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Major Malik Munawar Awan, GK, SJ یہ غی یہ تیے پس بنے جنہیں تو نے بش ھے و خئ و نیم کی ٹھوکسے صحوی سٹ کپہڑ کی ہیت سےئ

If War 1965 is taken as a

match between & Munawar was rightly “The MAN OF Research & Analysis by Maj (R) Imtiaz Awan THE MATCH” [email protected] Cell # +92300-9715258

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famous quote: “A historian ought to be exact, sincere and impartial; free from passion, unbiased by interest, fear, resentment or affection; and faithful to the truth, which is the mother of history, preserver of great actions, the enemy of oblivion, the witness of the past and the direction of the future”. A true picture of history can only be seen if history is just compiled and not created. It is a story of extra ordinary chivalry, velour, gallantry, superb planning, bold execution, dedication to cause, Dynamic Leadership and miraculous achievements, which ended in open / historical injustice and dishonesty .(It is an extract of various books and articles written by Indian and Pakistani authors ; mostly available on Internet ,& interviews of Kashmeeri immigrants/participants of operation Indo-Pak War 1965.)

An account of achievements of ’s guerrilla Major Munawar Khan who captured about 2000 square miles (Gen Mehmud and few other authors believe it was 500 square miles) of Indian Held ,( , Poonch and Budhil Regions) taught unforgettable lessons to Indian Security Forces and established his own Government. He appointed his own DC, SP and Judges. He was ordered by the GHQ to come back after UN mandated Cease Fire but he protested against the orders .He stood as a Hero amongst the war heroes of Indo-Pak armies during war 1965. But contents of this story were kept secret for many decades due to secrecy policy of the .

1. HIS EARLY LIFE:

Allah Almighty blessed Malik Muqarab Khan a farmer of village Jhatla Tehsil Talagang, District Attock British India (Now Chakwal) with a son. It was 24th Jan 1921, while Malik Muqarab Khan was working in his fields with oxen,

3/66 received this good news. He rushed towards his home in excitement to see the new born. The new born was named as Munawar Khan (later to be known as Malik Munawar Khan Awan). He studied in village Jhatla and Talagang. Besides his studies he was very fond of playing kabbadi, hockey and horse/camel riding. As a young agile boy, he was spotted by a British officer winning an athletics race that Munawar had entered on the spur of the moment and was nurtured by the British for a role in the army. His career had begun in the British . He was among those captured and made prisoner of war by Japanese forces at Singapur while his Regiment was trying to defend Rangoon in World War II. He learned the Japanese language while incarcerated and his fluency brought him to the attention of his captors. They moved him out of the prison camp and enlisted him in the Imperial Japanese Army, where he received special training. When the Indian National Army, led by Subhas Chandra Bose, was formed in 1942, Munawar joined its fight for India’s independence from British rule. Where as a Captain Munawar commanded 2nd INAs 1st Guerrilla Battalion of 2nd Guerrilla Brigade under command Colonel Inayat Kiani. During famous Battle of Imphal he led the Battalion and fought fiercely against Allied

Forces. Later he was captured by the Allied forces and faced a Munawar as INA officer trial for treason at the end of World War2 and was put in Multan Jail.(“An attempt to defame Nehru” by G Ramachandram & Muslim Contributions to India’s Freedom Struggle – and A Different Narrative by Professor Nazeer Ahmed). While in the jail a Hindu billionaire’s daughter fell in love with Munawar Khan and would visit him in jail daily carrying along a bouquet of flowers. “Marry me,” she said to him one day. “I can’t”, he replied. “Why?”, she asked. “Because you’re a Hindu and I am a Muslim”, he said. “I will convert”, she replied. “You’re a billionaire’s daughter and I am the son of a poor father”, he said. “Never mind, I’ll serve you and your family happily”. The young beautiful girl dared Munawar to escape from jail and come for dinner at her father’s home to prove his bravado. “Munawar took up the challenge. In the evening, the jail superintendent made a final round. Munawar grabbed him and knocked him out when he reached his cell. He quickly changed into his uniform and confidently walked out of the prison to sit in the superintendent’s waiting car. It was dark and Munawar’s cap covered his face. He ordered the driver to take him to the billionaire’s home where the young lady and her family were speechless. Of course on his return to the prison, he was given the third degree and thrown into a solitary cell to be court martialled.” (Dawn News, The 20-watt fountain of energy by Anjum Niaz - Published Apr 21, 2013)

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Soon after the above incident his luck rescued him. Munawar was freed, along with other INA prisoners, when the occurred. Here while he was in jail Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan visited him and offered him to join the Pakistan Army. Being a court martial case Munawar could not be re-inducted in Pakistan army’s regular units, therefore he was offered to join Regular Force. He accepted the offer and as a formality was sent to Officers Training School Kohat for few months. He then joined a Battalion of Azad Kashmir Regular Force (AKRF), which later became 21st Battalion of The Azad Kashmir Regiment. He fought 1948 Kashmir war against India. While serving in Poonch sector as a Lieutenant he won the AJKs 2nd highest non-operational award “Ghazi-e-Kashmir” which is admissible for outstanding and meritorious services. (History of the Azad Kashmir Regimnt, Vol-1). His subordinates and friends used to say that Munawar was hardy and bold and quite unaccustomed to the fear, he feared none but ALLAH. As a Muslim he had very strong faith in ALLAH Almighty and was a true lover of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and Hazrat Ali (RA).He loved them to the extent of madness. Recitation of Surah-e-Muzamil from the Holy Quran, early in the morning and before going to bed at night was his daily routine. He was very fond of recitation of Darood-e-Pak and mediation of names of ALLAH and he continued with the same routine during war and peace.

Capt Munawar under going Tactical & Weapons courses at SI&T Quetta

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In early 1964 Munawar’s wife told him that she had dreamt about him that he was fighting against Indian Army in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR and defeated the Indians. Munawar laughed it out but after a month or so a messenger sent by Peer Barkatullah, a saint and a spiritual friend of Munawar from Neelam valley’s village Dawarian, contacted him at Tatta Pani AK and told him to meet the saint as soon as possible. In April 1964 he visited Peer Barkatullah and surprisingly he told him that there was a prophecy for him “be ready for raising KALMA-E-HAQ in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR”. Munawar was astonished and said there were no chances of war in the near future, how could he do the needful in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR? But he said that he had dreamt the same and he should believe him it was going to happen. Munawar then asked the saint, if it was so than you pray I should embrace shahadat in this Jihad-e- Fisabeelillah. (Pray that I should embrace martyrdom in the way of Allah) “No you will return unbeatable and successful” the saint replied.

2. Selection for In May 1965 as a Major he was selected to undergo special training for Operation Gibraltar behind enemy lines in Indian Held Kashmir. This operation included Salahuddin; Tariq; ; Qasim; Khalid; Nusrat; Kundeshah; Sikander; Khilji; Ghaznavi Forces and the Headquarters. He was appointed as GHAZNAVI Force Commander. He himself trained the officers and other ranks of GHAZNAVI force at Dungi, Khuiratta AK, and later in the end of July 1965, led them to Indian Held Kashmir for guerrilla operations.

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Major Munawar Khan being GHAZNAVI force commander had 5 Infantry companies and a section of SSG under his command. Companies were commanded by the following officers: 1. Capt Maqsood Hussain Shah 2. Capt Sher Ahmed 3. Capt Khursheed Ahmed 4. Capt Ghulam Hussain 5. Lt Khadim Hussain 6. N/Sub Mehrban Khan (SSG Section Commander) Unfortunately, out of 10 forces of Gibraltar Operation, all except GHAZNAVI Force, failed to accomplish their missions. ZONES OF OPERATIONS

Handwara Zone Wullar Zojila Northern Zone Baramula Bedori Srinagar Zone Punch

Budil Zone

Naushera – Rajauri Budil Rajauri Zone Ramban

Naushera Riasi Zone

4

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Name of Force Area of operation Name of Force Area of operation

Salahudin Srinagar Valley Qasim Bandipura- Sonarwain

Naushaera, Mendhar, Ghaznavi (Initial Khalid Qazinag-Naugam Employment ) Rajouri, Thanamandi, Budhil and Riasi

Ghaznavi after (Bihmbar Gali, Naushaera, merger of Nusrat Mendhar, Poonch, Mandi, elements & Rajouri, Thanamandi, stragglers of other Budhil and Riasi) forces in the vicinity Babar Nowshera-Sundarbani Nusrat (14 Groups) Tithwal-Tangdhar

Tariq – Drass Sikandar Gurais

Kunde Shah Hillan – Nil Kanth Gali Khilji Kel-Minimarg

Detail of Employment - GIBRALTAR Forces:

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14 NUSRAT GROUPS OPERATION GIBRALTAR 12 DIV Def AJK Sec

DESIGN OF OPERATIONS

3. Major Munawar’s Final Sermon to His GHAZNAVI Force before Commencement of Infiltration: On 21st July 1965 Major Munawar addressed his force at Dungi in Khuiratta valley. He started his address with the recitation of following Verses of Quran:- ب ْس م ه َ هل ْح ٰ ن هل ح یم

"ف ْلیقت ْل في س یل هَ له ین ی شْ و ْل حی ل ْنی ب ْْ خ ۚ و م ْن یقت ْل في س یل ه َ فی ْقْ ْل ْ ْو ی ِْل ْ ف س ْو ف ن ْت یه ْ ْج ً ع ظ ًی Those who barter the life of this world for the next should fight in the way of God. And We shall bestow on him who fights in the way of God, whether he is killed or is victorious, a glorious reward. تو جو لوگ آخ )کو خیتے و س( کے بلے نی کی نگی کو بیچن چہْے ہیں کو چہیے کہ خ کی ہ میں جنگ کیں و جو شص خ کی ہ میں جنگ کے و شہی ہوجئے ی غلہ پئے ہم عنقی س کو بڑ ثو یں گے

و م ل ْم َ تقتل و في س یل هَ و ْل ْسْ ْ ع ین م ن ل ج ولن س ء و ْل و ْل له ین ی قول و بهن ْ ْخ ْجن م ْن ٰھ ہ ْلق ْی لظهل م ْ ْھل ھ و ْج ع ْل لن م ْن ل ْن ك ولی ً و ْج ع ْل لن م ْن ل ْن ك ن ص ًی What has come upon you that you fight not in the cause of God and for the oppressed, men, women and children, who pray: "Get us out of this city, O Lord, whose people are oppressors; so send us a friend by Your will, and send us a helper." و تم کو کی ہو ہے کہ خ کی ہ میں و بےبس موں و عوتوں و بچوں کی خ نہیں لڑتے جو عئیں کی کتے ہیں کہ ے پوگ ہم کو س شہ سے جس کے ہنے ولے لم ہیں نک ک کہیں و لے ج۔ و پنی ف سے کسی کو ہ حمی بن۔ و پنی ہی ف سے کسی کو ہ مگ مق فم

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له ین آمنو یقتل و في س یل هَ ۖ وله ین ك و یقتل و في س یل له غ و فقتلو ْ ْولی ء هلش ْی ۖ ه ك ْی هلش ْی ك ض عیً Those who believe fight in the way of God; and those who do not, only fight for the powers of evil; so you should fight the allies of Satan. Surely the stratagem of Satan is ineffective. جو مومن ہیں وہ تو خ کے لے لڑتے ہیں و جو کف ہیں وہ بْوں کے لے لڑتے ہیں سو تم شی کے مگوں سے لڑو۔ )و ڈو مت( کیونکہ شی ک ؤ بو ہوت ہے." (Surah Al-Nisaa, Ayaat No: 74, 75, 76)

After recitation of Quran and its translation in , he said “All of us are voluntarily going in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR for a sacred cause. You all must keep few things in mind before leaving for INDIAN HELD KASHMIR and while staying and operating over there under my command. a. To me cowardice is a great sin and an unforgivable crime. Remember a Coward dies hundred times a day but a bold dies once in a life. b. We are going to repeat the history of our ancestors Tariq Bin Ziyad and Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. We will not look back to see or to know about our families and homes. Remember we will either come back as victorious and liberators of INDIAN HELD KASHMIR or vultures of INDIAN HELD KASHMIR will have feast over our dead bodies. On 25th July 1965 the GHAZNAVI force reached its launching pad and started infiltration into Indian Held Kashmir in the 1st week of August in small groups and assembled at pre decided Rendezvous in Rajouri Valley. 4. Merger of NUSRAT Force’s Elements and stragglers of Babar/ Sallahudin Force in GHAZNAVI Force: NUSRAT Forces were to operate in the immediate rear of the Indian positions along the Cease Fire Line. The task of the Nusrat forces was essentially fixation of the Indian troops deployed along the Cease Fire Line through harassing attacks. The groups of Nusrat force after accomplishment of their mission were either to merge with the GIBRALTAR Forces operating in their vicinity or exfiltrate to AK. (History of Indo-Pak War 1965 by Gen Mahmud Ahmed). According to Gen Harbakhsh Singh No 4 company of GHAZNAVI Force was to function in conjunction with NUSRAT Force. It is worth pointing out that Gen Mahmud Ahmed and Gen Harbakhsh Singh have been crediting group G, H &K for operations in Naushera, Mendhar and Mandi, may be because of the operational plan of GIBRALTAR and NUSRAT Forces. But the ground realities were different. Like all other forces of GIBRALTAR Operation (except GHAZNAVI Force), groups of NUSRAT Force also met the same fate

10/66 on the very outset of their infiltration in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR. They were also detected by the civil population and compromised. Few commanders had lost command and control over their groups and in one case a commander of a group who was Subedar, was killed by the Indian army, the group was disintegrated. Hence, many of their infiltrators exfiltrated to AZAD KASHMIR. Sense prevailed upon the officers of NUSRAT elements operating in Bhimber Gali, Poonch and Mehndar area. They realized that it was an uphill task which could not be accomplished without popular support. In the mean time news regarding consecutive successful guerrilla actions by GHAZNAVI Force led by Major Munawar prevailed in all the nooks and corners of INDIAN HELD KASHMIR. Major Munawar was even otherwise a renowned, experienced guerrilla officer who had fought guerrilla war against Allied forces in 1942 while serving in Indian National Army (INA) under Sobash Chander Bous. Many NUSRAT Force’s elements instead of exfiltrating back to AK, preferred to merge themselves in GHAZNAVI Force. They contacted Major Munawar and he inducted them in GHAZNAVI Force. Major Munawar regrouped his force including elements of NUSRAT and stragglers of Babar & Sallahudin forces . Therefore all operations in Naushera, Mendhar and Mandi were also conducted by the GHAZNAVI Force. Indian Version: Lt Col Vivek Chadha writes: Nusrat groups were to operate in the immediate rear of enemy positions along the Cease Fire Line. Depending on its outcome the force was to merge with Gibraltar Forces. None of the Nusrat groups succeeded in making any impact on enemy positions. (Low Intensity Conflicts in India: an Analysis by Lt Col Vivek Chadha) According to D.R.Mankekar, This group (GHAZNAVI Force) was also responsible for the incidents in Rajouri, Mendhar, Surankot, Galuthi and Bhimber Gali. Indeed, by the middle of September, this region was swarming with infiltrators who shot at our posts and convoys, raided villages, carried out sabotage activity and clashed with our security forces. One company of this force spread out to Poonch and Mandi. (Twenty two Fateful Days for India) Later when an in depth study and analysis regarding GIBRALTAR Operation was carried out by a team of Indian Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis, it revealed that operations in Naushera, Mendhar & Mandi were also carried out by GHAZNAVI Force. (Extract of the subject analysis will be mentioned in the forth coming paragraphs regarding Battle of Mandi).

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5. THE GIBRALTAR OPERATION- 1965 INDO- PAK WAR

Major Malik Munawar Khan Awan Verses Major Gen Amreek Singh Commander GHAZNAVI Force Commander 25th Infantry Pakistan Army Division. Additional Resources Indian Army Local Support Additional Resources 52 Brigade, 191 Brigade

According to the plan of GIBRALTAR Operation, GHAZNZVI Force was to operate under Major Munawar Khan in area Naushera, Jhangar, Rajouri, Bhimber Gali, ThanaMandi, Mendhar, Poonch, Mandi, Budhil, Ramban and Riasi. This was the area of responsibility of 25th Indian Infantry Division under command Major Gen Amreek Singh.

Shardi Dudhnial KARGIL

Athmuqam GANDARBAL • Handwara Jura SONAMARG • Bandipura Tithwal

Sopore Naukot GUND Lipa Valley BADGAM Chhota Kazi Nag Rampur

Pir Kanthi SRINAGAR Ziarat HP Pass SUMBAL Badori MANDI XX Chand Tekri 25 Indian PUNCH Hajira Punch Chiri Kot Infantry Div Satwal MENDHAR Mendhar Batal THANA MANDI Nikial BUDIL GHAZNAVI Kot Katera RAJAURI

Jhangar NAUSHERA RIASI

Baghsar Thub

JAMMU

14

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Map prepared regarding employment of GIBRALTAR forces after Research & Analysis by a team of Indian Institute of Defence Studies & Analysis in 2013 is also appended below.

