FEMINISTIČKI FORUM FILOZOFSKOG FAKULTETA: IZABRANI RADOVI IZ STUDIJA RODA Uredile: Nada Sekulić I Marija Radoman

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FEMINISTIČKI FORUM FILOZOFSKOG FAKULTETA: IZABRANI RADOVI IZ STUDIJA RODA Uredile: Nada Sekulić I Marija Radoman FEMINISTIČKI FORUM FILOZOFSKOG FAKULTETA: IZABRANI RADOVI IZ STUDIJA RODA uredile: Nada Sekulić i Marija Radoman Institut za sociološka istraživanja Filozofski fakultet u Beogradu, 2016. FEMINISTIČKI FORUM FILOZOFSKOG FAKULTETA: IZABRANI RADOVI IZ STUDIJA RODA uredile: Nada Sekulić i Marija Radoman Institut za sociološka istraživanja Filozofski fakultet u Beogradu, 2016. Feministički forum Filozofskog fakulteta: izabrani radovi iz studija roda Uredile: Nada Sekulić i Marija Radoman Izdavač Sociološko udruženje Srbije i Crne Gore, Institut za sociološka istraživanja Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu Za izdavača dr Mirjana Bobić Recenzenti dr Mirjana Bobić, Institut za sociološka istraživanja, Filozofski fakultet u Beogradu dr Rada Drezgić, Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju Lektura i korektura Ana Ranđelović Dizajn korica i grafičko oblikovanje Sanja Bošković Fotografije Wikimedia Commons ISBN 978-86-6427-046-5 Beograd, 2016. Sadržaj Nada Sekulić Odnos naučnog mišljenja, političkog opredeljenja i društvenog konteksta u feminističkim istraživanjima �������������������������������������������������������������������5 I Feminizam i sociologija 23 Lilijana Čičkarić Participacija žena u institucijama – feminizacija prostora političke moći ���������23 Dunja Poleti Rodni aspekti prostorne mobilnosti u Srbiji. 42 Ana Pajvančić Cizelj Reprodukcija rodnih nejednakosti kroz urbano planiranje: primer Novog Sada . 64 II Telesnost i marginalnost 82 Biljana Stanković Kritički prikaz istorije medikalizacije i maskulinizacije staranja o ženskom reproduktivnom telu. 82 Milesa Milinković Tela koja nešto znače: telo sa invaliditetom, invalidnost kao „Drugost” ����������110 Milica Batričević, Andrej Cvetić Aseksualnost: izvan mislive seksualnosti. 128 Miloš Jovanović Nacizam i homoseksualnost: teror hegemonske muškosti . 162 III Feminizam i istorija 185 Ana Miškovska Kajevska Biografske karakteristike i ratni stavovi: beogradske i zagrebačke feministkinje 90-ih godina XX veka . 185 Lela Vujošević Sad smo, druže, ravnopravne ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 212 Aleksandra Đorđević Ženska štampa: Žena danas 1943–1953. �����������������������������������������������������������������235 Relja Knežević Autonomistički feminizam 70-ih godina XX veka: od odbijanja rada do „nadnica za kućni rad” i natrag . 249 Ljubinka Škodrić Partizanke u viđenјima ideoloških protivnika u Srbiji 1941–1944. ���������������������275 Milica Sekulović Predstava ženskog pola u čitankama za srednje škole priređivača Milana Ševića krajem XIX i početkom XX veka �����������������������������������������������������293 IV Feminizam i etnologija 308 Nevena Milanović Kulturne i socijalne dimenzije pijenja: teorijsko stanovište i preliminarna razmatranja rodnih aspekata u srpskom društvu . 308 Feministički forum Filozofskog fakulteta: izabrani radovi iz studija roda 5 Nada Sekulić* Odnos naučnog mišljenja, političkog opredeljenja i društvenog konteksta u feminističkim istraživanjima Relationship between scientific approach, political attitude and social context in feminist research Apstrakt: Rad se bavi problemom odnosa naučnog mišljenja, političkog stava i društve- nog konteksta u feminističkim istraživanjima. Autorka nastoji da pokaže kako ne posto- je posebni uslovi prihvatljivosti rezultata feminističkih istraživanja u naučnom diskursu, što bi ih izdvajalo od ostalih vrsta istraživanja, ali postoji problem njihove političke i društvene (de)kontekstualizacije. Feminizam je podjednako politički zahtev, kao i vizura društvenih odnosa, te svoje mesto u korpusu naučnih znanja zaslužuje kao deo paragmatskog pomaka koji se sam po sebi ne može dokazati ili opovrgnuti, kao što je to moguće sa teorijama ili sa konkretnim istraživa- njima. Kao deo paradigmatskog pomaka, feminizam, međutim, objedinjuje ta dva pristupa i postavlja nove zahteve ili otvara novu vizuru sagledavanja naučnih problema i njihove rele- vantnosti, utičući kroz to na polja istraživanja koja nisu do sada sadržala rodnu perspektivu ili je ona u njima bila marginalizovana. Ta vizura postaje obavezujuća onog momenta kada rodna perspektiva postane deo „normalne” nauke jednog vremena. Ključne reči: feminizam, odnos naučnog mišljenja, političkog stava i društvenog konteksta Abstract: The paper deals with the relation of scientific thinking, political attitude and social context in the feminist research. The author points out that there are no special conditions of acceptance of the result of feminist research that it doesn’t share with the other types of scientific research, but there is a problem of their political and social (de)contextualization. Feminism