic Energy Commis- will be commissioned in 1993. sion. Chidambaram was previously director Nuclear Engineering International, 4/93, p. 6 of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center. (9639). NDIA WITH Nuclear Engineering, 4/93, p. 10 (9640). I IAEA

2/93 By this date, the IAEA has received notifi- cation from India that it will accept the

102 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments INDIA

Agreement to Extend the Regional Coopera- 4/1-4/2/93 INDIA WITH PRC tion for Research, Development and Train- Japanese Deputy Foreign Minister Kunihiko ing Related to Nuclear Science and Technol- Saito and Indian Foreign Secretary J.N. Dixit 4/93 ogy, 1987. meet in India to discuss nuclear prolifera- China is reportedly interested in India's new IAEA Information Circular, INFCIRC/167/add.16, tion and arms control. fast breeder reactor technology, which em- 4/93, p. 1 (9450). Nucleonics Week, 4/8/93, p. 15 (9747). The Hindu ploys a new monazite-based fuel cycle. The (Madras), 4/5/93, p. 9; in JPRS-TND-93-016, 6/7/ 2/93 93, p. 14 (9947). new technology uses a blanket of thorium India reports uranium resource information produced from the beach sands of Kerala. Cecil Victor, Patriot (New Delhi), 4/10/93, p. 5; in to the IAEA/OECD Nuclear Energy Agency JPRS-TND-93-019, 6/22/93, p. 9 (9642). "Red Book" for the first time. INDIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP Nuclear News, 2/93, pp. 72-73 (9193). INDIA WITH RUSSIA 4/93 Several South East Asian nations show in- 1/93 INDIA WITH IRAN terest in India's new monazite-based fuel The Russian Federation and the Republic of technology for fast breeder reactors. The India sign the "Treaty of Friendship and Co- 1/93 technology uses a blanket of thorium pro- operation Between the Russian Federation An Israeli periodical states that Iran's nuclear duced from the beach sands of Kerala. and the Republic of India." Under Article research program has received technical as- Cecil Victor, Patriot (New Delhi), 4/10/93, p. 5; in JPRS-TND-93-019, 6/22/93, p. 9 (9642). Four of the treaty, the two parties agree that sistance from India. the process of nuclear and conventional dis- Shlomo Papirblatt, Yedi'ot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 1/ 15/93, pp. 12-13; in JPRS-TND-007, 3/5/93, pp. armament should be accelerated. Itar-Tass, (Moscow), 1/28/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- 14-16 (9561). INDIA WITH PAKISTAN 018, 1/29/93, p. 5 (9827). 4/93 1/4/93 3/93 Iran expresses interest in India's new mona- Pakistan and India exchange lists of their zite-based fuel cycle technology for fast Under an agreement inherited from the former nuclear sites for the second year in a row in Soviet Union, India and Russia hold talks breeder reactors. The technology uses a compliance with a 1988 agreement of nonag- blanket of thorium produced from the beach on building a nuclear power plant in India. gression toward each other's nuclear install- The plant would consist of two pressurized sands of Kerala. ments. Neither India nor Pakistan discloses Cecil Victor, Patriot (New Delhi), 4/10/93, p. 5; in water reactors. JPRS-TND-93-019, 6/22/93, p. 9 (9642). the contents of the lists to outside sources. Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News Service, 3/31/ Reuter, 1/4/93 (9676). The Hindu, 3/19/93, p. 8; 93 (9607). in JPRS-TND-93-0015, 5/25/93, p. 20 (9934). 4/93 INDIA WITH JAPAN 3/93 The proposed 2,000 MW Kundankulam Former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir 1/4/93 nuclear power plant in southern India is be- Bhutto denies reports made by Seymour ing scaled down to 500 MW because of the Japanese government officials declare that Hersh in an article in the New Yorker that Japan may use its foreign aid program as a "continuing uncertainty about Russian aid Pakistan and India came very close to nuclear and limited domestic resources." Two 1,000 lever against India and Pakistan to halt their war during their crisis over the Himalayan "alleged" nuclear weapons programs. MW VVER-1000s were built at Kundankulam, state of Kashmir in 1990. Hersh based his but because of the funding problems, India Kyodo (Tokyo), 1/14/93; in JPRS-TND-93-002, 1/ conclusions on interviews with top U.S. of- 15/93, p. 5 (9842). is likely to build either one 500 MW PWR of ficials such as Deputy National Security Ad- indigenous Indian design. 3/93 visor Robert Gates. Prime Minister Bhutto Neel Patri, Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, pp. 13-14 During a meeting in New Delhi, Japan and states that "the two countries present a vola- (10093). India agree that (1) potential solutions to the tile situation which needs to be diffused. But nuclear security issue outside of the NPT it is incorrect to state that we were close to INDIA WITH SOUTH KOREA could be explored,(2) any solution must in- nuclear war in 1990." UPI, 3/23/93; in Executive News Service, 3/22/93 4/93 clude the PRC,and (3)equal concern be (9626). Washington Times, 3/22/93, p. A5 (9274). shown to all countries in such an agreement. Reuter,3/23/93; in Executive News Service,3/23/93 K. Balaramamurthy, the Indian Chief Execu- The Hindu (Madras),4/5/93,p. 9;in JPRS-TND-93- (9626). tive of the Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), an- 016, 6/7/93, p. 14 (9947). nounces that India is now able to pro-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 103 Nuclear Developments

INDIA-IRAN duce and export zirconium alloy tubes as well ing to acquire nuclear weapons and declares, as other vital nuclear reactor components. "We don't have a bomb, nor are we seeking Balaramamurthy adds that the NFC plans to IRAN one -- we oppose nuclear weapons because export its technology. South Korea is among of our convictions." He also states that the countries that have expressed an inter- Iran has completed work on five out of twelve est in purchasing it. projects for finding uranium and says that The Times of India (Bombay), 4/27/93, p. 18; in INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Iran hopes to produce and export uranium in JPRS-TND-93-022, 7/12/93, p. 11(9545). the future. 12/92 Reuter, 3/13/93; in Executive News Service, 3/13/ The CIA reports that Iran's nuclear weap- 93 (9704). INDIA WITH THAILAND ons program is progressing and that by the year 2000 Iran could produce a nuclear bomb. 4/93 4/93 Iran denies the allegation and states that its According to proliferation expert David Kay, India's Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao nuclear program is intended for peaceful pur- the fluorine gas, magnets, vacuum pumps, meets with Prime Minister of Thailand Chuan poses. and balancing machines that Iran has tried Leekpai for a discussion of economic issues, Claude van England, Christian Science Monitor, to purchase abroad for use at Tehran's Sharif including possible cooperation in the gen- 2/18/93, p. 7 (9701). University of Technology could be used in eration of nuclear energy. a gas centrifuge program. Denholm Barnetson, UPI, 4/9/93; in Executive 1/31/93 Frontline, Show #1116, 4/13/93 (9700). News Service, 4/9/93 (9825). Iranian President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani denies Western reports that Iran 4/93 is trying to build a nuclear weapon, declar- IRAN WITH ARGENTINA Thailand requests nuclear power technology ing that Iran "cannot afford to purchase from India following India's announcement [and] will never try to purchase" nuclear 2/93 of a new monazite-based fuel cycle for fast- bombs. The IAEA confirms that Argentina will ex- breeder reactors. The technology uses a Caryle Murphy, Washington Post, 2/1/93, pp. A12, port a shipment of 20% enriched uranium to blanket of thorium produced from the beach A15 (9560). Iran in 1993. sands of Kerala. Claude Van England, Christian Science Monitor, Cecil Victor, Patriot (New Delhi), 4/10/93, p. 5; in 2/93 2/18/93, p. 7 (9701). The Arms Control Reporter, JPRS-TND-93-019, 6/22/93, p. 9 (9642). CIA Director James Woolsey states that the 3/93 (9707). U.S. is concerned about Iran's nuclear po- tential, even though Iran is still 8 to 10 years INDIA WITH UNITED STATES away from being able to produce its own IRAN WITH AZERBAIJAN AND RUSSIA nuclear weapons. Woolsey says that Iran 4/15/93 could become a nuclear power sooner if it 12/92 In a letter responding to a 3/24/93 article in acquires assistance from abroad. Reports disclose that uranium stolen from the Washington Times, K. Sibal, India's New York Times, 2/25/93, p. A5 (9737). Russia's Chepetsk Mechanical Plant was pur- deputy chief of mission at the Indian em- chased by buyers from Azerbaijan for 280 bassy in Washington, denies allegations that 3/14/93 million rubles. The Azeri buyers reportedly India received a supercomputer from the U.S. The secretary of Iran's Supreme Council for planned to sell the uranium to Iran for $15 for nuclear testing. Sibal states that the National Security, Hassan Ruhani, declares million. supercomputer was purchased by India from on a BBC radio broadcast that obtaining AFP (Paris), 12/13/92; in JPRS-TND-93-001, 1/ the U.S. for weather prediction purposes nuclear weapons would threaten the secu- 7/93, p. 25 (8960). only, and is under strict, mutually agreed- rity of Iran. Ruhani denies accusations that upon safeguards. Iran is trying to acquire nuclear weapons, K. Sibal, Washington Times, 4/15/93, p. 62 (9546). and states that Iran is always prepared to IRAN WITH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY have the IAEA visit Iranian nuclear facili- ties. 1/93 David Watts, Times (London), 3/15/93(9557). The G-7 countries are unable to come to full agreement on the scope of export controls 3/93 on equipment and technology to countries, The head of Iran's Atomic Energy Organiza- including Iran, which are of proliferation con- tion, Reza Amrollahi, denies allegations by cern. The U.S. has a more comprehensive Western intelligence sources that Iran is try- list of items for which exports

104 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments

IRAN should be restricted than some of its G-7 take effect on 1/20/93. IRAN WITH PRC partners and would like the other G-7 coun- Mednews, 1/11/93, pp. 4-5 (9834). tries to adopt its list. However, some of the 2/93 G-7 countries do not want to restrict export U.S. intelligence chief James Woolsey says of items on the U.S. list which they believe IRAN WITH KAZAKHSTAN that Iran is developing chemical, biological do not pose a threat to proliferation. and nuclear weapons with the assistance of Export Control News, 3/11/93 (9703). 4/93 the PRC and Russia. Intelligence sources say that Iran may have Jim Wolf, Reuter, 2/24/93; in Executive News purchased beryllium and 100 tons of ura- Service, 2/25/93 (9167). IRAN WITH GEORGIA nium, which may include pellets of uranium dioxide, from a nuclear weapons factory 2/21/93 1/93 north of Alma-Aty, Kazakhstan. Iran and China sign a deal to construct two Georgian head of state Eduard Frontline, Show #1116, 4/13/93, pp. 18 (9700). 300 MW nuclear power plants in the south- Shevardnadze and Iranian President ern part of Iran. Hashemi-Rafsanjani sign a treaty in which The Arms Control Reporter, 3/93 (9707). both nations agree to support the eventual IRAN WITH KAZAKHSTAN AND RUSSIA elimination of weapons of mass destruction. 3/93 An Iranian opposition official declares that Both nations also state their wish to declare 12/92 China is prepared to assist Iran in construct- the Persian Gulf and Black Sea a nuclear and A Western intelligence wiretap of a phone ing two 300-MW nuclear reactors at the town chemical weapons-free zone. conversation between two Iranian diplomats Sakartvelos Respublika (Tbilisi), 1/21/93, pp. 1-2; of Darkhovin. reveals that Iran has purchased four nuclear David Watts, Times (London), 3/15/93 (9557). in FBIS-SOV-93-016, 1/27/93, pp. 60-63 (9146). warheads from Kazakhstan, an accusation which Iran denies. The transcripts reveal 4/13/93 that one of Iranian Defense Minister Torkan's IRAN WITH INDIA The Islamic Majlis of Iran ratifies a nuclear contacts arranged for the purchase, but a cooperation agreement between Iran and "technical problem" had prevented the ex- China which provides for joint work on 1/93 port of the warheads to Iran. Although the An Israeli periodical states that Iran's nuclear nuclear power plants, uranium extraction and codes to arm the warheads were not pro- exploration, and radiation safeguards. research program has received technical as- vided with the missiles, two experts from sistance from India. IRNA (Tehran), 4/13/93; in JPRS-TND-93-011, 4/ Russia reportedly arrived to bypass the 23/93, p. 14(10092). Shlomo Papirblatt, Yedi'ot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 1/ 15/93, pp. 12-13; in JPRS-TND-007, 3/5/93, pp. codes. Iran denies the reports and the U.S. 14-16 (9561). State Department also says they are untrue. IRAN WITH RUSSIA Shlomo Papirblatt, Yedi'ot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 1/ 4/93 15/93; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, pp. 14-16 1993 (9561). The Arms Control Reporter, 3/93 (9707). Iran expresses interest in India's new mona- Reuter, 7/27/93; in Executive News Service, 7/27/ zite-based fuel cycle technology for fast 93 (9798). Qol Yisra'el (Jerusalem), 3/30/93; in The Director of the Russian Foreign Intelli- breeder reactors. The technology uses a FBIS-SOV-93-64, 3/31/93, p. 71 (9197). gence Service, Yevgeniy Primakov, states blanket of thorium produced from the beach that "red mercury" from the former USSR is sands of Kerala. exported through Eastern European coun- Cecil Victor, Patriot (New Delhi), 4/10/93, p. 5; in IRAN WITH PAKISTAN tries, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and JPRS-TND-93-019, 6/22/93, p. 9 (9642). Switzerland to major corporations involved 1992 in nuclear weapons production in Libya, Iran, Iran reportedly offers to pay for Pakistan's Iraq, Israel and other Middle East coun- IRAN WITH JAPAN entire $3.5 billion defense budget in exchange tries. Primakov states that "red mercury," for Pakistan's nuclear technology. Pakistan a black market substance alleged to have 1/93 refuses, but the offer is not withdrawn. nuclear weapons applications, does not ex- Japan is considering new restrictions which Foreign Report, 3/25/93 (9667). ist in nature, but could be a code word used will require exporters to obtain prior approval by mafia organizations involved in the from the Ministry of International Trade & illegal sale of precious metals, including Industry (MITI) when selling machine osmium, uranium, indium and plutonium. tools and advanced electronic equipment All contraband samples of "red mercury" to Iran, Libya, and North Korea. I f the new restrictions are passed, they will

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 105 Nuclear Developments

IRAN-IRAQ

Tajikistan. seized thus far have been regular mercury, David Watts, Times (London), 3/15/93(9557). lead or some other substance. IRAQ Pravda (Moscow), 4/17/93, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND- 93-012, 5/4/93, pp. 21-28 (9649). IRAN WITH UNITED KINGDOM