Major Munawar along with his GHAZNAVI Force crossed the Fire Control Line from Khuiratta to INDIAN HELD KASHMIR in the 1st week of August1965. Gibraltar Forces was given (by Headquarters 12 Division) a few names of collaborators whom they were to contact after infiltration inside Indian Held Kashmir but their liability was uncertain. In fact none came forth to help the guerrilla forces. Therefore, despite undetected infiltration across the Cease Fire Line, all the GIBRALTAR Forces, with the exception of GHAZNAVI Force, ran into trouble at the very outset of their operations.

According to General Mahmud Ahmed, The GHAZNAVI Force which consisted of five companies, raised entirely by Number 3 Sector at Dungi in the Khuiratta valley. Ghaznavi force was tasked to destroy the bridges at Ramban, Naushahra, Rajouri and Dhanwa Kot (located on the Cease Fire Line nine miles south-west of Rajouri), raid the Headquarters of 25 Division and 80 Brigade, and destroy several military installations. It was to base itself at Sundartop (the height immediately west of the Banihal Pass referred to as Point 12725) and deny the road Ramban-. It was also to assit SALAHUDDIN Force in demolishing the tunnels at Banihal Pass. From its base at Dungi in the Khuiratta valley, GHAZNAVI Force commanded by Major Munawar, made its way to Rajouri-Buudil area without detection. Undoubtedly, the most successful of

13/66 all the GIBRALTAR Forces was GHAZNAVI Force. (History of Indo-Pak War 1965 by Gen Mahmud Ahmed) Indian author D.R.Mankekar says “ Of the several groups of Pakistani raiders that infiltrated into Kashmir, the SALAHUUDDIN Force, which headed for Srinagar and the Valley, and the GHAZNAVI Force that operated in the Mendhar-Rajouri area, have taxed our security authorities the most……” (Twenty two Fateful Days for India) Libration of Kashmiri women and children from Indian army and police camps: In the first week of when Major Munawar was holding a conference (Jirgah) of locals in village Nandan of Kandi area, suddenly an old woman making hue & cry appeared and asked where was the leader of guerrillas who had come from Azad Kashmir to our rescue. Major Munawar stood up and asked as to why does she want to meet him? She while weeping told him that her two young daughters had been put in the illegal detention by the Indian army. Major Munawar consoled the old women and told an Ex police Inspector Raja Sohbat Ali to find out the details. Raja Sohbat Ali revealed that there were over 1100 Muslim women and children in Poonch, Rajouri areas and a biggest camp where there were about 2000 Kashmiri women and children in Budhil area in the illegal detention of Indian army and Police. They were kept in Indian army camps and police stations. Major Munawar tasked few active members of his intelligence network under Raja Sohbat Ali to carry out reconnaissance of these camps and police stations and discuss within one week. He decided to liberate Kashmiri Muslim women and children from military camps and police stations. Parties of GHAZNAVI force raided these camps and librated the women and children. These actions had a tremendous effect and he won the hearts of Kashmiri in Poonch, Rajouri and Budhil areas. According to the history of AK Regiment, GHAZNAVI force liberated Muslim women and children from Indian military camps and police stations which had a tremendous effect. ( Regiment, Vol-II)

Formation of Revolutionary Council After having won the support of local population in Rajouri-Budhil Region, Major Munawar gave a call to the notables of the area for formation of revolutionary council. He secretively presided a meeting of Kashmiri notables at Bhar Jarian Marg. Following notables of Rajori-Budhil attended the meeting:- from Darhal Malkan Malik Naimat Ullah, from Kandi Sardar Jalal Ud Din, Sardar Jamal-Ud-Din, Sardar Faqeer Mohammad Khan, Sardar Hashim Ali, Raja Niaz Mohammad Thakar, Mohammad Faqeer Thakar, Mohammad Jameel Thakar, Mohammad Naseeb Thakar and from Budhil Sardar Hussain Bakhsh,

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Sardar Noor Wali Khan from Dandot, Sardar Eid Bakhsh and Raja Sohbat Ali. During the meeting Revolutionary Councils of Poonch, Rajouri, Kandi, Budhil and Mehndar were formed. Another active member from Parori Gujran Haji Fazal Hussain Rana though did not attend the conference but remained active supporter of the GHAZNAVI force in Thana Mandi only. Most active members were Sardar Jalal Ud Din, Malik Naimat Ullah, Sardar Hashim Ali, Sardar Eid Bakhsh and Sardar Jamal Ud Din. These active members not only mustered the support of their own areas but also visited and won the support of people from Riasi, Poonch and Mandi town. Sardar Jalal Ud Din played a pivotal role in inspiring the people from Riasi to Poonch to fight for freedom against Indian Security Forces (thousand salutes to Sardar Jalal Ud Din). Major Munawar took the oath from nominated Chairmen / members of Revolutionary Council. He also appointed the local area commanders of Poonch, Rajouri, Kandi, Budhil and Mehndar down to village level. In this conference very few representatives / notables from Poonch and Mandi town were present. However, after few days a considerable number from these towns met Major Munawar in Kandi area. Establishment of Intelligence Network For planning and executing affective operations against Indian security forces, Major Munawar felt a dire need to have his own intelligence network. Just after the formation of Revolutionary Council he called notables from Riasi, Ramban, Budhil, Rajouri, Naushera, Jhangar, Bhimber Gali, Thana Mandi, Mendhar, Poonch & Mandi. He emphasized upon the need of having an efficient intelligence network to defeat the Indian security forces. He assigned a task to each notable to have at least two males and one female source in each village to keep a track of Indian security forces in their area and report as soon as possible to the nearest GHAZNAVI commander. Indian Version: Since the area was isolated, the locals started cooperating with them. They were issued with weapons and clothing and given weapon training. Each village was issued 20 rifles. (Honour Redeemed. By Maj Gen Dhruv C. Katoch, Page 42) Change in the Strategy of Normal Guerrilla Warfare: Major Munawar appreciated that normal tactic followed by guerrillas “Hit & Run” was not going to deliver favorable results in Indian Held Kashmir. He had observed that where ever local population supported or gave refuge to the infiltrators, Indian Security Forces dealt ruthlessly with the locals of that village or area. This modus operandi of Indian Security Forces had tremendous demoralizing affect and locals were hesitant to support the guerrillas. At the same time the policy given to GIBRALTAR forces by the Formation Headquarters was to avoid casualties in a pitched static encounter with enemy

15/66 troops and resort to Hit & Run tactic. He instructed his under command officers and junior commissioned officers to provide security to the friendly locals and at no cost leave them at the mercy of Indian Security Forces. One of his officers and few junior commissioned officers showed resentment to his orders, which were apparently against the policy of Formation Headquarters. But Major Munawar ensured strict compliance of his orders. In his address to the local notables at Bhar Jarian Merg, he assured them that locals and guerrillas of GHAZNAVI force will live and die together. Which he subsequently proved and when ever Indian Security Forces attacked any village on the pretext of search for infiltrators, GHAZNAVI guerrillas instantaneously struck that Indian unit vigorously as a revenge. This distinct policy given by GHAZNAVI force commander won complete local support which other forces / groups of Operation GIBRALTAR lacked. Local population was all out to support the GHAZNAVI guerrillas with men and material. All Imam Masjid (Mosque) delivered motivation sermon in their towns and villages to join this Jihad e Fi Sabeelillah (Struggle in the way of ALLAH). A large number of locals attended training camps and many were in the waiting list. Similarly according to Capt Maqsood Hussain Shah (later Retd as Major) who was one of the company commanders of GHAZNAVI force, locals provided 230 ponies for transportation of stores from Drop Zones to companies of GHAZNAVI force. A black beautiful horse named Bijli (the lightning) was dedicated as a good will gesture for the conveyance of GHAZNAVI force commander. Above all their love and emotional spirit for GHAZNAVI guerrillas was commendable.

The Ghaznavi force commander, Lion hearted Major Munawar Khan, the great grandson of Hazrat Abbas Alamdar(The first martyr of Karbala) bin Ali bin Abi Talib, when joined by the roaring mountainous tigers of Jammu & Kashmir; once again reminded the Indians of great invasions led by Sultan Mehmood Ghaznavi. 6. Conduct of Operations a. Naushera – Bihmber Gali Sector In the first week of August 1965, GHAZNAVI Force headed for Naushera, Narian, Galuthi and Jhangar areas. It conducted raids on Headquarters 80 Brigade at Naushera, Headquarters 120 Brigade at Galuthi and ammunition dump in Narian. It laid ambushes on road Bhimber Gali – Surankot & road Rajouri – Mehndar.

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(1) Attempt to Raid Headquarter 80 Brigade at Naushera & Encounter with J&K Malitia

During an attempt to raid at Headquarter 80 Brigade and a workshop at Naushera , the raiding parties could not achieve success and were forced to retreat towards Rajouri town astride Naushera - Rajouri road under the pressure of J&K Malitia’s company plus strength placed under command 80 Brigade as a Quick Response Force to react against infiltrators. Quick Response Force of J&K Malitia was pursuing the raiding parties with a view to chase them up to their base camp and then eliminate the force completely. Within half an hour remaining J&K Malitia Battalion also joined in this venture and tried to envelop the raiders from 3 directions. The raid commander contacted Major Munawar and informed him regarding the situation. Major Munawar who was a man of iron nerves and knew how to change an unfavorable situation to his own favor, consoled the raid commander and told him that it was a wonderful opportunity to destroy the enemy, rather it was far better than raiding 80 Brigade Headquarters, keep withdrawing with the slow pace towards Rajouri astride the road well spread towards North & South and he would soon reach with two platoons at a suitable ambush site for annihilating J&K Malitia Battalion completely. J&K Malitia Battalion in a hot pursuit reached the ambush site where Munawar was waiting for their warm reception by the elite GHAZNAVI guerrillas. J&K Malitia Battalion was encircled and wiped off. The vast area of ambush site was sealed off from all directions. Enemy suffered very heavy casualties of men and material. The ambush site was teemed with the dead bodies. Fortunately many Muslim Kashmiri soldiers surrendered and joined GHAZNAVI guerrillas with arms and ammunition. A large number of weapons, ammunition and equipment were also captured. Indeed it was a great shock to the Indian Security Forces at the very outset of infiltration campaign. Indians immediately moved 1st Madras to rescue the J&K Malitia Battalion and eliminate the infiltrators. On arrival of 1st Madras near ambush site some exchange of fire took place. GHAZNAVI guerrillas made use of mortar fire to impede the enemy advance and disengage safely for withdrawal to their hideout. After this grave incident Indians decided to use regular troops against well trained GHAZNAVI guerrillas. Indian Version: The timely intelligence set into motion a series of counter measures by the Indian Army. The only troops readily available in the valley to counter this

17/66 action were the Jammu and Kashmir Militia battalions. Two infantry battalions were rushed in as reinforcements. Intense and hectic combing operations were launched throughout the J&K Theatre. When columns came face to face the fighting was intense, bloody and merciless. (Remembering Operation Gibralter by Simrit Kahlon on Monday, September 7th, 2015) 1 Madras, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel CPA Menon was engaged from early August itself in the search-and-destroy operations against the infiltrators in the Rajouri Sector of J&K, where it did a commendable job of rounding up scores of infiltrators, before being shifted to Naushera by the end of the month to throw defensive piquets along the Ceasefire Line. (Indo-Pak War 1965: Stalemate? by DP Ramachandran, 21 Sep, 2015) (2) Raid on Ammunition and Supply Dump Narian: Ammunition and supply dump at Narian was raided and completely blown up which was established for immediate replenishment of ammunition to the Indian troops deployed on Fire Control Line. Besides capturing a large number of arms and ammunition heavy casualties on the Indian army were also inflicted. Unfortunately an officer of GHAZNAVI force Capt Ghulam Hussain was seriously wounded during the raid and taken prisoner by the Indian army. According to history of Azad Kashmir Regiment, Indian Supply Depot at Narian Maira was raided, inflicting 152 casualties on the enemy. Capt Ghulam Hussain was wounded and taken prisoner. (History of the Azad Kashmir Regiment, Vol-1I) Indian Version: Gen Harbakhsh Singh writes: In 25 Infantry Division Sector, the infiltrators fired on Petroleum, Oil and lubricants DUMP NARIAN NR 3906 but caused no damage. (War Despatches Indo-Pak Conflict 1965) Available on Internet The Pakistani intention stood fully corroborated on August, 08, when two Pakistani Officers, Captain Ghulam Hussain and Captain Mohd Sajjad, were arrested in Kashmir. Documentary evidence on their person revealed that a Mujahedeen force had been formally embodied for this purpose through a Presidential Ordinance in January 1965. (Remembering Operation Gibralter by Simrit Kahlon on Monday, September 7th, 2015) D.R. Mankekar writes, “This group (GHAZNAVI force) operated in the Mendhar-Rajouri –Chingas-Jhangar area. They signalled their entry with an attack on the ammunition dump in Narian (about six miles North of Naushahra), but were beaten back by our troops.” (Twenty two Fateful Days for India) Available on Internet

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Another Indian author writes: There was a dangerous gap of about 10 km unoccupied territory between 80 and 120 Inf Bdes, which led to the Divisional Administrative Area at a place called Narian, where two second lines of ammunition, a detachment of a field hospital and some ordnance stores were stocked for two brigades and divisional troops. It would have been an easy task for an enemy company or a battalion to infiltrate at night and blow up the ammunition. During the war 1965 this gap was used by one of the infiltrating columns. (Behind the Scene: An Analysis of India’s Military Operations, 1947- 1971 by Joginder singh). Available on Internet (3) Raid on Headquarter 120 Brigade at Galuthi: While during the reconnaissance for raiding Headquarter 120 Brigade on 5th August the reconnaissance parties were detected by the Indians and a Quick Reaction Force of a company size led by an officer, encircled the reconnaissance parties of GHAZNAVI force and attacked them in the evening. GHAZNAVI guerrillas were asked to surrender but they preferred to fight back. Major Munawar when learnt about the siege of his reconnaissance parties immediately rushed to rescue them. He attacked the Indian Quick Reaction Force from its flank and its rear with a platoon size force. In this encounter Capt Chander Narain Singh and 3 soldiers were killed (later Capt Chander Narain Singh was awarded Indian 2nd highest gallantry award “Mahavir Chakra”) and two soldiers seriously wounded. One of the GHAZNAVI guerrillas was seriously wounded. However GHAZNAVI guerrillas managed a safe withdrawal to their base camp. Major Munawar after debriefing by the reconnaissance parties planned a raid on Headquarter 120 Brigade on 7th August. But a Captain and few other ranks opposed the idea of raiding 120 Brigade Headquarters and suggested that after this recent encounter with the troops of 120 Brigade, enemy would remain extra vigilant and there were no chances of success. But Major Munawar a hard task master, decided to lead the raid himself. Leading this raid by Major Munawar himself had a tremendous moral affect on GHAZNAVI force which lasted till the end of war. A swift and successful raid was conducted, killing 4 sentries, destroying 3 vehicles, capturing large number of small arms and ammunition. Few Indian writers claim that during reconnaissance for raid on 120 Brigade Headquarter when GHAZNAVI guerrillas were encircled and attacked by the Indian troops, the operational plans of GHAZNAVI Force were captured. They also claim that GHAZNAVI while withdrawing left behind 6 dead. Their claims are absolutely incorrect because the documents found by the Indian troops were just the nominal roles of one of the companies of GHAZNAVI force and a small

19/66 personal diary of a Havildar. If they had captured the GHAZNAVI plans, the GHAZNAVI force would not have successfully reached as deep as Ramban undetected. Moreover there were no death casualties during reconnaissance on 5th August and raid on 7th August, however there was only one GHAZNAVI soldier on machine gun during the withdrawal of reconnaissance parties, who received two bullets on his right shoulder and he was also evacuated during withdrawal. Indian Version: According to Indian Maj Gen Raj Mehta while narrating an act of gallantry by Capt Chander Narain Singh of Headquarter 120 Infantry Brigade during an encounter with the GHAZNAVI force writes“let us get back to 5 August 1965, the day Gibraltar Force began its operations across the CFL. At about 1800 hours, HQ 120 Infantry Brigade was informed by friendly locals that a few “raiders” had been seen moving in area Dhabhot, near Galuthi, in Mendhar Sector, very close to the Brigade HQ location. Captain Chander Narain Singh volunteered to lead a patrol to locate and liquidate them. In the hills, it gets dark sooner than in the plains and in the gathering darkness, the patrol drew accurate, intense small arms and automatic fire nearing the summit of the hill where the raiders had been reported. In that opening burst, Chander lost one of his men. This did not deter him from moving to a flank to get behind the enemy. This resulted in the successful silencing of two of the enemy’s automatic weapons. By now it was pitch dark. Chander planned and then executed his final attack, leading his patrol to within 50 metres of the enemy. He lost two more men in closing up. Wounded in the arm, he continued undeterred, rallying his men to go for the kill instead of withdrawing; a show of rare leadership under fire, courage and fortitude whose roots went back to his early grooming in 2 Garhwal Rifles. Some reports suggest that his final, desperate charge ended 10 meters away from the enemy where he succumbed to a burst of machine gun fire. Hugely inspired by their wounded leader, his men carried on with the attack till it ended entirely in their favour. The , in running away across the CFL, left behind six dead and large quantities of arms and ammunition. Of far greater importance however, they left behind key documents that, for the first time, revealed to the Army, the true nature of Operation Gibraltar and, in specific, the operational plans and locations of Ghaznavi Company operatives who were charged with causing mayhem and insurrection in the Mendhar-Rajouri area. This find led to focused Army operations based on high grade intelligence.

