15 Newly-Independent States

Nuclear Developments 15 NEWLY-INDEPENDENT STATES

1,4 (8685). Foreign Report, 3/18/93, p. 17 (9202). ing, atomic fuel and waste disposal when the plant becomes operational. Interfax (Moscow), 4/14/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-071, ARMENIA 4/15/93, pp. 77-78 (9228). ARMENIA WITH FRANCE, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND RUSSIA

INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 1/93 Reports disclosed that Armenia has recently 12/92 contracted France's Framatome to evaluate AZERBAIJAN First Deputy National Security Advisor the feasibility of restarting the Armenian Eduard Simonyants states that "no weap- nuclear power plant. Framatome's study is ons of mass destruction have been or are being financed by the European Community, AZERBAIJAN WITH ARMENIA being built in Armenia." The statement is in but Russia will supply much of the equip- response to accusations that Armenia is ment and expertise for recommended hard- 2/93 using spent fuel from its nuclear power plant ware improvements. Azerbaijan is notified of Armenia's plans to to make radioactive weapons. Simonyants Nuclear News, 1/93, pp. 13-14 (9147). Nuclear reopen the Armenian nuclear power plant. adds that the fuel is not enriched enough to News, 2/93, p. 3 (9201). Armenia says it needs the nuclear power be used in a nuclear weapon. plant in operation since Azerbaijan is main- Gagik Karapetyan, Trud (Moscow), 12/29/92, p. 2/93 taining an economic blockade of the coun- 2; in JPRS-TND-93-002, 1/15/93, pp. 23-24 Framatome reports that at least one and a (8682). try. Azerbaijan protests that the plant could half years will be needed to complete safety cause a catastrophe, and cites an IAEA re- upgrades at Armenia's nuclear power plant 4/93 port that says the plant needs to be modern- before the plant can be reopened. The government of Armenia decides to al- ized and provided with new staff and safety Daniel Snelder, Christian Science Monitor, 2/19/ low the beginning of repair work on the Ar- 93, pp. 1, 4 (8685). personnel. menian nuclear power plant. Armenian offi- Karen Topychan, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 2/9/93, p. cials have felt intense public pressure to re- 7; in FBIS-SOV-93-029, 2/16/93, p. 63 (9149). Daniel Snelder, The Christian Science Monitor, 2/ open the plant in light of the country's se- ARMENIA WITH IAEA AND UNITED NATIONS 19/93, pp. 1,4 (8685). Foreign Report, 3/18/93, vere energy shortage. p. 17 (9202). Interfax (Moscow), 4/13/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-071, 4/93 4/15/93, p. 77 (9229). Tigran Liloyan, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 1/27/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-017, 1/28/ Ministers from Armenia and the other former 93, p. 49 (9522). Soviet republics are invited by the IAEA and AZERBAIJAN WITH IAEA AND UNITED United Nations Development Program to at- NATIONS tend a forum on a new project to improve ARMENIA WITH AZERBAIJAN radiation protection systems and nuclear 4/93 safety in the former Soviet Union. Ministers from Azerbaijan and the other 2/93 ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). former Soviet republics are invited by the Azerbaijan is notified of Armenia's plans to IAEA and United Nations Development Pro- reopen the Armenian nuclear power plant. gram to attend a forum on a new project to Armenia says it needs the nuclear power ARMENIA WITH RUSSIA improve radiation protection systems and plant in operation since Azerbaijan is main- nuclear safety in the former Soviet Union. taining an economic blockade of the coun- 4/93 ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). try. Azerbaijan protests that the plant could Armenia and Russia collaborate on an agree- cause a catastrophe, and cites an IAEA re- ment under which the Kurchatov Institute, port that says the plant needs to be modern- Atomteploenergoproyekt, and Gidrapress AZERBAIJAN WITH IRAN AND RUSSIA ized and provided with new staff and safety would resume work on the Armenian nuclear personnel. power plant and assume responsibility for 12/92 Karen Topychan, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 2/9/93, p. project management, design and construc- Reports disclose that uranium stolen from 7; in FBIS-SOV-93-029, 2/16/93, p. 63 (9149). tion. Russia may provide financ Russia's Chepetsk Mechanical Plant was Daniel Snelder, The Christian Science Monitor, 2/ 19/93, pp. purchased by buyers from Azerbaijan for

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280 million rubles. The Azeri buyers were BELARUS WITH JAPAN reportedly going to sell the uranium to Iran for $15 million. 4/93 AFP (Paris), 12/13/92; in JPRS-TND-93-001, 1/ Japan announces that it will grant $9 million age containers for radioactive waste. 7/93, p. 25 (8960). to Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine to cover ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 4/12/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- 069, 4/13/93, p. 13 (9956). some of the expenses of joining the NPT. United Press International, 4/11/93; in Executive News Service, 4/11/93 (9272). BELARUS BELARUS WITH RUSSIA, UNITED KINGDOM AND UNITED STATES BELARUS WITH LITHUANIA, POLAND, RUSSIA, AND UKRAINE 4/93 The U.K., U.S. and Russia offer Belarus ad- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 12/92 ditional security guarantees in response to KGB officers in Ukraine break up an interna- Belarus' accession to the NPT and signature 2/4/93 tional smuggling ring made up of citizens of the START I treaty. The Parliament of Belarus ratifies START I from Russia, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Radio Minsk Network, 4/6/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. 065, 4/7/93, p. 74 (9141). ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 2/4/93; in JPRS-TND-93- The group had been stealing uranium from 005, 2/12/93, p. 27 (9237). Trust and Verify, 1-2/ the Chepetsk Mechanical Plant in Glazovo 93, p. 1 (9813). in the Udmurtia Autonomous Republic; deal- BELARUS WITH UNITED STATES ers from Belarus and Lithuania were to transport the material to Poland. 3/93 BELARUS WITH COMMONWEALTH OF AFP (Paris), 12/13/92; in JPRS-TND-93-001, 1/ Officials from the University of Pittsburgh 7/93, p. 25 (8960). Olga Kiyenko, Kommersant INDEPENDENT STATES Daily, 2/23/93, p. 14; in JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/ and the Belarusian Science Research Insti- 93, p. 46 (9961). tute of Radiation Medicine sign an agree- 1/22/93 ment to cooperate in the exchange of spe- CIS leaders meet in Minsk to seek a solution cialists for joint scientific programs concern- for the dispute over control of former Soviet BELARUS WITH RUSSIA ing assistance to Chernobyl victims. nuclear arms. Belaruskaje Television Network (Minsk), 3/11/93; Mark Trevelyan, Reuter, 1/22/93; in Executive News 4/93 in FBIS-SOV-93-047, 3/12/93, p. 61 (9210). Service, 1/22/93 (9120). A Russian dealer in radioactive materials describes transporting containers of uranium 2/93 via Belarus to Eastern Europe. Kazakh Foreign Minister Tuleitai Kirim Belyaninov, Literaturnaya Gazeta (Moscow), ESTONIA Suleimenov states that the country's strate- 1/20/93, p. 13; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. gic nuclear weapons are under Russian con- 21. Russian Television Network (Moscow), 10/20/ trol, but that Russia cannot use them with- 92 (9972). out the agreement of the leaders of ESTONIA WITH IAEA AND UNITED NATIONS Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Ukraine. Abd-al-Malik Khalil, Al-Ahram (Cairo), 2/13/93; BELARUS WITH RUSSIA, UKRAINE AND 4/93 in FBIS-SOV-93-031, 2/18/93, p. 60 (9788). UNITED STATES Ministers from Estonia and the other former Soviet republics are invited by the IAEA and 3/93 United Nations Development Program to at- BELARUS WITH IAEA AND UNITED NATIONS U.S. companies and the governments of tend a forum on a new project to improve Belarus, Russia and Ukraine meet to discuss radiation protection systems and nuclear 4/93 a $100 million, 30-year cooperative project safety in the former Soviet Union. Ministers from Belarus and the other former to environmentally and economically restore ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). Soviet republics are invited by the IAEA and the areas affected by the Chernobyl disas- United Nations Development Program to at- ter. Headed by Los Alamos Technical As- tend a forum on a new project to improve sociates, the project involves 10 private U.S. ESTONIA WITH RUSSIA radiation protection systems and nuclear companies and 30 U.S. research institutions safety in the former Soviet Union. and universities. Construction plans include ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). 1992 a new sarcophagus for Chernobyl-4 and stor- An American-owned jewelry firm report-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 129 Nuclear Developments

