Cultural, Political and Social Impact of Fm Radio on the Youth

REVIVAL OF RADIO IN PAKISTAN: CULTURAL, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF FM RADIO ON THE YOUTH

Ph.D Thesis

Researcher Supervisor

Muhammad Umair Chaudhary Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Paracha

Reg. No. 29/IU.Ph.D/2012

Session 2012-2015

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies from

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,Pakistan

In the name of

Allah

The most Beneficent and The Most Merciful DECLARATION

I, Muhammad Umair Chaudhary, Ph.D scholar in the Department of Media Studies at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur do solemnly declare that the thesis entitled, “Revival of Radio in Pakistan: Cultural, Political and Social Impact of FM Radio on the Youth” submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Ph.D in the subject of Media Studies is my original work. It shall also not be submitted to obtain any degree to any other university or institution.

Researcher

Muhammad Umair Chaudhary FORWARDING CERTIFICATE

The research entitled “Revival of Radio in Pakistan: Cultural, Political and Social Impact of FM Radio on the Youth” by Muhammad Umair Chaudhary in the partial fulfillment of the requirement, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies, under my guidance and supervision, is forwarded for further necessary action.

Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Paracha Supervisor CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

It is certified that this Ph.D thesis of Mr. Muhammad Umair Chaudhary titled “Revival of radio in Pakistan: Cultural, Political and Social impact of FM radio on the youth” has been approved by the Examining Committee for the requirement of Ph.D in Media Studies.

Thesis Viva-Voce Examiners

Chairman: ______

Internal Examiner: ______

External Examiner 1: ______

External Examiner 2: ______

“Revival of radio in Pakistan: Cultural,

Political and Social impact of FM radio on the youth”

Dedicated to

“My sweet Parents & My all loving Family members”

To achieve this milestone and behind my success, their Love, Care, Encouragement, Support, Motivation and above all, their prayers were the major source.

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Acronyms Abbreviation

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AM Amplitude Modulation BBC British Broadcasting Company

CD Compact Disk

CDA Capital Development Authority, Islamabad

DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting

DJ Disk Jockey

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FM Frequency Modulation

HDTV High Definition Television Vision HEC Higher Education Commission HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hz Hertz ISPR Inter Services Public Relation

KHz Kilo Hertz MHz Mega Hertz MW Medium Wave NBC National Broadcast Company NBS National Broadcasting Service NTM Network Television Marketing PBC Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation

PEMRA Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority

PR Public Relations

PTV Pakistan Television

RCA Radio Corporation of America

RJ Radio Jockey

SM Short Wave

SMS Short Messaging Service

STN Shaeen Television Network

ABSTRACT

Many years back when television was just a dream, people used radio as an effective mode for communication and learning. In mid-20’s, with the advent of radio, man truly has stepped further into the revolutionary world.

Radio is a very popular mode of media in our country. It has various important reasons i.e. easily accessible, cheaper and also used for entertainment and education purpose for common masses. In Pakistan, besides radio Pakistan, many commercial and noncommercial FM radios are also working. Mostly, FM commercial radios are considered as entertainment channels which air musical and entertainment stuff. On the other hand, noncommercial (campus radios) are working in different sectors, mainly in educational institutes as well as in some public sector departments. These FM radios are very effectively conveying information and education.

FM community based radios are being used as a very effective, valuable, useful and result oriented educational tool all over the world. Many developed countries have used radio medium as a tool for distance education to the masses particularly to educate and address the people living in remote areas. In many countries of Africa and Asia, radio medium has been used as a tool of social change. Radio broadcasting has been used to address public issues, promotion of social and community awareness.

The results of the research depicts that radio industry has revived after emergence of FM radios in Pakistan. FM radio has positive impact on its listeners and FM radio programs are impacting culturally, politically and socially on values of our youth. Furthermore, results of study also reveal that improvement is still required in FM broadcast so as to fully utilize potential of this useful medium in highlighting different cultural, political and social issues, keeping in view of the fact that the most affiliated group of society with FM radios is our youth.

In Pakistan, radio medium deserves greater attention. Community radios are essentially required especially to address issues of rural and isolated communities. Government should learn from other part of world where radio is very effectively being used to approach the masses for awareness, education and information.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank Almighty Allah, for giving me strength, potential, courage and opportunity to complete this research work with continuous personal obligations. During the study, whenever I have lost heart and my will to complete the research work was broken, something pushed me up from within and this was nothing but the blessings of Almighty Allah and prayers of my parents, family members, friends and all other well wishers.

I am very lucky to have worthy Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Paracha, Chairman/ Associate Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, as my supervisor. Simply speaking this study has only been completed owing to his perfect guidance, experience and global exposure of Media Studies. If he had not been there for guidance and supervision, it might be very difficult for me to complete this research work as I may not have even a slightest idea of what a research for Ph.D is about. His kind involvement gave me the knowledge and strength that will benefit me during my whole life. I thank him for the kindness towards me. I am grateful to you sir for guiding me.

I am also obliged and deeply grateful to Prof. Dr. Gulam Shabbir Baloch, Chairman, Department of Media Studies, BZU, Multan for his encouragement and guidance. I would also like to appreciate the efforts and assistance provided by my Ph.D fellows Mr. Naeem Gul, Associate Professor, University of Peshawar, Mr. Abdul Ghani Leel, Lecturer, University of Gujrat, Maj.Usman Farooq, Miss Sobia Ghous, Miss Shehla Ashraf and Bilal Nawaz who have not only supported me but also shared their bright ideas, rich experience and mange to spare their valuable time for me for completion of my research work. Their biggest support came at the time of writing this thesis. I am grateful to all of them for their kindness and support.

Those who supported me are numerous and I could not mention their names here due to constraints of space. But it would be an injustice to Mr. Mansoor A.Sirohey (Member MWs- South) NHA, Mr. Shuaib Khattak (GM-M4), Mr. Muhammad Nasim Arif (GM, PKM), Mr.Tariq Moosa Memon, (Director C-Z), National Highway Authority and all my relatives, friends and colleagues who have supported me during my studies and research work.

iii

Thanks are also due to all Field Coordinators who have helped me in collection of data particularly those who have collected data from rural areas of Sindh, Gilgit Baltistan, Punjab & Balochistan.

I am thankful to my parents, my father Ch.Islam-ud-Din, who have always encouraged and helped me in my studies and guided me throughout my life. Dear father, I am grateful to you always. My beloved mother Asghari Naz, her prayers, care and love always motivated me in my life especially in studies. Love you a lot dear mother. I am thankful to my dear younger brother, Mr. Muhammad Umar Chuadhary, his wife Nida, my sisters Madeeha and Mamoona, my niece Amal Arshad & Hiba Umar and my Nephews Sadoon Rehman, Muhammad Shafy and Muhammad Ibrahim Umar Chaudhary for their love, care and support at home which helped me to concentrate on my work.

Lastly, I am thankful to my dear wife Sidra for her support, care, love, dedication, and commitment with me which helped me to concentrate on my work. Last but not the least, special love for my beloved children, Zeemal Fatima, Muhmmad Hassan Umair Chaudhary & Musab bin Umair for their patience throughout my studies.

The words would be short in their meanings to explain the discomfort caused to my family as well as the emotional pain, which my family went through during the course of this study. I deeply regret, however, without their support this research would not be what it is now. My extreme thanks for their unwavering support and love.

Muhammad Umair Chaudhary

CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

a) Acronyms / Abbreviations

b) Tables

c) Figures

d) Chapter No. 1 Introduction

e) Chapter No. 2 History of Radio

f) Chapter No. 3 Review of Literature

g) Chapter No. 4 Theoretical Framework

h) Chapter No. 5 Research Methodology

i) Chapter No. 6 Data Analysis & Interpretation

j) Chapter No. 7 Summary & Conclusion

k) References

Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Title No. List of Acronyms i Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Contents at glance v Table of Contents vi List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Role of radio 4 1.3 Statement of the Problem 7 1.4 Objectives of the research 7 1.5 Significance 7

2 HISTORY OF RADIO 8 2.1 History and development of radio 8 2.2 Radio in Sub-continent 13 2.3 Radio in Pakistan 15 2.3.1 Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) 15 2.3.2 Objectives of Radio Pakistan 18 2.3.3 Role of radio Pakistan in coping with natural disasters 20 2.3.4 Establishment of FM Network (FM-101) in Pakistan 20 2.3.5 Sections in PBC 22 2.3.6 Programs Wing 22 2.3.7 News 22 2.3.8 External Services 22 2.3.9 World Service (Urdu service) 23 2.3.10 Earth Station 23 2.3.11 Reporting Desk 23 2.3.12 News Monitoring 24 2.3.13 News and cultural affairs channel 24 2.4 Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority 24 2.5 FM radios working in different sectors in Pakistan 27 2.5.1 PBC FM 101 network 27 2.5.2 FM 93 and other stations 29 2.6 FM radio channels Licensed by PEMRA 29 2.7 Commercial FM radio channels in Pakistan 29 2.7.1 Power FM 99 29 2.7.2 The Dawn Media Group 30 2.7.3 Saif Group 30 2.7.4 Radio Awaz 31 2.7.5 Apna Karachi 107 32 2.7.6 Radio Buraq 32 2.7.7 M/s Shamal Media Services 33

Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Title No. 2.7.8 M/s Salaar Engineering & Trading Enterprises 33 2.7.9 M/s Vectracom Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited 34 2.7.10 M/s Tradeserve International 34 2.7.11 M/s Asian Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited 34 2.7.12 M/s Infotainment world (Pvt) Limited 35 2.7.13 M/s Biz Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited 36 2.7.14 Dil FM Network 37 2.7.15 M/s Sound Waves (Pvt) Limited 38 2.7.16 M/s Xena Satellite Communications (Pvt) Limited 38 2.7.17 M/s Omer Razzaq Enterprises (Pvt) Limited 39 2.7.18 M/s Tani Communication (Pvt) Limited 39 2.7.19 M/s Ranja Enterprises (Pvt) Limited 40 2.7.20 M/s E-waz Communications (Pvt) Limited 40 2.7.21 M/s Global Broadcast Networks (Pvt) Limited 41 2.7.22 M/s AMZee Media Marketing & Production (Pvt) Limited 42 2.7.23 M/s Gul Enterprises (Pvt) Limited 42 2.7.24 M/s Indus Radio Group 43 2.7.25 M/s Hi-waves Communications (Pvt) Limited 43 2.7.26 M/s H.S Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited 44 2.7.27 M/s Rose Media (Pvt) Limited 44 2.7.28 M/s Power Plus (Pvt) Limited 45 2.7.29 M/s Geo Kashmir Enterprises (Pvt) Limited 45 2.7.30 M/s WebCom (Pvt) Limited 46 2.7.31 M/s Kashmore Communication (Pvt) Limited 46 2.7.32 M/s Asman Radio (Pvt) Limited 46 2.7.33 M/s Flare (Pvt) Limited 47 2.7.34 FM 100 Pakistan Network 47 2.7.35 M/s Sanj Preet (Pvt) Limited 48 2.7.36 Dabang FM 90.4 49 2.7.37 M/s Sky Radio (Pvt) Limited 49 2.7.38 M/s Northern Communication (Pvt) Limited 50 2.7.39 M/s Sun Rise Media (Pvt) Limited 50 2.7.40 M/s Global Enterprises (Pvt) Limited 51 2.7.41 M/s Cottcool International (Pvt) Limited 51 2.7.42 Jazba FM Network 52 2.7.43 M/s Project Implementation Management (Pvt) Limited 52 2.7.44 M/s J&N Communications (Pvt) Limited 53 2.7.45 Voice of Time Radio Network (VOT) 53 2.7.46 M/s Voices (Pvt) Limited 54 2.7.47 M/s Mega Sounds Communication (Pvt) Limited 55 2.7.48 M/s Kissan Cattle & Dairy Farms (SMC-Pvt) Limited 55 2.7.49 M/s Seven Sounds (Pvt) Limited 56 2.7.50 M/s Sitar Communications (Pvt) Limited 56 2.7.51 M/s Tower Media (Pvt) Limited 56

vii

Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Title No. 2.8 Detail of non-commercial FM radios 57 2.8.1 Campus FM Radio Channels 57 2.8.2 Campus Radio Punjab University 57 2.8.3 Campus Radio Dawah Academy, IIUI 58 2.8.4 Campus Radio University of Peshawar 59 2.8.5 Campus Radio NUML 59 2.8.6 Campus Radio Islamia University, Bahawalpur 59 2.8.7 Campus Radio LCWU 60 2.8.8 Campus Radio University of Karachi 61 2.8.9 Campus Radio Gomal University, D.I.Khan 61 2.8.10 Campus Radio FJWU 62 2.8.11 Campus Radio AIOU 62 2.8.12 Campus Radio BZU, Multan 62 2.8.13 Campus Radio SZABIST, Karachi 63 2.8.14 Campus Radio Kinnaird College, Lahore 63 2.8.15 Campus Radio Riphah International University 64 2.8.16 Campus Radio SZABIST, Larkana 65 2.8.17 Campus Radio Ziaudin University, Karachi 65 2.8.18 Campus Radio University of Sargodha 66 2.8.19 Campus Radio, FGMCW 67 2.8.20 FM Radio Punjab Traffic Police, Lahore 67 2.8.21 Campus Radio University of Gujrat 68 2.8.22 FM Radio Islamabad Traffic Police 68 2.8.23 Campus Radio KUST 69 2.8.24 Campus Radio Hazara University, Mansehra 69 2.8.25 FM Radio PILAC, Lahore 70 2.8.26 FM Radio Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industries, Lahore 71 2.8.27 FM Radio National Highway Authority 71 2.8.28 Campus Radio Govt. College University Faisalabad 71 2.8.29 FM Radio Gwadar 72 2.8.30 Campus Radio NUST, Islamabad 72 2.8.31 FM Radio SZABIST, Islamabad 72 2.8.32 Campus radio 92 Directorate of Public Relations, KPK 73 2.8.33 Campus Radio University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 73 2.8.34 Campus Radio MAJU, Islamabad 74 2.8.35 Campus Radio MAJU, Karachi 74 2.8.36 Campus Radio University of Central Punjab, Lahore 74 2.8.37 Campus Radio Shahed Mohtrma Benazir Bhutto Medical 74 University, Larkana 2.8.38 Campus Radio Superior University, Lahore 75 2.8.39 Campus Radio KPK Judicial Academy, Peshawar 75 2.8.40 Campus Radio The University of Faisalabad 76

viii

Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Title No. 2.8.41 FM Radio National Highways & Motorway Police 76 2.8.42 FM Radio Sindh Police 77 2.8.43 FM Radio Capital Development Authority 77 2.8.44 Campus Radio Sindh Madress-tul-Islam University 78 2.8.45 Campus Radio UMT, Lahore 78 2.8.46 Campus Radio University of Balochistan 78 2.9 FM radios run by ISPR 80 2.9.1 SUNO FM (FM 96 & FM 89.4) 80 2.10 Online FM radios / Web radios 82 2.10.1 INSAF radio 82 2.10.2 Dawat-e-Islami FM 82 Summary 83 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 85 Summary 106 3.1 Hypothesis 107 3.1.1 Hypothesis 1 107 3.1.2 Rationale of Hypothesis 1 107 3.1.3 Hypothesis 2 107 3.1.4 Rationale of Hypothesis 2 107 3.2 Research Questions 107 4 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK 108 4.1 Agenda Setting Theory 108 4.2 Uses and Gratification Theory 109 Summary 110 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 111 5.1 Objectives 111 5.2 Cultural Impact 111 5.3 Political Impact 111 5.4 Social Impact 112 5.5 Research methodology 112 5.6 Population 112 5.7 Sampling 113 5.8 Analysis of Data 113 5.9 Data Coding 114 5.10 Demographic Characteristics 115 6 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION 116 Summary 154 Results of Hypothesis 162 Results of Research Questions 163

Chapter TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Title No. 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 165 7.1 Findings 165 7.2 Suggestions 170 7.3 Conclusion 173 References 175 Appendixes 190 Appendix-A List of commercial FM radio licenses, issued 190 by PEMRA as on 04-04-2019 Appendix-B List of non-commercial FM radio licenses, issued by PEMRA as on 04-04-2019 197 Appendix-C List of cancelled FM radio licenses by PEMRA 201 Appendix-D List of PBC FM 101 Network 202 Appendix-E List of PBC FM 93 & 94 Network 203 Appendix-F Detail of Commercial and Non Commercial 204 FM channels in Pakistan Appendix-G Province-wise detail of non-commercial FM radio Stations 207 Appendix-H Questionnaire 208 Appendix-I Questionnaire (English Translation) 212 Appendix-J Interview questionnaire 216 Appendix-K List of Filed coordinators 217 Appendix-L List of Interviewees 220 Appendix-M Response/ correspondence with interviewees 223

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Description Page No.

6.1 Radio listeners 117 6.2 Duration of radio listeners 118 6.3 FM radio listeners 119 6.4 Main purpose of FM radio listening 120 6.5 Duration of FM radio listing 121 6.6 Opinion about FM radio programs 122 Effectiveness of FM radio in promotion of different social 6.7 Issues 123

6.8 Consequences on youth due to militants FM radio 124 Effectiveness of establishment of FM radio in promotion 6.9 of political agendas 125 Views of respondents about Indian/ Western values 6.10 126 disseminated in society through FM radio

6.11 Regional language aired on FM radio are helpful 127 6.12 Cultural issues mostly highlighted on FM radio programs 128 6.13 Living style 129 6.14 Food stuff 130 6.15 Celebration of festivals 131 6.16 Outfits 132

6.17 Types of political issues mostly highlighted on FM 133

6.18 Voting behavior 134 6.19 Level of interest in political issues 135 6.20 Joining political parties 136

6.21 Social issues highlighted on FM radio programs 137

6.22 Health issues 139

LIST OF TABLES Table No. Description Page No.