For his stellar “follow me” leadership and inspirational heroism, Capt Chander Narain Singh was decorated with the MVC posthumously; the only MVC to be

20/66 awarded to the Garhwal Rifles during the 1965 operations. Observers feel that a better written, nuanced citation which had taken key assets of Chander's operational conduct on record, including his urging his men on even when he was seriously wounded, may have resulted in his being considered for the highest award; the coveted Param Vir Chakra (PVC)”.(South Asia Defence & Strategic Review, The Final Charge by: Maj Gen Raj Mehta (Retd), AVSM, VSM, Dtaed: 11/17/2013). Available on Intenet On 7th August 1965 the infiltrators made a daring raid on Headquarter 120 Infantry Brigade. There were however no causalities that night for the first time the whole CFL in 25 Division Sector erupted into life with intense and continuous fire. (War Despatches Indo-Pak Conflict 1965) Available on Internet

(4) Conduct of Ambushes on road Bhimber Gali-Suran Kot & Rajouri- Mehndar road: Subsequently in the 2nd & 3rd week of August 1965, three enemy convoys were ambushed on road Bhimber Gali-Suran Kot & Rajouri-Mehndar road. 122 Indian soldiers were killed and 15 vehicles destroyed. (The Dawn News, dated 23rd August 1965). Available on Internet. (These ambushes were laid in conjunction with disintegrated elements of groups G, H, J, K & L of NUSRAT force and BABER force). Indian Version: According to Gen Harbakhsh Singh the infiltrators were first contacted 6 miles west of Rajouri on 6th August and in area Bhimber gali on 7th August. They succeeded in ambushing several of our convoys, on road Bhimber Gali- Surankot between 13th and 15th August 1965 but inspite of these interruptions the Road was kept open by our troops throughout. (War Despatches Indo-Pak Conflict 1965) Available on Internet According to D.R.mankekar “This group (GHAZNAVI force) was also responsible for the incidents in Rajouri, Mendhar, Surankot, Galuthi and Bhimber Gali. Indeed, by the middle of September, this region was swarming with infiltrators who shot at our posts and convoys, raided villages, carried out sabotage activity and clashed with our security forces. One company of this force spread out to Poonch and Mandi”. (Twenty Two Fateful Days for India by D.R.Mankekar) Available on Internet

According to Ex Chief Minister of Indian province of Punjab: In 1965, Pakistan made the first move on July 24. It pushed five self-contained columns across the ceasefire line. Their task was to infiltrate into the , to create an insurrection by provoking local . All but one of the columns were either eliminated or withdrew to Pakistan. The one (the GHAZNAVI force) that

21/66 remained continued to operate in the Mendhar-Rajouri-Naushera sector till the ceasefire. Pakistan also sent raiding parties to attack gun positions and supply dumps along the ceasefire line. (Men of Valour by Amrinder Singh New Delhi, December 15, 2011 | UPDATED 18:09 IST in India Today). Available on Internet

During raid on ammunition dump and Brigade Headquarters GHAZNAVI guerrillas captured 108 rifles, 7 machine guns, 300 anti personnel mines and over 5000 bullets of small arms. (5) On 11th August GHAZNAVI fighting patrols had successful encounters at following Indian positions:- (a) Chingas 3609 (map sheet 43 K/7 & 8) (b) Area 2312 (map sheet 43 K/3) (c) Patrata 3527 (map sheet 43 K/7) b. RAMBAN SECTOR Battle of Ramban One of the important tasks assigned to the GHAZNAVI force was destruction of a strategically important bridge over . Unfortunately due to detection of GIBRALTAR forces on the very outset of their infiltration in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR by the Indian security forces, state of high alertness prevailed all over the important installations and bridges. Force made a hasty effort to reach the target area as soon as possible but was detected near Dhamkund by the Hindu locals and on receiving this information Indian army promptly reacted and moved a battalion “3 Kumaon Regiment” with battery to block the force. Major Munawar also learnt through his sources regarding advance of Indian security forces towards Dhamkund. After assessing his force’s inability to reach the target before 3 Kumaon Regiment, he decided to deal with the Indian security forces first. In the mean time he moved N/Sub Mehrban Khan of SSG with his 9 other ranks to Dhamkund for the destruction of Bridge. Another Infantry section was also provided to him for assistance. N/Sub Mehrban Khan was able to capture home side of the Bridge after exchange of some fire, killing one Indian guard and wounding other two Ex company of 3 Kumaon Regiment. In haste and under the pressure of enemy guards firing from the far bank of the Bridge, demolition charges could be laid to two pillars of the Bridge only and unfortunately only one charge exploded

22/66 which could cause partial damage to the Bridge. However, soon the company of 3 Kumaon was able to re capture the bridge intact.

Major Munawar, who was known for his ambush skills against British since Battle of Imphal, adjusted his marksmen in a Nullah who ambushed the moving column of 3 Kumaon and forced the entire body of Troops into Nullah in a hot Pursuit against Munawar's men. Meanwhile, Munawar had laid a death trap at the mouth of Nullah with his elite members on three sides on the rocks where he expected 3 Kumaon. The movement 3 Kumaon and artillery battery entered the trap, Munawar's men opened up with fire. In a state of shock 3 Kumaon could not react to the unexpected situation. This battalion and artillery battery were wiped out, artillery guns were rendered ineffective for future use. Remnants fled away leaving behind weapons, ammunition and equipment (including wireless sets). Later a large number of Muslim locals gathered to witness the scene of Indian massacre. The local Muslims at the scene raised the slogans of ALLAH O and appreciated Major Munawar and his force for having done this wonderful job. Major Munawar taking this opportunity asked the local Muslims to contribute in this jihad and with our joint efforts we will eliminate the Indian security forces from Jammu & Kashmir. Muslim locals narrated him the incidents of oppressions and illegal detention of women and children by the Indian army and police. Freedom lover locals provided them 13 mules for carrying arms/ ammunition and equipment captured from Indian army to their base camp. Sardar Jalal-Ud-din and Sardar Hashim Khan of Kandi tribes who had joined GHAZNAVI force from the very outset of its infiltration, told the locals of Dhamkund and surrounding areas to wait for a call for training within a week at pre decided places. According to Gen Mahmud Ahmed “Having saved the bridges and blocked GHAZNAVI Force’s path from the eastern side, the Indians mounted an operation from the west along the road Rajouri-Budhil with a battalion group supported by a battery of artillery. According to Lieutenant Colonel Waqi, Major Munawar trapped them in a gorge and inflicted heavy casualties on the enemy forcing them to withdraw”. (History of Indo-Pak war 1965 by Gen Mahmud Ahmed)

Indian Version:( Quote from The History of Kumaon Regiment):

While mentioning about the GHAZNAVI force they wrote, “Its depredations caused the maximum worry to our security forces.” While narrating about

23/66 the activities of GHAZNAVI force in Ramban – Dhamkund areas they wrote, “Elements from the GHAZNAVI Force were reported to be heading for the bridge at Ramban. This strategic bridge on the -Srinagar road was guarded by five policemen at that time. Speed was essential to save it, and Lieutenant Colonel Sinha was ordered to rush one of his companies to Ramban and take the remainder of the battalion to Srinagar. It was 6 p.m. by the time the battalion arrived in Udhampur. Telling them to follow him at once, the commanding officer took the road to Ramban. When he arrived there, he found a crowd gathered near the bridge; it included some civil officials. They told him that the enemy was approaching fast. Just then a Truck-full of Hindu refugees arrived from Dhamkund, 15 miles west of Ramban, with the news that the enemy was nearing the Dhamkund bridge on the Chenab…..The battalion arrived at Ramban around 10.30 that night. A platoon from C Company was then deployed at the bridge and the remainders of the company were ordered to push off to Dhamkund. They arrived just in time to save the bridge there. “(History of Indo-Pak war 1965 by Gen Mahmud Ahmed) c. POONCH SECTOR

One of the additional tasks assigned to GHAZNAVI force was to assist SALAHUDIN force in demolishing the tunnels at Banihal Pass. Though GHAZNAVI force had based itself at Sundar Top, yet Major Munawar appreciated that it was necessary to establish a foot hold in Mandi valley to block any reinforcement/intervention by the Indian Security forces from Poonch, Baramula and Srinagar during his future operations. Moreover groups F, G H & K of NUSRAT force who were to carry out fixation of enemy deployed from Naushera to Poonch had failed to accomplish the assigned task and had either retreated under enemy pressure by the end of 1st week of August or were disintegrated. In the absence of fixation force Major Munawar felt the necessity of securing his base, his routes of supplies and denial of reinforcement routes to the enemy. Man power of disintegrated groups of NUSRAT force which were operating in this area (mainly from group G and few from group F H & K) had already joined GHAZNAVI force. He decided to secure and dominate the area from Naushera to Poonch and Mandi.

(1) Capture of Mehndar bridge and attack on Mehndar camp: on night 7/8th August, a company of GHAZNAVI Force under Capt Khurshid (later Major and embraced martyrdom during 1971 war) which was to operate in conjunction with NUSRAT force was launched by Major Munawar to capture/secure Mehndar bridge and raid Indian administrative camp in the same area. Bridge was attacked with the lightening speed and simultaneously, Indian

24/66 army camp near Mehndar was attacked inflicting heavy casualties. Though the Indians were alert but were totally surprised by the unexpected direction of attack. Those who survived escaped leaving behind 20 dead, 50 small arms and ammunition. Later these arms and ammunition were distributed among the locals. Administration was established in this area. Number 2 Company of Group K of NUSRAT force under Capt Mohammad Din which was already operating in this area merged itself with GHAZNAVI force. After capture of Mehndar Bridge and Camp by Capt Khursheed, another company of GHAZNAVI force under a junior commissioned officer (whose company commander Capt Ghulam Hussain had been captured by the Indians during a raid at Narian ammunition dump on 8th Aug) was following the company of Capt Khursheed. Major Munawar ordered this company to relieve the company of Capt Khursheed and take over the Mehndar Bridge & Camp. Capt Khursheed was ordered to advance towards Mandi and operate in conjunction with group G of NUSRAT force. Capt Mohammad Din was asked to exercise control in Mehndar sub sector (2) Encounters At Mandi Town & Isolation Of Poonch City: The company, under Capt Khurshid with one additional platoon from the company of Capt Ghulam Hussain and man power approximately 70 personnel from NUSRAT groups F, G(A company of Gp G was already there at Ammarnath)& H including an officer from group G were moved towards Mandi town. This joint venture paid and here they attacked Indian army (company of 7 Sikh) which had two pickets and five administrative barracks. The soldiers on these pickets were killed and about 30 to 40 persons in the barracks got alerted by the fire, managed to escape. Simultaneously the police station was also captured at the cost of one martyred and one wounded (officer). After about 2 hours a battalion size force of Indian army attacked in two layers but was beaten back with heavy casualties including officers of Indian army. After this unsuccessful attack Indian army made no attempt to regain the lost position till 11th August. By capture of this position, the town of Mandi and Poonch came under the administrative control of GHAZNAVI Force and 93 Indian Infantry Brigade Headquarter near Poonch virtually became ineffective to regain the control of Mandi and Poonch town. Now this brigade Headquarter was more worried about Poonch Air Strip and its own protection and security. The locals of area extended full support to the force.

(3) Battle of Mandi: On night 9/10th August, Capt Khurshid conveyed a message to Major Munawar that counter attack on Mandi by Indian troops had been repulsed but troops of

25/66 group G (Ex 7AK Regiment) were insisting to withdraw and evacuate their officer Capt Abdul Manan Qureshi who was seriously wounded, across the Fire Control Line. The junior commissioned officer of this group had received orders for withdrawal from battalion Headquarter. Moreover, the state of ammunition was not enough to repulse any further attack by the Indians. Therefore permission may be granted to withdraw from Mandi area and join the company of GHAZNAVI force at Mehndar. At the same time the locals from Poonch and Mandi who had rendered us their full support during attack at Mandi town were fearing ruthless and revenge full reaction from the Indian Security Forces after our withdrawal from Mandi and junior commissioned officer of Group G had told the locals that his role was not to stay there and indulge in pitched static battles. Major Munawar responded through a special local courier that they should stay port there as Indians were not likely to attack Mandi before 24 hours and he would be able to make arrangements for replenishment of ammunition and make himself available at Mandi to deal with any further counter attacks. After defeating and massacring 3 Kumaon Regiment near Dhamkund, expecting a brigade size attack of Indians to recapture Mandi town after 24 hours, Major Munawar along with two platoons of locals (Ex army and Ex J&K Malitia personnel) rushed towards Mandi town with captured arms and ammunition from 3 Kumaon and Artillery battery. In the mean time he requested Headquarter 12 Division for an immediate air sortie to drop the ammunition at a given point between Mehnder & Mandi and also to convey the company of group G to stay at Mandi till the arrival of reinforcement moved from Dhamkund. After traversing a long distance in hazardous terrain, Major Munawar reached just in time at Mandi and learnt that company of group G of NUSRAT force while evacuating its seriously wounded officer had withdrawn from that area. On 11th August Indians launched 52 Mountain Brigade to recapture the town of Mandi. Heavy artillery shelling was brought on the heights dominating the town of Mandi. Major Munawar deployed his force on the reverse slopes of heights, ordered his men to wait for his signal to come on the forward slopes to engage the Indian assaulting troops. This artillery shelling lasted for about one and a half hour. During this shelling Major Munawar took along 15 soldiers and 2 locals through a narrow gorge to disrupt the enemy which was sitting in assault formations in the base of the mountain. The moment enemy troops ascended half of the feature; one of the two locals was rushed back from the gorge to give a pre decided signal to the GHAZNAVI soldiers waiting on the reverse slope. The men of GHAZNAVI hiding in the gorge, opened fire from the flank on to the assaulting troops, while GHAZNAVIS waiting at the top also started engaging the enemy. Enemy started retreating in hap hazard manner. The second layer of enemy was also fired upon from the gorge. They were also taken aback and started retreating. Indian commanders lost their command and

26/66 control and every Indian was trying to escape the death. They had left behind a large number of dead, arms and ammunition. After this hard blow to the Indian Army, Major Munawar left behind a company under Capt Khurshid with local volunteers and personnel including remnants of NUSRAT Force to guard against the enemy approaches. Sufficient arms and ammunition was dropped through an air sortie, was made available to the men guarding Mandi town. Deputy Commissioner of Poonch and other administrative personnel of Poonch & Mandi were detained in their houses. In the words of a resident of INDIAN HELD KASHMIR Mr Zafar Chaudhary, “There is popular case of Poonch Deputy Commissioner Mr Khanna who was under siege in his official quarter for weeks together. How Khanna’s daughters were safely brought to Jammu by the locals with approval of Razakaars (GHAZNAVI Force) is another interesting story.” (The Unwritten Story of 1965 War in Rising Kashmir) Mandi & Poonch town (Excluding Poonch garrison) remained under the control of GHAZNAVI Force until UN mandated Cease Fire was ordered. However few half hearted attempts were made by the Indian troops before Cease fire to recapture dominating features around Mandi town but failed. This was an additional task performed by the GHAZNAVI Force. After this campaign, Major Munawar ordered his two companies waiting in the base camps near Sundarbani and Sunder Top under Capt Maqsood Hussain Shah and Lt Khadim Hussain to advance towards Budhil while he himself rushed to join them. According to History of 7th Battalion the Azad Kashmir Regiment which provided troops for group G of NUSRAT force, “after dealing with the enemy in area Amarnath, the party collected in Mandi town the same night and effectively raided the Mandi bridge, police station and civil supply depot. In the raid on police station Capt Abdul Manan Qureshi was seriously wounded and seopy Mohammad Shaffi killed, but whole of Mandi area was cleared off the enemy by 0900 hours on 10th August”. “The enemy battalion (5 Gurkha), which had crossed the bridge earlier, recaptured Mandi at about 1830 hours on 13th August after some fighting. Next day, it moved towards Amarnath and recaptured it by the evening. The policy followed by 7 AK, as instructed by the formation Headquarters, was to avoid casualties in a pitched static encounter with enemy troops, owing to lack of heavy weapons and artillery support”. (History of the Azad Kashmir Regiment, Vol-II) According to Brigadier Gulzar Ahmed “The Indian Brigade in Poonch had remained on the defensive. The revolutionaries (GHAZNAVI Force & Locals) had disrupted the to Poonch very badly and Poonch had, at one time, become very nearly a besieged garrison.