2/93 3/1/93 British Foreign Secretary Douglas INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS U.S. intelligence chief James Woolsey says Hurd announces that the U.K. is tightening that Iran is developing nuclear weapons with its export controls on dual-use technology 12/92 the assistance of the PRC and Russia. and military related equipment to Iran. Un- An Iraqi dissident group reports that Iraq is Jim Wolf, Reuter, 2/24/93; in Executive News Service, 2/25/93 (9167). der the new British export controls, the De- executing Iraqi atomic scientists because partment of Trade and Industry will refuse Saddam Hussain is afraid the scientists will 3/93 to grant licenses for export to Iran for banned flee and reveal Iraq's secret arms procure- Russia agrees to build a nuclear power plant nuclear or military items listed on an interna- ment network. According to the Supreme in Iran which will have two modernized pres- tional roster. Assembly of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Jimmy Burns and Gillian Tett, Financial Times, 3/ executions were ordered following protests surized water reactors. The plant is expected 2/93, p. 8 (9559). to take 7-8 years to construct. by scientists over the assassination of Iraqi Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News Service, 3/31/ Atomic engineer Mu'ayyad al-Janabi. 93 (9607). Voice of Iraqi People, 12/27/92; in JPRS-TND-93- IRAN WITH UNITED STATES 001, 1/7/93, p. 16 (9904). 4/13/93 The Islamic Majlis of Iran ratifies an agree- 1/4/93 1/93 ment between Iran and Russia which pro- The U.S. Commerce Department blocks a According to experts, the Iraqi weapon fa- vides for cooperation on nuclear research shipment to Iran of a sophisticated IBM cilities Iskandariya, Hamath, Hatteen, including joint work on research reactor de- ES9000 computer with both civilian and mili- Fallouja, and the Nasr State Establishment velopment, "the production of components tary applications. Reza Zandian and Charles still remain intact. Iskandariya is a foundary and the material needed for nuclear reactors, Rieger, the owner and manager, respectively, which is believed to have cast steel case- and research in laser production technology of two computer firms, are arrested for vio- ments for possible Iraqi nuclear weapons and application." The Iranian Atomic Energy lating the Export Administration Regulations use. Hamath, near Tuwaitha, is an Iraqi mag- Organization and the Russian nuclear energy by supplying the $2 million computer. In- net-test facility and is believed to be "a key ministry will sign the accords. vestigations by the U.S. Commerce Depart- component of Iraq's effort to enrich ura- IRNA (Tehran), 4/13/93; in JPRS-TND-93-011, 4/ ment of suspected illegal exports to Iran have nium." A calutron and magnets were stored 23/93, p.14 (10092). Hamshahri (Tehran), 4/14/ increased by 700% during the past 5 years, at the Fallouja complex. 93, p.2; in JPRS-TND-93-012 (10092). with 140 investigations now underway. Melissa Healy, Los Angeles Times, 1/18/93, pp. A1, Frontline, Show #1116, 4/13/93 (9700). Export A25 (9540). Control News, 1/28/93, p. 10 (9705). 1/93 IRAN WITH SOUTH AFRICA 4/93 It is reported that approximately 7,000 Iraqi 4/93 A news report states that Iran's Sharif Uni- technicians and scientists participated in the Western military officials have expressed versity imported $1.4 million worth of com- Iraqi nuclear program. Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 1/18/93, p.A6 (9594). concern that when the African National Con- puters from the U.S. firm Digital Equipment gress (ANC) takes power, South Africa might Corporation. The shipment received the approval of the U.S. State Department, al- 1/17/93 sell nuclear technology and materials to Iran U.S.-led allied forces bomb nuclear-related "in payment for old debts." The ANC has though the U.S. Department of Defense and an interagency subgroup which deals with facilities at the Zaafarniyah machining com- termed this concern "far-fetched." plex in southeast Baghdad. Zaafarniyah was Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 4/93, pp. 32-37 controls of nuclear exports recommended (9625). that it not be allowed. Another U.S. firm, one of six main centers for Iraqi nuclear weap- AST Research, also sold a computer to Iran's ons development. The heavy machining Sharif Institute. plant known as Al Rabee is hit and heavily IRAN WITH TAJIKISTAN Frontline, Show #1116, 4/13/93 (9700). damaged. Al Rabee, along with another fa- cility at Zaafarniyah, Al Dijjla, are believed 3/93 Reports allege that Iran is importing to have possessed "coil-winding, chassis nuclear materials or weapons from assembly, computer aided design, printed circuit board fabrication and con-

106 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments IRAQ trol system design and assembly" capabili- IRAQ WITH ALGERIA 1/93 ties. Al Dijjla is not hit in the attack. Four The IAEA is said to suspect that Iraq could facilities at Zaafarniyah containing high- 3/93 be hiding an underground plutonium reac- technology welding, casting for huge mag- A Russian Foreign Intelligence Service re- tor and a uranium enrichment "cascade" with nets and a materials workshop are destroyed; port suggests that Algeria is establishing centrifuges imported from China, Brazil, and another materials workshop and main fabri- contacts with Iraq in order to obtain "tech- Germany. cation building are "severely damaged"; and nical secrets" and special equipment. It Mednews, 1/25/93, pp. 1-3 (9621). a coil production workshop is "moderately states that Algeria is suspected of assisting damaged." One of the buildings hit in the Iraq with the concealment and evacuation 2/93 attack houses high-technology machinery, of nuclear fuel stocks, nuclear engineering U.N. Security Council report number S23947 such as computer-controlled lathes and specialists, and engineering forms and states that C Plath (Germany) manufactured multi-axis milling machines. UNSCOM offi- records prior to IAEA inspections. small components for Iraq's centrifuge pro- cials say that Iraq had already destroyed Report by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service totypes. calutron vacuum boxes, uranium isotope col- (Moscow), 1993; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. Nuclear Engineering International, 2/93, p. 7 lection devices, and specialized machine tool 21 (9476). (9542). fixtures. In addition, inspectors tagged heavy lathes and "five high-precision mill- 3/93 ing machines" for later destruction. The IRAQ WITH BRAZIL Two co-managers of H & H Metalform tools at Al Rabee were designated by the GMBH are charged with supplying gas ul- IAEA as relevant components in the pro- 1/93 tracentrifuge technology to Iraq in violation duction of gas ultra-centrifuges for the en- Brazil is suspected of providing Iraq with a design of German export laws. for centrifuges and also of supplying Iraq with an Terence Roth, Wall Street Journal, 3/25/93, p. A10 richment of uranium. According to an in- actual centrifuge. (9906). ventory compiled by the IAEA, 13% of all David Albright and Mark Hibbs, The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 1/93 (9624). Mednews, 1/25/ Iraqi nuclear-related machines were located IRAQ WITH IAEA AND UNITED NATIONS at Al Rabee. 93, pp. 1-3 (9621). Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 1/21/93, pp. 11-12 (9543). Mednews, 1/25/93, pp. 1-3 (9621). 1/93 The deputy head of the IAEA, Maurizio IRAQ WITH BULGARIA 1/27/93 Zifferero, states that Iraq will be five to seven An IAEA inspection team visits the bombed 1/93 years away from producing an atomic bomb Al Rabee facility and finds thousands of A Nuclear Engineering International article if the U.N. embargo is lifted, inspections are people and hundreds of pieces of cleaning clarifies that the one hundred forty "pluto- ended, and Iraq is allowed access to unlim- and construction equipment. Experts be- nium disks" stolen from the Bulgarian com- ited financial resources. Zifferero's com- lieve the equipment is there to refurbish the pany Electrocommerce contained no more ments come after a week-long inspection of site and have it operating within a few than 100 g of plutonium-239. Earlier reports sites in and around Baghdad, which was months. claimed that 80 kg of Pu-239 were seized and concluded on 1/30/93. Zifferero says that U.N. Security Council document S25411, Annex, intended to be sold to Iraq for $80 million. with the aid of 80 foreign suppliers, Iraq was 3/13/93 (9598). According to later reports by Bulgarian offi- two to three years from producing one or cials, the amount of stolen Pu-239 is "far less" two bombs a year. Although Iraq claims that 3/17/93 than the amount needed for a bomb and there the list of 80 firms represents 90% of its for- U.N. inspector Dimitri Perricos states that is no evidence the material was headed for eign suppliers, Zifferero says that this is an Iraq reopened its high-tech engineering plant Iraq. exaggeration and that inspectors will press at Zaafarniyah that was bombed in 1/93. The Nuclear Engineering International, 1/93, p. 13 for the remaining names. Zifferero admits plant was used in Iraq's electromagnetic sepa- (9924). that there is little evidence to suggest that ration program for uranium enrichment but an underground Iraqi plutonium reactor ex- was converted to civilian use after the Gulf ists. War. IRAQ WITH GERMANY Alberto Stabile, La Republica (Rome), 1/27/93, p. Reuter, 3/11/93; in Executive News Service, 3/11/ 15; in JPRS-TND-93-004, 2/5/93, p. 22 (9531). 93 (9908). Leon Barkho, Reuter, 3/18/93; in Chistopher Walker, Times (London), 1/26/93 (9541). Executive News Service, 3/18/93 (9908). 12/91 New York Times, 1/31/93, p. A6 (9907). German firms are said to have supplied Iraq with "fortified magnets and housings" suf- 1/10/93 ficient to build 10,000 centrifuges. Iraq bars 70 U.N. inspectors traveling from Stephen Kinzer, New York Times, 1/24/93, p. A3 Bahrain from entering Iraq on non-Iraqi (9375).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 107 Nuclear Developments

IRAQ planes. This ban is a violation of the U.N. days. On 3/3/93, Perricos said that Iraq indi- to Iraq, including metal surface grinding tools ceasefire agreement. cated that "they have no will to start [their used to manufacture uranium concentration Youssef M. Ibrahim, New York Times, 1/11/93, p. weapons programs] again." equipment, measuring devices, and high- A6 (9909). Reuter, 3/9/93; in Executive News Service, 3/9/93 speed cameras. Fewer than 10 companies (9911). Leon Barkho, Washington Times, 3/8/93, were involved in the transactions; their 1/21/93 p. A9 (9913). Leon Barkho, Reuter, 3/11/93; in Exective News Service, 3/11/93 (9908). names have been given to the Japanese gov- Two U.N. inspection teams are scheduled to ernment. fly to Iraq to search for nuclear and missile- 4/23/93 Kyodo (Tokyo), 1/30/93; in JPRS-TND-93-004, 2/ related equipment. 5/93, p. 23 (9548). Reuter, 1/21/93; in Executive News Service, 1/21/ The deputy head of the IAEA, Maurizio 93 (9910). Zifferero, states that the U.N. is convinced IRAQ WITH PRC that Iraq is not conducting any nuclear ac- 1/25/93-1/31/93 tivity. Zifferero's comments come as a U.N. The IAEA conducts its seventeenth inspec- team is arriving in Baghdad with plans to 1/93 tion in Iraq. The inspection is led by remove approximately 40kg (86lbs.) of ura- The IAEA is said to suspect that Iraq could Mauricio Zifferero and covers ten Iraqi fa- nium fuel from the former Iraqi nuclear facil- be hiding an underground plutonium reac- cilities. A short-notice inspection is con- ity in Tuwaitha. This shipment represents tor and a uranium enrichment "cascade" with ducted at Taji-Nassr State Establishment, the last remaining weapons-grade uranium centrifuges imported from China, Brazil, and which houses flow forming machines, and it known to exist in Iraq. In 6/92 the U.N. re- Germany. is determined that all machines and seals are moved from Iraq approximately 12kg (26 lbs.) Mednews, 1/25/93, pp. 1-3 (9621). accounted for. The team finds seals on irra- of highly-enriched uranium that had not been diated fuel assemblies at Tuwaitha undis- processed. turbed. The inspection team continues to Leon Barkho, Reuter, 4/23/93; in Executive News IRAQ WITH RUSSIA press Iraqi officials for procurement-related Service, 4/23/93 (9529). Reuter, 4/19/93; in Executive News Service, 4/19/93 (9529). Gulf News, 1993 information and Iraq agrees to provide any 4/25/93, p. 5 (9529). missing information after the IAEA produces The Director of the Russian Foreign Intelli- gence Service, Yevgeniy Primakov, states a detailed list of items in question. 4/30/93 that "red mercury" from the former USSR is U.N. Security Council document S/25411, Annex, A 14-member U.N. inspection team arrives 3/13/93 (9598). exported through Eastern European coun- in Baghdad to inspect Iraqi waters for signs tries, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and of nuclear activity and examine "dual-use" 2/23/93 Switzerland to major corporations involved U.N. Special Commission spokesman Tim equipment. Leon Barkho, Reuter, 4/30/93; in Executive News in nuclear weapons production in Libya, Iran, Trevan states that two teams of inspectors Service, 4/30/93 (9544). Iraq, Israel and other Middle East countries. left for Iraq on 2/21/93 and 2/22/93. Inspec- Primakov states that "red mercury," a black tors carried out on-site visits and surveil- market substance alleged to have nuclear lance by plane and helicopter to verify that IRAQ WITH IAEA AND RUSSIA weapons applications, does not exist in na- Iraq is not continuing development of nuclear ture, but could be a code word used by mafia weapons. 4/93 organizations involved in the illegal sale of UPI, 2/23/93; in Executive News Service, 2/24/93 precious metals, including osmium, uranium, (9912). Russia wins a $20 million contract from the IAEA to reprocess 80 lbs of fuel retrieved indium and plutonium. All contraband samples of "red mercury" seized thus far have 3/9/93-3/11/93 from destroyed Iraqi nuclear reactors. Rus- been regular mercury, lead or some other Dimitri Perricos, head of a 24-member U.N. sia agrees to take responsibility for the re- substance. nuclear inspection team, says that inspec- processing and the resulting nuclear waste. Russia may reprocess the fuel at a military Pravda (Moscow), 4/17/93, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND- tors conducted short-notice inspections of 93-012, 5/4/93, pp. 21-28 (9649). "different state establishments for engineer- plant near Tomsk. ing." Perricos says that of the 28 sites vis- Roger Highfield, Daily Telegraph, 420/93 (9586). ited, three had been visited for the first time. IRAQ WITH UNITED KINGDOM One of the three sites contained dual-use machine tools that had not been declared to 1992 IRAQ WITH JAPAN the U.N., but Perricos says that none of the equipment found was "being used for A trial in the U.K. reveals that in 1987 banned activities when inspected." Accord- 1/3/93 IAEA officials confirm that Japanese com- British intelligence apparently knew that ing to Perricos, Iraq promises to provide the the U.K. firm Matrix Churchill provided ma- U.N. with a list of its foreign suppliers in 15 panies have exported precision instruments