6.23 Education 141

6.24 Law abidance. 143

6.25 Eating habits. 145 6.26 Language 147 6.27 Dressing 149 6.28 Overall impacts of FM radio programs on youth 151 6.29 FM radio fulfils the requirements of the modern age 153

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

2.1 Types of programs aired on PBC network 22 2.2 External service languages 23 2.3 Radios in Pakistan 26 6.1 Radio Listeners 117 6.2 Duration of radio listening 118 6.3 FM radio listeners 119 6.4 Major intention of FM radio listening 120 6.5 Time spend in FM radio listening 121 6.6 Views about Programs aired on FM radios 122 6.7 FM radio transmission and various social issues 123 6.8 Consequences of militant’s FM radio on youth 124 6.9 Use of FM radio by political parties 125

6.10 Propagation of foreign culture and values through FM 126 radio programs

6.11 Effectiveness of regional language programs on 127 FM radio in promotion of harmony

6.12 Types of cultural issues disseminated through FM 128 radio

6.13 Persuasion of FM radio on living style of listeners 129 6.14 Persuasion of FM radio on edibles of listeners 130

6.15 Persuasion on FM radio listeners regarding festival 131 celebrations

6.16 Influence of FM radio listening on outfits 132 6.17 Types of political issues raised on FM radio programs 133 6.18 Influence of FM radio listening on voting behavior 134 6.19 Influence of FM radio listening on taking interest in political 135 issues Influence of FM radio listening regarding joining 6.20 136 political parties 6.21 Types of social issues raised in FM radio programs 137

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

6.22 Impact of FM radio programs on health matters 139 6.23 Impact of FM radio on education 141 6.24 Impact of radio listening on law abidance 143 6.25 Impact of FM radio listening on eating habits 145 6.26 Impact of FM radio listening on spoken language 147 6.27 Impact of FM radio listening on traditional dressing 149 6.28 Overall impacts of FM radio programs on youth 151 6.29 FM radio and necessities of modern age 153

xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview

Communication plays key role towards development and progress of any nation. Undoubtedly, radio is most reachable medium of communication because of its effectiveness particularly in such areas where majority of public neither read nor write. Radio is very easy to run and maintain. In developing countries, listenership of radio is frequent than the other sources of communication e.g. newspapers, television etc. because of its production cost which is significantly lower than print and other electronic media (Marc, 1997).

As truly said by Leonard (1999) that “radio has much strength that cannot be matched by television”. It is cheap to run and cheap to receive. It is mobile so can be listened to in deserts and jungles, in fields and on boats. It is quick to react, so is the best medium for news and information. In times of disaster, such as hurricanes or earth quakes, radio is the life line of the affected people, bringing them essential information for their survival. Public radio deserves a better deal than it is getting. It has even been said that, if public broadcasting is to survive in the new communication world, it will be through radio and not television (Fuller, 2007).

Radio presents diversity of programs perhaps as compare to other analog media. It provides information, live debates, news, marketing, source of revenue generation, live commentary, audience interactivity, weather reports, sports round up, broadcaster of musical and entertainment programs and much more. It is a powerful source of information in remote areas where accessibility of other mediums becomes null. It is a reliable source and medium in case of emergent situation in all parts of world, either a natural disasters occurs, or severe storm or conflict of nations etc. because of its quality of portability and flexibility (Pavlik & McIntosh, 2011).

Radio remained a public medium during the World Wars, especially World War II. It was used as an important tool in armory because of the fact that it had been an unrevealed source of information as well as radio had also been used as public morale builder as this medium doesn’t require extensive education or knowledge as compared to newspaper and other electronic media such as television and Internet (Price, 1998).

1 The medium of radio has been used throughout the globe in peace, war time, for accomplishment of political agenda of political leaders, propaganda campaigns etc. keeping in view its diversified impact and accessibility to general masses USA president Franklin Roosevelt used this medium effectively to communicate and address the nation. As said by Lazarsfeld that “Voice matters”, voice impacts on its listeners more than words. For example, during a radio talk by USA President Franklin Roosevelt asked for glass of water, after drinking some water, the president said to the listeners “My friends, it’s very hot here in Washington tonight”, simple words of president impacted the audience and very next day he received thousands of sympathetic letters. This phenomenon has geared up the radio industry as compared to newspaper in thirties. Radio took the attention of people and public relying on radio news than newspaper because they consider that the news/ reports transmitted by radio are without any tempering. People considered that radio announcer would not communicate such thing which is not real or true (Crowley & Heyer, 1999).

Another very interesting and true example of impact of radio news on its listeners is radio production on H.G Wells Novel “The War of the Worlds”, which was adapted into a radio drama and directed by Orson Welles wherein invasion of aliens by Mars was announced which had created a panic among the listeners in 1938. Radio programs convinced the public through its programming and reliability of news. Radio has been used as a political tool in USA as well as in sub-continent. USA president Franklin Roosevelt during his period had made a habit to address with nation with a radio program named as “Fireside chats”. He used to address with American nation in such a way that political chat seemed as chat with friends. Similarly, Hitler said during a speech on radio in 1936 in Munich “I live right inside radio when I listen. I more easily lose myself in radio than in a book”. Hitler disseminated and shared his thoughts with German public by using radio medium effectively (Crowley & Heyer, 1999).

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan had also used radio (All India Radio) to address the Muslims of Sub-continent. Speeches of Mr. Jinnah were enthusiastically listened by the Muslims especially the youth. These speeches motivated the Muslims of Sub-continent to struggle for separate homeland. Address to the Muslims by Quaid-e-Azam charged up the independence movement and resultantly Pakistan came into being. The announcement of creation of Pakistan was also made on radio (Siddiqui, 1991).

Radio medium is also useful and significant force in promoting culture. Individuals and masses are influenced by the messages received through effective source of medium such as radio. As radio waves cover thousands miles to reach its listener whether living in

2 metropolitan area or rural area as compared to other media, therefore the impact created by the radio is twice than the other media. Radio programs aired cultural heritages of one place which had been listened and influenced on the people of other areas / regions. Cultural values include living style, food, cultural festival, outfits etc. People of far flung areas might be unaware of the cultural events of other region if the waves of radio could not reach to them. Similarly, the concept of celebrity has been made possible through mass media i.e. radio & T.V. It might be possible that people could not become such famous if these media were not available to them (Tyagi, 2015).

Radio has not only been providing information, entertainment to the masses but also the radio industry has provided a helpful hand in economical growth and revenue generation since its inception. Radio industry has also opened new doors for providing opportunities for advertisement agencies and record industry. Radio has geared up the advertisement industry and attracted the attention of manufacturers towards its useful and handy approach which can appeal the listeners in very effective and influential manner. Resultantly, radio programs gaining sponsorship from different consumers and manufacturers. Similarly, record industry after joining the radio and captured the market and become a valuable industry and a big source of revenue generation besides other companies (Paxson, 2010).

Keeping in view and importance of radio, the purpose of this research is to investigate and explain the revival of radio in Pakistan and it will also ascertain the impact of FM radio channels on its listeners particularly youth population. Furthermore, this research will also elaborate the cultural, political and social impact of FM radio on youth. As it is evident that ratio of FM listeners especially youth is increasing as compared with recent past with the emergence of FM radio channels.

3 1.2 Role of radio

Radio has been a popular medium in Pakistan because of two main reasons; firstly that radio transmission reaches in remote areas of the country without any physical obstruction, and secondly that radio broadcast provide information to its listeners without any discrimination of literate and illiterate.

Radio broadcasting has been major source of information since its inception. Due to diversity in its programs such as music, talk shows, drama, announcements, news, education etc. it is popular medium among other electronic media that provide information to their listeners (Mezzera & Sial, 2009).

Radio is a lively and leading media in rural areas of Pakistan especially where TV transmission is not accessible because of excessive transmission costs. Radio is gaining popularity in urban areas as in these areas peoples are too much busy in their work and have very limited time to watch television, therefore they prefer to listen radio broadcast while doing their routine works whether driving or working. Radio is popular among people of all age groups, sex and gender significantly youth. Radio brought social as well as political awareness among public specially, the youth and it was the youth who have played a vital role in independence movement of Pakistan (Siddiqui, 1991; Chaudhary, 2011).

Before partition, there were three broadcasting stations of All India Radio (AIR) at Lahore, Peshawar and Dhaka. On 14th August, 1947, after independence very first broadcast aired simultaneously from two different cities Lahore and Peshawar. Radio remained a very popular medium in Pakistan as it served the nation in peace and war, conflicts and comforts, tension and rest, crisis and calm etc. The services rendered by Radio Pakistan during announcement of Red Cliff Award in 1947, settlement of refuges in 1947, funeral procession of founder Quaid- e-Azam in 1948, 1965 war with India, 1971 war with India were remarkable. The broadcast aired by Radio Pakistan at that times had been appreciated by the public as it had united the nation and boosted up the morale of entire nation in the hours of tension and dejection (Siddiqui, 1991).