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Indian Version: The GHAZNAVI force inflicted considerable casualties on the Indian troops in Poonch and Mandi. An all-out drive was launched against them after the ceasefire, but most of them managed to escape across the border. Some elements of Nusrat and Babar forces also operated in this area. (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, Journal of Defence Studies, Operation Gibraltar: An Uprising that Never Was (Reserch and Analysis by Maj Gen P.K. Chakravorty and Brig Gurmeet Kanwal). Available on Internet The Ghaznavi Force (Poonch-Rajouri) operated between Jhangar and Poonch and according to reports Pakistan transport aircraft carried out some airdrops in this area. The force operating in Thana Mandi succeeded in cutting off a subsidiary of the Rajouri-Poonch road on the night of August 7/8. (The Rediff Special/ Afsir Karim (retd), The 1965 War: Lessons yet to be learnt, September 19, 2005). Available on Internet A fresh task given to this force was to reach Topa Hill in Mendhar and carry out guerrilla warfare. This force finally fetched up at Mandi after carrying out raids and ambushes in the Poonch, Mendhar and Surankot areas, along with other infiltrators. They exfiltrated on 25th September. (Honour Redeemed. By Maj Gen Dhruv C. Katoch, Page 42-43) Ghaznavi and Baber Forces operated in Poonch, Rajouri and Chhamb areas with considerable success and established sanctuaries in Budhil, Darhal, Mandi and Riasi areas. (Note: Baber force consisted of 34 men only, was disintegrated on the very outset of GIRALTAR operation and its few stragglers who could not retreat across the FCL merged themselves in a company of GHAZNAVI force in Mendhar-Mandi area) They had success in Mandi, Budhil, and Darhal areas so 52 Infantry Brigade ex-Jammu area was moved on 9th August to clear the area of infiltrators. (Missed Opportunities Indo-Pak War 1965 by Maj Gen Lachhman Singh Lehl, page 133). Available on Internet According to D.R.Mankekar: One company of this force (GHAZNAVI force) spread out to Poonch and Mandi”. (Twenty Two Fateful Days for India by D.R.Mankekar) Available on Internet Nawang Kapadia writes, “In the area of Poonch they also hoped to cut off our troops by interrupting the roads leading to it, unsettle them and later launched an attack. After engaging our forward posts in fierce fighting on 8 August 1965, infiltrators for this purpose were slipped in from west of Mendhar and through Sauji-Mandi. They were also tasked to create unrest in the villages. But our population stood firm and in fact gave us information about their hideouts. These raiders attacked our bridges and installations in the rear, occupied the ridge overlooking Mendhar from the North. By 15 August Poonch had thus been isolated. Maj Gen Amreek Singh, the then GOC decided to take action against the raiders in Poonch. By 27 August, the features

28/66 dominating Mandi town and areas around Sauji and Loran were cleared off the infiltrators. In the process Capt. C. M. Singh of GARH RIF, who displayed gallantry of the highest order was killed and awarded MVC posthumously. Of the local population Shri Gulamuddin was awarded Ashok Chakra “. (Military Operations by Nawang Kapadia). Available on Internet According to Gen Harbakhhsh Singh this menace posed a serious threat to the line of communication to Poonch from Rajouri including the vital Kalai Bridge. On 11th August 1965, 52 mountain brigade was rushed to Mandi “In the afternoon of that day (12th August), 8 GRENADIERS with a company of 7 SIKH under command launched an attack on Mandi under the overall direction of Headquarters 52 Mountain Brigade. By the evening, the heights guarding the approach to Mandi were secured and all was set for an assault on this important town the next day. Two companies from 6 DOGRA were moved to occupy CHOR PANJAL Pass, DEVA HARI GALI and JAMIANWALI GALI to seal off these ingresses in the . Further south, in the Poonch Sector, 1 MADRAS cleared Point 4007, killing 12, wounding four and capturing 16 infiltrators. This was followed by the capture of Mandi by 52 Mountain Brigade. And with that the first ray of light brightened an otherwise dismal situation prevailing in the Poonch Sector where all semblance of command and control was rapidly slipping through the fingers of the local Brigade Commander (93 Infantry Brigade Poonch) for want of initiative and offensive spirit. One of the Indian battalions assaulted across the bridge over Mandi Nala in the drive against the infiltrators occupying the town. Group G had kept the Bridge intact in the hope of using it but when the situation deteriorated, it could not be destroyed for want of sufficient explosives and was recaptured intact. Having lost Mandi, Group G shifted to the area around Surankot, a town south-east of Poonch on the road to Chandak- Bhimber Gali. Thereafter it confined its activities to raids and ambushes although on 27th August and after a series of tough fights Mandi valley was finally cleared by 27th August 1965.(War Despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict 1965 by Gen Harbakhsh Singh). Available on Internet Analysis: After going through the extract from the History of 7AK Regiment, having compared the statement of Gen Harbakhsh Singh with Research & Analysis carried out by Maj Gen Chakarvarty and Brig Gurmeet Kanwal and article written by Maj Gen Afsir Karim, Nawang Kapadia and Brig Gulzar Ahmed one can observe the following:

29/66 a. Gen Harbakhsh Singh has credited Group G of NUSRAT force for above mentioned venture, whereas later in September 2015, Research & Analysis team of Indian Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses and article by Maj Gen Afsir Karim, dated 19 September 2005 have surfaced the fact that GHAZNAVI force captured the towns of Poonch & Mandi and later defended them against Indian counter attacks. b. Extract from the Regimental History of AK Regiment reveals that group G ex NUSRAT force (7 AK) never fell in pitched static encounters with enemy, moreover they withdrew on 13th August after recapture of Mandi by the Indian troops. Whereas extracts of articles and analysis by Indian authors reveal that Mandi town was recaptured by the end of August and according to few after the UN mandated Cease Fire. c. Gen Harbakhsh Singh committing intellectual dishonesty, claimed clearance of Mehndar, Mandi and Poonch areas by 27th August 1965; whereas Research & Analysis team admitted that the area was cleared after Cease Fire. d. If we analyse the words of a resident of INDIAN HELD KASHMIR Mr Zafar Chaudhary as mentioned in the above mentioned article, “There is popular case of Poonch Deputy Commissioner Mr Khanna who was under siege in his official quarter for weeks together”. It reveals that Poonch & Mandi towns remained under the administrative control of infiltrators for months. Whereas 7AK, according to its history, captured this area on 10th August and withdrew on 13th August. Then how the administrative control of these towns remained in the hands of infiltrators ??? e. The revolutionaries (GHAZNAVI Force & Locals) had disrupted the Line of Control to Poonch very badly and Poonch had, at one time, become very nearly a besieged garrison. Lately the revolutionaries had diverted their main attention to Rajouri and as a result the Indian garrison in Poonch had got a little breathing space. The capture of Mandi by the revolutionaries so closed to Poonch had caused the Indians a great deal of concern but it had also helped Poonch garrison indirectly by releasing pressure against it. f. After analyzing the above extracts, the established fact is that GHAZNAVI force with few elements of NUSRAT groups captured Mandi & Poonch towns, repulsed all Indian counter attacks. Group G

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of NUSRAT force for evacuation of its seriously wounded officer withdrew from this area before enemy brigade counter attack. However GHAZNAVI force stood its ground, established its own administration and withdrew after UN mandated Cease fire.

d. BUDHIL SECTOR

(1) Battles of Kandi

After the battle of Ramban near Dhamkund Major Munawar had moved his two companies under Capt Maqsood Hussain Shah & Lt Khadim Hussain in base camps near Sundarbani and SundarTop and were to wait for the orders to proceed to Budhil while he himself left for Mandi to deal with the expected enemy brigade size counter attack on Mandi. After repulsing the counter attacks on Mandi, early in the morning on 14th August, Major Munawar left for Budhil to join his two companies which had already moved from Sundar top and Sundarbani to Kandi for carrying out operations in Budhil region. On night 14/15th August 1965 GHAZNAVI Force destroyed a bridge on River Ans (4423 (43/K/7) and Dak Banglow at Kandi (6127 (43 K/11). Destruction of this bridge cut off the main route / supply line to Budhil region from Rajouri and Mandi valleys. Indian security forces resorted to heavy artillery shelling on Kandi and other villages in the area. This continued till 3 O’clock on 15th August. After artillery shelling Indian army entered into the villages in search of infiltrators of GHAZNAVI Force. After the search of villages a battalion of Indian army supported by advanced towards Budhil. While they were crossing River Ans and half of their strength had reached the far bank of the river, guerrillas of the GHAZNAVI Force who were already deployed on the heights, opened fire on the Indian battalion from North and West. The Indian battalion was totally surprised by this sudden blow; they were shot like sitting ducks. Majority of them were either killed or wounded and about 200 managed to escape towards South West. Heavy quantity of arms and ammunition was captured by the GHAZNAVI Force.

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On 31st August heavy fighting took place in Kandi area 6021. Enemy fired 120 Mortar shells. Enemy retreated with 40 Indians killed and many wounded.

On night 31/1 September Major Munawar was ordered by Headquarters 12 Division to deny road Rajouri – Budhil to enemy at all costs due to own Operation in Chamb Sector (). GHAZNAVI guerrillas ensured that no enemy column moves on Rajouri – Budhil road.

Indian Version:

9th August there was intense activity in 25 Division and 191 Brigade Sector. Approximately 250 infiltrators were seen in area Saranu moving to kandi. A few raiders were also seen in village Guni near Sundar Bani. Our opposite Daruchhian was engaged with 81mm mortars. (War Despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict 1965 by Gen Harbakhsh Singh) Available on Internet The GHAZNAVI Force under Brigadier Raza (code name of Major Munawar) penetrated deep into the interior and set up a parallel Pakistani administration at Budhil and kandi. Some elements of this group were operating as far as Ramban bridge on the Jammu-Srinagar highway. (Pakistan’s Down Fall In Kashmir-The Three Indo-Pak Wars by Col M.N.Gulati)

(2) Capture of Budhil

In the first week of August 1965, Major Munawar sent three small parties of 7 men each under the overall responsibility of Sardar Hussain Bakhsh Jagirdar of Budhil, to discreetly carry out the reconnaissance of Budhil and surrounding area and select suitable site for the base camp. Many Ex service men of Budhil Battalion (British Army) had already met Major Munawar at Bhar Jarian Marg and promised him to join hands with him for the liberation of Kashmir. A discreet dumping of arms and ammunition for onword distribution to the Ex service men of Budhil was also carried out within two weeks. After having established administrative control over Mehndar, Mandi, Thana Mandi and Kandi areas, Major Munawar moved 2 companies (in small parties of 4 to 5 men) of his force for capturing the town of Rajnagar Budhil. In the evening of 16th August, Major Munawar arrived in the town of Budhil, simultaneously his companies also reached near Budhil. About 100 Ex service men with arms and ammunition were also available in the town. Indian troops in the vicinity were taken aback by sudden appearance of GHAZNAVI guerrillas in and around the town. Indian troops fled away leaving behind 5 prisoners and 3 dead with small quantity of arms and ammunition. Later after about three hours Indians mounted a battalion attack but was conveniently repulsed by the GHAZNAVIS. From the dawn of 17th August till dusk Indians launched series of attacks to re capture the town of Budhil but were beaten back with heavy casualties. In the

32/66 morning of 18th August, Major Munawar hoisted Pakistani Flag on all official buildings of Budhil town and surroundings.

On 19th August Indian approached from Rupari – Shopian side to counter attack Budhil with two battalions but their attack was repulsed with heavy casualties. On 23rd August 1965 Indians moved two more battalions including a Gorkha battalion and 7 Madras with Artillery battery and Jain Singh Jatha of 600 for launching a deliberate attack on Budhil. Severe fighting took place between GHAZNAVI guerrillas and Indian Security Forces on Budhil – Rajouri road in area 7527 43 K/11. This encounter lasted for 3 and half days. 33 Indians were killed and many wounded. Indians fired 500 Mortar and over 50 artillery shells. 4 local Mujahids of GHAZNAVI deserted. However Indian Security Forces started retreating under the pressure of GHAZNAVI guerrillas. On 26th August 7 Madras battalion was once again trapped and attacked by Maj Munawar near Kandi where it suffered even more heavy causalities in men and material. Artillery guns were rendered unserviceable for further use. The battalion was forced to retreat under GHAZNAVI guerrillas pressure. Gorkha battalion also withdrew back to its administrative camp without making any attempt to attack the GHAZNAVI guerrillas. Later in retaliation Indians burnt following villages:- SAMOT 7025, PHALNI 7225, DRAJ 6725, LARKOT 6623, MOHRA 6426, KALLAR 5926, KANDI 6027 (map reference 43 K/11).

According to history of AK Regiment, “7 Madras along with 600 Jain Singh Jatha with two 3.7” Howitzer guns attacked Ghaznavis in Rajouri area, but was forced to withdraw with heavy losses. Another battalion column was beaten back on 1st September which won them a great military prestige. (History of the Azad Kashmir Regiment, Vol-1I)

On 31st August Indians made another attempt to recapture Budhil but Indian troops started retreating without involving themselves in a pitched static battle.

From 9th September onwards enemy Helicopters with mounted Heavy Machine Guns started strafing in Budhil area daily from 0900 hours to 1100 hours and from 1500 hours to 1700 hours up to 14th . GHAZNAVI force commander requested Headquarter 12 Division for PAF sortie to intercept enemy Helicopters in this area. PAF Combat Air Craft flew over this area on 14th September. After this PAF sortie no enemy Helicopter was ever seen flying over Budhil region. Gen Mahmud Ahmed writes, by August 18, he (Major Munawar) was in complete control of Budhil. According to Lieutenant Colonel Waqi, for the rest of the period, he was administering the area. He had his own police officials, he had his own Tehsildar, he had his own government. The local population was fully supporting him, providing whatever assistance they could. He was

33/66 operating against the entire Rajouri valley….(History of Indo-Pak War 1965 by Gen Mahmud Ahmed)

In Budhil, the infiltrators “formed a Government of their own, set up revenue department and established law and order like any other settled government. (The Second Round In Kashmir by Brig Gulzar Ahmed)

Ghaznavi force was later to be deemed the most successful by the Pakistan Army. It operated in the area of Budhil in North Kashmir and claimed by 18th August to be in control of the area having inflicted Indian military casualties. Ghaznavi force claimed that local Kashmiries of this area joined it enthusiastically and an air drop of rifles by the PAF meant that additional rifles were available to the local population, making Ghaznavi force appear larger than it was. The force was able to stay in place until 23rd September when it was ordered by GHQ to withdraw. (From Kuch To Tashkent, The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 by Farooq Bajwa, page 117) Available on Internet

Indian Version:

GHAZNAVI established its base camp in Budhil area by 6th August. The Indians attacked this force, but it stood its ground, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. By 18th August, GHAZNAVI was in virtual control of Budhil and a large number of locals inhabitants volunteered to join in. GHAZNAVI continued to dominate the wide region in Western and South-Western Jammu throughout the war and was not withdrawn until after the Cease Fire. (Low Intensity Conflict in India: An Analysis by Lt Col Vivek Chadha). Available on Internet

They created a safe area in Budhil and established their own administration. This force was reinforced by 600 men of 21 AZAD KASHMIR Battalion on 22- 23rd August. (Honour Redeemed. By Maj Gen Dhruv C. Katoch, Page 42-43)

According to D.R.Mankekar, the raiders were milling around this area in considerable strength from the very beginning. By August 18, they got virtual control of Budil. They established their headquarters in Dudaruni, and by September 7, as many as 1,500 raiders were reported to be concentrated in the Dudaruni-Dana-Budil area. (Twenty Two Fateful Days for India by D.R.Mankekar). Available on Internet

The GHAZNAVI force operated in this area. Initially, it comprised of six companies but later swelled to 2000 personnel . . . . . had established a base at Dudaruni with full control of Budhil. (Journal of Defence Studies, Operation Gibraltar: An Uprising that Never Was (Reserch and Analysis by Maj Gen P.K. Chakravorty and Brig Gurmeet Kanwal). Available on Internet

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(3) Attack on Indian Training Camp and Detention Camp:

On 4th September 1965 an Indian Army training camp at Tata Pani 4628, (map sheet 43 K/7) in Budhil Region, where about 500 were being trained as Para Military troops was attacked. In the vicinity of this training camp there was yet another camp where about 2000 Muslim women and children were detained by the Indian Army. These camps were being guarded by a company of Indian Army and a Platoon of Central Reserve Police. Indian troops on security duty were taken by surprise, they suffered heavy casualties including 70 killed and many wounded. A large number of weapons and ammunition which were to be issued to these trainees was captured. About 2000 Kashmiri women and children were librated. An Indian battalion supported by Hindu Jathas advanced from Riasi to recapture these camps but it was intercepted by Ghaznavi guerrillas ahead of CHNAN – SHIKARI where after suffering heavy casualties Indians retreated. After this blow Indian Security Forces made three more attempts in two days to recapture the camps but they were repulsed by the GHAZNAVI guerrillas.