ESTONIA-KAZAKHSTAN edly tries to ship four tons of zirconium from man Usian Guleymanov says that people had Russia to Estonia, but the shipment is GEORGIA been pushing for the plant's closure for ten blocked when Russian export control offi- years because of the radiation's adverse ef- cials are unable to secure guarantees that fect on the environment and human health. the material will not be re-exported. AFP (Hong Kong), 2/9/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-025, William C. Potter, Arms Control Today, 1-2/93, pp. 2/9/93, p. 46 (9158). 3-10 (9971). GEORGIA WITH IAEA AND UNITED NATIONS 2/93 5/92-9/92 4/93 Nursultan Nazerbayev states that interme- Forty-five thousand tons of nonferrous met- Ministers from Georgia and the other former diate-range missiles have been removed from als are exported from Russia to Scandinavia Soviet republics are invited by the IAEA and Kazakhstan and that the country is the first by way of Estonia. United Nations Development Program to at- and only country to ratify the START I treaty Viktor Alekseyev, Rossiyskiye Vesti, 3/6/93, p. 8; in tend a forum on a new project to improve on strategic nuclear weapons. All strategic JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/93, p. 48 (9649). radiation protection systems and nuclear weapons are now under a common and uni- safety in the former Soviet Union. fied command, with the commanders-in-chief 1/93 ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). in possession of the operational code. As part of the withdrawal of the Russian Otto Hoermann, ORF (Vienna), 2/3/93; in FBIS- military presence from the Baltic states, Rus- SOV-93-022, p. 49 (9175). sia pledges to dismantle two reactors at a GEORGIA WITH IRAN submarine training center in Estonia, possi- bly as early as 2/93 1/93 KAZAKHSTAN WITH Reuter, 1/18/93; in Executive News Service, 1/18/ Georgian head of state Eduard AUSTRALIA AND UNITED STATES 93 (9217). Shevardnadze and Iranian President Akbar 4/93 Hashemi-Rafsanjani sign a treaty in which 2/93 Estonia calls for international pressure on both nations agree to support the eventual Energy Resources of Australia tries to stop Russia to allow Estonian environmental ex- elimination of weapons of mass destruction. rumors that it is buying uranium from perts to assess nuclear damage at military Both nations also state their wish to declare Kazakhstan and selling it in the U.S. for higher bases located in Estonia. Russian guards at the Persian Gulf and Black Sea a nuclear and prices. Sources say that the first shipment the Paldiski nuclear power plant have pre- chemical weapons-free zone. of uranium from Kazakhstan has already ar- Sakartvelos Respublika (Tbilisi), 1/21/93, pp. 1-2; vented Estonian officials from inspecting en- rived in the U.S. in FBIS-SOV-93-016, 1/27/93, pp. 60-63 (9146). Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, pp. 1, 13- vironmental conditions at the site. 14 (9192). Reuter, 4/27/93 (9929).

KAZAKHSTAN WITH COMMONWEALTH OF ESTONIA WITH SWEDEN KAZAKHSTAN INDEPENDENT STATES 1/93 2/93 Swedish customs officials arrest two Esto- Kazakh Foreign Minister Tuleitai nians in possession of 300 grams of Scan- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Suleimenov states that the country's strate- dium. gic nuclear weapons are under Russian con- S. Asenov, Sovietskaya Rossiya, 2/13/93, p. 4; in 1/93 JPRS-TND-93-006, 3/5/93, p. 27. Aleksey The chairman of Kazakhstan's national se- trol, but that Russia cannot use them with- Boldinuk, Pravda, 1/29/93, p. 3; in JPRS-TND- curity committee, Bulat Bayekenov, states out the agreement of the leaders of 93-005, 2/12/93, p. 20 (9974). that working groups have been formed to Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Ukraine. Abd-al-Malik Khalil, Al-Ahram (Cairo), 2/13/93; check the legality of, and basis for, licenses in FBIS-SOV-93-031, 2/18/93, p. 60 (9788). issued by state organizations for the export of raw and other materials. Interfax (Moscow), 1/10/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-007, AZAKHSTAN WITH 1/11/93, p. 62 (9199). K IAEA

2/93 1/93 Kazakhstan closes the Semipalatinsk nuclear Kazakh Prime Minister Sergey Tershchenko test site. Kazakhstan Government Spokes- sends a letter to the IAEA requesting mem-

130 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments

KAZAKHSTAN bership for Kazakhstan. The vice president 4/93 KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA AND UNITED of the Kazakh Atomic Energy Industry Intelligence sources say that Iran may have STATES (KATEP), Valeriyan Shimanskiy, states that purchased beryllium and 100 tons of ura- Kazakhstan will be accepted into the IAEA nium, which may include pellets of uranium 3/93 under the following terms: Kazakhstan will dioxide, from a nuclear weapons factory An agreement on Russia's sale of 500 tons pay a nearly $1 million entrance fee; the north of Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan. of HEU to the U.S. is impeded by the U.S. IAEA will send Kazakhstan an accident no- Frontline, Show #1116, 4/13/93, pp. 1-8 (9700). demand that Russia pledge to share pro- tification system; and Kazakhstan will prom- ceeds from the sale with Kazakhstan, Ukraine, ise not to produce nuclear weapons. and Belarus. Russia is reluctant to make Andrey Pershin and Andrey Petrovsk, Interfax KAZAKHSTAN WITH ISRAEL such a pledge. (Moscow), 1/15/93; in FBIS-SOV- Moscow News, 3/19/93, p. 5 (9501). Dunbar 93-014, 1/25/93, p. 57 (9200). Andrey Pershin, Lockwood, Arms Control Today, 3/93, pp. 22, 26 Andrey Petrovskiy, and Vladimir Shishkin, ITAR- 3/93 (9568). TASS (Moscow), 1/13/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-009, 1/ An Israeli newspaper reports that Israel's 14/93 (9786). Ambassador to Kazakhstan received a "com- mitment" that Kazakhstan had not sold nuclear warheads to Iran and does not in- KAZAKHSTAN WITH UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN WITH IAEA AND OECD tend to do so in the future because it wishes to strengthen ties with Israel and western 2/93 2/93 countries. G.A. Kopchinski, first deputy chair of the For the first time, Kazakhstan reports its ura- Qol Yisra (Jerusalem), 3/30/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- State Committee of Ukraine for Nuclear and nium resources, production, and demand to 060, 3/3/1/93, p. 71 (9197). Radiation Safety (GANU), states that begin- the "Red Book" published jointly by the ning in 1993, Ukraine "will supply its own IAEA and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. uranium for enrichment in Russia and fuel Nuclear News, 2/93, pp. 72-73 (9193). KAZAKHSTAN WITH JAPAN fabrication in Kazakhstan." Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, pp. 9-10 (8609). 4/93 KAZAKHSTAN WITH IAEA AND UNITED The Japanese government pledges $9 mil- NATIONS lion to Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Belarus to KAZAKHSTAN WITH THE UNITED STATES help cover the costs of joining the NPT. United Press International, 4/11/93; in Executive 2/93 4/93 News Service, 4/11/93 (9272). Ministers from Kazakhstan and the other President Bill Clinton sends a letter to Kazakh former Soviet republics are invited by the President Nursultan Nazarbayev expressing IAEA and United Nations Development Pro- hope that Kazakhstan will continue to sup- KAZAKHSTAN WITH PRC gram to attend a forum on a new project to port the elimination of nuclear weapons on improve radiation protection systems and its territory. Nazarbayev 1/93 has indicated that the elimination of nuclear nuclear safety in the former Soviet Union. Reports allege that China has attempted to ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). weapons in Kazakhstan must be contingent illegally import high grade steel, copper and upon U.S. financial aid, and is interested in strategic metals from Kazakhstan. using nuclear fuel from missiles for peaceful Interfax (Moscow), 1/10/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-007, KAZAKHSTAN WITH IRAN 1/11/93, p. 62 (9199). purposes such as domestic energy production. 12/92 Andrey Pershin and A. Petrovskiy, Interfax (Moscow), 2/1/9/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-033, 2/22/ A Western intelligence wiretap of a 12/92 KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA 93, p. 38 (9252). phone conversation between two Iranian diplomats reveals that Iran has purchased 1/93 3/93 four nuclear warheads from Kazakhstan, an Russia allocates an estimated 190 billion In a report to the U.S. Department of Com- accusation which Iran denies. The tran- rubles to be spent on rehabilitation of areas merce, Kazakhstan's attorneys state that the scripts reveal that one of Iranian Defense contaminated by Soviet military nuclear ac- republic "has no involvement in the sales of Minister Torkan's contacts arranged for the tivity, such as the Semipalatinsk region of uranium of non-Kazakh origin by companies purchase, but a "technical problem" had pre- Kazakhstan, Russia's Mayak complex, and active in the U.S. market." vented the export of the warheads to Iran. the Novaya Zemlya islands. Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 3/15/93, pp. 3-4 Shlomo Papirblatt, Yedi'ot Aharonot (Tel Aviv), 1/ ENS NucNet, 1/4/93 (9941). (9189). 15/93; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, pp. 14-16 (9561).