108 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments

IRAQ-ISRAEL chine tools to Iraqi arms factories. However, Service, states that Israel's production of fis- ISRAEL WITH SOUTH AFRICA in the U.S., the CIA claims to have been no- sionable plutonium could reach 44 to 88 tified much later. pounds (20 to 40 kg) per year. The report 3/93 Richard Norton-Taylor, The Guardian, 1/28/93 claims Israel may currently have 100 to 200 South African President de Klerk denies (9528). nuclear weapons. Israel is said to use a heavy ANC allegations that the South African water reactor and an irradiated reprocessing nuclear weapons program was developed 2/93 plant, built with French assistance, to manu- with Israeli assistance. A report from Nuclear Engineering Interna- facture weapons-grade plutonium outside Washington Post, 3/25/93, p. A1, A31 (9627). tional claims that according to a contract IAEA safeguards. code-named K-1000, the U.K. firm Matrix Julian Isherwood, Daily Telegraph, 2/3/93 (9615). 3/93 Churchill produced 34 centrifuge compo- Jim Wolf, Reuters, 2/24/93; in Executive News Four days after the South African disclo- nents for the Badr General Establishment, a Service, 2/25/93 (9924). sure of its nuclear weapons program, the City state-owned company involved in Iraq's Press of South Africa reports that in 1977 nuclear weapons program. 2/93 Nuclear Engineering International, 2/93, p. 7 A study conducted by the Stockholm Peace and 1978, Israel supplied South Africa with (9542). Research Institute finds that Israel has pro- 30 grams of tritium, code named "Teeblare," duced ninety nuclear warheads and will have and, in turn, Israel received 50 tons of enough weapons-grade plutonium and yellowcake from South Africa. Another IRAQ WITH UNITED STATES highly-enriched uranium to produce 95 newspaper reports that the South African nuclear warheads by 1995. government had tactical nuclear weapons 4/93 Julian Isherwood, Daily Telegraph, 2/3/93 (9615). and had apparently developed its G5 and B6 The U.S. Commerce Department's Inspector howitzer guns to launch them. General announces that a list of U.S. high- Israeli Foreign Affairs, 4/13/93, vol. 1. IX No.3, p. 3 (9916). technology exports to Iraq was modified to ISRAEL WITH RUSSIA hide the fact that much of the equipment had a military use. The list, consisting of the 1993 Commerce Department's computer printouts The Director of the Russian Foreign Intelli- ISRAEL WITH SOUTH KOREA of U.S. export licenses granted for $1.5 bil- gence Service, Yevgeniy Primakov, states lion worth of high-technology equipment that "red mercury" from the former USSR is 4/24/93 was altered in 68 instances. exported through Eastern European coun- Israel's daily newspaper, Yedi'ot Aharonot, Neil Lewis, New York Times, 4/16/93, p. A10 (9445). tries, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and reports that South Korean intelligence offi- Switzerland to major corporations involved cials have recently visited with Israeli mili- in nuclear weapons production in Libya, Iran, tary officials in secret to obtain information Iraq, Israel and other Middle East countries. about the Israeli air bombing raids against Primakov states that "red mercury," a black ISRAEL Iraqi nuclear facilities in 1981. In return for market substance alleged to have nuclear this information, South Korea is providing weapons applications, does not exist in na- Israel with intelligence information concern- ture, but could be a code word used by mafia ing North Korea's alleged weapons sales of organizations involved in the illegal sale of INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS the Nodong No. 1 missile to Iran and Syria. precious metals, including osmium, uranium, It is believed that Director General of Israel's indium and plutonium. All contraband 1/93 Defense Ministry General, David Ivri, is samples of "red mercury" seized thus far have Israeli Foreign Minister Shim'on Peres said scheduled to visit South Korea in 5/93. that Israel is willing to allow Arab countries been regular mercury, lead or some other Pae Myong-pok, Chungang Ilbo (Seoul), 4/26/93; to inspect its nuclear, chemical and biologi- substance. in FBIS-EAS-93-078, 4/26/93, p. 35 (9949). Pravda (Moscow), 4/17/93, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND- cal facilities once a Middle East peace agree- 93-012, 5/4/93, pp. 21-28 (9649). ment is signed. Peres also called on all coun- ISRAEL WITH UNITED STATES tries in the region to construct a mutually 4/93 verifiable nuclear-free zone. Designers at the Kurchatov Institute sign Jerusalem Television Network (Israel),1/13/93; in 1992 JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/27/93, p. 13 (9616). an initial contract to provide Israel with a turn-key, floating, nuclear-powered desali- The U.S. and Israel begin secret talks aimed at negotiating an end to Israel's production 1/93 nization plant. Russian personnel may be used to run the plant. of weapons-grade plutonium at the Dimona A report released by Yevgeny Primakov, head nuclear reactor. One U.S. offficial says Is- Moscow News, 4/2/93, p. 5 (9132). of the Russian Foreign Intelligence rael is willing to stop plutonium produc-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 109 Nuclear Developments

ISRAEL-JAPAN tion in exchange for keeping current levels Hiroyoshi Kurihara, executive director of JAPAN WITH CHILE AND THE IAEA of nuclear warheads, which range from low- Japan's Power Reactor & Nuclear Fuel De- yield neutron devices to "city-busting" hy- velopment Corp. (PNC), says an indefinite 3/30-3/31/93 drogen bombs that can be delivered by mis- extension would be "unnatural." Senior of- The IAEA's public information service and sile, aircraft or artillery. ficials of Japan's Foreign Ministry suggest the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission Seymour Hersh, Los Angeles Times, 2/2/93, p. B7 privately that a 25 to 30 year extension would (CNEC) hold a seminar on energy education (9619). be preferable to an indefinite extension. in Latin America and the Caribbean region, Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 4/12/93, p. 13 (9838). sponsored by the Japanese government. 3/24-3/25/93 IAEA Bulletin, Number 2/93, p. 50 (9412). An NBC report claims that Hollywood film producer and Israeli citizen Arnon Milchan 3/19/93 worked as an arms dealer and sought highly Japan's plutonium recycling policy is dis- JAPAN WITH EASTERN EUROPE classified information from the U.S. in order cussed at a public forum sponsored by the to advance the nuclear weapons program in Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun. The 3/93 Israel. Two nuclear scientists who worked meeting is the first public debate between Japan begins nuclear power plant safety at Los Alamos testified that Milchen was advocates and opponents of Japan's plan to courses for staff from Eastern Europe. Per- using MILCO International as a front for Is- reprocess spent fuel to produce plutonium sonnel from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, raeli arms deals. Richard Kelly Smyth, former for use in its fast breeder reactor program. Hungary, and Slovakia have participated in MILCO president, was charged by U.S. au- Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 4/1/93, pp. 16-17 a general administrator course offered by Ja- thorities for exporting 810 krytons to Israel (9848). pan. The Japan Electric Power Information in 1985. Smyth fled the U.S.; 469 of the 810 Center is organizing the program, which is krytons were returned to the U.S. sponsored by the Ministry of International Israeli Foreign Affairs, 4/13/93, vol. IX No. 3, pp. JAPAN WITH BELARUS, KAZAKHSTAN, AND Trade & Industry. 7-8 (9943). UKRAINE Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 3-4/93, p. 36 (9836).

4/93 Japan announces that it will grant $9 million JAPAN WITH FRANCE JAPAN to Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine to cover some of the expenses of joining the NPT. 1/5/93 UPI, 4/11/93; in Executive News Service, 4/11/93 The Akatsuki Maru arrives in Japan with a (9272). cargo of plutonium reprocessed in France. The plutonium will be used to make fuel for INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Japan's FBR program. Takao Ishiwatari, chief JAPAN WITH CANADA 1/22/93 executive of the group of companies that The executive director of Japan's Nuclear brought the plutonium to Japan, says that 3/17/93 the voyage was successful, but notes that Safety Engineering Center, Mitsuho Hirata, Officials of the Japan Atomic Energy Re- recommends that all of Japan's plutonium be future voyages will be conducted differently search Institute (JAERI) say that the Insti- so as to avoid the controversy caused in managed by the IAEA. tute plans to import 10 g of tritium from Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 2/4/93, p. 18 (9907). part by the extreme secrecy surrounding the Canada. A top priority will be placed on shipment. safety and security of the shipment, and a 3/16/93 Washington Times, 1/5/93, p. A9 (9847). panel may be formed to avoid the criticism Japanese experts attending a conference on that accompanied the recent shipment of plu- the Nonproliferation Treaty organized by the 1-2/93 tonium from France. The tritium will be used American Federation of Scientist and Japan's Japanese officials express surprise over a as fuel for the JT-60 experimental fusion de- Tokai University call for an amendment request by France's Cogema for Japan's Sci- vice. which would require nuclear weapons states ence & Technology Agency to reclaim vitri- Reuter, 3/17/93; in Executive News Service, 3/17/ fied high level radioactive waste by late 1994. to disarm. Toichi Sakata, director of Japan's 93 (9901). Science & Technology Agency (STA), says Cogema claims the date for the return has indefinite extension of the NPT without such been public knowledge for years, and that an amendment would maintain "privileges" specifications for the HLW packages were for the nuclear weapon states and lead to approved by regulatory agencies. Naoaki Usui and Ann MacLachlan, Nuclear Fuel, continued "distrust and dissatisfaction" 2/1/93, p. 9 (9833). among non-nuclear weapon states.

110 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments JAPAN

JAPAN WITH INDIA MITI may conduct export control seminars dismantled nuclear weapons at the annual in these countries as early as the fall of 1993, G-7 meeting in 6/93. 1/4/93 and would also accept trainees. Officials say Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 4/1/93, pp. 15-16 Japanese government officials declare that the countries are able to produce materials (9708). Japan may use its foreign aid program as a and machine tools which can be used to lever against India and Pakistan to halt their manufacture weapons of mass destruction, JAPAN WITH NORTH KOREA "alleged" nuclear weapons programs. but that they do not yet control the export of Kyodo (Tokyo), 1/14/93; in JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/ these items. MITI has received a "generally 27/93, p. 5 (9842). favorable" response to the proposals. 3/12/93 Kyodo (Tokyo), 3/16/93; in JPRS-TND-93-009, 3/ Japanese Prime Minister Miyazawa calls on 3/93 29/93, p. 11 (9839). North Korea to reconsider its decision to During a meeting in New Delhi, Japan and withdraw from the NPT. Miyazawa reiter- India agree that (1) potential solutions to the ates Japan's policy that normalization of re- nuclear security issue outside of the NPT JAPAN WITH IRAN, LIBYA, AND NORTH lations could not take place between the could be explored, (2) any solution must in- KOREA countries until North Korea allows interna- clude the PRC, and (3) equal concern be tional inspection of its facilities. On 3/23/93, shown to all countries in such an agreement. 1/93 a Japanese Foreign Ministry official an- The Hindu (Madras), 4/5/93, p. 9; in JPRS-TND- Japan is considering new restrictions that nounces that Japan, the U.S. and South Ko- 93-016, 6/7/93, p. 14 (9947). will require exporters to obtain prior approval rea are prepared to take North Korea's re- from the Ministry of International Trade & fusal of IAEA inspections to the U.N. Secu- 4/1-4/2/93 Industry (MITI) when selling machine tools rity Council if necessary, and Japan later says Japanese Deputy Foreign Minister Kunihiko and advanced electronic equipment to Iran, it will seek U.N. sanctions against North Saito and Indian Foreign Secretary J.N. Dixit Libya, and North Korea. If the new restric- Korea if it fails to meet the IAEA's deadline meet to discuss nuclear proliferation and tions are passed, they will take effect on 1/ to allow international inspections. arms control. 20/93. Don Oberdorfer, Washington Post, 3/18/93; in Nucleonics Week, 4/8/93, p. 15 (9747). The Hindu Mednews, 1/11/93, pp. 4-5 (9834). Executive News Service, 3/18/93 (9742). Kyodo (Madras), 4/5/93, p. 9; in JPRS-TND-93-016, 6/7/ (Tokyo), 3/12/93; in JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/93, 93, p. 14 (9947). p. 5 (9841). Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News Service, 3/31/93 (9959). JAPAN WITH IRAQ JAPAN WITH INDONESIA 3-4/93 1/3/93 Japan solicits China's aid in encouraging 2/93 IAEA officials confirm that Japanese com- North Korea to cooperate with the IAEA. The Japanese firm New Japan Engineering panies have exported precision instruments Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 4/1/93, p. 14 (9819). Consultants is studying the site and tech- to Iraq, including metal surface grinding tools nology for a 600 MW nuclear reactor which used to manufacture uranium concentration will be located in the Indonesian province equipment, measuring devices, and high- JAPAN WITH PAKISTAN Maria Mountain in central Java. speed cameras. Fewer than 10 companies Reuter, 2/15/93; in Executive News Service, 2/15/ were involved in the transactions; their 1/14/93 93 (9824). names have been given to the Japanese gov- Japanese government officials declare that ernment. Japan may use its foreign aid program as a Kyodo (Tokyo), 1/30/93; in JPRS-TND-93-004, 2/ lever against India and Pakistan to halt their JAPAN WITH INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, 5/93, p. 23 (9548). "alleged" nuclear weapons programs. SINGAPORE, SOUTH KOREA, Kyodo (Tokyo), 1/14/93; in JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/ 27/93, p. 5 (9842). AND THAILAND 2/93 JAPAN WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP 3/15/93 Japan sends a delegation to Pakistan to dis- Officials of Japan's Ministry International cuss new Japanese legislation that will pro- Trade & Industry (MITI) say that MITI may 3/93 Japanese officials say that Japan will press hibit economic aid to countries suspected offer expertise on arms export control to In- of possessing nuclear weapons programs. donesia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, for a discussion of alternatives for interna- tional management of plutonium taken from Pakistani government sources say Japanese and Thailand as an incentive to join interna- Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa sent a per- tional agreements restricting the spread of sonal message to Pakistan's Prime Minis- weapons of mass destruction. ter Nawaz Sharif concerning Pakistan's