(4) Encounter at Mohr, Capture of Arnas Bridge & Encounter at Riasi:

After having established strong foot hold at Budhil & surrounding areas, Major Munawar anticipated advance of Indian Security Forces minimum with brigade strength from Riasi to Budhil. He immediately moved two small parties

consisting of one officer, one junior commissioned officer & local mujahidin of

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Budhil and Punji areas for reconnaissance. The parties came back after 2 days and briefed the GHAZNAVI force commander about the area and dimensions of bridge near Arnas. In the mean time Major Munawar received a coded message from his source at Riasi through a messenger, that Indian army was moving a large quantity of arms & ammunition on mules and about 400 Indian soldiers were already camping on North of Arnas and another Indian battalion probably Gorkhas was about to move towards Raj Budhil. Major Munawar immediately moved a company of GHAZNAVI force under Lt Khadim Hussain with additional 150 local mujahidin in small parties and ordered them to concentrate in a suitable site, South of village Damni and await further orders. On 8th September in the afternoon the GHAZNAVI force concentrated about 5 miles South-West of Damni. Leaving Capt Maqsood Hussain Shah at Budhil, Major Munawar himself left for conducting an important operations at Rajori. Lt Khadam was ordered to move towards Arnas by passing Mohr and be ready for any encounter. Probably Indians had already come to know about the presence of GHAZNAVI force near Damni heading towards Arnas. On 12th September GHAZNAVI company under Lt Khadim Hussain attacked enemy position at MOHR (9724) at 0300 hours. After fierce fighting enemy vacated the position and withdrew towards Riasi leaving behind 27 dead and 15 wounded who were taken as prisoners. This captured position was held by 400 Indians. In this encounter a large number of mules loaded with arms, ammunition and rations were also captured. After this encounter Major Munawar ordered this GHAZNAVI company to immediately rush towards Arnas bridge. Arnas bridge was captured with little resistance. Capture of Arnas bridge and loaded mules by GHAZNAVI force compelled Indians to postpone any further advance and attack on Budhil.

After repulsing all Indian counter attacks and consolidating his gains at Rajori , leaving behind Capt Maqsood Hussain Shah at Rajouri, Major Munawar reached Budhil and then to Mohr Malai where Lt Khadim Hussain had conducted successful operations on 12th September 1965. Hereafter two companies (including a company of GHAZNAVI force and a company of locals from Budhil region advanced towards Riasi. During an encounter with a platoon of Punjab Armed police and a company of J&K Malitia near Tehsil Headquarter, Punjab Armed police retreated and J&K Malitia voluntarily surrendered and joined the GHAZNAVI force. After the capture of Tehsil Headquarters and few villages South of Arnas, Major Munawar, after establishing his own administration, leaving behind a company of locals went back to Budhil.

On night 14/15th September GHAZNAVI guerrillas attacked CRP post MEKTA 5805 (map reference 43 K/8) and captured it without much resistance.

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On 16th September Indian Air Crafts bombed entire Budhil region up to Riasi for 3 hours commencing at 1330 hours.

Indian Version

According to D.R.Makekar, the men of this group (Ghaznavi force) were also sighted at Mohr, where they attacked an Armed Police post and otherwise did considerable damage. Some also got to Arnas and Riasi, and others penetrated as deep as Ramban. Right through the 22 days shooting war between India and Pakistan, a wide region in western and south western Jammu was dominated by the infiltrators. An all out drive against the raiders in this region could actually be launched only after the cease fire. But a majority of the infiltrators managed to retreat to AZAD KASHMIR during the nights of September 25 and 27. (Twenty Two Fateful Days for India by D.R.Mankekar). Available on Internet

GHAZNAVI force, The Punjab Armed Police (PAP) at Mohr, around 40 km West of Ramban was attacked on 13th September. Another company succeeded in disrupting the line of communication along Aknur-Naushera-Rajouri and carried out raids on brigade and battalion Headquarters and administrative units. (Honour Redeemed. By Maj Gen Dhruv C. Katoch, Page 42-43)

According to Lt Gen B.M.Kaul, “In some areas, such as Budhil, in the Riasi Tehsil in the Jammu sector, it took us considerable effort to get rid of the administration which the infiltrators had set up there.” (The Untold Story by Lt Gen B.M.Kaul). Available on Internet

e. THANAMANDI SECTOR Encounters in THANAMANDI- DARHAL MALKAN: On 12th August enemy wireless message was intercepted which revealed that two Indian vehicles carrying 3 inch Mortar ammunition and petrol were destroyed by the company of Capt Sher Ahmed. The same day Major Munawar ordered Capt Sher Ahmed to attack enemy company in Patri and destroy communication network at Patri and power channel at Darhal Malkan. Communication network in area Patri was destroyed where the Indian troops in company strength retreated without putting up much resistance. On the following night company of Capt Sher Ahmed cut power channel to power house Rajouri, guards at Darhal Malkan power house located north-east of Rajouri were eliminated in a lightning attack. In another encounter a mortar battery of the Indian Army at Chaudhri Narh was targeted by Capt Sher Ahmed where inflicted 35 casualties. On 24th August Indian Battalion Headquarters at Thanna Mandi was raided inflicting heavy casualties.

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On 31st August Indian Air Crafts bombed Parore Gujjran and Darhal Malkan but luckily there were no casualties. After establishing foot hold in Poonch and Mandi area Maj Munawar ordered a local GHAZNVAI commander to relieve Capt Khursheed for conducting operations in Thanamandi area in conjunction with the company of Capt Sher Ahmed. Capt Khursheed raided Indian guards deployed on either sides of the Thanamandi bridge. The company annihilated them with lightning speed. During raid 78 Indian soldiers were killed and a sizeable amount of arms, ammunition and equipment was captured. Brig Gulzar writes in his book: Lately the revolutionaries had diverted their main attention to Rajouri and as a result the Indian garrison in Poonch had got a little breathing space. (The Second Round In Kashmir by Brig Gulzar Ahmed)

Capt Khursheed’s company ambushed enemy company moving on Poonch – Rajouri road killed 10 Indians and one was taken prisoner, 7 small arms with 2000 rounds were captured.

On 5th September Major Munawar ordered Capt Sher Ahmed to attack 22 Rajputana Rifles which was reportedly concentrating in a Mughlia Saraey in his area of responsibility. On 6th September 22 Rajputana Rifles was trapped by company of Capt Sher Ahmed in Liran Wali Ban near village Saj Lah. This Indian Battalion was to counter attack and regain a post captured by GHAZNAVI force near Thana Mandi. 22nd Rajputana Rifles could not accomplish its task and was forced to retreat with some causalities of men and material (including 3 vehicles). Capt Khursheed destroyed two small bridges and a culvert and occupied dominating heights around Thana Mandi. Enemy launched two counter attacks, but attacks were repulsed with heavy casualties. GHAZNAVI guerrillas own administration was established.

Indian Version: According to Gen Harbakhsh Singh force remained active on Roads Rajouri- Mendhar and Rajouri-Thana Mandi and succeeded in damaging a few unimportant bridges. This party also raided our administrative base near Mendhar but without much success. The raiders made a show of establishing administration in Area Kot Bhrote NR 2167, Darhal and Thana Mandi even at the best of times our civil administration had made little impact on these remote areas, which had remained

38/66 comparatively isolated from the main centers of government. (War Despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict 1965 by Gen Harbakhsh Singh) Available on Internet f. Rajouri Sector: (1) Battle of Sohl Dhar Major Munawar was planning to give a final blow to the 25th Indian Divisional Headquarter and Garrisons at Rajouri. He had established a base camp near Suoil (locally pronounced as Sohl Dhar) on Rajouri – Kandi – Budhil road. On 29th August 1965 an Indian battalion consisting of selected Sikhs and Gorkhas with Artillery battery was moved to destroy the GHAZNAVI guerrillas base camp at Suoil. Major Munawar learnt about this enemy move well before time. He ordered Capt Maqsood Hussain Shah to deploy two platoons of his company in successive lines of Defense on the likely enemy approach. And Major Munawar also moved a platoon of local GHAZNAVI guerrillas under Mirza Hakim Din Jaral (Ex Budhil battalion) about 8 Kilo Meters towards Rajouri to lay a blocking position astride Rajouri – Budhil road. Enemy battalion contacted the forward platoon which was under command N/Sub Pehlwan Khan. Indian battalion was sandwiched between the platoon of local GHAZNAVI guerrillas and the platoon of N/Sub Pehlwan Khan. Enemy Artillery battery was assaulted from the rear by the local GHAZNAVI guerrillas. This enemy’s selected battalion and Artillery battery were destroyed and forced to retreat. (2) BATTLE OF RAJOURI GARRISON: Major Munawar planned to attack Rajouri Garrison on night 15/16th September 1965. For this venture he had sought the help of Sardar Jamal-Ud-Deen and Sardar Hashim Ali Khan of Kandi (Budil Region). From 11th to 14th September Major Munawar along with the locals reconnoitered the area of Rajouri Garrison in the disguise of local Kashmiri. Thorough reconnaissance of Phalianah Camp, Nagrota Camp, Palma Camp, Dhanni Dar, Air Landing Strip, Police Station and Headquarter 25th Indian Infantry Division was carried out. After reconnaissance it was planned to raid Indian Divisional Headquarter, attack and capture Phalianah Camp, Palman Camp, Nagrota Camp and Rajouri Police Station simultaneously with the total strength of 205 including locals and GHAZNAVI guerrillas (Majority was from locals Ex service men of Budhil Battalion and J&K Malatia.) No other officer was readily available for this venture due to their employment in other areas. On night 15/16th September the GHAZNAVI Force went in hideout in a jungle near mountain Dannah over looking Palma and cantonment across Tawi River, “The Rajouri Garrison of Headquarter 25th Indian Infantry Division, close to Rajouri city.” Major Munawar grouped the force into raid parties and attack formations under Junior Commissioned Officers and Non Commissioned Officers and he himself being overall commander of this extremely complicated and difficult venture.

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Blocking positions were also laid to stop any reinforcement to Rajouri from Naushera, Mehndar and Budhil and to inflict causalities on escaping enemy from Rajori. At about 11 O’clock the same night Major Munawar stealthily crossed the jungle and deployed GHAZNAVI Force and local mujahidin around the Garrison. After positioning his force in attack formations he assaulted the Garrison. Initially due to surprise Indian troops could not respond well to the attacking GHAZNAVI Force. However, after some time they came into their senses and posed a very tough resistance. Palman, Nagrota and some part of Phalianah Camps were overrun; however raid on Indian 25th Infantry Division faced very tough resistance by the Indian guards. GHAZNAVI guerrillas entered in the premises of Divisional Headquarter, inflicted heavy casualties yet a company of 7 Sikh which was there for the protection of Divisional Headquarter under Capt Sansar Singh with 2/Lt MS Punia retaliated gallantly, and denied the raiders the control and capture of the buildings of Divisional Headquarters. Gen Amreek Singh also displayed a high degree of courage, despite the cruising pressure of GHAZNAVI guerrillas, did not move away from the Divisional Headquarters. Divisional Headquarter had become very nearly a besieged garrison. It was a great shock to the Indian Security Forces. However an access from Naushera-Rajouri road remained opened to the Divisional Headquarters. (The Divisional Headquarter remained isolated from rest of the Garrison till the withdrawal of GHAZNAVI guerrillas after UN mandated Cease Fire). Sounds of the explosions and fire were heard throughout the night in Rajouri city and villages in its out skirts. The local population was in a state of terror and harassment. Hindu and Sikh community of the area started escaping on the trucks, Lorries and even on foot without bag and baggage. The fighting continued till dawn and death toll of Indian soldiers was very high. (According to few it was over 150 dead and a large number seriously wounded whereas according to Rajourian migrant Shabbir Raja the death toll rose to over 700). Still a large number of soldiers and officers of the Garrison managed to escape leaving behind dead and wounded. GHAZNAVI force lost Lnk Mohammad Akbar and 6 locals in this heroic action. This hard blow to the Indian security forces motivated locals of Rajouri city and surrounding to welcome the guerrillas. According to a Kashmiri author “The Rajourian locals came out on their roofs and in streets with white flags.” (Gibraltar Operation ki kahani by a Rajourian migrant Shabbir Raja published in Nawa-e-waqt on 23rd September 2007) After this attack when a truck and a jeep full of Sikh and Hindu refugees were escaping on Rajouri-Budil road were stopped by the GHAZNAVI Force. Major Munawar went close to the refugees and asked them as to why were they escaping from Rajouri? An old Hindu lady using filthy abusive language shouted at Major Munawar and said “Tum Pakistani ghundon ne hamaray Sainikon ki hatiya ki ha ore ab hamain be marna chahtay ho” (You Pakistani

40/66 rascals have killed our Army personnel and now you want to kill us). Major Munawar said “O mother we will kill each and every Indian soldier in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR because they are suppressing Kashmiri Muslims, however you civilians Hindus and Sikhs living in Rajouri-Budil Region, don’t have to fear and worry. I am a Muslim soldier and my Allah and Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) do not permit me to kill any person particularly the women, the children and the old ones who are not involved in fighting. Don’t escape, go back to your homes and stay there in peace. They felt so happy that an old Sikh man prayed for the long life of Major Munawar and a Hindu lady wanted to put a mark of Tillak on the forehead of Major Munawar but Major did not allow that being an un Islamic practice. On 16th September Indians mounted a counter attack to recapture Rajouri Garrison. 22 Rajputana Rifles and Artillery Battery were moved from a camp located in between Thanamandi and Rajouri to counter attack GHAZNAVI Force holding Rajouri Garrison. (This enemy Battalion was initially located in Thanamandi but after the capture of Thanamandi by GHAZNAVI force in 3rd week of August 1965, it had retreated to a camp North of Rajouri) 1 Madras and another Battalion were to follow and launch the attack in case of failure of 22 Rajputana Rifles. Major Munawar received the information regarding move of 22 Rajputana Rifles towards Rajouri well before time. He immediately arranged an ambush for giving a warm welcome to 22 Rajputana Rifles and other troops heading for counter attack. The ambush was laid over a bottle neck and when 22 Rajputana Rifles and Artillery Battery completely entered into the ambush site about 4 miles North - East of Rajouri, GHAZNAVIS opened up with small arms fire and rocket launchers. Indians could not react to this sudden blow and started running towards North leaving their artillery guns, vehicles and dead behind. The death toll of Indians rose to over 150 including one officer & 2 junior commissioned officers. However, 1st Madras Battalion was immediately rushed to rescue 22 Rajputana Rifles within 30 minutes. This quick response of 1st Madras saved their artillery guns from destruction. In afternoon the same day, Indians moved 6 Madras and 1st Madras Battalions supported by Artillery Battery to counter attack Rajouri Garrison. Fully conscious of the skill full ambushes of GHAZNAVI Force, Indians were now moving bound by bound towards Rajouri. 6 Madras was responsible to clear the bounds for 1st Madras and Artillery Battery while 1st Madras and Artillery Battery were moving on the road Naushera-Rajouri. GHAZNAVIS took up defensive positions around Rajouri with their main concentration/bias on West of Rajouri. Patiently waiting for an assault by the Indians. About two hours before sun set, Major Munawar sent two parties with automatic weapons. One party to engage enemy artillery guns and another party to engage assaulting troops from the flank after the commencement of enemy assault. The moment enemy assault begun, their artillery guns were neutralized and assaulting troops

41/66 were fired upon from the flank and front. In the absence of artillery covering fire Indians suffered heavy casualties and the attack was effectively repulsed. Indians retreated leaving behind 16 dead, 21 rifles and a large quantity of ammunition. After beating back the Indian counter attacks, Major Munawar established his own civil administration in Rajouri that lasted till the UN mandated Cease Fire. After successfully repulsing all Indian counter attacks Major Munawar left for Budhil to preside over a conference of notables from Baramula, Srinagar and Jammu, leaving behind his deputy Capt Maqsood Hussain Shah. After capture of Rajouri Garrison road Rajouri – Budhil was completely denied to the Indian Security Forces. However Indian started using a new road – DharamShal – Rajouri. According to History of the Azad Kashmir Regiment Vol-II, “Ghaznavis raided military targets including Palman, nagrota Camps, Headquarters 25 Division across the Rajouri Tawi and police stations in Rajouri. Ghaznavis set up civil administration in Rajouri which functioned efficiently until, on orders, they fell back to their base on 26th Septemer, 1965.” Renowned journalist Mr Hamid Mir writes: It was only the GHAZNAVI force under command Major Malik Munawar Awan that successfully captured Rajouri Garrison near Jammu because Muslims of Jammu fully supported Pakistan army and Major Munawar received hundreds of volunteers. (Column “Ye Mazaq Band Karo” by Hamid Mir published in Jang Newspaper).

After capture of Rajouri Garrison & Rajouri town a team of UN Observers visited Rajouri Garrison in September 1965. In this picture at Rajouri Garrison (Dhani Dahr) Maj Munawar Khan (in disguise of Kashmiri Revolutionary leader) briefing them regarding capture of Rajouri Garrison & town. Hereafter he flew with the UN team to Budhil to brief them regarding his gains in Budhil region. A UN Helicopter is also visible in the background.