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KAZAKHSTAN-LITHUANIA

follow up on recommendations made during 4/93 IAEA and United Nations Development Pro- a 1989 ASSET visit. U.S. Undersecretary of State Michael Newlin gram to attend a forum on a new project in- IAEA Bulletin, 2/93 (9692). meets with Kazakh officials to discuss the tended to improve radiation protection sys- creation of an export control system. tems and nuclear safety in the former Soviet 4/93 Interfax (Moscow), 4/24/93; in JPRS-TND-93-012, Union. Ministers from Lithuania and the other former 5/4/93, p. 36 (10091). ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). Soviet republics are invited by the IAEA and United Nations Development Program to attend a forum on a new project intended to LATVIA WITH UNITED STATES improve radiation protection systems and KYRGYZSTAN nuclear safety in the former Soviet Union. 2/93 The project reviews RBMK safety in the ar- DOE gives Westinghouse Electric Corp. per- eas of core monitoring and control, pressure mission to transfer its civilian technology in boundary integrity, accident mitigation, and INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS the design, manufacture, construction, op- electric power supply. Lithuanian, Russian, eration, maintenance, and service of PWRs and Ukrainian experts had originally met in 4/93 and PWR fuel to Latvia and Lithuania. 11/92 and agreed that safety modifications Nuclear Fuel, 2/15/93, p. 13 (9145). The Kyrgyz government creates a commis- would need to be made in these areas. sion to maintain strict control over imports ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). IAEA Newsbriefs, 1- 2/93 (8695). and exports of raw materials which could be used in the production of weapons of mass destruction. The commission will be admin- LITHUANIA LITHUANIA WITH DENMARK istered as part of the state customs department and is expected to begin operation by 3/16/93 6/93. Lithuanian Energy Minister Leonas Albert Bogdanov, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 4/22/93; LITHUANIA WITH BELARUS, POLAND, in JPRS-TND-93-012, 5/4/93, p. 37 (9512). Ashmantas and Danish Interior Minister RUSSIA, AND UKRAINE Birtte Weiss sign an agreement between their respective countries on "the exchange of 12/92 information and cooperation in the field of KYRGYZSTAN WITH IAEA AND UNITED KGB officers in Ukraine break up an interna- nuclear safety and protection against radia- NATIONS tional smuggling ring made up of citizens tion" in Copenhagen. from Russia, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Saulius Girnius, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 4/93 The group had been stealing uranium from 3/15-3/19/93 (9514). Ministers from Kyrgyzstan and the other the Chepetsk Mechanical Plant in Glazovo former Soviet republics are invited by the in the Udmurtia Autonomous Republic; deal- IAEA and United Nations Development Pro- ers from Belarus and Lithuania were to trans- LITHUANIA WITH FRANCE gram to attend a forum on a new project in- port the material to Poland. tended to improve radiation protection sys- AFP (Paris), 12/13/92; in JPRS-TND-93-001, 1/ 1/93 tems and nuclear safety in the former Soviet 7/93, p. 25 (8960). Olga Kiyenko, Kommersant Customs officials in La Ferrier-sous-Jougne, Union. Daily, 2/23/93, p. 14; in JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/ 93, p. 46 (9961). France, stop a car and discover 4 kg (8.8 lbs) ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). of cesium-133 worth 2 million francs. The three men in the car tell police that they are working for a Lithuanian supplier who has LATVIA LITHUANIA WITH IAEA AND UNITED NATIONS told them to look for potential clients in Western Europe. The men are also in pos- 1/93-3/93 session of an analysis document from a labo- The Assessment of Safety Significant ratory in Lausanne, Switzerland and a LATVIA WITH IAEA AND UNITED NATIONS Events Team (ASSET) program of the IAEA $500,000 check. AFP (Paris), 1/20/93; in JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/ sends missions to the Ignalina reactors in 4/93 27/93, p. 27. AFP (Paris), 1/20/93; in JPRS-TND- Lithuania. The ASSET teams review perfor- 93-003, 1/27/93, p. 27 (9230). Ministers from Latvia and the other former mance at Ignalina from 1989-1992 and Soviet republics have been invited by the

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LITHUANIA-RUSSIA

nuclear weapons. Russia has $800 million in LITHUANIA WITH RUSSIA LITHUANIA WITH UNITED STATES 2/93 uranium export contracts for 1993. Janet Guttsman, Reuter, 1/3/93; in Executive News DOE gives Westinghouse Electric Corp. per- Service, 1/3/93 (8688). 1/93 mission to transfer its civilian technology in Lithuanian police search for two uranium rods the design, manufacture, construction, op- 2/18/93 which were dropped into the Nevezis River eration, maintenance, and service of PWRs Russian President Boris Yeltsin issues a de- by a local businessman who had bought 10 and PWR fuel to Latvia and Lithuania. cree formulating procedures for imposing kg of the material to sell abroad for at least Nuclear Fuel, 2/15/93, p. 13 (9145). embargoes on sales of dual-use technology $1 million. The uranium was stolen from the to "any foreign country, including CIS coun- Udmurtia plant in Russia. tries." Reuter, 1/13/93; in Executive News Service, 1/13/ Interfax (Moscow), 2/19/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-034, 93 (9153). MOLDOVA 2/23/93, pp. 24-25 (9858). 1/93 3/93 A Russian dealer in radioactive materials A group of scientists, geologists and seis- describes transporting containers of ura- mologists support an initiative to "organize MOLDOVA WITH IAEA AND UNITED nium, via Lithuania, to Germany. international expertise" at the Russian Army Kirim Belyaninov, Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1/20/93, NATIONS p. 13; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. 21 (9972). laboratory at Esheri, Abkhazia. Experts fear that research has been conducted here on 4/93 2/93 geotectonic weapons, which use targeted Ministers from Moldova and the other nuclear charges to simulate an earthquake Russia submits a proposal to build additional former Soviet republics are invited by the spent fuel storage facilities at Lithuania's in enemy territory. The scientists fear an IAEA and United Nations Development Pro- ecological catastrophe should the lab, which Ignalina nuclear power plant. gram to attend a forum on a new project in- Ariane Sains, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, p. 12 (8952). is located in a war zone, be damaged by mili- tended to improve radiation protection sys- tary action. The Russian government de- tems and nuclear safety in the former Soviet nies developing such a weapon. Union. LITHUANIA WITH SWEDEN Roman Zadunaiskiy, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 3/10/ ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). 93; in JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/93, p. 48 (9905). Radio Tbilisi, 4/21/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-075, 4/ 2/93 21/93, p. 59 (9238). The Swedish firms of ABB Atom and RUSSIA Vattenfall plan to begin improving fire and 3/93 safety protection at Ignalina in Lithuania by Russian Vice Minister of Atomic Energy the summer of 1993 if liability problems can Nikolai N. Egorov urges Parliament to adopt be solved. The Swedish Nuclear Power In- a bill allowing import and export of radioac- spectorate will channel the $5 million in fund- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS tive waste. Due to a law enacted in 1992 ing needed for the projects. prohibiting import of waste, many local au- Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 13-14 1/93 thorities have refused to let reprocessing fa- (9150). Minatom completes a draft program for man- cilities accept shipment, sometimes in viola- aging spent fuel and radioactive waste up to tion of existing contracts. Egorov warns of 2/93 the year 2005, placing an emphasis on repro- a "social explosion" should the facilities Sweden's National Institute for Radiation cessing, safe storage and final disposal in have to close. Protection (SSI) and the Swedish Nuclear geological formations of radioactive waste. Ann MacLachlan, Nuclear Fuel, 3/15/93, pp. 10- Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB) plan ENS NucNet, 1/4/93 (9941). 11 (9946). to build a storage facility with the Energy Ministry and Ignalina personnel. The Swed- 1/93 3/93 ish government will fund half the project. Russia's exports of nuclear fuel and Eleven kilograms of uranium-238 are stolen Lithuanian Minister of Energy Leonas nuclear technology are expected to earn as from Arzamas-16. Arzamas authorities are Ashmantas says that SKB will play a large much as $1 billion in 1993, up from $600 mil- reportedly investigating "dozens" of similar role in spent fuel dry storage projects. Rus- lion in 1991 and 1992. The Russian govern- cases. sia has not removed any spent fuel since ment promises to control its exports in A. Fortunatov, Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 1984 despite a prior agreement. order to keep other states from acquiring 3/5/92, p. 1; in JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/93, p. 47 (9961). Ariane Sains, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, p. 12. Ariane Sains and Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 2/15/93, pp. 9-10 (8952). ENS NucNet, 4/15/93, p. 32 (9231).