In Pakistan, radio medium has been controlled by the Government for a very long time to use it as a tool for “propaganda” and due to fear of its misuse. Radio Pakistan had lost its popularity due to emergence of new media such as Television, cable and Internet. Audience wants to listen more authentic, reliable and fresh programs, instead of listening

4 stereo type programs. This policy has damaged the popularity of radio in Pakistan. Radio in Pakistan remained under state monopoly until 2002. The state owned monopoly was challenged with the opening of new FM radios which were entering into the field after emergence of Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) in year 2002 which had made possible private radio ownership in Pakistan (PEMRA, 2016).

FM (Frequency Modulation) radio was introduced in Pakistan in 1995. Initially, under private ownership, its services were limited to three big cities Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. Later on, in October 1998 Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) has started their own FM radio broadcasting with the title of FM-101 initially only for three (03) cities, Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. Presently, ten (10) FM 101 stations and twenty four (24) regular FM stations are operating by PBC. Today, Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) comprises of sixty four (64) stations including twenty three (23) MW, seven (07) SM & thirty four (34) FM. With the establishment of Television in Pakistan, size of radio audience reduced in the country with each passing year. This situation was changed after emergence of private electronic media in Pakistan. A transformation in broadcasting industry was seen after commencement of FM Radio in private sector. Radio has regained its listenership to great extent which previously neglected this medium (PBC, 2016).

PEMRA has awarded one hundred and forty two (142) licenses to different operators to commence operation of commercial FM radio in different districts of the country up till April, 2019. These FM radio channels are operating in major cities. Most of these FM radios are established in big cities whereas less number of FM radios are established in small cities and towns. It is observed that commercial FM radio stations have focused on airing entertainment programs and very less space is given to news and current affair. These programs are designed to focus on youth and also to cater for their commercial based needs (PEMRA, 2019).

PEMRA has also issued forty five (45) licenses to different public universities, institutions and departments to establish non commercial, non political FM radio stations. These licenses have been issued to promote awareness, knowledge and to bridge communication gap. Among these forty five (45) non-commercial FM radios, twelve (12) FM radios have been established in Islamabad, seventeen (17) in Punjab province, nine (09) in Sindh province, six (06) in KPK province and one (01) in Balochistan province. FM radio stations established in educational institutes are providing a useful platform to the youth and students to get experience as well as to demonstrate their skills, potential and knowledge. 5 On the other hand, non commercial radios working under other public sector departments such as Traffic Police, Motorway Police, Peshawar High Court etc. performing as social mobilizers and disseminating public awareness messages and keeping the general masses informed and updated by circulating key information from time to time (PEMRA, 2019).

FM radio channels are supposed to entertain the listeners as well educate them and highlight social and cultural issues but it is observed that justice is not being served with this medium. All such things are happening due to lack of policy making. It is a fact that outlook of people is changed with the opening of electronic media in Pakistan. People became more conscious, more aware and more knowledgeable as compared to the past. Since radio remained under state control throughout its history, therefore this medium could not do justice with its role. On the other hand, FM radio had also been used as a tool for propaganda by the militants particularly in Swat area where militant’s leader Mullah Fazlullah had mobilized people for bringing social revolution by using illegal FM radio. This useful medium should be used by media organizers for promotion of literacy and awareness of its people to overcome social, cultural and political problems. It is dilemma that in news reporting conflict issues , political stories etc. get more space in radio broadcast rather to cover and highlight social issues such as violation of human rights, rights to minorities, women rights etc. (International Media Support, 2009).

6 1.3 Statement of the problem

This study is an attempt to find out the cultural, political and social impact of FM radio on youth.

1.4 Objectives of the research

The major objectives of this research work are:

1. To know the background of radio and FM radio

2. To know and evaluate cultural impact of FM radio on youth

3. To know and find out political impact of FM radio on youth

4. To know social impact of FM radio on youth

5. To know and explore as how FM radio can achieve its objectives

1.5 Significance

The rapid growth in FM sector in Pakistan has drawn attention of the researcher. The researcher will observe the cultural, political and social impact of FM listening on the youth as this dimension needs to be addressed. In previous researches this aspect was not discussed. So, this research is intended to investigate and explore the revival of radio in Pakistan through FM channels and this research will significantly analyze cultural, political and social impact of FM listening on the youth as the majority of listeners associated with FM radios are the youth. The present research will also be helpful in measuring & assessing the implications of FM programs culturally, politically & socially on the society particularly the youth. This research will present the whole picture of FM radio working in Pakistan which will surely help the individuals to know radio industry in Pakistan. As radio medium had lost its efficacy in Pakistan in past and since last two decades, after advent of FM radio in Pakistan, radio listening trend has revived. In spite from the other discrepancies of the society, FM radio has decreased the hegemony of Television and has become a prominent mass medium which is significantly popular among youth.

CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF RADIO

2.1 History and development of radio

It is said that “if success has many parents, then radio is one of the world’s greatest successes”. Many personalities have contributed their role in invention and development of radio. Radio’s development comprises of many phases. It was not invented at once. The invention of “Telegraph” in 1844 has broken down the link between transportation and information. Before the invention of telegraph, information traveled through trade routes and depended upon the sources of transportation whether it be horse or otherwise. It was assumed that information traveled with the speed of the source of transportation as much as the sources (horse) run faster, instantaneously the information travelled faster. Samuel Morse has got the credit of invention of Telegraph. This invention had opened the new ways of communication (Folkerts & Lacy, 2006).

The development of Radio was started since the invention of wireless or in other words when scientists had been able to send a wireless message from one destination to another. Mahlon Loomis was the first scientist who had broadcasted a wireless message, fourteen (14) miles away from Virginia by utilizing kites in 1868 which were sent in the air from two different places. These kites were fully wrapped with thin copper gauze and linked to ground through wires. A German physicist Henirich Hertz was the first scientist who had showed that electric waves could be transmitted and received wirelessly. Today, this idea is acknowledged as fundamental building block of radio. Today, frequency measurement unit (Hz) is called after him “Hertz”. In late 1880’s, he had conducted many experiments regarding receiving and sending electric waves (Pavlik & McIntosh, 2011).

In 1892, a farmer named as Nathan B. Stubblefield invented a wireless communication device which could transmit voice as well as music over a distance of about 500 feet. Later on, in 1893, Nikola Tesla, a Yugoslavian scientist demonstrated a wireless transmitter and receiver in New York, America. Alexander Stepanovich Popov who was a Russian physicist is considered the true inventor of wireless telegraphy. In March 1896, he publicly demonstrated transmission of radio waves. In honor of his accomplishment every year 7th March is celebrated in Russia as “Radio Day”. In 1894, an Italian inventor “Guglielmo Marconi” conducted experiments to transmit wireless signals in 1895, Guglielmo Marconi &

George Kemp had become successful to make equipment which could transmit electrical signals using air as a medium from one end of his house to other. This achievement was really the beginning of practical wireless telegraphy or radio. In 1896, he was successful to transmit a wireless signal over a distance of two (2) miles. In 1899, Marconi become successful to invent radio telegraphy, and he named it “the wireless” and in English speaking world, radio has been named as “the wireless” (Pavlik & McIntosh, 2011).

Marconi has given demonstration of his system publically to military and government officials in London in 1896. This demonstration gained publicity and also impressed the Americans who have considered the importance of the Marconi wireless telegraphy systems and had purchased the system for use of USA military applications. In December 1901, Marconi succeeded to send first wireless telegraphy message between two (02) stations and across the ocean. In 1905, Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was founded. In 1906, on Christmas eve, an American scientist R.A. Fessenden succeeded to transmit first ever human speech by using radio waves and read bible verse, played his violin and also sang a song and it is considered as first broadcast. USA department of agriculture utilized radio broadcasting for weather reports. Basically, the term broadcasting is an agricultural term as it means “form of planting seeds by casting them widely in a field rather than depositing them one at a time”. In 1901, Fessenden obtained copyright from US Government for his new invention of radio transmitter which could produce “continuous waves” and Fessenden's design becomes the basis of AM radio (Pavlik & McIntosh, 2011).

In 1901, Marconi's coast station sent a message across the Atlantic by using a special Transmitter in England. In 1903, an international congress was held at Berlin, Germany on Wireless Telegraphy. A first ever wireless news service was established in year 1904 by Marconi's company. In 1910, wireless technology got wide publicity when a murderer was arrested at port by the Scotland Yard who were informed by the captain of ship through wireless message that some suspected are travelling on ship and arranged the detective arrest of criminal who was an American Physician in England and was trying to escaped after killing his wife. In 1912, wireless became essential part of ships to communicate with land stations. Lee De Forest, another pioneer of radio development and also known as the “Father of Radio”, was also an American. Forest became successful to send a signal from the metropolitan opera house situated in New York city to the other listeners which were away up to distance of about fifty (50) miles by using “wireless telephony” in January, 1910 which was

9 the first time when a live show was heard by audience who were not present at spot. De- Forest also invented amplitude modulation (AM) radio that had allowed for a multitude of radio stations. In 1912, a tragic incident happened when Titanic ship was struck with an iceberg in Atlantic. Radio operators on the ship used Marconi's wireless telegraph to send a SOS message that was heard by a nearby ship and rescued 717 passengers (Laster, 2001; Crowley & Heyer, 1999).