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Indian Version:

Indian author writes in his article about GIBRALTAR operation: “The operation failed miserably. Intruders were reported to Indian forces by Kashmiris. Only one of Gibraltar Force’s 10 regiments — Ghaznavi under Munawar Khan — managed some success by capturing the garrison at Rajouri temporarily. However, Gibraltar did trigger full-scale war, which Pakistan had not banked on”. (National Security & Aerospace News Magazine FORCE, “3rd Eppisode of InQuizitive Second Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 by Gautam Basu, dated: April 2013 Issue). Available on Internet Another Indian writer admitted that throughout the month of September there was fighting in a wide region of Western and South-Western Jammu and the Indian troops found it difficult to dislodge the infiltrators until after the ceasefire following the end of the war (D.R.Mankekar, Twenty two Fateful Days: Pakistan Cut to Size, Bombay: Manaktalas, 1967, 69). 7. Establishment of GHAZNAVIES Administration/Government & Training of Volunteers:

Major Munawar established his own administration in Tehsil of Riasi, Budhil region, Rajouri, Thana Mandi, Mehndar, Poonch & Mandi areas. He appointed his own DC, SP, Tehsildars, Revenue officers & Police officers. He had his own government. He hoisted Pakistani Flag over all official buildings of the area. Locals of Poonch, Rajouri & Budhil who migrated to AK (Azad Kashmir) & Pakistan narrate that Major Munawar was dominating and governing a vast area measuring 2000 Sq Miles and he organized training of local volunteers in training camps at Budhil, Banah, Rajouri, Thana Mandi, Mehndar & Mandi. Responsibility of training was given to SSG personnel attached to GHAZNAVI force. By mid of September 1965 the total number of local volunteers rose to about 2000. About 200 local volunteers belonging to Ex Budhil Battalion and J&K Malatia were inducted in GHAZNAVI force in 2nd & 3rd week of August 1965 and they actively participated in Jihad against Indian Security Forces. But Gen Mahmud writes “Controlling a vast area now (500 square miles according to Lieutenant Colonel Waqi uz Zaman), Major Munawar organized training of the local volunteers and then let them loose against the Indian occupation forces. It is perhaps for this reason that Indian sources credit GHAZNAVI Force with much more strength than it actually had.” In another paragraph Gen Mahmud Ahmed writes, “by August 18, he (Major Munawar) was in complete control of Budhil. According to Lieutenant Colonel Waqi, for the rest of the period, he was administering the area. He had his own police officials, he had his own Tehsildar, he had his own government. The local population was fully supporting him, providing whatever assistance they could. He was operating

43/66 against the entire Rajouri valley.” (The History of Indo-Pak war 1965 by Gen Mahmud Ahmed) Indian Version:

Brig Chitranjan Sawant writes, “In Rajouri area many local Muslims joined him (Maj Munawar) and his group’s numbers swelled to almost 2,000”. (Let Pakistan Learn A Lesson In Peace And Eschew War, Op Gibraltar Total Disaster by Brigadier Chitranjan Sawant,VSM). Available on Internet

Maj Gen Sukhwant Singh writes: Although the raiders did not meet with the resounding success the Pakistani military planners had envisaged, the menace persisted throughout the theatre, including the establishment of the invaders’ administration in the Kandi Budil area of the Rajouri sector, and this continued there till well after the end of the 1965 war. (Evolution of Indian Military Concepts by Maj Gen Sukhwant Singh, Issue Book Excerpt: India’s War since Independence, Date: 24 Aug , 2013). Available on Internet

An author from Indian Held Kashmir, Mr Zafar Chaudhary writes: As armed Razakaars spread out across the region, the minority Hindu population rushed towards the townships sensing imminent trouble. Razakaars with support of locals (or may be locals with support of Razakaars) had total control of the administration; at many places they had their own tehsildars and thanedars (the Police Station House Officers) ‘appointed’ and the government officials ‘terminated’. In many cases the government officials voluntarily gave up the services to join the ‘new administration’ some out of duress and others for romanticism. A number of living witnesses recall the hovering of Pakistani helicopters and airdropping of ammunition and ration at many places. (The Unwritten Story of 1965 War by Zafar Choudhary in Rising Srinagar). Available on Internet

Infiltrators did get public support in Rajouri and Poonch that is a known fact. They did not get such support elsewhere in Jammu and Kahmir. The Razakars were able to establish local governments in the area and many government employs gave up their jobs to join them. Hindus and Sikhs fled from rural areas while the supporters of Razakars grabbed their properties. (Why it is senseless to celebrate the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War by Bharat Bhushan, 3rd July 2015). Available on Internet

Operations in were carried out by GHAZNAVI force. The infiltrators established their own administrative base in the Thana Mandi area. Since the area was isolated the locals started cooperating with them. They were issued with weapons and clothing and given weapon training. Each village was issued 20 rifles. (Honour Redeemed. By Maj Gen Dhruv C. Katoch, Page 42)

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8. Supplies of Arms, Ammunition and Rations to the Force: GHAZNAVI was the only force which asked and received a large number of weapons, ammunition, other equipment and rations through air sorties and ground routes. It received total of 4 air sorties, one in Mandi valley (2nd week of August 1965), two in Bhar Jarian Marg (2nd week of August 1965) & one near Rajouri Town (3rd week of September 1965) and two heli drops. Two mule convoys of 100 mules each were also received in Rajouri and Budhil areas in September 1965. Safe arrival of mule convoys also reflect affective administrative control of GHAZNAVI force over the area. According to Gen Mahmud, a large number of local inhabitants of Budil volunteered to join the fight for freedom. On Major Munawar’s request a sortie of PAF C-130 Hercules dropped 500 rifles which Munawar distributed among the new recruits. (The History of Indo-Pak war 1965 by Gen Mahmud Ahmed) 4x air sorties dropped rations, ammunition and arms to the GHAZNAVI Force after 10th September. (History of the Azad Kashmir Regiment, Vol-1I). Indian Version: This is corroborated to some extent by an Indian account: “In this region, the raiders were often supplied by air-drops, and on one occasion, got 500 rifles air dropped at Dana. In the first week of September a convoy of nearly 100 mules infiltrated and delivered arms and ammunition and other supplies to the group.”(Twenty Two Fateful Days for India by D.R.Mankekar). Available on Internet Each force of (Operation GIBRALTAR) was commanded by a Pakistani Army Major and was allotted a code name. (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, Journal of Defence Studies, Operation Gibraltar: An Uprising that Never Was (Reserch and Analysis by Maj Gen P.K. Chakravorty and Brig Gurmeet Kanwal). Available on Internet Raza’s (code name of Major Munawar) column received regular airdrops, and was further maintained by land convoys of about 300 pack animals a day on a regular basis. (India’s Wars Since Independence by Major General Sukhwant Singh)

While discussing GHAZNAVI Force Brig Chitranjan Sawant writes, their supplies, arms and ammunition were airdropped by the planes at convenient times. Of course, when cease fire came into effect, he (Munawar) returned to Pakistan. (Let Pakistan Learn A Lesson In Peace And Eschew War, Op Gibraltar Total Disaster by Brigadier Chitranjan Sawant,VSM). Available on Internt

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A number of living witnesses recall the hovering of Pakistani helicopters and airdropping of ammunition and ration at many places. (The unwritten story by INDIAN HELD KASHMIR’s resident Mr Zafar Choudhary in Rising Srinagar). Available on Internet

9. Announcement of Head Money:

Indian security forces in Rajouri, Poonch & Budhil regions felt absolutely helpless and paralyzed in the CLAWS of GHAZNAVI force. And large number of volunteers from these areas started joining the GHAZNAVI force. The Puppet Government of INDIAN HELD KASHMIR on the behest of Indian army announced a head money of Rs 10 lac for killing Major Munawar Khan the GHAZNAVI force commander. But Kashmiri Muslims “The men of strong faith” rejected this bribe.

According to Abdullah Abdul Wahab, an immigrant of Rajouri INDIAN HELD KASHMIR “India announced head money worth Rs 10,00000 for killing Ghaznavi force Commander “Maj Munawar”. (India Today –26 December 2015 )· Available on Internet

10. Bearing of Operation GIBRALTAR on Operation GRAND SLAM & Vice Versa and Role of GHAZNAVI Force in Both the Operations:

Majority of writers, term Operation GIBRALTAR as a total failure. But I think it is unwise to discuss the Operation GIBRALTAR in isolation without coupling it with operation Grand Slam. It was felt that Infiltration campaign alone would not be able to wrest Kashmir from India. This lesson had been learnt in 1947- 48, and suitably Imbibed as was evident from the planning for the war 1965. A complementary operation in the grand design for the last ditch attempts to settle the Kashmir question once and for all was therefore incorporated. It was code- named “Operation GRAND SLAM” the aim of which was the capture of Akhnoor by Pakistan Regular forces using armor and air power. This blitzkrieg operation was designed to deal a disastrous blow to the entire logistic set-up of not only the Indian Army in the valley, but also for the entire State of Jammu & Kashmir.

Objectives of GIBRALTAR operation were to defreeze the Kashmir issue, create uprising in Jammu & Kashmir, disable Indian administration and establish own administration in the area, paralyze Indian security forces, disrupt communications and force the Indians to commit and concentrate more strength

46/66 on Fire Control Line in Jammu & Kashmir. After having achieved these objectives by GIBRALTAR operation, the objective of operation GRAND SLAM was to get hold of chicken’s neck. It was launched by Pakistan to capture Akhnoor, a town north-east of Jammu and a key region for communications between Kashmir and the rest of India, the importance of Akhnur to India having called it India's "jugular vein". In case of capture of Akhnur town, the troops of Indian 25th Infantry Division sector would have been bottled up and Indian troops North of the Banihal completely isolated. There by cutting lines of communication to Jammu & Kashmir from India.

Capture of Haji Pir and committing more troops for capturing Bedori Bulge by the Indians caused no anxiety to Gen Akhtar Malik as Indians were playing the cards as Gen Akhtar wanted them to. The more the enemy committed himself in the North, the less strength he was likely to have in the South to defend Akhnur. Apparently the situation was desperate but victory was also within reach if only Gen Akhtar was allowed to clinch it. Gen Akhtar Malik writes: “Haji Pir did not cause me much anxiety. Because of the impending Grand Slam, Indian concentration in Haji Pir could only help us after Akhnur, and they would have to pull out troops from there to counter the new threats and surrender their gains, and maybe more, in the process. Actually it was only after the fall of Akhnur that we would have encashed the full value of Gibraltar, but that was not to be!” With the launch of operations by India across the International Border on 6 September, Pakistan was forced to pull back the major component of its offensive forces from the Chamb Sector and a stalemate developed in the sector which was to continue till the declaration of the ceasefire. Undoubtedly, Pakistan missed a golden opportunity to capture Akhnoor, which lay ripe for the picking, had they moved with speed on day one itself, bypassing opposition en route and making a breach over the Munawar Wali Tawi. That would have turned the defences of 191 Infantry Brigade. A dash to Akhnoor on 2nd September would have met with no opposition, but the impact on India would have been catastrophic. The entire defences of the sector streaching from Poonch to Naushera were dependent on the single bridge across the Chenab river at Akhnoor and would have been impossible to maintain. The National Highway to Srinagar would have been threatened and Jammu would have remained extremely vulnerable. Indeed, the course of the war would have changed. Pakistan would have been able to justify the aggression, stating that it

47/66 had been necessitated by India’s capture of the Hajipir Pass and world opinion would largely have remained ambivalent to Pakistani aggression.

Although GIBRALTAR forces with the exception of GHAZNAVI force could not achieve the above mentioned objectives of GIBRALTAR operation yet GHAZNAVI continued to dominate the wide region in Western and South- Western Jammu up to Poonch throughout the war. Objectives achieved by the GHAZNAVI alone would have sufficed to support the operation GRAND SLAM for overall achievement of the aim.

Operation GRAND SLAM was rapidly progressing as planned and if the change of command had not taken place, this operation would have linked up with GHAZNAVI force, which was already controlling the vast area of Rajouri and Mandi valleys.

Despite failure of GIBRALTAR forces & groups of NUSRAT force, the success of GHAZNAVI force beyond expectations, had the potential to turn the overall failure of GIBRALTAR operation to a dazzling success, if operation GRAND SLAM had reached the stage of linking up with the GHAZNAVI force. But unfortunately Gen Ayub’s desire to glorify Gen Yahya, spoiled both the operations before they could achieve the success.

According to Gen Mahmud: “Operation GRAND SALAM did have the potential to succeed; in terms of direction and objectives, it offered strategic results. If restricted to attaining limited gains in 12 Division’s area of responsibility only, Operation GRAND SALAM had the capability of linking up with GHAZNAVI Force which had established itself in Budil region and trapping all Indian forces operating in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR south of Poonch. On the other hand, Operation GRAND SALAM could have yielded far greater strategic effects if the forces grouped for it had been directed towards Jammu after the capture of Akhnur, and combined with 15 Division ad 6 Armored Division from Sialkot to form the northern arm of a giant pincer whose other arm would have been formed by the Striking Force operating through the Ravi-Beas corridor. But in 1965, no plans existed for such a grand manoeuvre. Operation GRAND SALAM itself was ruined by the unnecessary intervention by General Musa who ordered a meaningless change of command at an inopportune moment.” (History of Indo-Pak War 1965 by Gen Mahmud Ahmed) A Pakistani thinker and writer Inayat Ullah commented on the ‘Operation Gibraltar’ Our forces (Note: It is an established fact that all forces had retreated to AK on the very outset of Gibraltar Operation in 1/2nd week of August. Only

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GHAZNAVI Force under Maj Munawar administratively controlled a wide region of Jammu including Rajouri , Poonch ,Budhil & Riasi areas and had won full public support and withdrew after UN mandated Cease Fire) prepared the ground for us in Kashmir, the next stage was to launch attack by regular army and capture Akhnoor. If General was not removed then we could have had Akhnoor and 200,000 prisoners of war as well and Kashmir would have been independent. But our dictator gave Kashmir to India on a tray, and went to Tashknet to get compliment from America and Russia. (Kashmir and the 1965 war by , page 38) Available on Internet Views of INDIAN HELD KASHMIR’s citizen & Indian Version: According to Maj Gen Sukhwant Singh, “Significant gains in the Rajouri sector could not be consolidated as the land operations (GRAND SLAM) launched by the regular army could not affect a link up. (India’s Wars Since Independence by Major General Sukhwant Singh) Shabir Choudhry a writer and a politician of INDIAN HELD KASHMIR in his book refers to Qudrat Ullah Shahab who had been an Information Minister and Secretary, to the President Ayub, commented on the war: “When General Akhtar Malik was about to run over Akhnoor (an important town on the Indian side of Kashmir), many generals including General Musa and President Ayub Khan got alarmed that he would emerge as a hero, and this would make him a stronger candidate for the highest post of the commander in Chief. President Ayub Khan already had a ‘suitable’ man, General , for this position. Before General Akhtar Malik could take over Akhnoor, he was replaced by General yahya Khan, probably that he could stop Pakistan army to invade Akhnoor, which he did successfully.” (Kashmir and the 1965 war by Shabir Choudhry, page 34-35) Available on Internet Commenting on the change of command during operation GRAND SLAM, the Indian GOC of Western Command said "The enemy came to our rescue".

A 24 hour lull ensued, which allowed the Indian army to reinforce/regroup in Akhnur and oppose a lackluster attack headed by General Yahya Khan which was bound to fail.