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4/29/93 national smuggling ring made up of citizens RUSSIA WITH BULGARIA, LIBYA AND Russia passes a law restricting the exports from Russia, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. UKRAINE of nuclear and chemical weapons material The group had been stealing uranium from with punishments including up to eight years the Chepetsk Mechanical Plant in Glazovo 4/15/93 in prison and substantial fines. in the Udmurtia Autonomous Republic; deal- Ukrainian customs officials at the port of Reuter, 4/29/93; in Executive News Service, 4/29/ ers from Belarus and Lithuania were to trans- 93 (9575). Ilichevsk discover an undocumented ship- port the material to Poland. ment of 80 tons of nuclear fuel. The fuel AFP (Paris), 12/13/92; in JPRS-TND-93-001, 1/ 7/93, p. 25 (8960). Olga Kiyenko, Kommersant allegedly was of Russian origin and was in- RUSSIA WITH ARMENIA Daily, 2/23/93, p. 14; in JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/ tended to go to Libya after making a port call 93, p. 46 (9961). in Bulgaria. V. Klinkov, deputy chief of 4/93 Ilichevsk customs, denies having seen the Armenia and Russia collaborate on an agree- shipment. In a possible explanation for the RUSSIA WITH BELARUS, UKRAINE AND ment under which the Kurchatov Institute, conflicting reports, A. Savelyev of the Ukrai- Atomteploenergoproyekt, and Gidrapress UNITED STATES nian Security Service reported that four rail- would resume work on the Armenian nuclear road cars containing rocket fuel, not nuclear power plant and assume responsibility for 3/93 fuel, had arrived at the Odessa- project management, design and construc- U.S. companies and the governments of Sortirovochnaya railroad station bound for tion. Russia may provide financing, atomic Belarus, Russia and Ukraine meet to discuss Bulgaria. fuel and waste disposal when the plant be- a $100 million, 30-year cooperative project Leonid Kapelyushnyy, Izvestiya (Moscow), 4/15/93, to environmentally and economically restore p. 1; in JPRS-TND-93-011, 4/23/93, p. 24 (9769). comes operational. Nina Perstneva, Izvestia (Moscow), 4/16/93; in Interfax (Moscow), 4/14/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-071, the areas affected by the Chernobyl disas- FBIS-SOV-93-075, 4/21/93, p. 52 (9967). 4/15/93, pp. 77-78 (9228). ter. Headed by Los Alamos Technical As- sociates, the project involves 10 private U.S. companies and 30 U.S. research institutions RUSSIA WITH COMMONWEALTH OF RUSSIA WITH AZERBAIJAN AND IRAN and universities. Construction plans include INDEPENDENT STATES a new sarcophagus for Chernobyl-4 and stor- 1992 age containers for radioactive waste. 1/22/93 Reports disclose that uranium stolen from ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 4/12/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- 069, 4/13/93, p. 13 (9956). CIS leaders meet in Minsk to seek a solution Russia's Chepetsk Mechanical Plant was pur- for the dispute over control of the former chased by buyers from Azerbaijan for 280 Soviet nuclear arms. million rubles. The Azeri buyers were re- Mark Trevelyan, Reuter, 1/22/93; in Executive News RUSSIA WITH BELARUS, UNITED KINGDOM portedly going to sell the uranium to Iran for Service, 1/22/93 (9120). $15 million. AND UNITED STATES AFP (Paris), 12/13/92; in JPRS-TND-93-001, 1/ 2/93 7/93, p. 25 (8960). 4/93 Kazakh Foreign Minister Tuleitai The U.K., U.S. and Russia offer Belarus ad- Suleimenov states that the country's strate- ditional security guarantees in response to gic nuclear weapons are under Russian con- RUSSIA WITH BELARUS Belarus' accession to the NPT and signature trol, but that Russia cannot use them with- of the START I treaty. out the agreement of the leaders of 4/93 Radio Minsk Network, 4/6/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Ukraine. 065, 4/7/93, p. 74 (9141). A Russian dealer in radioactive materials Abd-al-Malik Khalil, Al-Ahram (Cairo), 2/13/93; describes transporting containers of ura- in FBIS-SOV-93-031, 2/18/93, p. 60 (9788). nium via Belarus to Eastern Europe. Kirim Belyaninov, Literaturnaya Gazeta (Moscow), RUSSIA WITH BULGARIA 1/20/93, p. 13; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. RUSSIA WITH CZECH REPUBLIC 21. Russian Television Network (Moscow), 10/20/ 92 (9972). 1/93 Russia concludes an agreement to supply 4/93 the Bulgarian National Power Company with Russia and the Czech Republic draft a pro- fuel for the four VVER-400 reactors at RUSSIA WITH BELARUS, LITHUANIA, tocol due to be signed in 5/93 or 6/93 under Kozloduy over a five-year period. which Russia will deliver equipment to the POLAND AND UKRAINE Nuclear News, 2/93, p. 78 (9213). Czech Republic nuclear power station in ex- 12/92 change for food and petroleum products. Interfax (Moscow), 4/12/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-069, KGB officers in Ukraine break up an inter- 4/13/93, p. 13 (9793).

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RUSSIA WITH DENMARK AND SWEDEN $33.7 million to be administered by the Pro- years. gram for Technical Assistance to the CIS Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 1-2/93, p. 59 (9173). 1/93 (TACIS) for safety upgrades at VVER reac- The presidents of the Swedish and Danish tors in Russia. 2/93 Nuclear Societies participate in an "exchange Pearl Marshall, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 14- Russian intelligence head Yevgeny Primakov of information" visit to the Sosnovy Bor 15 (9362). meets with German authorities to discuss nuclear power plant near St. Petersburg. ways to combat international smuggling of Peter B. Fynbo, Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 1-2/ 2/93 nuclear technologies. Primakov pushes for 93, p. 52 (9172). The EC plans to carry out 400 small-scale increased cooperation with Western intelli- technical projects to modernize and increase gence services. the safety of former Soviet reactors. A bud- Reuter, 2/15/93; in Executive News Service, 2/16/ RUSSIA WITH ESTONIA get of over $10.5 million is allocated to Rus- 93 (9966). sian upgrades. 1992 Victor Petrenko, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 2/12/93; in 3/93 FBIS-SOV-93-029, 2/16/93, p. 4 (9795). An American-owned jewelry firm reportedly Babcox & Wilson Naval Nuclear Fuel Divi- sion and Nukem of Germany create a team to tries to ship four tons of zirconium from Rus- 3/93 sia to Estonia, but the shipment is blocked assist the U.S. Department of Energy in Russian nuclear experts join their European bringing highly-enriched uranium from Rus- when Russian export control officials are un- counterparts in the first meeting of the EC- able to secure guarantees that the material sia to the U.S. The HEU will be converted to sponsored safety analysis of the Rovno low-enriched uranium for use in commercial will not be re-exported. nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Rovno has William C. Potter, Arms Control Today, 1-2/93, pp. reactors. B&W will buy the fuel as a DOE 3-10 (9971). two Model 213 VVER-440s. agent; Nukem will provide financing and Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, pp. transportation. 14-15 (9766). 5/92-9/92 Wilson Dizard III, Nuclear Fuel, 3/15/93, pp. 2-3 (8629). Forty-five thousand tons of nonferrous met- 4/93 als are exported from Russia to Scandinavia EC officials state that Russia is attempting 3/93 by way of Estonia. to sell its nuclear fuel at prices 25%-50% Viktor Alekseyev, Rossiyskiye Vesti, 3/6/93, p. 8; in Reports state that Russia is competing for JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/93, p. 48 (9649). below what the Euratom Supply Agency business connected with the spent fuel from (ESA) believes to be the normal market price. Germany's Greifswald VVER reactors. 1/93 Charles Goldsmith, Wall Street Journal, 4/5/93 Ann MacLachlan, Nuclear Fuel, 3/15/93, pp. 10- (9581). As part of the withdrawal of the Russian 11. military presence from the Baltic states, Rus- sia pledges to dismantle two reactors at a 4/93 RUSSIA WITH FRANCE AND UKRAINE submarine training center in Estonia, possi- Germany's Nukem collaborates with Russia's bly as early as 2/93. Atomenergoproyekt to upgrade radioactive Reuter, 1/18/93 (9217). 1/93 waste handling at the Kola nuclear power An organization called Shelter Universal, plant. 4/93 made up of Russian and Ukrainian research ENS-NucNet, 4/16/93 (9250). Estonia calls for international pressure on institutes and the French firms Bouygeus Russia to allow Estonian environmental ex- and SGN, is formed to study the problem of perts to assess nuclear damage at military fixing the Chernobyl sarcophagus. RUSSIA WITH HUNGARY bases located in Estonia. Russian guards at Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 1-2/93, p. 59 (9325). the Paldiski nuclear power plant have pre- 1992 vented Estonian officials from inspecting en- Hungary's Mecsek Uran Ltd. Liability Co. RUSSIA WITH GERMANY vironmental conditions at the site. ships 426 metric tons of U308 to Russia, Reuter, 4/27/93 (9929). where it is processed and returned to Hun- 1/93 gary as fuel for the Paks nuclear power plant. The German firm Nukem and its subsidiar- Karoly Ravasz, Nuclear Fuel, 1/4/93, pp. 10-11 (9195). RUSSIA WITH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ies are slated to supply radwaste treatment units to Russia's Balakovo nuclear power RUSSIA WITH IAEA 2/93 plant for DM 23 million. The work will be The Commission of the European Commu- carried out over the course of the next two 4/14/93 nity receives tenders for approximately The IAEA announces that it will send a team