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 111 Nuclear Developments

JAPAN-LIBYA

help store radioactive waste which might License Report, 1/93 (10089). nuclear program, but details of the message otherwise be dumped into the sea. 2/93 were not disclosed. Pakistan received 50 bil- UPI, 4/11/93; in Executive News Service, 4/11/93 General Electric of the U.S. is issued a license lion yen ($406 million) in aid from Japan in (9272). to export 4.45% LEU to Japan, and 1991 and had received a pledge from Japan Mitsubishi is issued a license to export 4.15% to provide another 50 billion yen in 1992. 4/93 LEU. Another delegation will visit India and Paki- Japan offers Russia $1.8 billion in loans and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Export License Report, 2/93 (10089). stan in 3/93 in an attempt to convince the grants to upgrade nuclear facilities. Washington Times, 4/16/93, p. A11 (9835). two nations to sign the NPT. 3/93 UPI, 2/23/93; in Executive News Service, 2/23/93 (9674). Kyodo (Tokyo), 1/14/93; in JPRS-TND- Marubeni American Corporation is issued a 93-003, 1/27/93, p. 5 (9842). JAPAN WITH SOUTH KOREA license to export 4.95% LEU to Japan, and Mitsubishi International is issued a license 1/6/93 to export 3.85% LEU, 4.05% LEU, and 4.15% JAPAN WITH THE PRC The South Korean government is reportedly LEU, and natural uranium. Mitsui and Co. is considering measures to guard against Ja- issued two licenses to export 4.45% LEU 3/93 pan becoming a nuclear power. According anad 4.95% LEU. to a secret report by the ROK Ministry of U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Export Japan begins nuclear power plant safety License Report, 3/93 (10089). courses for staff from the PRC. The Japan Science and Technology, Japan possessed the technology necessary to build a nuclear Electric Power Information Center is orga- 4/93 weapon as early as 1980. The report recom- nizing the program, which is sponsored by Edlow International is issued three license mends that nuclear-related information be the Ministry of International Trade & Indus- to export 4.15% LEU to Japan, and Mitsui regularly exchanged, both as a check against try. and Co. is issued a license to export 4.65% Japan's development of a weapons capabil- Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 3-4/93, p. 36 (9836). LEU, 4.95% LEU, and natural uranium. ity, and as a means to learn more about U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Export Japan's nuclear energy technology. Chong License Report, 4/93 (10089). JAPAN WITH RUSSIA Tae-ik, Director of the Americas Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, states that 4/93 2/93 while the South Korean government is con- Japan's Atomic Energy Research Institute Japanese Foreign Minister Michio cerned about safety in Japan's plan to ship (JAERI) and the U.S. Sandia National Labo- Watanabe states that Japan would consider plutonium from Europe for stockpiling over ratories begin a second phase of testing a buying highly enriched uranium from Rus- the next 30 years, the ROK government does remote surveillance system that monitors sia to fuel Japan's breeder reactor, but adds not think Japan is likely to "arm itself with nuclear material. The Containment and Sur- that assistance is contingent on Russia's nuclear weapons." veillance Data Authenticated Communica- return of the Kuril islands. Tong-A Ilbo (Seoul), 1/6/93, p. 1; in JPRS-TND- tion (Casdac) system will support verifica- Defence News, 2/15/93, p. 2 (9845). 93-002, 1/15/93, pp. 8-9 (9849). tion of NPT commitments by transmitting data from a monitored site to a remote sur- 1/18-1/19/93 3/93 veillance system. The U.S. Arms Control South Korea and Japan participate in a meet- Japan begins courses in nuclear power plant and Disarmament Agency provided the soft- ing of the Joint Nuclear Consultative Com- safety for staff of Russian and other former ware for the system. Soviet plants. mittee. The countries are scheduled to dis- Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 4/1/93, p. 12 (9832). Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 3-4/93, p. 36 (9836). cuss nuclear conditions and policies, North Korea's nuclear development, the establish- 4/93 ment of a stronger nuclear diplomacy, and Japan's Foreign Minister Kabun Muto asks Japan's stockpile of plutonium. LIBYA Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev Yonhap (Seoul), 1/19/93; in JPRS-TND-93-003, to control Russia's dumping of radioactive 1/27/93, p. 8 (9552). waste into the Sea of Japan. Reuter, 1/13/93; in Executive News Service, 1/13/ LIBYA WITH BULGARIA, RUSSIA, AND 93 (9153). JAPAN WITH THE UNITED STATES UKRAINE

4/93 1/14/93 4/15/93 Japan urges the G-7 members to agree on Edlow International of the U.S. is issued a Ukrainian customs officials at the port of building nuclear waste facilities in Russia to license to export 4.15% LEU to Japan. Ilichevsk discover an undocumented ship- U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Export

112 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments

LIBYA-NORTH KOREA ment of 80 tons of nuclear fuel. The fuel 3/93 allegedly was of Russian origin and was in- According to defense expert Paul Beaver of tended to go to Libya after making a port call NORTH KOREA Jane's Defence Weekly, North Korea has four in Bulgaria. V. Klinkov, deputy chief of to six laboratory nuclear devices. Beaver Ilichevsk customs, denies having seen the says that these devices could not be used shipment. In a possible explanation for the to launch a strike against its neighbors since conflicting reports, A. Savelyev of the Ukrai- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS North Korea lacks the means of delivery. nian Security Service reported that four rail- Gareth Jones, Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News road cars containing rocket fuel, not nuclear 1980-89 Service, 3/31/93 (9959). fuel, had arrived at the Odessa- North Korea carries out 70 nuclear tests and Sortirovochnaya railroad station bound for continues to develop detonating technol- 3/9/93 Bulgaria. ogy, according to South Korean Defense North Korean military leader Kim Jong-Il re- Leonid Kapelyushnyy, Izvestiya (Moscow), 4/15/93, Minister Kwon Young-hae. portedly puts North Korea on a status of p. 1; in JPRS-TND-93- 011, 4/23/93, p. 24 (9769). Michael Breen, Washington Times, 3/17/93, p. A8 "semi-war." Nina Perstneva, Izvestia (Moscow), 4/16/93; in (9959). Reuter (Tokyo), 3/17/93; in Executive New Service, FBIS-SOV-93-075, 4/21/93, p. 52 (9967). 3/17/93 (9742). 1/27/93 3/12/93 The North Korean Foreign Affairs Ministry North Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs Kim LIBYA WITH JAPAN states that North Korea will take "necessary Yong Nam issues a statement to the U.N. self-defensive measures" should the U.S. and Security Council announcing the withdrawal 1/93 South Korea resume the Team Spirit military of North Korea from the NPT. The North Japan is considering new restrictions that exercises. The military exercises are sched- Korean government cites the resumption of will require exporters to obtain prior approval uled to begin in 1/93 and conclude 4/93, and Team Spirit military exercises between the from the Ministry of International Trade & will involve 190,000 troops, including 50,000 U.S. and South Korea, and the 2/25/93 IAEA Industry (MITI) when selling machine tools U.S. personnel. resolution demanding for special inspections and advanced electronic equipment to Iran, UPI, 1/27/93; in Executive News Service, 1/27/93 Libya, and North Korea. If the new restric- (9752). Kensuke Ebata, Jane's Defense Weekly, 2/ of two North Korean military sites, as rea- tions are passed, they will take effect on 1/ 6/93, p. 12 (9752). sons for withdrawal. The statement also ac- 20/93. cuses the U.S. of fabricating intelligence in- Mednews, 1/11/93, pp. 4-5 (9834). 2/8/93 formation upon which the IAEA is estab- A North Korean Foreign Ministry statement lishing a basis to enforce special inspections. declares that North Korea might take "coun- Radio Japan says that its Korean broadcasts, LIBYA WITH RUSSIA termeasures of self-defense" if the U.S. and as well as South Korean radio broadcasts, other countries press for inspections of cer- were jammed for the first time by the North 1993 tain facilities. The refusal is a switch in policy Korea government in order to keep North The Director of the Russian Foreign Intelli- for the North Koreans, who formerly stated Korean citizens from learning of the with- gence Service, Yevgeniy Primakov, states that the IAEA inspectors could "travel any- drawal. The IAEA reminds North Korea of that "red mercury" from the former USSR is where in the country." its obligations under the NPT and of its re- exported through Eastern European coun- David E. Sanger, New York Times, 2/9/93, p. A5 sponsibility to respond to the IAEA's request (9739). tries, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and of 2/25/93 to inspect two non-declared sites. Switzerland to major corporations involved Letter From Kim Yong Nam, DPRK Minister of 2/12/93 Foreign Affairs, 3/12/93 (9433). Reuter, 3/11/93; in nuclear weapons production in Libya, Iran, The government-controlled ruling workers in Executive News Service, 3/12/93 (9629). Gus Iraq, Israel and other Middle East countries. party newspaper, Rodong Sinmun, reports Constantine, Washington Post, 3/12/93, p. A1 Primakov states that "red mercury," a black (9738). Gamini Seneviratne, Nucleonics Week, 3/ that it is "impossible for [North Korea] to 18/93, p. 10 (9630). market substance alleged to have nuclear implement [its] obligations under the Nuclear weapons applications, does not exist in na- Non-proliferation Treaty" due to the insis- ture, but could be a code word used by mafia 3/15/93 tence of South Korea and the U.S. that the Dr. Kim Tae-u, a senior researcher at the organizations involved in the illegal sale of Team Spirit military exercises be held. precious metals, including osmium, uranium, Korea Institute for Defense Analysis in Reuter, 2/12/93; in Executive News Service, 2/12/ South Korea, says that it is certain that North indium and plutonium. All contraband 93 (9739). Washington Times, 2/13/93, p. A2 samples of "red mercury" seized thus far have (9739). Andrew Gumbel, Reuter, 2/16/93; in Korea possesses six to seven nuclear weap- been regular mercury, lead or some other sub- Executive News Service, 2/16/93 (9739). ons. He says North Korea appears to have stance. extracted at least 14 to 15 kgs of plutonium Pravda (Moscow), 4/17/93, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND- 93-012, 5/4/93, pp. 21-28 (9649).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 113 Nuclear Developments

NORTH KOREA since 10/86, and may now have 40 to 50 kgs fied in taking "self-defensive measures." Ri 019, 2/1/93, p. 16 (9752). Reuter, 1/29/93; in of plutonium. adds that the IAEA "has constantly violated Executive News Service, 2/1/93 (9752). UPI, 1/27/ 93; in Executive News Service, 1/27/93 (9752). Kanguk Ilbo (Seoul), 3/16/93, p. 1; in JPRS-TND- its commitment to the agreement" by acting Kensuke Ebata, Jane's Defence Weekly, 2/6/93, p. 93-009, 3/29/93, p. 18 (9950). on third-party information and by revealing 12 (9752). confidential information to the U.S. and 4/12/93 South Korea. 2/93 According to the weekly newspaper The Don Oberdorfer, Washington Times, 1/23/93, p. A8 U.S. intelligence believes that two undeclared Golos, North Korea currently produces (9751). sites in North Korea, which were visited by about 15-18 kg of plutonium per year at its IAEA inspectors in 1992 based on intelli- Yongbyon nuclear complex. The newspa- 1/26/93-2/6/93 gence information, are key sites in North per reports that other nuclear facilities to The IAEA's sixth ad hoc inspection team Korea's nuclear program, according to West- enrich uranium and produce nuclear fuel, visits North Korea and, according to a 3/15/ ern diplomatic sources. At North Korea's which were built for North Korea by China 93 North Korean memorandum, requests insistence, the 1992 site tour was called a and private companies from France, Austra- clarification of two "inconsistencies in prin- "visit," not an "inspection," and was carried lia, Switzerland and other countries in the ciple": 1) "that the composition and quan- out by IAEA "officials" not "inspectors." 1980s, are in full operation. tity of plutonium the DPRK declared to the IAEA Director General Hans Blix says that Yonhap (Seoul), 4/12/93; in FBIS-EAS-93-069, 4/ IAEA do not correspond to what was calcu- 13/93, pp. 27-28 (9826). the IAEA, through analysis of U.S. recon- lated by the IAEA" and 2) "that the isotopic naissance satellite photos, has determined composition of plutonium extracted by the that two "off-limits" sites at Yongbyon are Radiochemical Laboratory does not corre- NORTH KOREA WITH IAEA nuclear waste processing and storage instal- spond to that of the liquid waste." In re- lations. U.S. intelligence believes that one sponse to the first point, North Korean ex- 12/22/92 of the sites houses drums of reprocessed perts presented different results of the analy- wastes that were separated at a date later IAEA Director General Hans Blix asks to be sis. The inspectors said that they had allowed to "'visit,' drill and take samples" at than the one North Korea reported to the "learned a lot this time and excerpted useful IAEA. In reference to these findings, CIA the two undeclared sites suspected to be data from the operating records and will re- tied to North Korea's nuclear program. He Director James Woolsey says on 2/24/93 that examine them at the IAEA headquarters and it may have been possible for North Korea proposes "to handle it quietly, saying that will resume discussion." However, a special an informal delegation would visit the DPRK to manufacture "enough fissile material for inspection was proposed before the team had at least one nuclear weapon." Western for that purpose." North Korea rejects the returned to Vienna. On the second point, request for either formal or informal visits. sources state that the quantity of plutonium North Korea explained on 2/20 and 2/21 why produced by North Korea can be determined United Nations Security Council Document S/ the IAEA's results were incorrect, and, the 25422, 3/17/93, pp. 1-10 (9628). by examining small amounts of liquid high- memo says, the IAEA experts "admitted their level waste from the 5 MW reactor at 1/93 mistakes of principle in their calculation," al- Yongbyon, which would not be made avail- IAEA inspectors find "discrepancies with though the IAEA inspectors said they would able until 4/93, when fuel is unloaded from the timing and number of batches processed" need to check the data. the reactor core. A Japanese military expert United Nations Security Council Document, 3/17/ in plutonium samples from North Korea, lead- 93, pp. 1-10 (9628). says that remote sensing data of nuclear ing them to suspect that the country has sites near Yongbyon provides evidence of more plutonium than it has reported. The small-scale detonations. IAEA says that it will be better able to deter- 1/29/93 Mark Hibbs and Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 2/ mine how much plutonium has been pro- 4/93, p. 18 (9631). Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, North Korean Ambassador to Russia, Son 2/11/93, p. 15 (9437). Kyodo (Tokyo), 3/10/93; in duced if it can examine the core of the Song-pil, warns that the U.S. and South Ko- JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/93, p. 14 (9851). Mark Yongbyon reactor. rean Team Spirit military exercises scheduled Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 3/1/93, pp. 8-9 (9853). Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, 2/1/93, p. A6 (9751). for 3/93 may force North Korea to close its nuclear facilities to IAEA inspections. Son 2/11/93 Song-pil says that North Korea views the IAEA Director General Hans Blix formally asks North Korea to permit a special inspec- 1/22/93 manoeuvres as preparation for potential tion of two undeclared sites, based upon U.S. Ri Tcheul, the North Korean representative nuclear war and, under such circumstances, intelligence information and upon the analy- to the U.N., says the IAEA dispute jeopar- North Korea cannot "fulfill its commitments" sis of plutonium samples by the IAEA. North dizes the 1992 safeguards agreement, and to allow IAEA inspections. Korea is told that it must respond and ap- that "if the IAEA blocks the way to nego- Aleksandr Valiyev, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 1/29/93; in JPRS-TND-93-004, 2/5/93, p. 9 (9752). Vazin prove IAEA special inspections by 2/18/93 tiation or dialogue with us with coercive Kavayev, Radio Moscow,1/30/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- or an emergency meeting of the actions," then North Korea will be justi-