Lt Gen Harbakhsh Singh commander Indian Westren command was one of the few to have appreciated the full military value of Operation GIBRALTAR as a part of GRAND SLAM rather than seeing the two in isolation. According to him, “The plan of infiltration was brilliant in conception,” and as for GRAND SLAM, he thought it was “aptly named GRAND SLAM for had it succeeded, a trail of dazzling results would have followed in its wake, and the infiltration campaign would have had a fresh lease of life,” and that “it was only the last

49/66 minute frantic rush of reinforcements into the sector. . .that prevented this debacle from deteriorating into major catastrophe.” “The troops in 25 Infantry Division Sector would have been bottled up and those North of the Banihal completely isolated.” (War Despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict 1965 by Gen Harbakhsh Singh). Available on Internet 11. Achievements of GHAZNAVI Force During War 1965: During war 1965 one of the most spectacular successes and the saga of those operations conducted by Major Munawar’s GHAZNAVI force is by itself a glorious chapter of heroism and courage. He had librated the largest tract of territory in IHK during war 1965.

a. It captured and dominated a vast area in Western and South-Western Jammu upto Poonch throughout the war and was not withdrawn until after the Cease Fire. It is a unique honor & achievement of GHAZNAVI force that none from the Indo-Pak Armies during war 1965 could capture such a wide region in one theater of war. Irrespective of the claims of capturing each other’s territory by Pakistan & India factual or exaggerated, one fact remains un challenged that GHAZNAVI force captured the maximum area and established its own administration during war 1965. b. GHAZNAVI force had established its own government/administration and writ in Rajouri, Thana Mandi, Darhal Malkan, Mendhar, Mandi, Poonch, Budhil and Riasi areas. Major

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Munawar appointed his own DC, SP, Judges, Tehsildar, Thanedar (SHO) and revenue officers in the above mentioned areas. The GHAZNAVI force commander Major Munawar Khan requested Headquarter 12 Division to provide sufficient amount of money for its onwards distribution to the locals of Rajouri, Thana Mandi, Darhal, Mendhar, Mandi, Poonch, Budhil and Riasi areas where he had established his own government, but unfortunately Headquarter 12 Division could not arrange and provide the amount and in the mean time UN mandated ceasefire was ordered. While discussing the operations of GHAZNAVI force in Jammu Division, Maj Gen Dhruv C. katoch and Maj Gen H.S.Kler write “The Pakistani also appointed civil officials like DC, SP and judges. When the Pakistani forces exfiltrated under pressure from our troops, these officials also left with the infiltrators. (Honour Redeemed. By Maj Gen Dhruv C. Katoch, Page 42) (Note: the exfiltration was never under the pressure of Indian forces, it took place on 27th September under the UN mandated ceasefire orders)

c. When in Mr Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto refused to the request of Security Council for withdrawing Pakistani troops to their pre- August 5th position because GHAZNAVI force was controlling a vast area measuring approximately 2000 sq miles including Poonch, Surankot, Mandi, Mehndar, Balakot, Thana Mandi, DarhalMalkan,Rajouri, Kandi, Budhil, Kalakot, Mohr, Arnas and Riasi. It was indeed a major gain of Pakistan in war 1965. This was not at all acceptable to Indian bargainers. Indians put their foot down and refused to withdraw their troops from Sector (where despite supreme sacrifices of our officers and other ranks, Indians after having over run Pakistani Defenses at BRB canal were occupying Pakistani territory up to Batapur village) until Pakistan withdraws its force from Poonch-Rajouri areas. Finally Pakistan had to withdraw from Poonch-Rajouri areas as a result of the bargain.

This is corroborated to some extent by a Pakistani Daily Newspaper. On 25th September 1965 PAKISTAN TIMES published the following two items:

I. Rawalpindi – 24th September “An official spokesman disclosed here today that in the operations which ended yesterday morning the have seized 1600 square miles of Indian or Indian held territory. As against this, India holds 450 square miles of Pakistan territory.”

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Whosoever worked out the relative mathematics could not have worked out the relative importance of terrain held by either side. The second item runs.

II. United Nations – 24th September The Foreign Minister of Pakistan Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, said last night that Pakistani troops would not be withdrawn to their pre- August 5th position as requested by Security Council. Mr. Bhutto also indicated that this was because India was unwilling to withdraw its troops. Mr. Bhutto indicated that Pakistan would leave the United Nations next 1st January, unless the Security Council took meaningful steps to resolve the basic problem of Kashmir.

(Page 283, The Pakistan Army War 1965 by Major Gen Shoukat Riza)

Indian Version: Though all GIBRALTAR forces & NUSRAT groups had withdrawn / retreated from INDIAN HELD KASHMIR to AK by the end of 2nd week of August 1965, yet the presence and control of GHAZNAVI force over Southern and Western Jammu upto Poonch and Budhil caused much anxiety to the defenders and politicians of India. Indian’s concern regarding withdrawal of troops including infiltrators (GHAZNAVI force) is evident to a greater extant from the following paragraph from a book of an Indian author:- “On 4 September PM sent a detailed reply to U Thant, the UN secretary- General, stating that: “Pakistan had launched a massive infiltration across the Ceasefire Line…. That aggression throws on us, a sovereign State, responsibilities for defence which is our right and duty to discharge…. Mr Secretary-General, you have appealed for peace and we greatly appreciate your anxiety and sincerity of your efforts…. I trust that, in the first instance, you will ascertain from Pakistan if it will accept responsibility for withdrawing not only its armed forces but also the infiltrators and for preventing further infiltration. (Note: All infiltration forces of Pakistani infiltration campaign had withdrawn back to Azad Kashmir by 13th August 1965 except GHAZNAVI force) This, in fact, we take it, is the basic assumption underlying your appeal.” (1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan’s Diary of India by R.D. Pradhan) Available on internet A map released by the Indian Express in an article written by Sushant Singh “Big Picture: 1965, fifty years later” reveals that GHAZNAVI force captured 490 sq km of Indian Held Kashmir in Western & South Western Jammu up to Poonch.

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Pakistani writers credit Major Munawar for capture of 500 sq miles (750 sq km) whereas few immigrants from Indian Held Kashmir who actually participated in Jihad under the Flag of GHAZNAVI force against Indian Security Forces credit Major Munawar Khan for capturing and establishing his own writ over 2000 sq miles. d. It successfully created uprising in its areas of operations. e. It caused maximum depredations to Indian Security Forces during war 1965. f. GHAZNAVI group kept up its pressure and was prepared to continue even after the ceasefire but the higher political and military considerations compelled their withdrawal by 26th September.” (Kashmir Battles of 1948, 1965 & 1971 And Ongoing Freedom Struggle by Brig Asif Haroon) g. If war 1965 is taken as a match between India & Pakistan, Major Munawar was rightly “The Man of the Match.” h. During war 1965 considering all theatres of war; GHAZNAVI force was the most successful force of Pakistan Army which achieved the maximum with minimum or negligible losses. 12. Words of Appreciation for Major Munawar and His GHAZNAVI Force by the Indian & Pakistani Authors: a. Nine groups out of ten either disintegrated under the pressure of the Indian Army or they mutinied and were disbanded by organizers of Op Gibraltar.Over one thousand raiders of the Gibraltar Force were killed or

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executed by the Indian Army, the J&K plus Pumjab Police, Only one group, Ghaznavis, showed their mentors what they had achieved in the Rajouri-Mendhar sectors by giving tough time to the Indian defenders. Major Malik Munawar Khan Awan, commander of the Ghaznavi Force was a man of guts and he knew how to turn an adverse situation to own advantage. As an officer of the Indian Army, he became a POW in Rangoon, Burma where he learnt Japanese and spoke it fluently. He was an officer in Netaji Subhash Bose’s Indian National Army too. On return to India he was court martialled but released as Indian Independence was around corner. On vivisection of our motherland, Munawar opted for Pakistan and infiltrated into Rajouri-Mendhar area as per plan. In Rajouri area many local Muslims joined him and his group’s numbers swelled to almost 2,000. Their supplies, arms and ammunition were airdropped by the Pakistan Air Force planes at convenient times. Of course, when cease fire came into effect, he returned to Pakistan. (Submitted by sawant on Mon, 2015-07- 20 16:18. AUM, OP GIBRALTAR TOTAL DISASTER By Brigadier Chitranjan Sawant,VSM) b . Undoubtedly, the most successful of all the GIBRALTAR Forces was GHAZNAVI Force. (History of Indo-Pak War 1965 by Gen Mahmud Ahmed) c. Indian Army’s counter-infiltration operations in Rajouri sector did not fare well. The Indian Army units in this Sector were totally ineffective so much so that Raza (code name of Major Munawar) was left alone till he decided to go back on his own. Raza held this area for almost a month after the Cease-fire. (Pakistan’s Down Fall In Kashmir- The Three Indo-Pak Wars by Col M.N.Gulati) d. According to Ex Chief Minister of Indian province of Punjab: In 1965, Pakistan made the first move on July 24. It pushed five self-contained columns across the ceasefire line. Their task was to infiltrate into the Kashmir Valley, to create an insurrection by provoking local Kashmiris. All but one of the columns were either eliminated or withdrew to Pakistan. The one (the GHAZNAVI force) that remained continued to operate in the Mendhar-Rajouri-Naushera sector till the ceasefire. Pakistan also sent raiding parties to attack gun positions and supply dumps along the ceasefire line. (Men of Valour by Amrinder Singh New Delhi, December 15, 2011 | UPDATED 18:09 IST in India Today). Available on Internet

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e. While mentioning about the GHAZNAVI force they wrote, “Its depredations caused the maximum worry to our security forces.” (Quote from The History of Kumaon Regiment) f. GHAZNAVI established its base camp in Budhil area by 6th August. The Indians attacked this force, but it stood its ground, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. By 18th August, GHAZNAVI was in virtual control of Budhil and a large number of locals inhabitants volunteered to join in. GHAZNAVI continued to dominate the wide region in Western and South-Western Jammu throughout the war and was not withdrawn until after the Cease Fire. (Low Intensity Conflict in India: An Analysis by Lt Col Vivek Chadha). Available on Internet g. While discussing the operations of GHAZNAVI force in Jammu Division, Maj Gen Dhruv C. katoch and Maj Gen H.S.Kler write “The Pakistani also appointed civil officials like DC, SP and judges. (Honour Redeemed) h. While discussing the areas of operations of GHAZNAVI force Brig Gulzar Ahmed writes, It was only after 23rd September, when the whole of the Indian Army was uncommitted, that the Indians dared enter those areas. (The Second Round In Kashmir by Brig Gulzar Ahmed) j. Ghaznavi force was later to be deemed the most successful by the Pakistan Army. (From Kuch To Tashkent, The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 by Farooq Bajwa, page 117) k. An appreciation signal message (wireless message) of Commanding 12 Division Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik to GHAZNAVI Force Commander Major Munawar Khan is appended below:- Personal from GOC (.) Well done(.) Proud of your achievements and of brave people of area in which you are operating (.) Prepare for prolonged operation (.) recruit upto 5000 (.) will be paid as Mujahids in Pakistan currency (.) organise training and employment (.) You are task free and secure as much as possible with DARHAL MALKAN as base (.) set up civil administration and intelligence network (.) drive undesirable elements out of area (.) will meet your requirements of arms , ammunition, equipment and clothing but you must procure supplies locally to maximum and conserve whatever we send (.) Tell the brave people of DARHAL MALKAN that they should stand firm (.) Insha Allah we shall soon drive every single Indian out of JAMMU and

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KASHMIR (.) Hit hard and go on hitting (.) send recommendations for awards (.) 13. Withdrawal of GHAZNAVI Force to Azad Kashmir After UN Mandated Cease Fire: On September 22nd, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution that called for unconditional ceasefire from both Nations. The war ended the following day. Both sides India & Pakistan agreed to withdraw to pre- August lines. By mid of September 1965, Major Munawar had established his foot holds in Rajouri & Mandi valleys, Budhil & Riasi areas. Motivated by his gains, a large number of notables including 5 old ladies from Barahmula, Srinagar and Jammu visited him at Budhil and offered him their full support for expanding his operations to their areas. He at his own initiative planned his own visit to those areas along with reconnaissance parties to commence on 25th September 1965. After meeting the collaborators and carrying out reconnaissance of those areas he was to contact Headquarter 12 Division for permission and logistic support for further operations. But it was not to be. On 23rd September when he was discussing his future plans with the local commanders of GHAZNAVI force, he received the orders of withdrawal back to Azad Kashmir. According to an immigrant of Kandi Raja Shams Ud Din who was present in the conference, “when Major Munawar received the orders from his higher Headquarters for withdrawal, he showed his annoyance and responded them that he should not be asked to withdraw as he was negotiating & planning for further operations towards Jammu town, Srinagar and Barahmula moreover after the withdrawal of GHAZNAVI force from this area, Indian security Forces will take revenge from the locals for supporting the infiltrators. He further said he could ‘nt leave the Kashmiri locals alone at the mercy of Indian Security Forces and he was ready to fight till the very end. میی نگی ک مقص تیے یں کی سفی

میں سی لیے مجہ میں سی لیے ہوں غی Gen Mahmud writes, “By 23 September, GHAZNAVI Force had been ordered to exfiltrate. But Major Munawar protested against the withdrawal arguing that the people of Budil would have to pay a heavy price for their loyalty to his Force. He and his men were ready to stay and fight to the very end. However, the orders to withdrawal were firm and final. With a heavy heart Major Munawar and men of GHAZNAVI Force began exfiltration by 27 September. During nearly two months in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR, this force lost four

56/66 killed, sixteen wounded; two were taken prisoners. There were no casualties during exfiltration”. According to a senior journalist Mr Hamid Mir “on 23rd September 1965 Major Munawar was asked to withdraw back to Azad Kashmir but Major Munawar protested on the pretext that incase of his withdrawal Indian army will avenge the Muslims of Rajouri & Jammu for cooperating with the GHAZNAVI force but Gen Ayub Khan did not pay any heed to the protest of Major Munawar’s message and GHAZNAVI being a disciplined force withdrew back to Azad Kashmir. (Column “Ye Mazaq Band Karo” by Hamid Mir published in Jang Newspaper). According to another author, “It was only GHAZNAVI group of GIBRALTAR force which was able to conduct successful operations around Budhil/Rajouri. While most of the groups got disintegrated and started exfiltrating prematurely, the GHAZNAVI group kept up its pressure and was prepared to continue even after the ceasefire but the higher political and military considerations compelled their withdrawal by 26th September.” (Kashmir Battles of 1948, 1965 & 1971 And Ongoing Freedom Struggle by Brig Asif Haroon) A stage came when Presence of GHAZNAVI force in Indian Held Kashmir become a night mare for the Indian security forces. Indian troops used to avoid and escape encounters with the guerrillas of GHAZNAVI force. According to Brig (Retd) Akbar (Ex commandant of the Azad Kashmir Regimental Centre) During withdrawal of GHAZNAVI force under UN mandated ceasefire in the last week of September 1965 when a small group of GHAZNAVI force was passing through a mountain pass, the Sikh soldiers standing on the shoulder of the pass told the GHAZNAVI guerrillas with the sigh of relief and with joining their palms “RUB DA WASTA HUNN SADI JAAN CHAD VEE DEO” (For God sake now please leave our area). Indian Version: Indian Army’s counter-infiltration operations in Rajouri sector did not fare well. The Indian Army units in this Sector were totally ineffective so much so that Raza (code name of Major Munawar) was left alone till he decided to go back on his own. Raza held this area for almost a month after the Cease-fire. (Pakistan’s Down Fall In Kashmir-The Three Indo-Pak Wars by Col M.N.Gulati)

Writes Major General Sukhwant Singh in his monumental work “India’s Wars Since Independence.” Sukhwant Singh claims that Raza (Major Munawar) held on to Budhil area for almost a month after the cease-fire.

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14. POST OPERATION PLIGHT IN INDIAN HELD KASHMIR All infiltration forces except GHAZNAVI force had withdrawn back to Azad Kashmir before and in the 2nd week of August 1965. But GHAZNAVI force stood its ground and withdrew on 27th September 1965 after strict, firm and final orders of GHQ as a result of UN mandated Cease Fire. Indians had planned an operation to take revenge and punish the people of Jammu & Kashmir who supported the infiltration campaign launched by Pakistan. There were atrocities by Indian Army during the operation. This open, brutal massacre of Kashmiri men, women and children was carried out during “Operation Clearance”. Over 2000 Kashmiries were killed ruthlessly. Hands of those Kashmiri women were chopped off who cooked food for infiltrators and even many were made to sit on the burning stoves as a punishment. Large number of young girls & women were raped by the Indian Security Forces. Many were even raped to death. Their houses and crops were set on fire. Over 86000 refugees crossed over to Azad Kashmir and settled in Mirpur, Kotli, Bhimber and Muzzafarabad. During the operations of GHAZNAVI force in Poonch and Rajouri areas, over 9000 Hindus and Sikhs had shifted to Jammu and elsewhere. These Hindus and Sikhs fell back to their homes during Operation Clearance and fully supported Indian security forces in targeting and slaughtering Muslim population. It is worth mentioning that Operation Clearance was mainly directed towards the areas of Poonch and Rajouri where GHAZNAVI force had operated with full support of locals. Many refugees contacted Major Munawar at Kotli and Rawalpindi and narrated him the stories of brutality, inhumanity and oppression of Indian Army. Indian security forces had assaulted civilians during search operations, tortured and summarily executed detainees in custody and murdered civilians in reprisal attacks. Rape most often occurred during crackdowns, cordon-and-search operations during which men were held for identification in parks/ schoolyards while security forces searched their homes. Rape was used as a means of targeting women whom the security forces accused of being militants / infiltrators sympathizers; in raping them, the security forces were attempting to punish and humiliate the entire Kashmiri Muslim community. Major Munawar with tears in his eyes would curse the top military leadership for spoiling operation Grand Slam and leaving alone the Kashmiri Muslims at the mercy of cruel Indian Security Forces. He often used to sing this verse as a tribute to Kashmiri Muslim warriors of Indian Occupied Kashmir:

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(Thousand salutes to the people of Poonch, Rajouri and Budhil regions for their gallantry, stead fastness and supreme sacrifices). A large number of refugees were living in the camps. Besides Govt support, Major Munawar having special love and regards for these precious people, left no stone unturned for their settlement and rehabilitation. He arranged single rooms and houses in the towns of Kotli, Bhimber, Mirpur, Muzzafarabad and villages in their out skirts, at his personnel liaison. One of the migrants of Kandi area of Rajouri Mr Shabir Raja narrates that once in 1966, Major Munawar visited the refugees in Mirpur AK, paid Rs 1600 to each family on behalf of the Government and in addition gifted a cash bundle of Rs.10000 (ten thousand) to Sardar Jamal Din from his own pocket as a good will gesture. Sardar Jamal Din being Imam Masjid in Kandi area motivated a large number of people to join GHAZNAVI force.(This was the total saving of Maj Munawar before war which he had saved to construct a Havaily in his native village.) He remained in touch with the notables and elders of refugees till his last breath. Indian Version: The arrival of the army was announced by with burning of crops and gutting of houses. Along the road side from Bhimber Gali to Poonch every house was set on fire. (Why it is senseless to celebrate the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War by Bharat Bhushan on 3rd July 2015). Available on Internet Based on evidence gathered from survivors many years later. It is estimated that nearly 2000 people were killed during operation clearance in 1965. (The unwritten story by INDIAN HELD KASHMIR resident Mr Zafar Choudhary in Rising Srinagar). Available on Internet Gen B.M.Kaul in his book “The Untold Story” and Gen Ashok Mehta in his columns and interviews confirms the above mentioned atrocities by the Indian Security Forces after GIBRALTAR operation in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR.