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RUSSIA of three experts to Russia's Tomsk-7 repro- 3/93 waste into the Sea of Japan. cessing facility to determine the amount of Russia agrees to build a nuclear power plant Reuter, 1/13/93; in Executive News Service, 1/13/ fissile product emissions which may have in Iran which will have two modernized pres- 93 (9153). occurred as a result of an explosion at the surized water reactors. The plant is expected site. to take 7-8 years to construct. 4/93 Naoaki Usui and Gamini Seneviratne, Nucleonics Reuter, 3/31/93; in Executive News Service, 3/31/ Japan urges the G-7 members to agree on Week, 4/16/93, p. 13 (9850). 93 (9607). building nuclear waste facilities in Russia to help store radioactive waste which might oth- erwise be dumped into the sea. RUSSIA WITH IAEA AND UNITED NATIONS RUSSIA WITH IRAQ AND IAEA United Press International, 4/11/93; in Executive News Service, 4/11/93 (9272). 4/93 4/93 4/93 Ministers from Russia and the other former Russia wins a $20 million contract from the Japan offers Russia $1.8 billion in loans and Soviet republics are invited by the IAEA and IAEA to reprocess 80 lbs of fuel retrieved grants to upgrade nuclear facilities. United Nations Development Program to at- from destroyed Iraqi nuclear reactors. Rus- Washington Times, 4/16/93, p. A11 (9835). tend a forum on a new project to improve sia agrees to take responsibility for the re- radiation protection systems and nuclear processing and the resulting nuclear waste. safety in the former Soviet Union. Russia may reprocess the fuel at a military RUSSIA WITH KAZAKHSTAN ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). plant near Tomsk. Roger Highfield, Daily Telegraph, 4/20/93 (9586). 1/93 Russia allocates an estimated 190 billion RUSSIA WITH INDIA rubles for the rehabilitation of areas contami- RUSSIA WITH ISRAEL nated by Soviet military nuclear activity, such 1/93 as the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan, The Russian Federation and the Republic of 4/93 Russia's Mayak complex, and the Novaya India sign the "Treaty of Friendship and Co- Designers at the Kurchatov Institute sign Zemlya islands. operation Between the Russian Federation an initial contract to provide Israel with a ENS NucNet, 1/4/93 (9941). and the Republic of India." Under Article turn-key, floating, nuclear-powered desali- Four of the treaty, the two parties agree that nization plant. Russian personnel may be the process of nuclear and conventional dis- used to run the plant. RUSSIA WITH LITHUANIA armament, including the reduction and ulti- Moscow News, 4/2/93, p. 5 (9132). mate liquidation of weapons of mass destruc- 1/93 tion, should be accelerated. Lithuanian police search for two uranium rods Itar-Tass, (Moscow), 1/28/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- RUSSIA WITH JAPAN 018, 1/29/93, p. 5 (9827). which were dropped into the Nevezis River by a local businessman who had bought 10 2/93 kg of the material to sell abroad for at least 3/93 Japanese Foreign Minister Michio $1 million. The uranium was stolen from the Under an agreement inherited from the former Watanabe states that Japan would consider Udmurtia plant in Russia. Soviet Union, India and Russia hold talks buying highly enriched uranium from Rus- on building a nuclear power plant in India. Reuter, 1/13/93; in Executive News Service, 1/13/ sia to fuel Japan's breeder reactor, but adds 93 (9153). The plant would consist of two pressurized that assistance is contingent on Russia's water reactors. return of the Kuril islands. 1/93 Executive News Service, 3/31/93 (9607). Defence News, 2/15/93, p. 2 (9845). A Russian dealer in radioactive materials describes transporting containers of ura- 3/93 nium, via Lithuania, to Germany. RUSSIA WITH IRAN Japan begins courses in nuclear power plant Kirim Belyaninov, Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1/20/93, safety for staff of Russian and other former p. 13; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. 21 (9972). 2/93 Soviet plants. U.S. intelligence chief James Woolsey says Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 3-4/93, p. 36 (9836). 2/93 that Iran is developing nuclear weapons with Russia submits a proposal to build additional the assistance of the PRC and Russia. 4/93 spent fuel storage facilities at Lithuania's Jim Wolf, Reuter, 2/24/93; in Executive News Japan's Foreign Minister Kabun Muto asks Ignalina nuclear power plant. Service, 2/25/93 (9167). Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev Ariane Sains, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, p. 12 (8952). to control Russia's dumping of radioactive

136 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA 1/93 lease should the sub break apart while being Norway makes $3 million available to assist RUSSIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP raised far outweighs the danger of leaks at in upgrading the four VVER-440 units at the sea-floor level. Russia later abandons the 1993 Kola nuclear power plant. plan to raise the sub, focusing instead on Nuclear Engineering International, 1/93, p. 5 The Director of the Russian Foreign Intelli- recovering two of the Komsomolets' nuclear- (9129). gence Service, Yevgeniy Primakov, states tipped torpedoes. that "red mercury" from the former USSR is Reuter, 1/9/93; in Executive News Service, 1/11/93. exported through Eastern European coun- Stella Bugge, Reuter, 1/19/93; in Executive News RUSSIA WITH PAKISTAN tries, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria and Service, 1/19/93 (8578). Switzerland to major corporations involved 4/93 in nuclear weapons production in South A Russian delegation headed by Foreign Africa, Libya, Iran, Iraq, Israel and other RUSSIA WITH NORTH KOREA Minister Andrei Kozyrev holds talks with Middle East countries. Primakov states that the Chair of Pakistan's Atomic Energy Com- "red mercury," a black market substance al- 1992 mission on the possible sale of nuclear power leged to have nuclear weapons applications, According to Germany's Stern magazine, plants to Pakistan. does not exist in nature, but could be a code North Korea acquires 56 kilograms of pluto- Nucleonics Week, 4/22/93, p. 17 (9830). word used by mafia organizations involved nium from Russia. in the illegal sale of precious metals, includ- New York Times, 2/25/93, p. A5 (9737). ing osmium, uranium, indium and plutonium. RUSSIA WITH POLAND All contraband samples of "red mercury" 2/16/93 Diplomatic sources in New York say that seized thus far have been regular mercury, 4/29/93 IAEA Director General Hans Blix is facing lead or some other substance. Police in Braniewo, Poland, discover 25 kilo- obstacles from China and Russia on the is- Pravda (Moscow), 4/17/93, pp. 1-2; in JPRS-TND- grams of cesium-137 buried within five kilo- 93-012, 5/4/93, pp. 21-28 (9649). sue of holding a special inspection in North meters of the Russian border. The substance Korea. is found in a ceramic canister with Cyrillic 2/93 Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 16-17 The Twinning Engineering Group (TPEG) (9431). Mark Hibbs and Naoaki Usui, Nucleonics writing. Week, 2/4/93, p. 18 (9631). PAP (Warsaw), 4/30/93; JPRS-TND-93-012, 5/4/ draws up specifications for safety upgrades 93, p. 9 (9963). at VVER PWRs in Russia and Ukraine. The 4/93 projects are part of a program, called Tacis, The Golos, a weekly newspaper, reports that of technical assistance by the Commission between 1960 and 1969, Russia turned down RUSSIA WITH PRC of the European Communities (CEC) to the a North Korean request for help in launch- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). ing a nuclear weapons program. 1/93 They cover safety systems upgrade work, Yonhap (Seoul), 4/13/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-069, 4/ The Russian Academy of Sciences denies waste management, emergency procedures, 13/93, pp. 27-28 (9826). the claim by the Japanese newspaper measurement technology and training. Yomiuri that hundreds of former Soviet ex- Members of the TPEG include: Electricité de perts have gone to work in Chinese military Frame, Tractebel of Belgium, Nuclear Elec- RUSSIA WITH NORWAY plants. tric of the U.K., Enel of Italy, Germany's VGB, Veronika Romanenkova, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 12/ GKN of the Netherlands, and Unesa of 1992 30/92; in JPRS-TND-93-002, 1/15/93, p.23 (9597). Spain. A Norwegian firm receives a fax from an un- Pearl Marshall, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 14- known enterprise in Volgograd, Russia, of- 15 (9362). 4/93 fering 6-8 metric tons of heavy water for $440 China and Russia hold a symposium on per kilogram, 300 kilograms of red phospho- peaceful nuclear research that results in rous for $2,000 per kilogram and 10 kilograms RUSSIA WITH NETHERLANDS AND NORWAY plans for future cooperation. Russian sci- of red mercury for $240,000 per kilogram. The entists are to work in the PRC on the con- seller offers to provide export licensing and 1/93 ceptual design of a fusion-fission hybrid re- to transport the material from Murmansk to The Dutch firm Smit Tak offers its services actor. Norway through Finland or Austria. to help Russia raise the sunken Komsomolets Reuter, 4/19/93; in Executive News Service, 4/19/ Kirim Belyaninov, Literaturnaya Gazeta (Moscow), 93 (9240). submarine from the bottom of the Barents 1/20/93, p. 13; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. Sea. Concerns exist that radiation leaking 21 (9972). from the nuclear sub could cause environ- RUSSIA WITH SOUTH AFRICA mental damage. Norway objects to raising the sub, saying the danger of radiation re- 2/93 Russia states that it will supply the South