During World War-I, all radio developments were regulated by US Navy to avert the radio technology from enemies‟ detectives and ordered to immediately shut down all radio stations. The U.S.A government controlled the copyrights related to radio as at that time wireless had become strategically important technology. Similarly, the British Government had also instantly taken command of Marconi's Firm. After World War-I, Marconi Company in UK again began producing vacuum tubes, transmitters etc. and news and entertainment programs were broadcast which were designed by Marconi’s team. In 1919, shortwave radio was developed (Fang, 1997).

In October, 1920, U.S.A issued first ever radio license to KDKA. First commercial radio broadcast was on aired by KDKA, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, America in November, 1920 when election results were transmitted which were listened by about 1,000 listeners. Leo Rosenberg, from KDKA was called radio's first announcer. American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) had established a group of radio stations in 1923 and subsequently National Broadcast Company (NBC) operated two networks (Red & Blue) in year 1926. The Red Network aired broadcast related with entertainment and music while on the other hand the Blue Network aired transmission of news and general information (Schramm, 1949; Paxson, 2010).

In December, 1922, British Broadcasting Company was established by an alliance of radio makers. In 1927, British Broadcasting Company became the British Broadcasting Corporation as known today BBC and started to collect charges as license fee from listeners. Initially, BBC started broadcasts which continue few hours per day and programs consisted of dramas, music, shows & sports etc. In 1934, Edwin Howard Armstrong, who was engineering professor at Colombia University, invented frequency modulation or FM radio. Frequency Modulation (FM) radio broadcast occupies frequency bandwidth from 88 MHz to 108 MHz whereas Amplitude Modulation (AM) occupies 535 kHz to 1705 kHz on broadcast spectrum. This achievement has put magnificent impact on radio industry. A good quality of sound and

10 uninterrupted transmission was made possible to the listeners with this technique (Folkerts & Lacy, 2006).

In 1939, during WW-II, BBC immediately launched a channel called Home Service in replacement of all regional medium wave programs to prevent from German aircraft which were using localized broadcasts for direction finding. The British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain made announcement of World War-II on BBC Home Service channel on September, 1939 that “Britain is at war with Germany”. In 1947, the technology used in radios had been changed as the transistors replaced the vacuum tubes. This invention had changed the future of electronics. In 1954, first transistor radio was put on sale. Special programs for youngsters had been started by BBC. First BBC local radio station “BBC Radio Leicester” was established in 1967 and later on BBC started World service. In 1973, Commercial radio stations were also started to broadcast the programs and gradually with the development in radio, the transmission time of radio increased for twenty four (24) hours. Satellite radios, Internet radios etc. are the advanced forms of radios. Today, even in the era of technological advancement and flux of inventions, still radio is listened commonly in cars, using internet and mobile phones etc. by all the age groups. This shows the popularity of this medium (Folkerts & Lacy, 2006).

Due to strict conditions, at beginning of World War-II in 1939, monopoly of AM radio stations and invention of Television, FM radio could not flourish well in its early years and had to struggle to catch and make a place in the market. It is misfortune of FM radio that development of FM radio and TV took place in same period as well as there existed some technical issues which restricted the progression and development of FM Radio in its beginning period. Initially, TV and FM radios were placed in same electromagnetic spectrum, this technical fault affected in progression of FM radios. However, in 1945, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated frequency band for FM radios ranges from 88 to 108 (MHz), the same frequency band is being used for FM radios today. Undoubtedly, FM produces better sound quality as compare to AM radio but the development of TV restricted the growth of FM radio (Dominick, 2005).

FM radio got boomed in 1970’s as conditions to get license of FM radio became relaxed as compared with past as well as it became hard to get license of AM radio station. Radio stations adopted new format of programming instead of following old format in which only news and short features programs were the priority. New format introduced

11 better sound quality which attracted the audience particularly the youth. FM radio channels became trade mark of airing music and entertainment and AM radios showed their dominancy by airing programs such as news, talk shows etc. In 1980’s radio industry got it’s peak after the invention of Compact Discs (CDs) particularly in United States where radio industry became a big source of revenue generation which influenced the economy as well. Furthermore, in 1992, technique of Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) has opened new windows for radio broadcasting. DAB provided great opportunities for consumers which includes more entertainment channels, allows sending textual data to receivers and provision of improved and better quality of sound etc. (Dominick, 2011).

In field of radio broadcast, major developments have been occurred in 21st century. The conventional methods of radio broadcasting i.e. AM and FM radios are being replaced by the adoption of new technology of satellite radio broadcast. Satellite radio was developed in 1990’s however it was launched after 2000. It provides uncensored programming platform, digital programming as well as better quality of sound as compare to AM or FM radios. Satellite radio technology is emerging day by day as it is less expensive and provides remotely programming to owner of station. Satellite radio does not require purchasing of new radios sets, one can listen satellite radio programs on their radio sets only by purchasing the accessories and docking unit which allow and connect the user with satellite radio (Lambert, 2011).

Advancement in technology has also reshaped the radio broadcasting. New techniques of radio broadcasting have been evolved which are providing the users better quality of output and results such as High Definition (HD) radio and Internet radios etc. HD radio is the new version of digital radio and similar to HDTV technology which allows the users more than one videos on a similar channel. It also provides better and improved sound quality with deeper base and greater range as compare to AM and FM radios. Similarly, Internet radio provides radio streaming through internet. Internet radio is also named as web radio, online radio, streaming radio, e-radio etc. Internet radio can be accessed through out the globe. This type of broadcasting does not require any licensing and is free from any type of obligations. Services of Internet radio are free of cost for web users (Anderson, 2011; Halbert, 2015).

Radio is the oldest electronic media which has not only been used to disseminate information but also used as a propaganda tool which can mobilize people and build public opinion. Radio broadcasting has successfully competed other electronic medium of the

12 era particularly TV broadcasting e.g. BBC radio always get significant position and has been a favourite medium for the masses especially for political debates and for airing political issues of the world (Brereton, 2001).

Radio transmission immediately effects its listeners, as it does during famous broadcast of Orson Welles “Invasion from Mars”, which had grabbed the audience and people had thought the story as a real. Radio broadcasting has changed the ways of communication, speeded up and accelerated provision of information, means of the advertising etc. and also introduced disc jockey’s or radio jockey’s (McLuhan, 2002).

2.2 Radio in Sub-Continent

Radio broadcasting service in sub-continent was started before partition of Indo- Pakistan under British rule. Initially, a private company namely The Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was established in year 1926. First ever radio station in sub-continent was setup by IBC in Bombay which had started its broadcast on 23rd July, 1927. Later on, a small transmitting radio station was established in Lahore in year 1928. The broadcasting service in sub-continent came under the control of the government in year 1930 and named as “Indian State Broadcasting Service” (ISBS). Subsequently, “Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act (1933)” was come into force in January, 1934 (PBC, 2016).

Keeping in view the demand of public and popularity of radio, Government of NWFP established a transmitting station having capacity of 250 Watts, in Peshawar in January 1935. Office of Controller of broadcasting in Sub-continent was established in March 1935 under the Department of Industries & Labour and Mr. Lionel Fielden was appointed as first Controller of Broadcasting in Sub- continent on August, 1935 (PBC, 2016).

Indian State Broadcasting Service established a new radio station in Delhi in year 1936. The name of “Indian State Broadcasting Service” (ISBS) was changed as “All India Radio” (AIR) on 8th June‚ 1936. Subsequently, in April, 1937, the government of India had taken over the charge of Peshawar radio station from NWFP government (PBC, 2016).

Radio station Lahore had started its transmission in March, 1939. News bulletins in all languages were centralized at radio station Delhi. In 1939, a new radio station was opened in Dhaka. Political leaders of Sub-continent used radio medium to address the public during independence movement as at that time, radio was the only the electronic medium available in sub-continent (PBC, 2016).

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah had also used radio waves to address the Muslims of sub-continent. His first speech was aired from Bombay radio station on the eve of Eid in year 1939. Department of Information and Broadcasting in sub- continent was established in year 1941. All India Radio (AIR) has the honor that historic speech of Quaid- e-Azam wherein he had made the announcement of creation of new state for Muslims of Sub-continent was aired through AIR on 3rd June, 1947 (PBC, 2016).

2.3 Radio in Pakistan

2.3.1 Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC)

On 3rd June, 1947, a historic address was made by a great leader and creator of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah on All India Radio (AIR). He also made announcement of creation of newly free nation Pakistan for the Muslims of the Sub-continent. Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947. The announcement of creation of Pakistan was aired by this new organization i.e. Pakistan Broadcasting Service which came into existence at same date & time. Afterward, this new organization is known as Radio Pakistan (Ahmad, 2005).

At the time of independence in 1947, Pakistan inherited very small broadcast infrastructure which comprised of only three radio stations working at Lahore, Dhaka and Peshawar. Pakistan was come into being in the name of Islam. The newly established Pakistan broadcasting service has the responsibility to build and develop a strong sense of Islamic identity and national unity among the masses. A large number of populations was scattered in far-flung areas of country where basic facilities such as schooling, electricity etc. are less accessible and Radio Pakistan played a vital role during this crucial moment and kept the nation well informed with its transmission (Ahmad, 2005).