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Board of Governors will be called. This deci- General Hans Blix that North Korea will not note that North Korea used "softening sion is a result of informal consultations be- allow special inspections of the two sites phrases" in its statement of withdrawal, tween several members of the IAEA's Board suspected of storing nuclear waste. When which may indicate that it is looking for a of Governors and Blix. China, Russia and Brazil fail to reach a diplo- "face-saving way" to resolve the inspection Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 16-17 matic consensus, the Board of Governors issue and stay in the NPT. An official memo- (9431). Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 2/11/93, p. decides not to report North Korea to the U.N. randum, dated 3/15/93, is issued to the presi- 15 (9437). Security Council. Instead, it adopts a reso- dent of the U.N. Security Council by the 2/16/93 lution calling for an "essential and urgent" North Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs The IAEA announces that the analysis of special inspection without delay. concerning IAEA inspections. In the memo- Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 2/25/93, pp. 16-17 randum North Korea argues that the IAEA the plutonium taken from North Korea re- (9944). veals discrepancies and that the material was has misinterpreted information on North probably reprocessed after 1990. North Korean facilities and that it is not authorized 2/24/93 to carry out inspections of the two unde- Korea announces that the North Korean The IAEA passes a resolution giving North Minister of Atomic Energy Choi Han will ar- clared sites. Korea one month to allow inspectors access Gamini Seneviratne, Nucleonics Week, 3/18/93, p. rive in Vienna later in the week with a group to two sites suspected of harboring evidence 10 (9630). United Nations Security Council of experts in order "to clarify inconsisten- of a nuclear weapons program. The IAEA Document, 3/17/93, pp. 1-10 (9628). cies" before the scheduled Board meeting makes the announcement after four days of on 2/22/93. deliberations. The IAEA states that North 3/18/93 Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 16-17 The IAEA Board of Governors formally (9431). Korea's continued refusal to admit inspec- tors could lead to "further measures." The meets to review the developments of the IAEA wants to examine the fuel rods from resolution regarding IAEA inspections in 2/20-21/93 North Korea, which was adopted on 2/25/ During closed meetings with the IAEA, Yongbyon's reactor core because it could provide an indication of the number of times 93. The Board confirms that under INFCIRC/ North Korean representatives are shown U.S. 403, the Safeguards Agreement with the surveillance photographs and chemical evi- the reactor has been refueled and how much material is available for reprocessing. In DPRK "remains in force." dence which prove that North Korea has IAEA Press Release (PR 9/3/6), 3/18/93 (9434). been producing plutonium from nuclear 1992, North Korea stated that the equipment wastes for at least three years starting in used to remove the rods was inoperable and 4/1/93 1989. The U.S. surveillance photographs that such a test could not be conducted un- The IAEA announces that North Korea is in give evidence of a Soviet-style nuclear waste til 4/93 or 5/93. breach of its safeguards agreement because dump for liquid and solid wastes. North Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 2/25/93, p. A24 (9741). Teruaki Ueno, Reuter, 2/26/93; in Executive of its refusal to allow inspections of two sus- Korea reportedly claims that the discrepan- News Service, 2/26/93 (9741). Steve Pagani, Reuter, pected sites at Yongbyon, despite the cies between its report and the results of the 2/25/93; in Executive News Service, 2/26/93 (9741). agency's deadline of 3/31/93. Although isotopic tests occurred because of contami- Reuter, 2/26/93; in Executive News Service, 2/26/ North Korea finally responded to the IAEA nation by material from its 1975 reprocess- 93 (9741). Reuter, 2/25/93; in Executive News Service, 2/25/93 (9741). John J. Fialka, Wall Street request late on 3/30/93, much doubt exists ing campaign. North Korea had previously Journal, 3/1/93, p. A7B (9741). Nuclear News, 4/ as to the seriousness of its response. The said that it separated plutonium only once, 93, p. 61 (9741). Board of Governors votes in favor of a reso- in 1990, but after the IAEA's revelations it lution calling for the U.N. Security Council admitted that it had reprocessed "a small 2/25/93 to intervene. China forces the Board of Gov- quantity" of plutonium in 1975 as well. Ac- The IAEA Board of Governors adopts a reso- ernors into a show of hands and votes cording to Japanese Foreign Ministry lution requesting North Korea to provide the against the resolution, along with Libya. In- sources, which reported their findings on 2/ IAEA access to, and information on, two ad- dia, Pakistan, Syria and Vietnam abstain from 25/93, North Korea extracted 16-24 kg of plu- ditional sites and to implement its 5/92 Safe- the vote. China warns the U.N. not to be- tonium from its nuclear facility at Yongbyon, guards Agreement (INFCIRC/403) by 3/31/ come involved because it believes a com- which operated from 1986-1990. 93. promise can be reached with North Korea Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 3/1/93, pp. 8-9 (9853). IAEA Press Release (PR 9/3/6), 3/18/93 (9434). given more time. In response to the IAEA David E. Sanger, New York Times, 3/13/93, pp. 1,3 resolution, North Korean envoy in Vienna (9439). Kyodo (Tokyo), 3/10/93; in JPRS-TND- 3/17/93 93-008, 3/22/93, p. 14 (9851). Kim Gwang-sop says that North Korea can- The IAEA Board of Governors holds an in- not accept the IAEA's ruling "because it is formal meeting to discuss the withdrawal of 2/21/93 too prompt and unreasonable" and that North Korea from the NPT and the line of North Korea "cannot but take far stronger Choi Han Gun, the North Korean Minister of action the agency should take. Diplomats Atomic Energy, tells IAEA Director and more effective self-defensive measures." from Western countries on the Board Steve Pagani, Reuter, 4/1/93; in Executive News

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Service, 4/1/93 (9698). Shim Sung-won, Reuter, 4/ that the IAEA is willing to discuss "man- ment to Iran, Libya, and North Korea. If the 2/93; in Executive News Service, 4/2/93 (9698). aged visits" with North Korea if it felt that new restrictions are passed, they will take Lee Su-wan, Reuter, 4/6/93; in Executive News Service, 4/6/93 (9698). David E. Sanger, New York inspecting Yongbyon facilities would com- effect on 1/20/93. Times, 4/2/93, p. A2 (9698). John J. Fialka, Wall promise its security and lead to the forced Mednews, 1/11/93, pp. 4-5 (9834). Street Journal, 4/2/93, p. A9 (9698). Steve Pagani, inspection of other "military sites," as North Washington Times, 4/2/93, pp. A1, A10 (9698). Korea argues. Although the U.S. and France UPI, 4/1/93; in Executive News Service 4/1/93 (9698). Steve Pagani, Reuter, 4/1/93; in Executive think Blix should be more aggressive in call- News Service 4/1/93 (9698). Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics ing for special inspections in North Korea, NORTH KOREA WITH PRC Week, 4/1/93, p. 14 (9819). Blix says that the IAEA will not take this step "in the absence of excellent informa- 2/16/93 4/6/93 tion about clandestine nuclear activities." Diplomatic sources in New York say that After a closed-door session with the U.N. Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 4/22/93, pp. IAEA Director General Hans Blix is facing Security Council, IAEA Director General 14-15 (9696). Abi Sekimitsu, Reuter, 4/14/93; in obstacles from China and Russia on the is- Hans Blix says that the council "would like Executive News Service, 4/14/93 (9696). sue of holding a special inspection in North to be patient, restart the dialogue [to] try Korea. and induce them to come back and comply Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 16-17 with the agreement." Blix also asks the Se- NORTH KOREA WITH IRAN (9431). Mark Hibbs and Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics curity Council to provide backing for the Week, 2/4/93, p. 18 (9631). IAEA to visit the two suspected sites. Blix 3/29/93 3/93 adds that North Korea has "given no evi- Western intelligence sources report that State Department nominee and Asian spe- dence whatsoever that the sites are impor- North Korea's ballistic missile program is cialist Winston Lord says the U.S. has tant military sites" and "if they are worried, being financed in part by Iran. Iran alleg- sought Chinese help in convincing North perhaps they could demilitarize them ... while edly paid North Korea $500 million towards Korea not to withdraw from the NPT. Chi- we are looking at them." a ballistic missile system capable of deliver- Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 4/6/93; in Executive News ing nuclear and chemical weapons. North nese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen has as- Service, 4/6/93 (9698). Korea will in turn allegedly provide Iran with serted that "patient consultation" should be an "unspecified number of nuclear bombs" used with North Korea and noted that the 4/8/93 as well as "designs for nuclear-weapons-re- NPT did not include punitive measures for North Korean Atomic Energy Minister Choe processing plants." states opting to withdraw from the Treaty. Hak Gun states that the IAEA has violated U.S. News and World Report, 3/29/93, p. 18 (9743). William Scally, Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News its safeguards accord with North Korea by Washington Times, 4/19/93, p. A2 (9743). Reuter, Service, 4/1/93. Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News 3/21/93; in Executive News Service, 3/21/93 (9743). Service, 3/31/93. Times, 3/24/93 (9587). reporting North Korea's refusal to allow in- Radio Moscow (Moscow), 3/24/93; in FBIS-SOV- Nucleonics Week, 3/25/93, p. 11 (9821). Gareth spections to the U.N. Security Council. 93-059, 3/30/93, p. 16 (9743). Jones, Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News Service, UPI, 4/8/93; in Executive News Service, 4/8/93 3/31/93 (9959). (9698). 4/93 A report states that CIA sources believe that 3-4/93 4/14/93 Iran has been investing money from its oil Japan solicits China's aid in encouraging IAEA Director General Hans Blix says that revenues into developing its own nuclear North Korea to cooperate with the IAEA. although North Korea announced its with- Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 4/1/93, p. 14 (9819). program as well as North Korea's. In return, drawal from the NPT on 3/12/93, which would North Korea is supplying Iran with nuclear terminate its comprehensive safeguards 4/93 know-how, technology, equipment, and ma- agreement, the possibility still exists for a The Golos, a weekly newspaper, reports that terials such as enriched uranium. between 1960 and 1969, China turned down previous agreement concluded under the Foreign Report, 4/22/93 (9949). IAEA's INFCIRC-66 to come into force. The a North Korean request for help in launch- INFCIRC-66 agreement, which was for- ing a nuclear weapons program. merly suspended, covers safeguards for Yonhap (Seoul), 4/13/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-069, 4/ NORTH KOREA WITH JAPAN a research reactor supplied to North Ko- 13/93, pp. 27-28 (9826). rea by the former USSR. Although the 1/93 4/93 IAEA's inspection abilities would be more Japan is considering new restrictions that After a request from China, the U.S. offers to limited in scope under this agreement, the will require exporters to obtain prior approval participate in high level talks with North inspections could be extended to the North from the Ministry of International Trade & Korea to discuss its withdrawal from the Korean "radio-chemical laboratory," if it were Industry (MITI) when selling machine NPT. determined that spent fuel had been repro- tools and advanced electronic equip- Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 4/29/93, p. 13 cessed there. Blix, who maintains contact (9697). with North Korean representatives, says

116 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments NORTH KOREA

11/27/92 4/1/93 China forces the IAEA's Board of NORTH KOREA WITH SOUTH KOREA At the eleventh JNCC meeting, North Korea Governors into a show of hands and then suspends any further joint committee dia- votes against a resolution calling for the U.N. 4/1/92 logue with South Korea, with the exception to intervene in North Korea. China warns At the second meeting of the Joint Nuclear of the JNCC meetings. the U.N. not to become involved because it Control Commission (JNCC), South Korea Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for believes a compromise can be reached with proposes that regular inspections be carried International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). North Korea given more time. out on nuclear materials and facilities at least 12/9/92 Reuter, 4/1/93; in Executive News Service, 4/1/93 16 times a year, and that special inspections At the twelfth JNCC meeting, South Korea (9698). be conducted on military bases at least 40 states that it will not cancel the Team Spirit times a year. South Korea wants the number 4/27/93 exercises until both parties agree to conduct of facilities inspected by both parties to be North Korea cancels diplomatic contacts with their first mutual inspections before the prime equal. However, North Korea wants the China, apparently in response to China's at- ministers meet later this month. Yongbyon nuclear facility to be the only site tempts to persuade Pyongyang to rethink Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for inspected, while it wants South Korea to al- its withdrawal from the NPT. North Korea International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). low inspections of all of the U.S. bases. has also posted guards on its border with Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for 1/5/93 China "who have shot and killed several Chi- International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). nese." Chinese diplomats believe that high South Korea announces that it will resume dialogue with North Korea when the Team level and direct discussions between 5/15/92 Pyongyang and the IAEA would give Spirit exercises end in 4/93. At the fourth JNCC meeting, South Korea Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for Pyongyang an incentive to rethink its posi- suggests that special inspections take place International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). tion. 24 hours after notification by one party, in Lena H. Sun and Jackson Dieb, Washington Post, order to expedite the process of denuclear- 1/11/93 4/28/93 (9935). ization. Based upon reports from the IAEA, North Korea asks that the JNCC meet on 1/ South Korea demands that North Korea ter- 20/93 and resume talks that have been dead- minate its construction of a nuclear repro- locked since 1992 over South Korean de- NORTH KOREA WITH PRC AND USSR cessing plant capable of extracting pluto- mands for mutual nuclear inspections. South nium. Korea continues to insist on mutual inspec- 1960-1969 Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for tions and plans to resume Team Spirit exer- China and the USSR turn down requests to International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). cises with the U.S. in the spring if the North help North Korea launch a nuclear weapons does not comply. North Korea retaliates by program, according to the weekly newspa- 9/16/92 refusing to attend a round of prime minis- per The Golos, published on 4/12/93. At the ninth JNCC meeting, North Korea ters' talks originally scheduled for 12/92 in Yonhap (Seoul), 4/12/93; in FBIS-EAS-93-069, 4/ accuses the U.S. of shipping nuclear weap- 13/93, pp. 27-28 (9826). Seoul. ons via submarine into the South Korean UPI, 1/11/93; in Executive News Service, 1/11/93 port of Chinhae. (9749). Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for NORTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). 1/25/93 At a meeting of the JNCC, Gong Ro-myung, 11/18/92 1992 South Korean Co-chair of the JNCC, notifies At the tenth JNCC meeting, North Korea re- According to Germany's Stern magazine, Choe U-jin, his North Korean counterpart, iterates that all channels of inter-Korean dia- North Korea acquires 56 kg of plutonium that South Korea will resume the Team Spirit logue will be closed unless the South an- from Russia. military exercises with the U.S. South Korea New York Times, 2/25/93, p. A5 (9737). nounces the cancellation of the Team Spirit invites the North Koreans to observe the exercises by the end of 11/92. South Korea exercise, but the North declines. North and 2/16/93 repeats that it will cancel the exercises based South Korea fail to set a date for the next Diplomatic sources in New York say that upon the willingness of North Korea to adopt meeting for the negotiation of mutual inspec- IAEA Director General Hans Blix is facing guidelines for mutual nuclear inspections by obstacles from China and Russia on the is- tions. the end of 11/92 and allowing the first in- Kensuke Ebata, Jane's Defense Weekly, 2/6/93, p. sue of holding a special inspection in North spections by 12/20/92. 12 (9752). Aleksandr Valiyev, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), Korea. Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for 1/29/93; in JPRS-TND-93-004, 2/5/93, p. 9 Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 16-17 International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). (9752). UPI, 1/25/93; in Executive News Service, (9431). Mark Hibbs and Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics 1/25/93 (9107). Reuter, 1/25/93; in Executive News Week, 2/4/93, p. 18 (9631). Service, 1/25/93 (9058).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 117 Nuclear Developments