15. Redress of Grievances:-

All GIBRALTAR forces and groups except GHAZNAVI force had retreated / withdrawn back by the 2nd week of August 1965.but Major Munawar and his GHAZNAVI force withdrew back to Azad Kashmir on 27th September 1965. In

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2nd week of October 1965 on reaching back in the cantonment Major Munawar was shocked to know that many of his achievements had been enchased by the officers of other forces and groups of Operation GIBRALTAR. And there were even few officers who had not even crossed the Fire Control Line throughout the war but were recommended for higher gallantry awards against Munawar’s achievements. Fabricated and inflated citations of those officers had already been forwarded to higher Headquarters. He also learnt that there was a strong lobby intriguing against him and unfortunately one of his own under command officer of GHAZNAVI force was also party to it. Major Munawar could not tolerate encashment of his achievements by others and asked for the redress of grievances to the Brigade Commander of Sector-III of 12 Division. He requested the sector commander to order a court of inquiry as to how and why fake citations against his actions and achievements had been forwarded by the other officers to higher Headquarters. He got highly disturbed on the issues and requested the sector commander to do away with the anomalies and not to let the history of the Operation GIBRALTAR be spoiled, drop all fictitious yearnings are earnings if found wrong. Sector commander paid no heed to his request as he wanted to get rid of this ugly situation for the reasons best known to him. However in order to defuse the situation he consoled Major Munawar by saying that “Don’t you worry all those enchasing your achievements and lobbying against you will be dealt with severely. The entire Nation appreciates your acts of gallantry and achievements and you remained second to none. But that was not the right time to hold court of inquires as that would create lot of fuss.” Major Munawar came out from the office of sector commander with a heavy heart. A sector staff officer of sector-III, who was well in picture of the entire situation being sympathetic, suggested Major Munawar to go for redress of grievances to GOC 12 Division but Major Munawar told him that he would not go for it and leave it to destiny. Later in 1971 in a private gathering when a professor of Govt collage, Mr. Alvi arranged a gathering of intellectuals at his residence in Islamabad , invited Major Munawar to comment on GIBRALTAR operation and operation GRAND SLAM, he said “beside other reasons (He explained), Lust of Glory in our senior and junior Military leadership spoiled both the operations. Many were more concerned to plan how to win honors and awards and project themselves, than to plan operations and battles. Leaving aside the junior leadership, take the example of Gen Yahya Khan who took over the command during rapidly progressing attack. His takeover was totally against the norms of tactic and strategy.

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But it was done because someone wanted to glorify someone. Moreover later Yahya Khan was awarded with Hilal-e-Jurat which is meant for bold planning and execution. Can someone justify what was Yahya’s bold planning and execution in operation GRAND SLAM? Fortunately from the very beginning Pakistan Army stands at the top of the list of world’s professional armies but unfortunately there have always been few black sheep who have been tarnishing the image of Pakistan Army for their personnel gains. ” Another professor asked him to draw a comparison between Yahya and Akhtar Malik. Major Munawar said “Yahya was a paper tiger and used to achieve his objectives through flattery of his seniors, whereas Akhtar Malik was a military genius and an exceptional General, had he been given free hand to conduct operation GRAND SLAM, he would have done wonders in achieving the objectives of GIBRALTAR operation and operation GRAND SLAM. But unfortunately he was AHMADI by religion. Alas he was a Muslim. (Professor Alvi was writing a book on Major Munawar and his GHAZNAVI force but Alvi’s death did not allow him to complete the job).

16. A call from Headquarter 12 Division for debriefing & appreciation:

In the 3rd or 4th week of October 1965 two important commanders of GIBRALTAR operation Major Munawar Khan and Major Mansha Khan were called upon by Headquarter 12 Division Muree for debriefing and a meet with Gen Akhtar Malik. It was a bright sunny day at Muree when at 1030 hours these officers were asked to see the GOC. The Gen was sitting in a lush green lawn outside his office with black glasses on his face. Major Mansha Khan and Major Munawar Khan saluted him smartly. Gen stood up and shook hand with Major Mansha Khan and then embraced Major Munawar Khan and kissed on his forehead and while holding his hand walked towards his office, while Major Mansha walked a step behind. Gen hosted them warmly and served Major Munawar with a hot cup of coffee with his own hands while waiter served Major Mansha.After formal debriefing, Gen admired Major Munawar for his achievements and said “Munawar you have done wonders, your achievements were no less then miracles. Moreover you physically and psychologically paralyzed the Indian security forces. The Nation is proud of you.” Taking this opportunity Major Mansha Khan pointed out that award of Sitara-e-Jurat to Major Munawar was not the true recognition of his achievements, don’t you think it was injustice being done to Major Munawar

61/66 and what role Headquarter 12 Division had played to provide the due justice? Major Munawar interrupted and said Sir, I went for JIHAD-E-FISABILILLAH I don’t want any reward from Army or the Nation. I don’t need this Sitara-e- Jurat or any other award. Major Mansha again pointed out that he had learnt that Sitara-e-Jurat and even highest gallantry awards were being conferred on single gallantry actions lasting for few hours and Major Munawar had many extra ordinary gallantry acts to his credit throughout in the months of August & September. Why you as GOC had not played your role Sir? The General burst out with feelings of sorrow and anger, having tears in his eyes said, few people think award of highest gallantry medals to Major Munawar would add to my glory. Which they don’t want at any cost. You people think I had not played my role but let me share it with you now that I was convinced that Munawar should have been awarded NISHAN-E-HAIDER by the Pakistani Govt and HILAL-E- KASHMIR by the AK Govt as well. I had already pleaded Munawar’s case for these highest gallantry awards. I spoke to Gen Musa who told me to directly discuss it with Gen Ayub. Gen Ayub appreciated my stance but said Nishan-e- Haider could only be awarded posthumously. I had little hard talk with Gen Ayub when I told him; it was not a divine rule that could not be changed. I had also talked to President Azad Kashmir for award of Hilal-e-Kashmir to Major Munawar but unfortunately he regretted on the pretext that vast area captured by Major Munawar in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR had been vacated by his force after UN mandated Cease Fire, moreover there had been a massacre in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR after the withdrawal of GHAZNAVI force in which thousands of Kashmiri Muslims had been killed by the Indian security Forces, in view of that AK assembly was not going to support the award of Hilal-e- Kashmir to Major Munawar. Munawar, I personally request you, don’t refuse Sitara-e-Jurat for my sake. Accept it in the ceremony and I promise you, let the dust of war settle down, your case for both the highest awards will be evaluated and you will not be treated unjustly. The Gen further added that he would write a book on war 1965 in which he would disclose few secrets to the nation and that he would include a chapter regarding Munawar’s fantastic operations, wonderful achievements and open injustice in bestowing honors & awards.

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Major Munawar Khan being awarded with Sitara-e-Jurat by FM Ayub Khan after rd Indo-Pak war 1965 on 23 March 1966. It was here when FM Ayub Khan addressed him as “The King of Rajouri” Was it a loly pop given to Major Munawar by Gen Akhtar Malik? No later it proved that Gen Akhtar Malik was a sincere and honest person because while he was serving as Pakistani Ambassador in Turkey, wrote a Demi Official letter to Major Munawar in which he assured him that he would soon come back as a Corps Commander and not only his case for highest gallantry awards would be re evaluated but he would also be promoted to the higher ranks. But it was not to be. Gen never came back as a corps commander instead on 23rd August 1969 his dead body was received at Islamabad airport.

17. Major Munawar’s Hard Talk with C-in-C Gen Yahya Khan:

Gen Yahya Khan chatting with the officers after dinner in Ojharee Camp Rwp on 2nd May 1969. Major Munawar pointed with arrow.

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After war 1965 Major Munawar was posted to Azad Kashmir Regimental centre Ojharee Camp Rawalpindi. On 2nd May 1969 C-in-C Gen Yahya Khan visited the Regimental centre on annual commanding officers conference and he also announced to bring AK regiment at par with Pakistan Army. At night after dinner Gen Yahya in a pleasant mood was chatting with the group of officers. Major Munawar was also present there. The chatting turned into a hard talk between Major Munawar and Gen Yahya when Gen Yahya started criticizing operation GIBRALTAR, operation GRAND SLAM and Gen Akhtar Malik. Major Munawar could not tolerate this unjustified criticism and bluntly said “Sir, my GHAZNAVI force during Operation GIBRALTAR brought Indian Security Forces to their kneels and operation GRAND SLAM was about to achieve its objective, but you in the lust of glory managed to take over the command of rapidly progressing operation, you wanted to eat the cooked food but things reversed due to your involvement. Otherwise it was a matter of hours only when Pakistan was about to cut off Indian Held Kashmir from rest of India. Gen Yahya was shocked and did not say a word from his mouth. Gen Shireen Khan GOC 12 Division who was also present in the dinner, took Major Munawar away from the scene.

18. Death of Conqueror In 1st week of May 1981Maj Munawar was admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Military Hospital Rawalpindi due to severe heart attack. He was lying unconscious and close to his bed were standing, the heart specialist Col Dr. Zulfiqar (Later Major General), Sardar Jalal Ud Deen (a tall old man with dark brown beard putting on Jinnah cap, a great freedom fighter, supporter of GHAZNAVI guerrillas and a leader of Muslim conference) and two other notables from INDIAN HELD KASHMIR. Sardar Jalal Ud Deen while talking to Col Dr. Zulfiqar, narrated to him the extra ordinary gallantry acts and supreme achievements of Major Munawar as commander of GHAZNAVI force in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR. He also expressed his feelings of sorrow and criticized the civil and military leadership of Pakistan and AK for denying Major Munawar the true recognitions for his feat of velour and achievements beyond expectations. Moreover he disclosed the names of few Army officers who encashed the achievements of Major Munawar. On 10th May 1981 at 1100 hours this unbeatable, gallant Muslim soldier flew to the heavens to meet his Lord. He was buried in his native graveyard at village Jhatla.

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Unfortunately our Military leadership, Journalists, Press and Media never ever bothered to highlight the acts of gallantry and supreme achievements of the commander of a most successful force of Pakistan army during war 1965. His achievements are a legacy of velour and bravado for the Nation. He was a hero amongst the war heroes of Indo-Pak Armies. None of the commanders from Indo-Pak armies had captured, established their writ and administratively controlled such a vast area in any one theater of war during 1965, which Major Munawar had done. With best regards and tribute to all Shuhada and Ghazies of war 1965 , without undermining their achievements and sacrifices, Owing to the great achievements and feat of velour, as a matter of justice Major Munawar Khan should have been the first awardee of NISHAN-E- HAIDER as well as HILAL-E-KASHMIR after war 1965. But none had the guts to highlight and review his case for justice. BUT IN OUR UNJUST SOCIETY, WHO CARES…AND WHO DARES… Now that in INDIAN HELD KASHMIR unarmed Freedom Fighters are fiercely fighting against Indian Security Forces, they look anxiously for some Major Munawar Khan and his GHAZNAVI Force to join hands with them in this sacred cause.

BIBLO GRAPHI

Indian Authors

(1) “An attempt to defame Nehru” by G (2) (Twenty two Fateful Days for India by Ramachandram D.R.Mankekar)

(3) Low Intensity Conflicts in India: an (4) (Honour Redeemed. By Maj Gen Dhruv Analysis by Lt Col Vivek Chadha. C. Katoch, Page 42)

(5) (South Asia Defence & Strategic (6) Men of Valour by Amrinder Singh New Review, The Final Charge by: Maj Gen Raj Delhi, December 15, 2011 | Mehta (Retd), AVSM, VSM, Dtaed: UPDATED 18:09 IST in India Today). 11/17/2013). Available on Internet Available on Internet

(7) War Despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict 1965 (8) The History of Kumaon Regiment by Lt Gen Harbakhsh Singh. Available on Internet

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(9) Journal of Defence Studies, Operation (10) The Rediff Special/Major General Afsir Gibraltar: An Uprising that Never Was Karim (retd), The 1965 War: Lessons yet to (Reserch and Analysis by Maj Gen P.K. be learnt, September 19, 2005). Available on Chakravorty and Brig Gurmeet Kanwal). Internet Available on Internet (12) Missed Opportunities Indo-Pak War (11) Military Operations by Nawang 1965 by Maj Gen Lachhman Singh Lehl). Kapadia). Available on Internet Available on Internet

(13) Pakistan’s Down Fall In Kashmir-The (14) The Untold Story by Lt Gen B.M.Kaul). Three Indo-Pak Wars by Col M.N.Gulati) Available on Internet

(15) National Security & Aerospace News (16) Let Pakistan Learn A Lesson In Peace Magazine FORCE, “3rd Eppisode of And Eschew War, Op Gibraltar Total InQuizitive Second Indo-Pakistan War of Disaster by Brigadier Chitranjan 1965 by Gautam Basu, dated: April 2013 Sawant,VSM). Available on Internet Issue). Available on Internet (18) Why it is senseless to celebrate the (17) Evolution of Indian Military Concepts 1965 Indo-Pakistan War by Bharat Bhushan, by Maj Gen Sukhwant Singh, Issue Book 3rd July 2015). Available on Internet Excerpt: War since Independence, Date: 24 Aug, 2013. Available on Internet (20) Big Picture: 1965, fifty years later by Sushant Singh in The Indian Express (19) India’s Wars Since Independence by Major General Sukhwant Singh) (22) Remembring Operation Gibraltar by Simrit Kahlon, 7 September 2015. (21) Behind the scene: An Analysis of Available on Internet India’s Miltry operations. 1947-1971 by Joginder Singh. Available on Internet

(23) Indo – Pak War 1965: Stalemate? By DP Ramchanndran 21st September 2015. Available on Internet

Pakistani Authors

(24) History of Indo-Pak War 1965 by (25) Column “Ye Mazaq Band Karo” by Mr. Gen Mahmud Ahmed (A most Hamid Mir published in Jang Newspaper comprehensive and authenticated book on War 1965)

(26) Muslim Contributions to India’s (27) History of the Azad Kashmir Freedom Struggle – and A Different Regiment, Vol-1). Narrative by Professor Nazeer Ahmed. (29) The Second Round In Kashmir by (28) History of Azad Kashmir Regiment, Brig Gulzar Ahmed) Vol-II)

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(30) From Kuch To Tashkent, The (31) Memoirs of Major (Late) Munawar Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 by Farooq Bajwa, Khan (GHAZNAVI force commander war page 117) Available on Internet 1965)

(32) The Pakistan Army War 1965 by (33) Kashmir Battles of 1948, 1965 & 1971 Major Gen Shoukat Riza, page 283 And Ongoing Freedom Struggle by Brig Asif Haroon (34) The twenty watt fountain of energy by Anjum Niaz, Dawn News, 21st April 2013

Indian Held Kashmir’s Authors

(35) (The Unwritten Story of 1965 War by (36) Kashmir and the 1965 war by Shabir Zafar Choudhary in Rising Srinagar). Choudhry, page 38. Available on Internet Available on Internet

Azad Kashmir’s Authors

(37) Comments in response to Indian (38) Gibraltar Operation ki Kahani by General Afsir Karim by Abdullah Abdul Mohammad Shabbir Raja (Rajourian Wahab (Rajourian immigrant) in India Today immigrant) published in Naway-e-Waqat, 23 – 26 Decemeber 2015)· Available on Internet September 2007

Interviews

(39) Brig (R) Sher Ahmed (Ex company (40) Brig (R) Mohammad Akbar Khan (Ex commander GHAZNAVI force war 1965) commandant Azad Kashmir Regiment) (Telephonic)

(41) Sub (R) Pehlwan Khan (Ex Platoon (42) A large number of immigrants from commander GHAZNAVI force war 1965) Indian Held Kashmir settled at Telephonic Muzzafarabad, Bagh, Mirpur, Kotli, Bhimber and Gujranwala