Jonathan Evans, Former Director General, MI5 Raffaello Pantucci EDITORIAL BOARD Colonel Suzanne Nielsen, Ph.D
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OBJECTIVE ·· RELEVANT ·· RIGOROUS || JUNE/JULYMARCH 2020 2018 · VOLUME · VOLUME 13, 11,ISSUE ISSUE 3 6 FEATURE ARTICLE A VIEW FROM THE CT FOXHOLE The TheJihadi Hanau Threat LTC(R)Jonathan Bryan Price Terrorist Attack toHow race Indonesia hate and conspiracy theories Evans are fueling global far-right violence Former Director, Former Director General, MI5 Blyth CrawfordKirsten E.and Schulze Florence Keen Combating Terrorism Center FEATURE ARTICLE Editor in Chief 1 The Hanau Terrorist Attack: How Race Hate and Conspiracy Theories Are Fueling Global Far-Right Violence Paul Cruickshank Blyth Crawford and Florence Keen Managing Editor INTERVIEW Kristina Hummel 9 A View from the CT Foxhole: Jonathan Evans, Former Director General, MI5 Raffaello Pantucci EDITORIAL BOARD Colonel Suzanne Nielsen, Ph.D. ANALYSIS Department Head 16 The Pensacola Terrorist Attack: The Enduring Influence of al-Qa`ida and its Dept. of Social Sciences (West Point) Affiliates Colin P. Clarke Brian Dodwell Director, CTC 24 Dollars for Daesh: The Small Financial Footprint of the Islamic State's American Supporters Don Rassler Lorenzo Vidino, Jon Lewis, and Andrew Mines Director of Strategic Initiatives, CTC 30 Addressing the Enemy: Al-Shabaab's PSYOPS Media Warfare Christopher Anzalone CONTACT Combating Terrorism Center Far-right terror is going global, propelled to a significant degree by an on- line ecosystem of extremists posting in English. Since 2018, attackers U.S. Military Academy have targeted synagogues in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the towns of Poway, 607 Cullum Road, Lincoln Hall California, and Halle, Germany; mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand; and a Walmart in El Paso, Texas. In this month’s feature article, Blyth Crawford and Florence Keen examine the February 19, West Point, NY 10996 2020, far-right terrorist attack that targeted shisha bar customers in the German town of Hanau and Phone: (845) 938-8495 led to the death of nine victims. They write that the influences on the deceased Hanau attacker Tobi- as Rathjen were “a combination of traditional far-right, race-based, and anti-immigration narratives, Email: [email protected] alongside several more obscure conspiracy theories.” They argue that a common denominator be- Web: www.ctc.usma.edu/sentinel/ tween the Hanau attack and the aforementioned attacks in the United States, New Zealand, and Germany “is the perpetrators’ shared adherence to the ‘Great Replacement’ conspiracy narrative ... which perceives the cultural and biological integrity of the white race to be endangered by increased SUBMISSIONS levels of (non-white) immigration and the stagnation of white birth rates.” The CTC Sentinel welcomes submissions. In our ongoing “A View from the CT Foxhole” series, Raffaello Pantucci interviews Jonathan Ev- ans, who served as the Director General of the U.K. Security Service MI5 between 2007 and 2013. Contact us at [email protected]. Colin Clarke examines the issues raised by the December 6, 2019, terrorist attack by the Saudi Air Force Officer Mohammed Alshamrani, which killed three U.S. Navy sailors at Naval Air Station Pensacola in Florida. He writes, “In early February 2020, al-Qa`ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) The views expressed in this report are claimed responsibility for the attack. It is not clear yet whether the group had a direct role in the those of the authors and not of the U.S. attack, but if it did, it would make the shooting the first deadly terrorist attack on U.S. soil since 9/11 Military Academy, the Department of the directed by a foreign terrorist organization.” By analyzing “all related-court cases since 2013,” Loren- zo Vidino, Jon Lewis, and Andrew Mines find that “save for a few exceptions, the vast majority of Army, or any other agency of the U.S. U.S.-based Islamic State supporters left a remarkably small financial footprint. Most, in fact, simply Government. relied on personal savings to pay the small costs required for their activities.” Christopher Anzalone examines al-Shabaab’s PSYOPS (psychological operations) messaging, which he argues “takes advantage of the lack of transparency in certain instances from its opponents, Cover: Police tape is seen on February 20, including some governments, and the demand by the international news media for details from on 2020, in the area after a shooting in Hanau, the ground, with the group framing itself as a reliable source of on-the-ground information.” Paul Cruickshank, Editor in Chief Germany. (Kai Pfaffenbach/Reuters) MARCH 2020 CTC SENTINEL 1 The Hanau Terrorist Attack: How Race Hate and Conspiracy Theories Are Fueling Global Far-Right Violence By Blyth Crawford and Florence Keen ing day2 addressing “citizens of the United States of America” in The number of lone-actor attacks committed by far-right English, and directly warning them of covert underground military extremists have surged in recent