NORTH KOREA-PAKISTAN

3/15/93 megawatts and is now being run on 20% en- ration in the areas of agriculture, medicine, South Korean Prime Minister of National Uni- riched uranium instead of the 90% enriched industry and radiation protection. fication Han Wan-sang says that South Ko- fuel the old model used. ENS Nucnet, 2/10/93 (9222). rea has intentions of becoming North Korea's The News, 1/28/93, p. 5; in JPRS-TND-93-004, 2/ top trade partner by 1995 if concerns over 5/93, p. 25 (9675). the latter's nuclear weapon development pro- PAKISTAN WITH IAEA AND PRC gram can be addressed. 4/93 Korea Herald, 3/16/93 (9447). According to Russian intelligence sources, 2/24/93 Pakistan's Kahuta nuclear complex contains Pakistan and the International Atomic En- 3/16/93 an ultra-high speed centrifuge factory with ergy Agency sign an agreement for the ap- South Korea bans the export and import of four main halls housing 10,000 to 14,000 cen- plication of safeguards in connection with goods and personnel with North Korea, and trifuge cascades capable of producing the supply of a nuclear power station from said that the situation had changed to a enough weapons-grade uranium for up to the PRC to Pakistan. "quasi-wartime status." twelve nuclear devices per year. Pakistan is International Atomic Energy Agency Information Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 3/18/93, pp. 10-11 also reportedly developing technology for a Circular, INFCIRC/418, 4/93 (9670). (9436). plutonium bomb by "diverting" unspecified amounts of plutonium from its 137 MW Ca- nadian-supplied nuclear power station at PAKISTAN WITH INDIA NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES Karachi (KANUPP), as well as constructing a 50 to 70 MW heavy water NRX nuclear 1/4/93 3/17/93 reactor to be used for plutonium production. Pakistan and India exchange lists of their A meeting is held between U.S. and North Indrani Banerjee, Sunday (Calcutta), 4/24/93, pp. nuclear sites for the second year in a row in Korean officials at the U.S. embassy in 34-38; in JPRS-TND-93-014, 5/18/93, p. 12 compliance with a 1988 agreement of nonag- (9942). Beijing during which the U.S. makes a direct gression toward each other's nuclear install- official appeal to North Korea to reconsider ments. Neither India nor Pakistan discloses its decision to withdraw from the NPT. the contents of the lists to outside sources. PAKISTAN WITH BELGIUM, GERMANY, AND Don Oberdorfer, Washington Post, 3/18/93; in Reuter, 1/4/93 (9676). The Hindu, 3/19/93, p. 8; Executive News Service, 3/18/93 (9742). Sid SUDAN in JPRS-TND-93-0015, 5/25/93, p. 20 (9934). Balman, Reuter; in Executive News Service, 3/17/ 93 (9742). 1970s-1980s 3/93 Pakistan illegally procures nuclear wastes Former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir and plutonium from Sudan, and from the Bhutto denies reports made by Seymour German firm Transnuklear. The nuclear waste Hersh in an article in The New Yorker that PAKISTAN smuggling involves the nuclear waste dump Pakistan and India came very close to nuclear at Mol, Belgium. war during their crisis over the Himalayan Indrani Banerjee, Sunday (Calcutta), 4/24/93, p. state of Kashmir in 1990. Hersh based his 12; in JPRS-TND-93-014, 5/18/93, p. 12 (9942). conclusions on interviews with top U.S. of- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS ficials such as Deputy National Security Ad- 4/93 visor Robert Gates. Prime Minister Bhutto According to Russian intelligence sources, 2/93 states that "the two countries present a vola- Pakistan has built a "chemical radiation fa- Former Pakistani Army Chief of Staff Gen- tile situation which needs to be diffused. But cility" at Chasma which can be used to ex- eral Aslam Beg says that if Pakistan should it is incorrect to state that we were close to tract plutonium; sources state that Belgian admit to possessing a nuclear device. Beg nuclear war in 1990." and German companies may have helped to states that Pakistan "should admit this if we UPI, 3/23/93; in Executive News Service, 3/22/93 build the plant. (9626). Washington Times, 3/22/93, p. A5 (9274). do have it, so that we should be recognized Indrani Banerjee, Sunday (Calcutta), 4/24/93, pp. Reuters, 3/23/93; in Executive News Service, 3/23/ as a joint nuclear power with India." 34-38; in JPRS-TND-93-014, 5/18/93, p. 12 93 (9626). Nucleonics Week, 2/11/93, p. 12 (9672). (9942).

2/93 PAKISTAN WITH FRANCE Pakistani scientist M.N. Qazi of the PAKISTAN WITH JAPAN Chashma Nuclear Power Plant 10/92 (CHASNUPP) states that the capacity of France and Pakistan sign a nuclear coopera- 1/14/93 the research reactor at the PINSTECH tion agreement, which calls for collabo- Japanese government officials declare that research center was increased from 5 to 10

118 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments PAKISTAN-PRC

Japan may use its foreign aid program as a have been attempts to sabotage the Chasma Academy was used to design China's lever against India and Pakistan to halt their Nuclear Power Station, which is under con- nuclear arsenal through the 1970's and re- "alleged" nuclear weapons programs. struction by Chinese and Pakistani scien- mains its principal nuclear arms research fa- Kyodo (Tokyo), 1/14/93; in JPRS-TND-93-002, 1/ tists, engineers, and technicians. cility. The report also asserts that waste from 15/93, p. 5 (9842). The Frontier Post (Peshawar), 1/17/93, p. 6; in the Ninth Academy was disposed of in a JPRS-TND-93-003, p. 14 (9671). "roughshod and haphazard manner," result- 2/93 ing in contamination of the local population. Japan sends a delegation to Pakistan to dis- 2/93 The ICT resurrects claims that China has cuss new Japanese legislation that will pro- Fan Xilin, general director of the China plans to build a nuclear reactor near Lhasa; hibit economic aid to countries suspected Zhongyuan Engineering Corp. (CZEC), China had previously denied the allegation. of possessing nuclear weapons programs. which is carrying out construction of the The ICT says its report was drawn from in- Pakistani government sources say Japanese Chasma reactor in Pakisttan for the China terviews with Chinese nuclear experts, gov- Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa sent a per- National Nuclear Corporation, says that ernment officials, two ICT fact-finding mis- sonal message to Pakistan's Prime Minister Western companies have banned the export sions and Tibetans. In 1992, China firmly Nawaz Sharif concerning Pakistan's nuclear of certain key components for the project. rejected a charge by the Dalai Lama that it program, but details of the message were not Fan Xilin said that China would supply the was dumping radioactive waste in the Ti- disclosed. Pakistan received 50 billion yen pressure vessel to Pakistan and was "mak- betan region. On 4/29/93, Chinese Foreign ($406 million) in aid from Japan in 1991 and ing arrangements for the other components." Ministry spokesman Wu Jianmin describes had received a pledge from Japan to provide A 30-member team from Pakistan's Atomic the ICT report as "pure, abject fabrication." another 50 billion yen in 1992. Another del- Energy Commission is currently in China Tony Walker, Financial Times, 4/20/93, p. 6. Sheryl egation will visit India and Pakistan in 3/93 working with the Shanghai Nuclear Research WuDunn, New York Times, 4/19/93, p. A7. Xinhua in an attempt to convince the two nations to and Development Institute. (Beijing), 4/29/93; in JPRS-TND-93-012, p. 3. AFP sign the NPT. Nuclear Engineering International, 2/93, p. 7 (Hong Kong), 4/19/93; in JPRS-TND-93-011, p. 3 (9657). UPI, 2/23/93; in Executive News Service, 2/23/93 (9816). (9674). Kyodo (Tokyo), 1/214/93; in JPRS-TND- 93-003, 1/27/93, p. 5 (9842). PAKISTAN WITH RUSSIA 4/93 An article in the Chinese newspaper Selected 4/93 Legal System News describes loose controls PAKISTAN WITH NORTH KOREA A Russian delegation headed by Foreign at an undisclosed nuclear site in China. The Minister Andrei Kozyrev holds talks with article describes a former nuclear test site 1/93 the Chair of Pakistan's Atomic Energy Com- where ordinary people regularly entered and A five-member parliamentary delegation from mission on the possible sale of nuclear power pilfered parts from planes, tanks, and artil- the Democratic People's Republic of Korea plants to Pakistan. lery pieces. led by the Chairman of the Standing Com- Nucleonics Week, 4/22/93, p. 17 (9830). Sheryl WuDunn, New York Times, 4/19/93, p. A7 mittee of the Supreme People's Assembly, (9657). Yang Hyong-sop, meets with Pakistani Sen- ate chairman Wasim Sajjad in Islamabad to PRC WITH IAEA discuss the nuclear situation in South Asia. PRC PTV Television Network (Islamabad), 1/3193; in JPRS-TND-93-004, 2/5/93, p. 23 (9663). 1993 China announces that it will host an IAEA INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS public information meeting as part of an PAKISTAN WITH PRC IAEA public information series sponsored 4/18/93 by Japan. 12/92 The International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) IAEA Newsbriefs, vol. 8 no. 1, 1-2/93, p. 7 (9837). China begins the first stage of delivery of a issues a report, entitled "Nuclear Tibet," in 300 MW PWR (an upgrade of the 300 MW which it accuses China of conducting 2/28/93 Quinshan plant) to Chasma, Pakistan. nuclear weapons research at a site known as The IAEA receives notification from China Nuclear Engineering International, 2/93, p. 7; the Ninth Academy or the Northwest Nuclear accepting the Agreement to Extend the Re- (9816). Weapons Research and Design Academy on gional Co-operation Agreement for Re- the Tibetan plateau in Qinghai province. Ac- search, Development, and Training Related 1/93 cording to the report, the Ninth to Nuclear Science and Technology. A spokesman for the Pakistan Atomic En- IAEA Information Circular, INFCIRC/167/add. 16, ergy Commission (PAEC) denies that there 4/93, p. 1 (9450).

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PRC

4/19/93 and nuclear weapons with the assistance of PRC WITH KAZAKHSTAN The foreign minister of Tibet's government- the PRC and Russia. in-exile, Tashi Wangdi, calls on the IAEA to Jim Wolf, Reuter, 2/24/93; in Executive News 1/93 send a mission to Tibet to confirm charges Service, 2/25/93 (9167). Reports allege that China has attempted to that China is conducting nuclear weapons illegally import high grade steel, copper and 2/21/93 research, dumping radioactive waste, and strategic metals from Kazakhstan. Iran and China sign a deal to construct two deploying nuclear missiles aimed at India on interfax (Moscow), 1/10/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-007, the Tibetan plateau. The allegations were 300 MW nuclear power plants in the south- 1/11/93, p. 62 (9199). made in a report issued on 4/18/93 by the ern part of Iran. The Arms Control Reporter, 3/93 (9707). International Campaign for Tibet. PRC WITH NORTH KOREA AFP (Hong Kong), 4/19/93; in JPRS-TND-93-011. Sheryl WuDunn, New York Times, 4/19/93, p. A7. 2/16/93 Tony Walker, Financial Times, 4/20/93, p. 6 (9657). PRC WITH IRAQ Diplomatic sources in New York say that IAEA Director General Hans Blix is facing 1/93 obstacles from China and Russia on the is- The IAEA is said to suspect that Iraq could sue of holding a special inspection in North PRC WITH IAEA AND OECD be hiding an underground plutonium reac- Korea. tor and a uranium enrichment "cascade" with Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 16-17 2/93 centrifuges imported from China, Brazil, and (9431). Mark Hibbs and Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics China reports uranium resource information Germany. Week, 2/4/93, p. 18 (9631). to the IAEA/OECD Nuclear Agency's "Red Mednews, 1/25/93, pp. 1-3 (9621). Book" for the first time. 3/93 Nuclear News, 2/93, pp. 72-73 (9193). State Department nominee and Asian spe- PRC WITH ITALY cialist Winston Lord says the U.S. has sought Chinese help in convincing North PRC WITH IAEA AND PAKISTAN 3/93 Korea not to withdraw from the NPT. Chi- The Italian energy research agency, ENEA, nese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen has as- 2/24/93 sells the China Institute of Atomic Energy serted that "patient consultation" should be Pakistan and the International Atomic En- circuitry used to test sodium reactors in fast used with North Korea and noted that the ergy Agency sign an agreement for the ap- reactor designs. The equipment had been NPT did not include punitive measures for plication of safeguards in connection with used in designing the PEC (Prova Elementi states opting to withdraw from the Treaty. the supply of a nuclear power station from Combustibile) reactor in Brasimone and at William Scally, Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News Service, 4/1/93. Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News the PRC to Pakistan. an ENEA research facility at Casaccia. The Service, 3/31/93. Times, 3/24/93 (9587). International Atomic Energy Agency Information circuitry is "virtually technically obsolete" Nucleonics Week, 3/25/93, p. 11 (9821). Gareth Circular, INFCIRC/418, 4/93 (9670). and was sold at a "knockdown price." The Jones, Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News Service, PEC was designed as a 120 MW sodium- 3/31/93 (9959). cooled fast neutron reactor for testing fuel PRC WITH INDIA elements. The circuitry will be used by the 3-4/93 Chinese for experiments similar to those done Japan solicits China's aid in encouraging 4/93 in Italy. North Korea to cooperate with the IAEA. Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 4/1/93, p. 14 (9819). China is reportedly interested in India's new Marion Bywater, Nucleonics Week, 3/18/93, p. 13 fast breeder reactor technology, which em- (9177). ploys a new monazite-based fuel cycle. The 4/93 new technology uses a blanket of thorium The Golos, a weekly newspaper, reports that produced from the beach sands of Kerala. PRC WITH JAPAN between 1960 and 1969, China turned down Cecil Victor, Patriot (New Delhi), 4/10/93, p. 5; in a North Korean request for help in launch- JPRS-TND-93-019, 6/22/93, p. 9 (9642). 3/93 ing a nuclear weapons program. Yonhap (Seoul), 4/13/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-069, 4/ Japan begins nuclear power plant safety 13/93, pp. 27-28 (9826). courses for staff from the PRC. The Japan PRC WITH IRAN Electric Power Information Center is orga- 4/93 nizing the program, which is sponsored by 2/93 After a request from China, the U.S. offers to the Ministry of International Trade & Indus- participate in high level talks with North U.S. intelligence chief James Woolsey says try. that Iran is developing chemical, biological Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 3-4/93, p. 36 (9836).