No doubt, it was historic moment when Mr. Mustafa Hamdani announced the creation of Pakistan at midnight between 13th and 14th August, 1947, by saying: “Assalam-o-Alaikum! Pakistan Broadcasting Service. Hum Lahore se bol rahe hain. Teraan aur chaudaa August sunn saintalees ki darmiani raat, bara baje hain, tuloo-e-subhe Azadi!”

The English translation of above stated radio message is as under:

“Greetings! Pakistan Broadcasting Service. We are speaking from Lahore. The night between the thirteen and fourteen of August, year forty seven. It is twelve o'clock. Dawn of Freedom.”

The above narrated sentences spoken by Mustafa Hamdani were not only an announcement regarding the creation of Pakistan but also simultaneously declared the foundation of state broadcast service which was subsequently named as Radio Pakistan. Radio Pakistan started its services with very limited resources and outdated equipment. In beginning,

15 just three transmitters were available. After one year, rapid growth was observed when two new stations in Karachi and Rawalpindi were started in 1948. A new broadcasting house was also established in Karachi in 1950. In 1950, radio station was setup in Rawalpindi followed by new stations in Hyderabad in 1951 and in 1956 radio station was established in Quetta. These new additions have made Radio Pakistan more valuable medium (Hussian, 2012).

In 1972, Radio Pakistan was renamed as Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. Until the early 90’s, Radio Pakistan owned complete monopoly in the empire of broadcasting in the country which was disturbed due to establishment of FM broadcast in private sector. Nevertheless Radio Pakistan has its access to people with a wide range of FM and AM radio stations in every part of country (Ahmad, 2005).

Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) Act was promulgated and a statutory corporation came into being in 1973. The corporation comprises of Broad of Directors which are appointed by the government who manage PBC. The board of Directors includes a Chairman, a Director General and six Directors. The Chairman of the organization is secretary of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The Headquarters of PBC is situated in Islamabad. It has 34 stations in other cities of the country. Radio broadcast reaches almost 100 % of population (PBC, 2016).

There was a time when radio programs were popular among all family members. They used to listen their favourite programs such as dramas, music and other shows. Radio provided education and mass awareness and played a key role in shaping minds of people (Ahmad, 2005).

Many artists such as vocalists, performers, lyricists, writers & poets etc. from different parts of country joined Radio Pakistan which set a new era of cultural revival. Many radio programs became popular; for example “Hit Parade” aired on weekdays, attracted young listeners as this show provided space for newcomers. Similarly, another very famous program “Apki Farmaish” which comprised on film songs got immense popularity in public (Ahmad, 2005).

Radio was extremely popular among general public particularly during cricket matches. Live commentary of cricket matches on radio boosted up nation's enthusiasm into

16 the game right up to the 70’s till the emergence of Television in Pakistan. Cricket Commentary in English on radio by Umar Qureshi and Jamshed Marker in the 50’s and 60’s is still recalled and memorized by the elders and cricket fans of the time. Similarly, legend commentator S.M.Naqi played an important role in promoting national game Hockey with his thrilling commentary (Iqbal, 2015).

People trusted on radio news bulletins and its current affairs programs. Women actively engaged in listening radio dramas and musical programs whereas students loved to listen programs such as “Bachon Ki Dunya” etc. A large number of students enthusiastically took part in competition programs, debates, poetry contests etc. (Iqbal, 2015).

A very popular radio program which was world's second longest and Asia's number one program “Talqeen Shah” by Ashfaq Ahmed was started in 1960’s and continuously aired for 39 years undoubtedly ruled over hearts of people with humor, comedy and advice. Interestingly, radio was considered as academy which produced film & TV stars in Pakistan. Majority of TV and film stars have started their career from radio (Ahmad, 2005).

Radio Pakistan always leaded at forefront and helped the people whenever required whether it be floods, famine or earthquake. It provided help to rescue & rehabilitate people by far reaching voice. During war time, Radio Pakistan role is unforgettable as it not only bonded and united the entire nation by broadcasting special war anthems and programs but also boosted the morale of our brave soldiers. The role played in 1965 war by Radio Pakistan is not forgettable (Ahmad, 2005).

Its dominancy in rural areas is observed as it is compared to more expensive and electricity dependent communication systems such as internet or television. PBC has successfully attempted to establish a grip in rural areas by localizing its broadcasting activities. In addition to broadcast in Urdu language, PBC also broadcasts its programs in twenty nine (29) regional languages from thirty three (33) different cities (PBC, 2016).

First FM radio transmission was aired in September 1998 but since 2002, it has been adding many more FM channels to its services keeping in view the fact that FM listenership comprises about 40% of the total radio listenership in the country and also to reach those listeners who lived at border areas of the country such as in Federally Administrated Tribal

17 area (FATA) where people could easily convinced by the local militants who are using FM stations for propaganda purposes (PBC, 2016).

After emergence of Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA), advancement in media industry in Pakistan can be seen. This advancement has led to establish new FM stations, transmission of which is being reached to millions of people living in rural and urban areas. There was not even a single commercial FM channel until 2002 but state owned radio in the country but now about 142 commercial FM Radio stations are working after getting license from PEMRA. In short, during last decade, Pakistani media industry has progressed quantitatively and qualitatively (PEMRA, 2016).

Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) still has the biggest network as compare to commercial radios. It has sixty four (64) radio stations including thirty four (34) FM stations including ten (10) FM 101 stations. The Radio Pakistan covers about 80% area of Pakistan (PBC, 2016).

2.3.2 Objectives of Radio Pakistan

The main objectives of Radio Pakistan are:

(a) To disseminates information‚ education and entertainment through its programs by maintaining standard of quality and morality and to provide broadcasting services for general reception throughout the country.

(b) To promote national unity, Islamic ideology and freedom of expressions by its programs according to aspirations of the people of Pakistan.

(d) To comply with the instructions of the Government regarding pattern, policies on account of programs to be aired from time to time.

(e) To hold and maintain existing stations and to construct or acquire as well as to establish or install additional stations and apparatus.

(f) To compile‚ print‚ publish and circulate ‚ with or without charges‚ such matter which may be conducive to any of the functions of the PBC.

(g) To collect news and information throughout the world in any manner that may be deemed necessary.

Following are some selected important areas which are considered while broadcasting in Pakistan:

1. Information

Dissemination of information about any occurrence in anywhere in the World. Radio tries to bring every possible information to its listeners (PBC, 2016).

2. Education

To educate people, to improve knowledge and develop skills. Radio, being a mass medium does manage to present education oriented programs in its transmission for betterment of its listeners, especially youth (PBC, 2016).

3. Entertainment

Radio broadcasts entertainment programs i.e. music, drama, and comedy programs etc. (PBC, 2016).

4. Islamic ideology

Radio Pakistan has been performing splendid role for preaching and promotion of Islamic teachings in light of Quran and Sunnaah (PBC, 2016).

5. Ideology of Pakistan

Radio Pakistan is playing a key role in revealing the ideology of Pakistan to its listeners, especially youth keeping in view that Two Nation Theory provides blood and soul to the ideology of Pakistan (PBC, 2016).

6. Promotion of culture

Radio Pakistan is making efforts to preserve and promote different Pakistani cultures by producing programs which portray beauty and cultures of different areas such as Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan and AJK (PBC, 2016).

7. Promotion of regional languages

Radio Pakistan is transmitting programs in regional languages. Presently, programs are being broadcasted in twenty nine (29) languages. These languages include Urdu, Punjabi, Seraiki, Potohari, Pashto, Hindko, Kohistani, Dari, Khowar, Kashmiri, Dhatki, Gojri, Pahari, Broshiski, Balti, Shina, Wakhi, Hazargi, Brahvi, Gujrati, Balochi, Sindhi and English etc. (PBC, 2016).

8. National Unity

Radio Pakistan is efficiently and effectively promoting the objective of National Unity by framing its contents in accordance with the religious beliefs, norms, culture, opinions and thoughts of people of Pakistan (PBC, 2016).

9. To boost up nation’s morale at adverse hours

Services rendered by Radio Pakistan during war, dejection and pain are unforgettable indeed. Radio Pakistan has always tried its best to keep the nation's morale high at the hours of challenge and need (PBC, 2016).

10. News Coverage

Radio news bulletins go on air round the clock. Radio Pakistan broadcasts news in bulletins of different durations of five (05) minutes after every four to five hours (PBC, 2016).

2.3.3 Role of Radio Pakistan in coping with natural disasters

Radio Pakistan has been playing a very important role to raise and boost up nation's morale during dejection and panic hours. Very after the appearance of new state in

20 shape of Pakistan, primary task was restoration of immigrants from India who were miserable and lonely in their new homeland. At that hour of pain and grief, Radio Pakistan produced and broadcast such programs which have not only shared the despair of refugees but also provided required information and guidance (Ahmad, 2005).