years, most notably in the bases used by secretive forces in the torture of young children.3 On a West where mass-casualty attacks have occurred, includ- personal website linked in the video’s description, Rathjen had up- ing the United States, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, loaded three subsequent videos in German, of which only two have and Germany. The fatal attack in February 2020 in Hanau, been fully recovered, as well as a 24-page ‘script’ also in his native 4 Germany, revealed the perpetrator’s influences to be a language and interpreted by many as his manifesto, accompanied by two shorter annexes.5 Within these materials, Rathjen outlined combination of traditional far-right, race-based, and an- both his perception of “non-German” (non-white) immigration as ti-immigration narratives, alongside several more obscure a threat to the (white) German people and referenced his hostility conspiracy theories. This case demonstrates the need for toward Islam, as well as outlining various conspiracy theories in further research into the intersection of these ideas and detail. Most notably, he stated that an unnamed “secret service” the online ecosystems in which they thrive, where notions had surveilled him since birth and that he was able to observe such as the “Great Replacement” theory, aspects of which various atrocities, covertly orchestrated by governments interna- were echoed in the Hanau attacker’s own manifesto, are tionally, using the power of his mind via a vaguely defined tech- heavily propagated. It is this overarching idea that con- nique termed “remote viewing.”6 In an attempt to corroborate these nects seemingly disparate attacks in a global network of outlandish theories, Rathjen also uploaded nine links to outside ideologically analogous acts of terror. sources, including supposed victims’ testimonies and blog posts by well-known conspiracy theorists.7 The mixture of English- and German-language resources published on the website and Rathjen’s t approximately 10:00 PM on February 19, 2020, decision to record his initial video in English are indicative of his Tobias Rathjen began a firearms attack inside the intentions to reach a global audience and point toward the broader Midnight shisha bar in Hanau—a town within the internationalization of far-right terrorism, rather than confining Main-Kinzig-Kries district of Hesse, Germany— the impacts of his attack to a purely German-speaking audience. killing three people. From there, he drove around While the attack follows a number of other, seemingly similar two kilometers to the neighborhood of Kesselstadt, opening fire at incidents in Germany—most notably, the Halle firearms incident A 8 the Arena Bar & Cafe, killing five people. He then made the short allegedly carried out by Stephan Balliet in October 2019, where drive back to his family home on Helmholtzstraße a few hundred he allegedly attempted to carry out a mass shooting inside a syna- meters away, where he fatally shot his mother before finally com- gogue—it is one of the deadliest, with nine victims killed in total.9 mitting suicide.1 In the hours following his attack, it emerged that In the immediate aftermath of the attack, it was determined by au- Rathjen had uploaded various materials online that revealed his thorities to be fueled by “xenophobic motives,”10 and in a statement far-right sympathies but that also referenced various niche conspir- made following the incident, Chancellor Angela Merkel declared acies not typically associated with the extreme right. racism and hate a “poison” to society.11 In line with the motif of On February 13, 2020, he had created a YouTube account, be- previous attacks such as the Christchurch12 a and Bærum (suburb fore uploading a single video entitled “Tobias Rathjen” the follow- Blyth Crawford is a Research Fellow at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, specializing in the far right, the alt-right, and the influence of the online social media eco-system on radicalization. She is also pursuing a PhD in War Studies at King’s College London. Follow @CrawfordBlyth Florence Keen is a Research Fellow at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation, focusing on far-right extremism and violence, and is studying for her PhD in War Studies at King’s College London. Previously, she worked as a Research Fellow at a For an examination of the March 2019 Christchurch attack in this the Royal United Services Institute where her work focussed on publication, see Graham Macklin, “The Christchurch Attacks: Livestream terrorist financing. Follow @FlorenceKeen Terror in the Viral Video Age,” CTC Sentinel 12:6 (2019). 2 CTC SENTINEL MARCH 2020 CRAWFORD / KEEN of Oslo) mosque shootingsb and the El Paso Walmart shooting in comparatively niche conspiracies. 2019,13 all victims, with the exception of Rathjen’s mother, were While this is likely indicative of an “extremely online”16 individ- from immigrant backgrounds, with Turkish and Kurdish individ- ual, it is also possible that he was affected by mental health prob- uals among the dead.14 lems.