120 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments

PRC

Korea to discuss its withdrawal from the National Nuclear Corporation, says that (9382). CNA (Taipei), 3/4/93; in JPRS-TND-93- NPT. Western companies have banned the export 008, 3/22/93, pp. 15-16 (9937). China Daily, 3/5/ 93, p. 1 (9610). Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 4/29/93, p. 13 of certain key components for the project. (9697). Fan Xilin said that China would supply the pressure vessel to Pakistan and was "mak- PRC WITH UNITED STATES 4/1/93 ing arrangements for the other components." China forces the IAEA's Board of Governors A 30-member team from Pakistan's Atomic 12/92 into a show of hands and then votes against Energy Commission is currently in China The PRC's deputy director of the Ministry a resolution calling for the U.N. to intervene working with the Shanghai Nuclear Research of Energy reports that Westinghouse of the in North Korea. China warns the U.N. not to and Development Institute. become involved because it believes a com- Nuclear Engineering International, 2/93, p. 7 U.S. is discussing the sale of a 1000 MW promise can be reached with North Korea (9816). APWR to the PRC for the Daya Bay nuclear given more time. station. Westinghouse spokesperson Bob Reuter, 4/1/93; in Executive News Service, 4/1/93 Henderson says that the provision of the (9698). PRC WITH RUSSIA three-loop PWR would be "consistent with U.S. policy." Westinghouse has already pro- 4/27/93 1/93 vided the Guangdong Nuclear Power Joint North Korea cancels diplomatic contacts with The Russian Academy of Sciences denies Venture Company with a description of the China, apparently in response to China's at- the claim by the Japanese newspaper APWR 1000; however, no formal invitation tempts to persuade Pyongyang to rethink Yomiuri that hundreds of former Soviet ex- to submit a proposal has been extended. its withdrawal from the NPT. North Korea perts have gone to work in Chinese military Nucleonics Week, 1/7/93, p. 6 (9383). has also posted guards on its border with plants. China "who have shot and killed several Chi- Veronika Romanenkova, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 12/ 2/93 nese." Chinese diplomats believe that high 30/92; in JPRS-TND-93-002, 1/15/93, p. 23 The CEO of Cray Research of the U.S., John level and direct discussions between (9597). Rollwagen, whose company's 1992 applica- Pyongyang and the IAEA would give tion for an export license to sell a Pyongyang an incentive to rethink its posi- 4/93 supercomputer to China is still pending, is tion. China and Russia hold a symposium on President Bill Clinton's nominee for Deputy Lena H. Sun and Jackson Dieb, Washington Post, peaceful nuclear research that results in Secretary of Commerce. The Department of 4/28/93 (9935). plans for future cooperation. Russian sci- Commerce is the primary agency involved in entists are to work in the PRC on the con- granting export licenses. PRC WITH PAKISTAN ceptual design of a fusion-fission hybrid re- Jack Anderson and Michael Binstein, Washington actor. Post, 2/21/93; in Executive News Service, 2/22/93 12/92 Reuter, 4/19/93; in Executive News Service, 4/19/ (9620). China begins the first stage of delivery of a 93 (9240). 300 MW PWR (an upgrade of the 300 MW 3/93 Quinshan plant) to Chasma, Pakistan. PRC WITH TAIWAN The U.S. Department of Commerce reports Nuclear Engineering International, 2/93, p. 7 that in 12/92 the U.S. imported 39,587 kg of (9816). 3/93 Enriched Uranium Product from China, bring- Taiwan and China discuss the possibility of ing total U.S. imports from China to 103,490 1/93 opening a joint-venture dumpsite for radio- kg for 1992. In addition, the U.S. received A spokesman for the Pakistan Atomic En- active waste disposal from the two coun- 591,709 kg of U3O8 from China in 1992. The ergy Commission (PAEC) denies that there tries during a two-day Nuclear Science Semi- U.S. imported 595,000 kg and 1.4 million kg have been attempts to sabotage the Chasma nar in Beijing. Taiwan does not have a per- of U3O8 from China in 1991 and 1990 respec- Nuclear Power Station, which is under con- manent waste storage facility and it is esti- tively. struction by Chinese and Pakistani scien- mated that the country's six reactors have Michael Knapnik, Nuclear Fuel, 3/1/93, pp. 1, 14- tists, engineers, and technicians. produced more than 300,000 drums of low 15 (9784). The Frontier Post (Peshawar), 1/17/93, p. 6; in JPRS-TND-93-003, p. 14 (9671). level waste since the 1980's. The seminar is the first large-scale meeting between the two 2/93 countries to cover the topics of nuclear Fan Xilin, general director of the China power plant operation, nuclear safety, waste Zhongyuan Engineering Corp. (CZEC), disposal, and environmental supervision. CNA (Taipei),1/19/93; in JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/27/ which is carrying out construction of the 93,p.8(9817).ENS NucNet,2/29/93,No.84 (9609). Chasma reactor in Pakisttan for the China UPI,3/4/93;in Executive News Service, 3/4/93

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 121 Nuclear Developments

SOUTH AFRICA

collaboration with foreign governments re- 3/26/93 SOUTH AFRICA garding its nuclear weapons program. The The South African Arms Corporation informant, who is a foreign specialist, had (Armscor) and the Atomic Energy Corpora- top triple-x security clearance allowing him tion (AEC) issue a joint statement refuting access to all of the nuclear weapons pro- newspaper reports that South Africa manu- gram. factured tactical nuclear weapons which INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Times (London), 3/26/93, p. 2 (9936). could have been fired by G5 and G6 artillery guns. The statement declares that the bombs 1/4/93 3/24/93 which South Africa had built weighed over In a press release, the African National Con- South African President F.W. de Klerk an- one ton each and were six feet long, making gress of South Africa (ANC) expresses con- nounces at a joint session of Parliament that it impossible for the bombs to be delivered cern that South Africa could still be pursu- South Africa secretly built six nuclear weap- by the G5 artillery. ing secretive nuclear activities. The press ons. De Klerk says the weapons were dis- Reuter, 3/26/93; in Executive News Service, release notes that the IAEA has determined mantled soon after he came to power in 1989 3/26/93 (9533). that South Africa secretly produced "sev- and that officials decided to transfer all eral hundred kilograms" of HEU. The ANC nuclear material from the South African Arms 3/27/93 has long been firm in its opposition to the Corporation (Armscor) to the South African African National Congress (ANC) Science stockpiling of nuclear weapons by the South Atomic Energy Commission. The program and Technology Coordinator Roger Jardine African government. employed approximately 1000 people and SAPA (Johannesburg), 1/4/93; in JPRS-TND-93- calls for South African President F.W. de 002, 1/15/93, p. 1 (9538). was originally intended to build seven weap- Klerk to "come clean" on the country's ons. The six fission weapons built weighed nuclear weapons program by stating who 2/93 1000 kg each and measured 1.8 m in length controlled the nuclear devices. Jardine puts The South African Atomic Energy Commis- and 650 mm in diameter (approximately the the cost of South Africa's nuclear weapons sion (AEC) acknowledges that the Pelindaba size of the nuclear bomb dropped in program at $2.3 billion--far more than de enrichment plant is not commercially viable Hiroshima). De Klerk emphasizes that all Klerk's figure of $233 million. and that it will seek international help to pro- bomb materials and technology were pro- Ian Mackenzie, Washington Post, 3/27/93, p. A27 cure more economical fuel. duced domestically. (9925). Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 2/21/93; in The Washington Post, 3/18/93, p. A1 (9627). Arms Control Reporter, 3/93 (9870). Washington Post, 3/25/93 p. A1, A31 (9604). Nuclear Fuel, 3/29/93, p. 6 (9815). Radio Sout SOUTH AFRICA WITH GERMANY Africa Network (Johannesburg), 3/24/93; in JPRS- 2/19/93 TND-93-009, 3/29/93, pp. 1-5 (9945). The Electric Supply Commission (ESCOM) 3/27/93 of South Africa announces its decision to 3/25/93 African National Congress (ANC) Science build two nuclear plants in the Cape Prov- Waldo Stumpf, chief executive officer of the and Technology Coordinator Roger Jardine ince, one at Brazil and the other at South African Atomic Energy Corporation states that West Germany provided uranium Schulpfontein. (AEC), admits to a South African Broadcast- enrichment technology to South Africa. The Nuclear News, 4/93, p. 66 (9930). ing Corporation (SABC) reporter that the statement comes as part of a call by the ANC Pelindaba nuclear plant supplied the Arms for South African President F.W. de Klerk's 3/93 Corporation of South Africa (Armscor) with full divulgence of who controlled and who AEC Chief Executive Waldo Stumpf says material for nuclear devices. Stumpf states cooperated on the development of South that as a result of commercialization, the AEC that there was never a completely assembled Africa's nuclear devices. has reduced its dependence on government device at any point in time, and that no single Ian Mackenzie, Washington Post, 3/27/93, p. A27 funds from R685 million in 1991/92 to R300- individual had complete control over any of (9925). 451 million in 1992/93. AEC reprocesses "low the devices. He states that the highly en- and intermediate level nuclear byproducts riched uranium (HEU) from the devices was SOUTH AFRICA WITH IAEA from the nuclear industry," but it will not of- recast into "a suitable form" and is still lo- fer this service internationally. cated at Pelindaba, but denies that the de- Anita Allen, Saturday Star, 3/6/93, p. 11 (9917). vices could be recreated, since "all docu- 1/93 mentation and design information has been The IAEA inspection team pays formal and destroyed," and the fissile material is now informal visits to South Africa's nuclear 3/93 safeguarded. facilities, including one to the Kalahari An unidentified London Times informant Penny Smythe, SABC TV 1 Network nuclear test site. The inspection team takes confirms South African President F.W. de (Johannesburg), 3/25/93; in JPRS-TND-93-010, samples from the site soil which show Klerk's assertion that South Africa had no 4/16/93, pp. 3-4 (9926).

122 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments SOUTH AFRICA

"traces of natural uranium but no residue SOUTH AFRICA WITH ISRAEL Namibia at the end of 1993. associated with a nuclear explosion." The Radio South Africa, 4/26/93; in JPRS-TND-93- IAEA deduces that South Africa probably 3/93 012, 5/4/93, p. 2 (9921). built the site for a nuclear test but never uti- South African President de Klerk denies lized it for that purpose. In addition, U.S. ANC allegations that the South African SOUTH AFRICA WITH RUSSIA officials cite intelligence reports from human nuclear weapons program was developed and satellite sources which suggest that with Israeli assistance. "South Africa had hidden a significant quan- Washington Post, 3/25/93, p. A1 and A31, (9627). 2/93 tity of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and Russia says that it will sell the South Afri- other components of nuclear warheads pro- 3/93 can Atomic Energy Commission fuel for its duced during the 1970's and 1980's." Four days after the South African disclo- Pelindaba enrichment plant at a price which Arms Control and Disarmament Agency; in The sure of its nuclear weapons program, the City is below the world market price of $68 per Arms Control Reporter, 3/9/93, p. 455 B. 69 (9914). Press of South Africa reports that in 1977 SWU. and 1978, Israel supplied South Africa with Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 2/21/93; in The Arms Control Reporter, 3/93 (9870). 3/93 30 grams of tritium, code named "Teeblare," The Washington Post reveals that since and, in turn, Israel received 50 tons of yel- 1991, the IAEA has conducted a large-scale 1993 low cake from South Africa. Another news- The Director of the Russian Foreign Intelli- investigation to discover how much South paper reports that the South African gov- Africa has revealed about its nuclear weapon gence Service, Yevgeniy Primakov, states ernment had tactical nuclear weapons and that "red mercury" from the former USSR is development program. While South Africa had apparently developed its G5 and B6 how- has apparently been honest in declaring its exported through Eastern European coun- itzer guns to launch them. tries, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and capabilities since signing the NPT in 7/91, it Israeli Foreign Affairs, 4/13/93, vol. 1. IX No.3, p. has been secretive about the details of the 3 (9916). Switzerland to major corporations involved actual nuclear program, which has never in nuclear weapons production in South been confirmed or denied. Africa, Libya, Iran, Iraq, Israel and other Washington Post, 3/18/93, p. A1 (9604). SOUTH AFRICA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY Middle East countries. Primakov states that "red mercury," a black market substance al- GROUP 4/14/93 leged to have nuclear weapons applications, IAEA Director General Hans Blix states that 4/93 does not exist in nature, but could be a code the IAEA has been offered a blanket invita- Ogunsola Ogunbanwo, director of Disar- word used by mafia organizations involved tion from South Africa and other nations "to mament Affairs at the United Nations, sug- in the illegal sale of precious metals, includ- visit any site or installation, regardless of gests that African exporters of uranium ore, ing osmium, uranium, indium and plutonium. whether it has been declared and regardless namely South Africa, Niger, Namibia and All contraband samples of "red mercury" of whether the agency has reason to believe Gabon, should have a coordinated export seized thus far have been regular mercury, that the site contains something that should policy for uranium and should require full- lead or some other substance. Pravda (Moscow), 4/17/93, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND- have been declared but was not." scope safeguards as a condition for export- Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 4/22/93, pp. 93-012, 5/4/93, pp. 21-28 (9649). 14-15 (9696). ing uranium to non-nuclear weapons states. Ogunbanwo suggests that this policy be spelled out in an African Nuclear Free Zone Treaty. SOUTH AFRICA WITH IRAN SOUTH AFRICA WITH UNITED STATES Ogunsola Ogunbanwo, PPNN Paper NO. IW 1/4, 4/93, p. 11 (9532). 4/14/93 1/93 Western military officials have expressed 4/93 The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency re- concern that when the African National Con- South Africa Radio announces that four leases a report which states that South Af- gress (ANC) takes power, South Africa might South African companies, including Atomic rica has an advanced nuclear weapons pro- sell nuclear technology and materials to Iran Energy Corporation (AEC), Electricity Sup- gram. The release of the report comes shortly "in payment for old debts." The ANC has ply Commission (ESKOM), Vaal Reefs and after the African National Congress (ANC) termed this concern "far-fetched." the Nuclear Fuel Corporation, will take part demands that the South African government Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 4/93, pp. 32-37 in a Uranium Institute international confer- divulge information about its nuclear weap- (9625). ence of uranium producers, consumers and ons program and account for nuclear weap- nuclear fuel processors in Windhoek, ons materials stockpiled in the country. Eddie Koch, Inter Press Service, 1/7/93 (9938).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 123 Nuclear Developments