Similarly, at the time of sad demise of great Muhammad Ali Jinnah which was most unbearable incident in the history of newly born country, Radio Pakistan broadcast a heartbreaking commentary of the event and also attempted to conciliate the public. Services rendered by Radio Pakistan during 1965 war with India are also commendable. As a national broadcaster, role of Radio Pakistan during the conflicts with India in 1947, 1965, 1971, Siachen 1984 and Kargil 1999 has pertinently wonderful in increasing the morale of armed forces and also to keep the people informed about the exact situation happening in battle field and along the borders (Ahmad, 2005).

2.3.4 Establishment of FM Network (FM-101) in Pakistan

In the era of Information technology, radio is an effective medium today. In view of effectiveness, accessibility and handiness its uniqueness can never be mixed-up. Radio is such a medium which can be tuned even while studying‚ driving and retiring in bed. In present era of technological revolution and age of transformation‚ FM broadcast has gained vivid impression. The prominent characteristic of FM broadcast is that it operates as community radio station‚ broadcasts programs in local and regional languages very similar in manner and taste of local community (Iqbal, 2015).

Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation has introduced it’s FM musical channel which was established at Karachi in April‚ 1993 benefiting from experiences gained in other countries. Same year‚ similar channels started operating from Lahore and Islamabad. These received massive response from the listeners. After this successful experiment, PBC has launched FM channels in other cities. In October, 1998 FM band was named as FM 101. FM 101 management has engaged young and talented presenters who introduced very friendly style which attracted the audience and to involve more number of audience, live call facility was introduced and transmission period was increased. FM 101 is now the biggest FM channel of Pakistan which is airing its broadcast from nine (9) different stations, which includes capital Islamabad‚ provincial capitals Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar & Quetta as well as four (04) other major cities i.e. Faisalabad‚ Sialkot‚ Hyderabad and Multan (PEMRA, 2016).

A variety of programs are broadcasted which consist information on different topics including music, sports‚ weather updates‚ health issues, women issues and business etc. Renowned and famous personalities relating to different fields are invited in live talk shows. Celebrities talk to the audience through live calls and give answer to the questions of their followers and fans. Current affair programs are also broadcasted on FM 101 channel to discuss various issues as and when required. Live calls, SMS service and e-mails are easiest way of getting feedback from listeners (Iqbal, 2015).

Progress, advancement and success could not be gained without adopting new and advance technologies and techniques. FM 101 broadcasts such information which is based on knowledge and facts. Program presenters are groomed and geared up with basic knowledge, good command on language, communication skills and mannerism and these skills are provided to them with training and guidance by experienced PBC team. New FM stations were established in 2005 in Mianwali‚ Sargodha‚ Gwadar‚ Kohat‚ Bannu‚ Mithi. Presently, thrity four (34) FM stations of Radio Pakistan are working throughout in country (PBC, 2016).

2.3.5 Sections in PBC

a. Programs wing b. News c. External services d. Reporting desk e. News monitoring

2.3.6 Programs Wing

Programs wing is one of the important wings of PBC. Its mission is to amuse and entertain people through music programs, dramas and plays. It guides and educates people on various social issues and problems i.e. health‚ education‚ environment‚ agriculture‚ human rights‚ minorities and media freedom etc. It informs about the programs, policies and achievements of the Government and it also disseminates stance of opposition on different issues (PBC, 2016).

Figure 2.1 Types of programs aired on PBC network

2.3.7 News

Total 123 news bulletins broadcasted in 29 languages by Radio Pakistan duration of which comprises about 702 minutes daily on PBC (PBC, 2016).

2.3.8 External Services

Radio Pakistan started its external services on 14th August 1949. Initially, programs were broadcasted in four (04) languages with four (04) hours duration which are now extended up to eight (08) hours daily in ten (10) foreign languages i.e. Pashto, Gujrati, Dari‚ Hindi‚ Bangla, Persian‚ Chinese‚ Nepali‚ Sinhalese‚ Tamil which covers Afghanistan‚ Iran‚ China‚ India‚ Bangladesh‚ Nepal and Sri Lanka. Moreover, programs for 8 hours 35 minutes duration are broadcasted by Radio Pakistan daily for overseas Pakistani Urdu listeners (Siddqui, 1999; PBC, 2016).

Figure 2.2 External service languages

2.3.9 World Service (Urdu Service)

World Service was started on 2nd April‚ 1973 as a branch of External Services by Radio Pakistan with the aim to serve our nationals in different corners of the world and to bring them closer to their dearer homeland as Pakistanis living in different corners of the globe were suffering and feeling a sense of detachment. The main objective of the World Service is to inform overseas Pakistanis about their national affairs‚ events and culture which they badly miss (Siddqui, 1999; PBC, 2016).

2.3.10 Earth Station

External Services is provided important links between Pakistan and the outside world. Keeping in view, Earth Station was established by Radio Pakistan to provide 24 hours nonstop transmission to the masses nationwide and throughout the globe (PBC, 2016).

2.3.11 Reporting Desk

Central news organization is based on a network of news collection which is extended throughout the country. Correspondents have been appointed in remote areas of all provinces (PBC, 2016).

2.3.12 News Monitoring

It monitors fourteen (14) international radio stations and ten (10) Television Networks. It prepares a monitoring report every day (PBC, 2016).

2.3.13 News and Cultural affairs channel

In November 2000, PBC had launched news and current affairs channel which was converted into National Broadcasting Service in 2008. News and current affairs channel was revived in year 2013. It broadcasts thirteen (13) hours duration programs comprises of news‚ summary of the proceedings of National Assembly and Senate during their sessions, live coverage of various events of important nature, press conferences , different talk shows‚ running sports commentaries and interviews etc. from 8:00 am to 9:00 pm daily from Islamabad and from Provincial Headquarters (PBC, 2016).

2.4 Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) is an independent media agency to formulate media policy & reforms. The initiative for setting up PEMRA was took place in year 2002 with the development of an authority for media broadcast organizations and it was given the task to improve standards for providing information, education and entertainment as well as to increase and expand the options available in media to the public in Pakistan in particularly following areas such as news, current affairs, religion, culture, art, science & technology, music, sports etc. It was also given the task to facilitate the devolution of responsibility and power to grass root level by facilitating the access to mass media at the local and community level and also to ensure free flow of information (PEMRA, 2016).

Electronic media could be used to strengthen national security and counter the threat from neighboring countries especially India. Government, security agencies and the military establishment need to improve its electronic media and resultantly establishment of PEMRA took place in the country. However, the general perception about PEMRA is that it only acts as a license issuing office that has implemented regulatory barriers for broadcaster (PEMRA, 2016).

From 2002, during General Musharaf era, media in Pakistan has faced an influential development that has made a base for Pakistani electronic media and established way for it to gain political clout. Government's monopoly over electronic media was broken by implementation of new media laws. Broadcasting licenses for TV and FM radio were issued to various media groups according to the new laws. So far, PEMRA has issued one hundred eighty seven (187) FM radio license, of which one hundred forty two (142) licenses were issued for commercial FM radios (detail list of commercial FM radios is placed at Appendix-A) and forty five (45) licenses were issued for non commercial FM radios (list is placed at Appendix-B). Furthermore, fourteen (14) licenses of different operators of FM radios have been cancelled by PEMRA (list is placed at Appendix-C) due to poor performance (PEMRA, 2016).

Figure 2.3 Radios in Pakistan

Radio

Pakistan Broadcasting FM Radio Corporation (PEMRA) (PBC) 187 64

Short Wave Medium FM Radio Commercial Non Commercial Radio (SW) Wave Radio 34 FM Radio FM Radio 07 (MW) 142 45 23

FM-101 Campus Radios/ FM 10 radios working in educational Institutions (34)

FM radios working in other Departments (11)

2.5 FM radios working in different sectors in Pakistan

FM Radio Channels are supposed to entertain the listeners specially youth. However, to get maximum benefit at low cost, easily accessible to everyone and very effective electronic medium, FM radios are being used in different sectors in Pakistan with the objectives to provide information and education to the common people in the country and to highlight social and cultural issues. FM radios are being used in different sectors by different organizations in Pakistan such as:

PBC FM radio 101 Educational Sector (Campus Radios) Judiciary (FM Radio Meezan, Peshawar High court) National Highway & Motorway Police (FM 95) City Traffic Police Lahore (FM RASTA 88.6)

Radio is considered as a medium having easy access to homes and work places. Radio is also cost effective and suitable medium for using it as an educational tool. FM radio is being used for expanded teaching and learning and explaining different courses. It also provides general information and keeping linkage with the widely spread and scattered students and provide necessary help to bridge the communication gap between students and teachers. The main purpose of establishment of campus radios in educational institutes/ universities is to provide spill over benefits to the students and general public by providing them knowledge and general information (PEMRA, 2016).

2.5.1 PBC FM 101 network

Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation has established a musical FM channel in 1993 at Karachi Station. After receiving very good response from audience, PBC has extended the services of FM musical band in Lahore and Islamabad by opening two more new FM channels in these cities in same year. In year 1998 on 1st October, theses three FM channels were named as FM 101. The FM 101 service was further enhanced to other major cities and now ten (10) radio stations on FM band 101 are working in following cities:- (PBC, 2016).