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African Atomic Energy Commission with fuel tion Safety (GANU) states that, beginning reimburse Ukraine for material from Ukrai- for the Pelindaba enrichment plant at a price in 1993, Ukraine "will supply its own ura- nian weapons. below the world-market level of $68 per SWU. nium for enrichment in Russia and fuel fabri- Wilson Dizard III, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, pp. 3-4 Johannesburg Sunday Times, 2/21/93; in The Arms cation in Kazakhstan." Ukraine is also pur- (9125). Control Reporter, 3/93 (9870). suing a countertrade agreement with Minatom to get technology for centrifuge 4/93 enrichment and fuel fabrication. G.A. Kopchinsky, the First Deputy Director RUSSIA WITH SOUTH KOREA Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, pp. 9-10 (8609). of the Ukrainian State Committee for Radia- tion and Nuclear Safety (GANU), states that 1/93 2/93 the U.S., Russia, and Ukraine have agreed to Russia offers South Korea plutonium repro- Ukraine and Russia sign an agreement un- "cooperate in upgrading nuclear plant safety cessing services for its spent fuel in exchange der which Russia will provide Ukraine with and strengthening regulatory action" in the for South Korean financial aid for the enriched uranium fuel and take back spent former Soviet Union. Russia, Ukraine, and completion of Russia's RT-2 reprocessing fuel, and Ukraine will provide Russia with the U.S. also agree that the Joint Coordinat- center. uranium and zirconium. Ukraine will buy the ing Committee for Nuclear Reactor Safety will Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 1/4/93, pp. 5-6 (9139). enriched uranium at 40-50 percent below the take on overall operations of the U.S. Multi- world market price. lateral Nuclear Safety Initiative (the Lisbon 2/93 ENS NucNet, 2/19/93 (9093). ITAR-TASS Initiative). (Moscow), 2/18/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-032, p. 46 Nucleonics Week, 4/22/93, pp. 15-16 (9897). According to Li Din-ke, spokesperson for (9093). the South Korean Ministry of Science and Technology, Russia is prepared to sell South 3/93 RUSSIA WITH UNIDENTIFIED COUNTRIES Korea nuclear technology. However, Sergey Russian nuclear experts join their European Yermakov, director of the Minattom Press counterparts in the first meeting of the EC- 1/93 Center, said that he had heard of no such sponsored safety analysis of the Rovno Sources claim that the Islamic Jihad sent a plan and that "this cannot be the case." At nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Rovno has letter to Arzamas-16 requesting the sale of a a recent meeting with South Korean repre- two Model 213 VVER-440s. sentatives, the only nuclear business dis- Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, pp. nuclear weapon. cussed concerned Russian reprocessing of 14-15 (9766). Kirim Belyaninov, Literaturnaya Gazeta (Moscow), 1/20/93, p. 13; in JPRS-TND-93-007, 3/5/93, p. South Korean waste, Yermakov said. 21 (9972). Izvestiya, 2/19/93, pp. 1, 3; in FBIS-SOV-93-035, 3/93 2/24/93, p. 12 (10090). As a result of a 2/92 Environmental Protec- tion Law prohibiting import of radioactive RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES 3/93 materials for disposal, Russia's Krasnoyarsk- Reports allege that South Korean business- 26 is no longer allowed to accept fuel from men have contacted Minatom about storing 1992 Ukraine. The Strategic Defense Initiative Organiza- South Korean radioactive waste at Ann MacLachlan, Nuclear Fuel, 3/15/93, pp. 10- Krasnoyarsk-26. 11 (9946). tion buys two Topaz space nuclear reactors Ann MacLachlan, Nuclear Fuel, 3/15/93, pp. 10- for $13 million from Intertek, a consortium of 11. 4/93 Russian agencies. Evgeny Kudriavtsev, an official from the Vincent Kiernan, Space News, 1/11-17/93, pp. 4, 21 (9216). Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy states RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE that both Russia and Ukraine must develop 1/93 fast breeder reactors to meet energy de- 2/93 The Strategic Defense Initiative Organiza- mands. tion prepares to buy the last four Topaz-2 Russia continues to supply Ukraine with Nucleonics Week, 4/1/93, pp. 16-17 (9848). nuclear fuel, although this practice may be thermionic nuclear reactors from Russia's stopped if Ukraine remains outside the NPT Kurchatov Institute. Tim Furniss, Flight International, 1/26/93, p. 24 past an "informal 'grace period ' of about RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE AND UNITED (8604). one year" granted in 1992 by the Nuclear STATES Suppliers Group. Sources claim that in 1993 1/93 Ukraine will begin supplying its own ura- 2/93 The $25 million allocated by the U.S. nium for enrichment in Russia. G.A. Issues holding up the finalization of the deal Agency for International Development Kopchinski, first deputy chair of the State between the U.S. and Russia regarding the (AID) for safety improvements to nuclear Committee of Ukraine for Nuclear Radia- import of HEU from dismantled Soviet war- plants in Russia and Ukraine will be used heads include U.S. insistence that Russia

138 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA-TURKMENISTAN to pay U.S. firms to do the work. The Nuclear to assist the U.S. Department of Energy in IAEA and United Nations Development Pro- Regulatory Commission will receive $3 mil- bringing highly-enriched uranium from Rus- gram to attend a forum on a new project in- lion, and the Department of Energy $22 mil- sia to the U.S. The HEU will be converted to tended to improve radiation protection sys- lion. DOE has begun contracting through low-enriched uranium for use in commercial tems and nuclear safety in the former Soviet Brookhaven National Laboratory in New reactors. B&W will buy the fuel as a DOE Union. York, which is soliciting reactor design ser- agent; Nukem will provide financing and ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). vices to improve VVER and RBMK safety. transportation. Wilson Dizard III, Nucleonics Week, 1/28/93, p. 13 Wilson Dizard III, Nuclear Fuel, 3/15/93, pp. 2-3 (8608). (8629). TADJIKISTAN WITH IRAN

1/93 4/93 3/93 The U.S. begins participation in a joint ven- General Atomics and Minatom enter into a Sources claim that U.S. officials and others ture with Russia's Zvezda Shipyard to dis- 50-50 joint venture to develop and build a have alleged that Iran is importing nuclear mantle nuclear submarines. plutonium-burning modular high-tempera- materials or weapons from Tadjikistan. Leonid Vinogradov, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 1/19/ ture gas reactor (MHTGR). The project, de- David Watts, Times (London), 3/15/93 (9557). 93; in JPRS-TND-93-003, 1/27/93, p. 24 (9781). signed to burn plutonium from dismantled warheads, would require $20 million in U.S. 1/3/93 government funding per year for five years. TADJIKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES Presidents Yeltsin and Bush sign the sec- The Russian newswire Interfax describes the ond Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty reactor as a helium-cooled thermal reactor 4/93 (START II). with a gas turbine generator. Trust and Verify, 1-2/93, p. 1 (9813). Reports allege that Tadjikistan may have ter- Wilson Dizard III, Nucleonics Week, 4/8/93, pp. 12- minated the uranium suspension agreement 13 (8618). Interfax (Moscow), 4/9/93; in FBIS- 2/93 SOV-93-067, 4/9/93, p. 9 (9277). with the U.S. Tadjikistan's representatives, Viktor Mikhailov of Minatom and Gen. Will- named as Mr. Nesterov and Mr. Karimov, ap- iam Burns sign an agreement under which 4/93 parently notified the Department of Com- Russia will sell the U.S. 500 tons of highly- U.S. State Department officials announce that merce of the country's intent to terminate, enriched uranium for $200 million per year. liability concerns may prevent U.S. compa- but DOC replied that it did not recognize The material is to be delivered by 10/1/93. nies from providing Russian reactors with Nesterov and Karimov as official represen- Aleksey Portanskiy, Izvestiya (Moscow), 2/26/93, much-needed safety upgrades. tatives of Tadjikistan. This has "mystified" p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-93-038, 3/1/92, pp. 9-10 (8951). Ed Lane, The Energy Daily, 4/13/93, p. 4 (9890). Tadjikistan's U.S. law firm, as Nesterov and Karimov are the officials who originally 2/93 4/93 signed the suspension agreement for Defence News reports that the Institute of Russia takes over the USSR's obligations un- Tadjikistan. Physics and Power Engineering in Obninsk, der the 4/88 U.S.-USSR Memorandum of Co- Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 4/26/93, pp. 1, 13- Russia, has been approved as a subcontrac- operation in the Field of Civilian Nuclear 15 (9960). tor to provide technological support to Safety, under which the U.S., Ukraine and Rockwell International's Rocketdyne Divi- Russia agree to cooperate in upgrading sion for the design of an orbiting nuclear nuclear plant safety and strengthening regu- reactor based on the Topaz design. Space latory action. TURKMENISTAN News contradicts this report, saying that Nucleonics Week, 4/22/93, pp. 15-16 (9897). Rocketdyne is paired with a Russian firm called Krasnaya Zvezda. Space News also adds that a second team of Space Power Inc. TURKMENISTAN WITH IAEA AND UNITED of the U.S. and the Russian consortium TADJIKISTAN NATIONS Intertek is working on a competing design. Defence News, 2/1-7/93, p. 2. Vincent Kiernan, Space News, 4/19-25/93, p. 10 (9324). 4/93 Ministers from Turkmenistan and the other 3/93 TADJIKISTAN WITH IAEA AND UNITED former Soviet republics are invited by the Babcox & Wilson Naval Nuclear Fuel Divi- NATIONS IAEA and United Nations Development sion and Nukem of Germany create a team Program to attend a forum on a new project 4/93 intended to improve radiation protection Ministers from Tadjikistan and the other former Soviet republics are invited by the