is equally political requirement, as well as scientific perspective of social relations. Feminism is a part of the paradigmatic shift in social sciences and, as any other paradigm, can’t be proved or disproved, as it is possible with theories and concrete research. As part of a paradigm shift, feminism, however, sets new requirements or opens a new perspective which becomes obligatory once it becomes a part of “normal” science. Keywords: Feminism, relationship between scientific approach, political attitude and social context * Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu [email protected] 6 Feministički forum Filozofskog fakulteta: izabrani radovi iz studija roda Odnos naučnog mišljenja, političkog opredeljenja i društvenog konteksta u feminističkim istraživanjima Na početku svog rada „The Science and Politic of Comparing Women and Men”, Alice Eagly (1995) primećuje da postoji diskrepancija između na- vodno „feminističkih očekivanja” o postojanju malih ili zanemarljivih razlika između muškaraca i žena i podataka do kojih se može doći temeljnim em- pirijskim istraživanjima, koja potvrđuju da takve razlike postoje i da nisu za- nemarljive. Uobičajeni feministički argumenti da se radi o malim razlikama, nekonzistentnim pokazateljima i sl., ne mogu, prema stanovištu ove autorke, da izdrže statističku evidenciju, a zapaljivi politički faktori koji su u to umešani obeshrabruju istraživače da nastave da se bave istraživanjima o razlikama između muškaraca i žena. Tako su svojevremeno, u eri procvata zapadnog feminističkog pokreta, Macoby i Jacklin (1974), sintetišući do tada sprovedena istraživanja na ovu temu, zbirnom analizom postojećih istraživanja ustanovili da se muškarci i žene razlikuju u nekim aspektima intelektualnih sposobnosti (prostorna orijentacija, verbalna i kvantitativna inteligencija), kao i po količi- ni agresije, ali da se u većini drugih vrsta ponašanja bitno ne razlikuju, bez obzira na postojeće rodne stereotipe. Više autora je narednih godina me- tastatističkom analizom i korišćenjem uobičajenih, ali preciznijih statističkih procedura (centralna tendencija i standardna devijacija) kritikovalo različite aspekte zaključivanja u pristupu Macoby-a i Jacklin-a kojima se razlike između muškaraca i žena umanjuju (Eagly, 1995: 146). Kasnija istraživanja su takođe potvrdila postojanje spacijalne razlike (naročito pri rotiranju trodimenzional- nih predmeta, u korist dečaka, i verbalne, koje se vezuju za brzo i precizno izražavanje, u korist devojčica), ali je analiziran i čitav niz drugih kategorija: empatija, prosocijalne i antisocijalne tendencije ponašanja, sklonost vođstvu, razlike u funkcionisanju sasvim ženskih i sasvim muških grupa. Takođe je istra- živano seksualno ponašanje, zadovoljstvo životom, zastupljenost mentalnih bolesti, a naročito depresije, motoričko ponašanje (brzina refleksa, fleksibil- nost, daljina izbačaja itd.). Metaanaliza ovih istraživanja potvrdila je postojanje netrivijalnih razlika između polova. Različiti autori su na različit način tumačili ove pokazatelje, polaze- ći od teorija statusa, teorija uloga, teorija identiteta, teorija odvojenih sfera. Interpretacije bazirane na biološkim i evolucionističkim teorijama ove razlike su manje-više esencijalizovale, govoreći o različitim prirodama muškaraca i žena, a socijalne su uzroke tražile u društvenim faktorima. Ukazujući na to da je u analizirano vreme postojala žestoka reakci- ja feminističkih autorki na ovakva istraživanja, predstavljajući ih kao plod Feministički forum Filozofskog fakulteta: izabrani radovi iz studija roda 7 Odnos naučnog mišljenja, političkog opredeljenja i društvenog konteksta u feminističkim istraživanjima predrasuda, oružje protiv feminizma, uz naglašavanje metodoloških nedo- stataka i nekonzistentnosti izvučenih zaključaka, autorka navedenog teksta zaključuje da su razlike zapravo nepobitne i da je osnovno pitanje da li one štete feminizmu i da li rezultati objektivnih istraživanja mogu pomoći ženama čak i kad su naizgled diskvalifikujući po njih. Stavljajući zasad po strani problem faktičnosti u istraživanjima, kao i pro- blem kakva su zapravo „feministička očekivanja” od fakata, šta je zapravo toliko zabrinjavajuće u istraživanjima o razlikama između muškaraca i žena? Da li je pitanje o razlikama između muškaraca žena smešteno u pra- znom prostoru (tabula rasa) naučnog mišljenja? Da li se, npr., istraživanje o razlikama između „crne” i „bele” dece danas može sprovesti bez uključivanja i ekspliciranja neophodnih političkih polazišta o prisustvu rasne podvlašćnosti i diskriminacije u društvu? Da li je dopustivo zanemariti i izbaciti te pretpostav- ke istraživanja, ostaviti da to bude opcionalni izbor istraživača i prezentovati rezultate tako kao da tog konteksta nema, a sve u interesu „objektivnog” istraživanja? U tekstu koji je prethodno naveden napravljena je obrnuta situacija i istraživači koji žele
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