SOUTH AFRICA-SOUTH KOREA

of 1986, South Korea intended to construct duce and export zirconium alloy tubes as well 3/93 a 40 MW heavy water research reactor in as other vital nuclear reactor components. The U.S. Department of Commerce yearly the 1990s. However, South Korea still lacks Balaramamurthy adds that the NFC plans to statistics show that the U.S. imported facilities for reprocessing and uranium en- export its technology. South Korea is among 1,044,595 kg of U308 and 32,156 kg of UF6 richment, which limits its ability to create the countries which have expressed an in- from South Africa in 1992. nuclear weapons. The report estimates that terest in purchasing it. Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 3/1/93, pp. 1, 14- in 1986, South Korea had 4,800 workers and The Times of India (Bombay), 4/27/93, p. 18; in 15 (9784). scientists in the nuclear field, 500 of which JPRS-TND-93-022, 7/12/93, p. 11 (9545). had been trained abroad. 3/93 Report by Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, South Africa contemplates a plan to sell its Moscow, 1993; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. SOUTH KOREA WITH ISRAEL stockpile of enriched uranium to the U.S. and 37 (9970). then buy it back after it has been reduced to 4/24/93 a lower-grade uranium fuel for use in the Israel's daily newspaper, Yedi'ot Aharonot, country's nuclear reactors. The plan is re- SOUTH KOREA WITH ARGENTINA reports that South Korean intelligence offi- portedly prompted by the likelihood that the cials have recently visited with Israeli mili- African National Congress (ANC) will come 3/93 tary officials in secret to obtain information to power. National Commission of Atomic Energy about the Israeli air bombing raids against Alan Robinson, The Star, 3/4-3/10/93 (9922). (CNEA) president Manuel Mondino men- Iraqi nuclear facilities in 1981. In return for tions "the possibility that arose during the this information, South Korea is providing last few days" that Argentina would export Israel with intelligence information concern- SOUTH AFRICA WITH YUGOSLAVIA heavy water to Romania and South Korea. ing North Korea's alleged weapons sales of Buenos Aires Radio Nacional Network, 3/15/93; in the Nodong No. 1 missile to Iran and Syria. JPRS-TND-93-009, 3/29/93, p. 29 (9655). 1/93 It is believed that Director General of Israel's An article in the Russian newspaper Pravda Defense Ministry General, David Ivri, is reports that in 1992 Khkrvoye Sharinich the scheduled to visit South Korea in 5/93. SOUTH KOREA WITH AUSTRALIA pro-nuclear advisor to the Yugoslav leader Chungang Ilbo (Seoul), 4/26/93; in Pae Myong- F. Tudzhman, was cooperating with several pok, FBIS-EAS-93-078, 4/26/93, p. 35 (9949). South African nuclear laboratories. 3/93 Yevenii Fadeyev, Pravda, 1/19/93, pp. 1,3 (9140). A Russian intelligence report states that South Korea has engaged in nuclear re- SOUTH KOREA WITH JAPAN search and development with Australia. Report by Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, 1/6/93 SOUTH KOREA Moscow, 1993; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. 37 (9970). The South Korean government is reportedly considering measures to guard against Ja- pan becoming a nuclear power. According to a secret report by the ROK Ministry of INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS SOUTH KOREA WITH FRANCE Science and Technology, Japan possessed the technology necessary to build a 2/93 3/93 nuclear weapon as early as 1980. The report Sunu Ryun, a former aide to the late Presi- A Russian intelligence report states that recommends that nuclear-related information dent Park Chung-hee, discloses that he re- France has assisted South Korea in the de- be regularly exchanged, both as a check ceived a report from the Defence Ministry's velopment of new types of fuel elements for against Japan's development of a weapons Defence Science Technology Research Cen- nuclear power plants. capability, and as a means to learn more tre telling him that South Korea had the ca- Report by Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, Moscow, 1993; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. about Japan's nuclear energy tech- pability to develop a nuclear weapon by 37 (9970). nology. Chong Tae-ik, Director of the early 1981. Jane's Defense Weekly, 2/27/93, p. 6 (9118). Americas Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, states that while the SOUTH KOREA WITH INDIA 3/93 South Korean government is concerned A Russian intelligence report states that the about safety in Japan's plan to ship plu- 4/93 completion of a heavy-water research reac- tonium from Europe for stockpiling K. Balaramamurthy, the Indian Chief Execu- tor will give South Korea the ability to pro- over the next 30 years, the ROK govern- tive of the Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), an- duce fissionable materials. It notes that as ment does not think Japan is likely nounces that India is now able to pro-

124 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments SOUTH KOREA to "arm itself with nuclear weapons." 11/18/92 South Korean Co-chair of the JNCC, notifies Tong-A Ilbo (Seoul), 1/6/93, p. 1; in JPRS-TND- At the tenth JNCC meeting, North Korea re- Choe U-jin, his North Korean counterpart, 93-002, 1/15/93, pp. 8-9 (9849). iterates that all channels of inter-Korean dia- that it will resume the Team Spirit military logue will be closed unless the South an- exercises with the U.S. South Korea invites 1/18-1/19/93 nounces the cancellation of the Team Spirit the North Koreans to observe the exercise, South Korea and Japan participate in a meet- exercises by the end of 11/92. South Korea but the North declines. North and South ing of the Joint Nuclear Consultative Com- repeats that it will cancel the exercises based Korea fail to set a date for the next meeting mittee. The countries are scheduled to dis- upon the willingness of North Korea to adopt for the negotiation of mutual inspections. cuss nuclear conditions and policies, North guidelines for mutual nuclear inspections by Kensuke Ebata, Jane's Defense Weekly, 2/6/93, p. Korea's nuclear development, the establish- the end of 11/92 and allowing the first in- 12 (9752). Aleksandr Valiyev, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 1/29/93; in JPRS-TND-93-004, 2/5/93, p. 9 ment of a stronger nuclear diplomacy, and spections by 12/20/92. Japan's stockpile of plutonium. (9752). UPI, 1/25/93; in Executive News Service, Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for 1/25/93 (9107). Reuter, 1/25/93; in Executive News Yonhap (Seoul), 1/19/93; in JPRS-TND-93-003, International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). Service, 1/25/93 (9058). 1/27/93, p. 8 (9552). 11/27/92 At the eleventh JNCC meeting, North Korea 3/15/93 SOUTH KOREA WITH NORTH KOREA suspends any further joint committee dia- South Korean Prime Minister of National Uni- logue with South Korea, with the exception fication Han Wan-sang says that South Ko- 4/1/92 of the JNCC meetings. rea has intentions of becoming North Korea's At the second meeting of the Joint Nuclear Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for top trade partner by 1995 if concerns over Control Commission (JNCC), South Korea International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). the latter's nuclear weapon development pro- proposes that regular inspections be carried 12/9/92 gram can be addressed. out on nuclear materials and facilities at least Korea Herald, 3/16/93 (9447). 16 times a year, and that special inspections At the twelfth JNCC meeting, South Korea be conducted on military bases at least 40 states that it will not cancel the Team Spirit 3/16/93 times a year. South Korea wants the number exercises until both parties agree to conduct South Korea bans the export and import of of facilities inspected by both parties to be their first mutual inspections before the prime goods and personnel with North Korea, and equal. However, North Korea wants the ministers meet later this month. said that the situation had changed to a Yongbyon nuclear facility to be the only site Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). "quasi-wartime status." inspected, while it wants South Korea to al- Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics Week, 3/18/93, pp. 10-11 low inspections of all of the U.S. bases. (9436). Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for 1/5/93 International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). South Korea announces that it will resume dialogue with North Korea when the Team SOUTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA 5/15/92 Spirit exercises end in 4/93. At the fourth JNCC meeting, South Korea Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). 1/93 suggests that special inspections take place Russia offers South Korea plutonium repro- 24 hours after notification by one party, in 1/11/93 cessing services for its spent fuel in ex- order to expedite the process of denuclear- North Korea asks that the JNCC meet on 1/ change for South Korean financial aid for ization. Based upon reports from the IAEA, 20/93 and resume talks that have been dead- the completion of Russia's RT-2 reprocess- South Korea demands that North Korea ter- locked since 1992 over South Korean de- ing center. minate its construction of a nuclear repro- mands for mutual nuclear inspections. South Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 1/4/93, pp. 5-6 (9139). cessing plant capable of extracting pluto- Korea continues to insist on mutual inspec- nium. tions and plans to resume Team Spirit exer- Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for 2/93 International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). cises with the U.S. in the spring if the North does not comply. North Korea retaliates by According to Li Din-ke, spokesperson for refusing to attend a round of prime minis- the South Korean Ministry of Science and 9/16/92 Technology, Russia is prepared to sell South At the ninth JNCC meeting, North Korea ters' talks originally scheduled for 12/92 in Seoul. Korea nuclear technology. However, Sergey accuses the U.S. of shipping nuclear weap- Yermakov, director of the Minatom Press ons via submarine into the South Korean UPI, 1/11/93; in Executive News Service, 1/11/93 (9749). Center, said hat he had heard of no such port of Chinhae. plan and thatt "this cannot be the case." At Jonah Kaplan, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 4/21/93 (9699). 1/25/93 a recent meeting with South Korean repre- At a meeting of the JNCC, Gong Ro-myung, sentatives, the only nuclear business dis-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 125 Nuclear Developments

SOUTH KOREA-TAIWAN cussed concerned Russian reprocessing of SPAIN WITH UNITED STATES South Korean waste, Yermakov said. Izvestiya, 2/19/93, pp. 1,3; in FBIS-SOV-93-035, SPAIN 2/93 2/24/93, p. 12 (10090). Westinghouse of the U.S. is denied a license 3/93 to export micellaneous components to Spain. Reports allege that South Korean business- U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Export SPAIN WITH FRANCE AND GERMANY License Report, 2/93 (10089). men have contacted Minatom about storing South Korean radioactive waste at 2/16/93 3/93 Krasnoyarsk-26. Spain awards the U.S. firm Westinghouse a Ann MacLachlan, Nuclear Fuel, 3/15/93, pp. 10- The Framatome-Siemens Consortium 11. (France-Germany) announces that it has contract to do software studies supporting been selected by Spain's Asociacion Nuclear replacement of the steam generators at Asco (ANA) for a $120 million contract to Spain's Asco and Almaraz plants. Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 3-4/93, p. 30 (9662). SOUTH KOREA WITH TAIWAN install steam generators at Asco-1 in 1995 and Asco-2 in 1996. The new generators are 3/93 being manufactured by Equipos Nucleares A Russian intelligence report states that S.A. using Siemens design technology. More South Korea has engaged in nuclear re- than 50% of the supplies and services will search and development with Taiwan. be provided by Equipos Nucleares S.A. and TAIWAN Report by Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, Auxini, also a Spanish company. Moscow, 1993; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 1-2 (9852). 37 (9970).

INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS SPAIN WITH RUSSIA AND UKRAINE SOUTH KOREA WITH UNITED KINGDOM 2/93 2/93 1/11/93 The Twinning Engineering Group (TPEG), of Taiwan initiates the decommissioning pro- South Korea refutes the claim that it has which Spain's Unesa is a member, draws up cess of the Tsing-Hua Argonaut Research sought a plutonium extracting contract with specifications for safety upgrades at VVER Reactor. The reactor was supplied to Tai- the U.K. since 1991. A South Korean For- PWRs in Russia and Ukraine. The projects wan by the U.S. in 1973 and is located at the eign Ministry spokesman says that Korea are part of a program, called Tacis, of techni- National Tsing-Hua University. ENS NucNet, 2/19/93, No. 85 (9614). "does not plan to seek such a contract in the cal assistance by the Commission of the Eu- future." The Foreign Ministry adds that the ropean Communities (CEC) to the Common- 3/93 U.K. and South Korea did sign an agreement wealth of Independent States (CIS). They on the peaceful uses of atomic power in 1991, The Russian Foreign Intelligence Service cover safety systems upgrade work, waste issues a report on the status of the Taiwan- but that the agreement did not contain any management, emergency procedures, mea- clauses regarding plutonium extraction. ese nuclear program. The report notes that surement technology and training. Other Taiwan is unable to officially import the re- Yonhap (Seoul), 1/11/93; in JPRS TND-93-002, 1/ members of the TPEG include: Electricité de 15/93, p. 9 (9101). quired technology, equipment or knowledge France, Tractebel of Belgium, Nuclear Elec- to build nuclear weapons. However, the Rus- tric of the U.K., Enel of Italy, Germany's VGB, sian analysis also reports that Taiwan has and GKN of the Netherlands. SOUTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES the resources to pursue a nuclear weapons Pearl Marshall, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 14- 15 (9362). development program without outside as- 3/93 sistance. The report cites the wide experi- Edlow International of the U.S. is issued a 4/93 ence and training of Taiwanese nuclear spe- license to export 3.72% LEU to South Korea, A group of Western experts, including sci- cialists and the existence of the Taiwan Sci- and Westinghouse Electric is issued a li- entists from Spain, begin European Commu- entific Research Institute of Nuclear Energy, cense to export 4.5% LEU as fabricated fuel nity-sponsored safety analysis of VVER de- which employs over 1100 people, has mod- assembles. signs at Ukraine's Rovno nuclear plant. ern equipment and has done development U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Export Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, pp. work in nuclear fuel technology. License Report, 3/93 (10089). 14-15 (9766). Report by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Moscow), 1993; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. 34 (9613).

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TAIWAN

4/93 Taiwan announces that it expects privatization plans for the Taiwan Power TAIWAN WITH SOUTH KOREA Company (Taipower) to be completed in 1993. Nuclear Engineering International, 4/93, p. 4 3/93 (9612). A Russian intelligence report states that South Korea has engaged in nuclear re- search and development with Taiwan. TAIWAN WITH CANADA Report by Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, Moscow, 1993; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. 37 (9970). 3/93 A United States-Canadian agreement on ura- nium export is reached, clearing the way for TAIWAN WITH UNITED STATES Taiwan to purchase uranium from Canada. Canada's one-China policy prevented the es- 4/93 tablishment of official ties between Taiwan General Atomics of the U.S. is issued a li- and China. Despite the absence of a Cana- cense to export a 1356-MWe BWR to Tai- dian-Taiwan agreement on nonproliferation, wan. Canadian companies can now ship uranium U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Export through the U.S. to Taiwan. Canadian ura- License Report, 4/93 (10089). nium exported to Taiwan under the agree- ment will be subject to U.S. nonproliferation regulations. Ray Silver, Nuclear Fuel, 5/19/93, p. 5 (9611).

TAIWAN WITH PRC

3/93 Taiwan and China discuss the possibility of opening a joint-venture dumpsite for radio- active waste disposal from the two coun- tries during a two-day Nuclear Science Semi- nar in Beijing. Taiwan does not have a per- manent waste storage facility and it is esti- mated that the country's six reactors have produced more than 300,000 drums of low level waste since the 1980's. The seminar is the first large-scale meeting between the two countries to cover the topics of nuclear power plant operation, nuclear safety, waste disposal, and environmental supervision. CNA (Taipei), 1/19/93; in JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/ 27/93, p. 8 (9817). ENS NucNet, 2/29/93, No. 84 (9609). UPI, 3/4/93; in Executive News Service, 3/ 4/93 (9382). CNA (Taipei), 3/4/93; in JPRS-TND- 93-008, 3/22/93, pp. 15-16 (9937). China Daily, 3/5/93, p. 1 (9610).

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