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nuclear arsenal until it receives security as- IAEA safeguards, and the quick develop- systems and nuclear safety in the former So- surances from the permanent members of the ment of a supportive legal and scientific in- viet Union. ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). Security Council. Pluish also says Ukraine frastructure. Ukrainian military officials de- is ready to sign international agreements on mand that CIS soldiers currently guarding the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons and Ukrainian nuclear weapons take an oath of TURKMENISTAN WITH IRAN the limitation of strategic arms. allegiance to Ukraine. Reuters, 2/26/93; in Executive News Service, 2/26/ Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, p. 14 (9954). 93 (9161) 12/91 Reports allege that by 12/91, Iran had im- 2/20/93 UKRAINE WITH BELARUS, LITHUANIA, ported four nuclear weapons from the former The newspaper Moskovskii Komsomolets POLAND, AND RUSSIA Soviet Union, including a nuclear artillery reports that 11 lead containers of weapons- shell, two nuclear warheads that could be grade plutonium-210 from Arzamas-16 were launched on Scud missiles, and one nuclear 12/92 seized by authorities in Belgorod, Ukraine. KGB officers in Ukraine break up an interna- weapon deliverable by a MiG-27 aircraft. The An Arzamas-16 newspaper, Gorodskoy fissile material was exported from tional smuggling ring made up of citizens Kurier, denies the report, stating that the from Russia, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Kazakhstan and the rest of the components "Avangard" plant from which the material were exported from other former Soviet re- The group had been stealing uranium from was said to be stolen produces and exports the Chepetsk Mechanical Plant in Glazovo publics through Turkmenistan to Iran. polonium radioisotopes used in space tech- Arms Control Reporter, 3/93 (9707). in the Udmurtia Autonomous Republic; deal- nology. ers from Belarus and Lithuania were to trans- Olga Kiyenko, Kommersant Daily (Moscow), 2/23/ 93, p. 14; in JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/93, p. 46 port the material to Poland. (9961). AFP (Paris), 12/13/92; in JPRS-TND-93-001, 1/ 7/93, p. 25 (8960). Olga Kiyenko, Kommersant UKRAINE Daily, 2/23/93, p. 14; in JPRS-TND-93-008, 3/22/ 3/93 93, p. 46 (9961). The Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers endorses a comprehensive list of possible military-use INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS materials (including metals and minerals, UKRAINE WITH BELGIUM AND THE machine tools, and power equipment) that NETHERLANDS 1/3/93 may only be exported after 3/93 by special President Leonid Kravchuk creates the Com- permission from certain state agencies. 1/93 ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 3/10/93; FBIS-SOV-93-045, mittee for Nuclear Policy to be the national Reports allege that a facility at expert on nuclear power and waste manage- 3/10/93, p. 55 (9575). Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ukraine, which produces ment, and to advise him on nuclear policy. heavy water, ion exchange resins used in Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, p. 14 (9954). Nuclear News, 2/93, pp. 77-78 (9127). 4/93 chemical enrichment, zirconium, and Sources state that Ukrainian authorities are hafnium, has shipped 45 tons of hafnium and 2/93 cataloging radioactive material in an effort zirconium to Belgium and the Netherlands, The Congress of Ukraine's National Demo- to stem illegal exports. During a visit to Swe- presumably for export to a third party. cratic Forces faction states that Ukraine den to study customs methods, First Secre- Dneprodzerzhinsk is the primary enterprise should consider its nuclear weapons as a tary of the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign involved in exporting dual-use items. strategic deterrent. The faction considers Affairs, Anatoli Scherba, acknowledged that William C. Potter, Arms Control Today, 1-2/93, pp. 3-10 (9971). nuclear weapons on Ukrainian territory as his country may have an insufficient num- Ukrainian property and has said that Ukraine ber of experts to deal with export controls of should have political and technical control these materials. Scherba further stated that UKRAINE WITH BULGARIA, LIBYA over the weapons. the Ukrainian government is considering AND USSIA Radio Rossii Network (Moscow), 2/6/93; in draft export control legislation. R FBIS-SOV-93-024, 2/8/93, p. 30 (9126). Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, p. 15 (9962). 4/15/93 2/26/93 4/93 Ukrainian customs officials at the port of Ivan Pluish, Speaker of the Ukrainian Parlia- Ukraine's Committee for Nuclear Policy Ilichevsk discover an undocumented shipment, says that Ukraine wishes to create a holds its first meeting and recommends ment of 80 tons of nuclear fuel. The fuel was nuclear-free-zone among Black Sea na- safety upgrades, adherence to the NPT and allegedly of Russian origin and was in- tions. Pluish says Ukraine would retain its tended to go to Libya after making a port

140 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments UKRAINE call in Bulgaria. V. Klinkov, deputy chief of VVER projects cover safety systems upgrade atomic electric power station in Ukraine re- Ilichevsk customs, denies having seen the work, waste management, emergency pro- ports that an IAEA inspection team had vis- shipment. In a possible explanation for the cedures, measurement technology, and train- ited the station to study the possibility of conflicting reports, A. Savelyev of the Ukrai- ing. placing nuclear materials there under IAEA nian Security Service reported that four rail- Pearl Marshall, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, p. 14-15 safeguards. IAEA specialists are to make road cars containing rocket fuel, not nuclear (9362). their recommendations later in 1993. fuel, had arrived at the Odessa- Vladimir Shevchenko, Ukrinform (Kiev), 2/1/93; Sortirovochnaya railroad station bound for 3/15-3/24/93 in FBIS-SOV-93-022, 2/4/93, p. 36 (9953). Bulgaria. The first meeting for the EC sponsored safety Leonid Kapelyushnyy, Izvestiya (Moscow), 4/15/93, analysis of the Rovno nuclear power plant p. 1; in JPRS-TND-93-011, 4/23/93, p. 24 (9769). in Ukraine takes place. Rovno has two VVER UKRAINE WITH IAEA AND OECD Nina Perstneva, Izvestia (Moscow), 4/16/93; in 440s (Model 213) and one VVER-1000 (Model FBIS-SOV-93-075, 4/21/93, p. 52 (9967). 320). 2/93 Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, pp. For the first time, Ukraine reports its uranium 14-15 (9766). resources production and demand to the UKRAINE WITH COCOM "Red Book" published jointly by the IAEA and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. 1/93 UKRAINE WITH FRANCE AND RUSSIA Nuclear News, 2/93, pp. 72-73 (9193). Ukrainian Deputy Minister for Foreign Af- fairs, B. Tarasyuk, attends the COCOM ses- 1/93 sion in Paris and states that Ukraine regards Shelter Universal, an organization composed UKRAINE WITH IAEA AND UNITED "the ban on strategic materials trade with of Russian and Ukrainian research institutes NATIONS Ukraine as discrimination." and the French firms Bouygeus and SGN, is N. Vasylyuk, Kyyivsky Pravda (Kiev), 12/8/92, p. 1; formed to study the problem of fixing the in FBIS-SOV-93-010, 1/15/93, pp. 53-54 (9880). 4/93 Chernobyl sarcophagus. Ministers from Ukraine and the other former Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 1-2/93, p. 59 (9325). Soviet republics are invited by the IAEA and UKRAINE WITH COMMONWEALTH OF United Nations Development Program to attend a forum on a new project intended to INDEPENDENT STATES UKRAINE WITH IAEA improve radiation protection systems and 1/22/93 nuclear safety in the former Soviet Union. 1/93 ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). CIS leaders meet in Minsk to seek a solution The Assessment of Safety Significant for the dispute over control of the former Events Team (ASSET) program of the IAEA Soviet nuclear arms. begins sending missions to the Khmelnitsky UKRAINE WITH ISRAEL Mark Trevelyan, Reuter, 1/22/93; in Executive News reactors in Ukraine and the Ignalina reactors Service, 1/22/93 (9120). in Lithuania. At Khmelnitsky, ASSET en- 2/93 courages upgrades to the plant surveillance 2/93 A shipment to Israel of technical specifica- program. Missions will continue through 3/ Kazakh Foreign Minister Tuleitai tions for "unique fault detector and casting 93. machine prototypes" is blocked by Ukrai- Suleimenov states that the country's strate- IAEA Bulletin, 2/93 (9692). gic nuclear weapons are under Russian con- nian customs. trol, but that Russia cannot use them with- Kyyivska Pravda (Kiev), 2/4/93, p.1; in 1-2/93 FBIS-SOV-93-011, 2/18/93, p. 47 (9952). out the agreement of the leaders of The IAEA completes a review of RBMK Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Ukraine. safety in the former Soviet Union in the ar- Abd-al-Malik Khalil, Al-Ahram (Cairo), 2/13/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-031, 2/18/93, p. 60 (9788). eas of core monitoring and control, pressure UKRAINE WITH JAPAN boundary integrity, accident mitigation, and electric power supply. Specialists from Rus- 3/93 sia, Ukraine, and Lithuania met in 11/92 and UKRAINE WITH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Japan starts nuclear power plant safety agreed that safety would be improved by courses for nuclear power plant staff from 3/93 modifications in these areas. Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union and IAEA Newsbriefs, vol. 8, no. 1, 1-2/93 (8695). The Commission of the European Communi- China. Personnel from Ukraine will join par- ticipants from other countries in taking the ties (CEC) receives tenders for approxi- 2/1/93 two-week courses offered by Japan. mately $33.7 million for safety upgrades at The information center of the Khmelnitskiy VVER PWRs in Russia and Ukraine. The Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 3-4/93, p. 36 (9836).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 141 Nuclear Developments

UKRAINE

3/93 Koro, submitted a bid for the Chernobyl sar- 4/93 U.S. companies and the governments of cophagus project. The Japanese government pledges $9 mil- Belarus, Russia and Ukraine meet to discuss Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 4/29/93, pp. 1, 8-9 lion to Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Belarus to a $100 million, 30-year cooperative project (9958). help cover the costs of joining the NPT. to environmentally and economically restore United Press International, 4/11/93; in Executive the areas affected by the Chernobyl disas- News Service, 4/11/93 (9272). ter. Headed by Los Alamos Technical As- UKRAINE WITH RUSSIA sociates, the project involves 10 private U.S. companies and 30 U.S. research institutions 2/93 UKRAINE WITH KAZAKHSTAN and universities. Construction plans include Russia continues to supply Ukraine with a new sarcophagus for Chernobyl-4 and stor- nuclear fuel, although this practice may be 2/93 age containers for radioactive waste. stopped if Ukraine remains outside the NPT G.A. Kopchinski, first deputy chair of the ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 4/12/93; in FBIS-SOV-93- past an "informal 'grace period' of about one State Committee of Ukraine for Nuclear Ra- 069, 4/13/93, p. 13 (9956). year" granted in 1992 by the Nuclear Suppli- diation Safety (GANU) states that, begin- ers Group. Sources claim that in 1993 Ukraine ning in 1993, Ukraine "will supply its own 4/93 will begin supplying its own uranium for uranium for enrichment in Russia and fuel A group of Western experts begins a Euro- enrichment in Russia. G.A. Kopchinski, first fabrication in Kazakhstan." pean Community-sponsored safety analysis deputy chair of the State Committee of Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, pp. 9-10 (8609). of VVER designs at Ukraine's Rovno nuclear Ukraine for Nuclear Radiation Safety plant. (GANU) states that, beginning in 1993, Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, pp. Ukraine "will supply its own uranium for UKRAINE WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP 14-15 (9766). enrichment in Russia and fuel fabrication in Kazakhstan." Ukraine is also pursuing a 4/26/93 2/93 countertrade agreement with Minatom to get The international competition to bid on the The Twinning Engineering Group (TPEG) technology for centrifuge enrichment and construction of a second sarcophagus draws up specifications for safety upgrades fuel fabrication. around Ukraine's Chernobyl-4 unit ends; at VVER PWRs in Russia and Ukraine. The Mark Hibbs, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, pp. 9-10 (8609). projects are part of a program, called Tacis, 400 bids were submitted. In 4/93, Ukrainian of technical assistance by the Commission and German officials report that as the sar- 2/93 of the European Communities (CEC) to the cophagus is not horizontally secured, it Ukraine and Russia sign an agreement un- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). could easily be destroyed by an earthquake, der which Russia will provide Ukraine with They cover safety systems upgrade work, and that the resulting radioactive discharge enriched uranium fuel and take back spent waste management, emergency procedures, could be greater than that of the 1986 fuel, and Ukraine will provide Russia with measurement technology and training. explosion. Ukraine officials also state that uranium and zirconium. Ukraine will buy the Members of the TPEG include: Electricité de "the groundwater is already getting con- enriched uranium at 40-50 percent below the France, Tractebel of Belgium, Nuclear Elec- taminated." The seven-firm German world market price. tric of the U.K., Enel of Italy, Germany's VGB, Chernobyl consortium submits a $312 mil- ENS NucNet, 2/19/93 (9093). ITAR-TASS lion bid. The first involved are Gesellscaft (Moscow), 2/18/93; in FBIS-SOV-93-032, p. 46 GKN of the Netherlands, and Unesa of (9093). Spain. fuer Nuclear-Service mbH (GNS), Hochtief Pearl Marshall, Nucleonics Week, 2/18/93, pp. 14- AG, Kraftwerk und Anlagenbau AG (KAB), 15 (9362). Kraftanlagen Heidelberg AG (KAH), Noell 3/93 GnbH, Nukem GmbH, and Siemens AG's Russian nuclear experts join their European 3/93 KWU power engineering division. The counterparts in the first meeting of the EC- The U.S. insists that Russia conclude an German consortium and a French team of sponsored safety analysis of the Rovno agreement with Ukraine, Belarus, and SGN, Bouygues, Andra, Cogema and nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Rovno has Kazakhstan about sharing the proceeds from Electricite de France (EDF) "have agreed to two Model 213 VVER-440s. Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 4/15/93, pp. the sale of HEU to the U.S. Russia is reluc- work together," in the financing and/or imple- 14-15 (9766). tant to do so. The transfer of 500 metric tons mentation of the project if either are cho- of HEU from Russia to the U.S. will not be- sen by Ukraine. The French bid is for $190 3/93 gin until the four nations determine how the million. In 1993, a British-Ukraine consor- As a result of a 2/92 Environmental Protec- revenue will be divided among them. tium composed of AEA Technology, De- tion Law prohibiting import of radioac- Moscow News 3/19/93, p. 5 (9501). Dunbar sign Group Partnership (DGP), and Ntts Lockwood, Arms Control Today, 3/93, pp. 22-26 tive materials for disposal, Russia's (9568).

142 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 Nuclear Developments UKRAINE-UZBEKISTAN

UKRAINE WITH UNITED STATES Krasnoyarsk-26 is no longer allowed to ac- ply Agency (ESA) considers correct. Wilson Dizzard III, Nuclear Fuel, 5/24/93, p. 13 cept fuel from Ukraine. 1/93 Ann MacLachlan, Nuclear Fuel, 3/15/93, pp. 10- (9581). 11 (9946). Of the $25 million allocated for safety improvements at former USSR reactors by the 4/93 U.S. Agency for International Development UZBEKISTAN WITH IAEA Evgeny Kudriavtsev, an official from the (AID), $22 million has been given to DOE. Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy states The DOE solicits funds for "reactor design 2/93 that both Russia and Ukraine must develop services to reduce the risk of operating Uzbekistan reports its uranium resources, fast breeder reactors to meet energy de- VVERs and RBMKs in Russia and Ukraine", production and demand to the "Red Book," mands. and has begun contracting through published by the IAEA and the OECD Nucleonics Week, 4/1/93, pp. 16-17 (9848). Brookhaven National Laboratory in New Nuclear Energy Agency. It is the first time York. that Uzbekistan has reported this data since Wilson Dizzard III, Nucleonics Week, 1/28/93, p. 13 it acquired independence. UKRAINE WITH RUSSIA AND THE (8608). Nuclear News, 2/93, pp. 72-73 (9193). UNITED STATES 2/93 U.S. Commerce officials state that Ukraine 2/93 UZBEKISTAN WITH IAEA AND UNITED may be terminating its suspension agree- Issues holding up the finalization of the deal NATIONS ment and that the International Trade Ad- between the U.S. and Russia regarding the ministration will be establishing dumping import of HEU from dismantled Soviet war- 4/93 duties on Ukrainian uranium. heads include U.S. insistence that Russia Ministers from Uzbekistan and the other Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, pp. 1,13,14 reimburse Ukraine for material from Ukrai- (9192). former Soviet republics are invited by the nian weapons. IAEA and United Nations Development Pro- Wilson Dizard III, Nuclear Fuel, 2/1/93, pp. 3-4 gram to attend a forum on a new project in- (9125). 4/93 tended to improve radiation protection sys- Ukraine terminates its suspension agreement tems and nuclear safety in the former Soviet 4/93 with the U.S. Department of Commerce in Union. G.A. Kopchinsky, the First Deputy Director the antidumping case brought by U.S. ura- ENS NucNet, 4/28/93 (9768). of the Ukrainian State Committee for Radia- nium companies and the Oil, Chemical and tion and Nuclear Safety (GANU), states that Atomic Workers Union. DOC is forced to the U.S., Russia, and Ukraine have agreed to resume its investigation into whether Ukraine "cooperate in upgrading nuclear plant safety did indeed violate U.S. trade law. A final and strengthening regulatory action" in the determination must be submitted within 75 former Soviet Union. Russia, Ukraine, and days of 4/12/93. the U.S. also agree that the Joint Coordinat- Michael Knapik, Nuclear Fuel, 4/26/93, p. 1, 13- ing Committee for Nuclear Reactor Safety will 15 (9960). take on overall operations of the U.S. Multi- lateral Nuclear Safety Initiative (the Lisbon Initiative). Nucleonics Week, 4/22/93, pp. 15-16 (9897). UZBEKISTAN

UKRAINE WITH UNITED KINGDOM

2/93 UZBEKISTAN WITH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY U.K. officials inform the Ukrainian president that the United Kingdom would guarantee 4/93 Ukraine's security in an effort to speed Uzbekistan is among the CIS uranium pro- Ukraine's accession to the NPT. ducers affected by conflict among EC coun- Viktor Demidenko, ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 2/12/93; tries over the price being paid for uranium in FBIS-SOV-93-029, exported to the EC. Prices for uranium from p. 42 (9133). CIS countries are estimated at being 25%- 50% below the level that the Euratom Sup-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1994 143