I Lahore V Quetta ix Larkana Ii Karachi Vi Faisalabad x Islamabad (Kallar Kahar) Iii Islamabad vii Sialkot Iv Peshawar viii Hyderabad

FM 101 network is airing twenty two (22) hours daily transmission from 6 am to 4 am. FM 101 network is the biggest FM network in Pakistan which airs about 172 hours daily transmission from its ten (10) stations. The PBC has hired a team of professional presenters/ RJ’s which have been groomed under guidance of experienced production team of PBC and to enhance their skills, knowledge, communication skills, language proficiency, and special training programs are also launched by PBC, keeping in view the demand of market. As it is truly said that success of any broadcast medium rely upon its style of presentation and techniques, therefore the major demand of PBC from its presenters is, knowledge based communication, mannerism and language proficiency (PBC, 2016).

Basically, PBC FM 101 is a musical network whereas FM 93 & 94 follows the traditional patron of Radio Pakistan. FM 93 & 94 air programs as per traditional style and standard of Radio Pakistan. On FM 101 band, songs of Pakistani singers, Gazals, pop music etc. are aired, however Western music is also aired in daily transmission for two hours daily from 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm and 8:00 pm to 9:00 pm. Variety of other programs are also broadcast such as programs on social issues, current affairs, news, sports‚ talk shows, culture ‚ health ‚ women issues‚ fashion, business etc. In talk shows and live shows, prominent personalities of the country are invited to talk to with the listeners (PBC, 2016).

FM 101 network also provides opportunities for audience to interact with program presenters and give their feedback by using e-mails, SMS and letters. Live streaming facility of FM 101 transmission is also available on web. Some popular programs on FM 101 network are "Deeda wer" a social program to create awareness, “Versa Lounge” a program in Sindhi language , “Just for you” morning drive time , “Gunncha-e-shooq” a program on poetry, “Hum Pakistan” a Special Show, “Youth Show”, “Shab Gup” a program on light entertainment , “Shahanshah- e-Ghazal” a program to tribute to the legendary singer Mehdi Hassan etc. Special programs to celebrate special events are also broadcast such as “Independence Day”, “Defense day”, “Eid Festivals”, “World No Tobacco Day” etc. (PBC, 2016). Detail of FM 101 network working in different cities with frequency allocation and capacity of transmitter is given in Appendix- D.

2.5.2 FM 93 and Other Stations

Apart from FM 101 network, twenty four (24) FM stations are operating at different frequencies on FM band all over Pakistan. Brief summary of FM 93 & 94 network working in different cities with frequency allocation and capacity of transmitter is given in Appendix-E (PBC, 2016).

2.6 FM radio channels Licensed by PEMRA

Apart from PBC FM radio channels in Pakistan, one hundred eighty seven (187) commercial and non-commercial FM radios channels are working in different cities of Pakistan. Commercial FM radios are providing entertainment, infotainment, and musical stuff to the listeners. The source of revenue for commercial based FM radio channels are the advertisements aired through these channels. Presently, 142 commercial FM radios are working throughout the Pakistan and 45 non-commercial channels are running in different cities of Pakistan. A brief summary of commercial / non-commercial FM radios working in the country is given in Appendix-F.

2.7 Commercial FM radio channels in Pakistan

2.7.1 Power FM 99

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has issued license to Power group to establish commercial FM radio stations in three (03) cities i.e. Islamabad , Abbotabad & Vehari with frequency of 99 MHz, 99.4 MHz & 99 MHz respectively. Subsequently, under the umbrella of Power 99, three (03) FM radio stations were established and started their transmission on 23rd March, 2003. Power 99 broadcasts 24 hours transmission which can be heard within a radius of 70 KM in Islamabad, Abbottabad & Vehari (Power FM 99, 2016).

Power 99 airs variety of programs for its listeners such as programs on social issues, programs on cultural issues as well as programs containing entertainment stuff etc. Detail of programs is as follows: “Round up” is a program to discuss health related issues, current affair talks; education is presented in Urdu language. Another program named as “Interactive Radio Instruction (IRI)” presented in Urdu language which is about teaching of English language, a Siraiki language program “Walay deaan gallan” wherein agricultural issues are discussed, Potohari language based program named as “Rajay di didi” is also very popular wherein important social issues are discussed, another program which is very

30 popular is “Sujagg” broadcasted in Gojri language in which health, agriculture, human rights and educational issues are discussed, Hindko music and culture is aired through a program named as “Hindku Rang”. Some other interesting programs such as “Gull dasta” aired in Pashto language, “Beetiaan Ruttan” Punjabi program based on folk tales and music etc. (Power FM 99, 2016).

2.7.2 The Dawn Media Group

Pakistan Herald Publications (Pvt.) Limited “The Dawn Media Group” which publishes Pakistan's oldest newspaper “The DAWN” founded by Quaid-e-Azam on 26th October, 1941 has also established FM commercial radio stations “City FM 89” in four major cities of Pakistan Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, and Faisalabad with frequency of FM 89 in July, 2004. City FM 89 was launched with an objective to promote radio listenership in the country as well as to establish an entertainment medium. City FM 89 gained popularity among the listeners and the number of its audience crossed one million households across the country. It plays 24 hours live music as its slogan is “We are playing your song”. Some very popular programs are “Jump Start B2B”, “The Breakfast Show”, “Coffee Republic”, “Midday Magic B2B” and “Sunny side up City 89” which are presented by renowned presenters such as Macklemore and Ryan Lewis, Imagine Dragons, Pitbull, Bastille, PSY (City FM 89 , 2016).

2.7.3 Saif Group

Saif group of companies has established a commercial FM radio station with frequency of 88 MHz in January 2004 at Sarai Nurang, District Lakki Marwat KPK. FM 88 is also named as “Lakki FM”. FM 88 is broadcasting its daily transmission from Sarai Nurang. FM 88 is airing variety of programs in different languages such as Urdu, Pashto and English as well. Lakki FM is providing infotainment opportunities not only to the residents of Lakki Marwat but also other adjacent districts (Lakki FM 88, 2016).

FM 88 is also disseminating such social programs for awareness and education of people of backward area of Lakki Marwat and Sarai Nurang so as to educate them about their rights and to contribute their required role in development of the area. Besides airing entertainment stuff, FM Lakki 88 has also boosted up its listeners by its programs to get political maturity. FM 88 has also enhanced the knowledge of audience about different fields of life. It has also provided a platform to the locals to raise their voices for their rights (Lakki FM 88, 2016). 31

Coverage areas of Lakki FM 88 are: Lakki Marwat, Bannu, some parts of D.I.Khan, Hango, Kohat, Kalor Kot, Other adjacent towns and villages such as Syed Abad, Qilla ground , Hafiz empires , Haider Khel, Boti Khel etc. (Lakki FM 88, 2016).

2.7.4 Radio Awaz

Under the umbrella of “Radio Awaz” first FM commercial radio station was launched in Gujrat city in year 2003. Later on, the services were extended to 12 Districts in Punjab province. Radio Awaz FM is the largest commercial FM Radio Network in Pakistan (Radio Awaz, 2016).

Awaz FM is transmitting its programs to the masses living in Pakistan and providing services which are based on information, education, entertainment, current affairs, news and music etc. Radio Awaz has hired highly skilled professionals to provide quality of program and services to its listeners. Radio Awaz has been established with the mission “we want to add our value for the social and public development of our people”. Major programs on Awaz FM Network are: Religious programs “Tilawat-e-Quran Kareem” & “Naat-e-Rasul” and “Teachings of Islam”, “Good Morning Awaz” , “Life Style”, “Legal opinion” , “Health Tips” , “Weekend shows” etc. (Radio Awaz, 2016).

FM radio stations under the umbrella of “Awaz FM” with coverage areas:

FM 105 Gujrat: Gujrat, Lala Musa, Kharian, Jhelum, Wazir Abad and Bhimber and Mir pur in AJK.

FM 106 Gujranwala: Gujranwala, Kamonki, Mureed kay, Daska, Hafizabad and some areas of Lahore city.

FM 107 Sheikhupura: Sheikhupura, Nankana Sahib, Kasur, Lahore city and adjoining areas etc.

FM 105 Sadiqabad: Sadiq abad, Rahim Yar Khan, Kashmoor, Obaro, Ghotki and Panu Aqil etc.

FM 106 Khanpur: Khan pur, Liaqat pur, Ahmad pur East, Zahir peer, Ghari Iftikhar Khan, Jan pur etc. 32

FM 104 Sargodha / Bhalwal: Sargodha, Bhalwal, Kot Momin, Salam Kushab, Johar Abad, Ali pur Noon etc.

FM 105 Jhang: Jhang, Sahiwal, Chiniot, Shah Nikdar, Toba Tek Sing, etc.

FM 107 Pakpattan: Pak Pattan, Peer Mehal, Arif Wala, Dipal Pur, Vehari, Bahawal Nagar, Minchan Abad, Chishtian, Haroon Abad, Fort Abbas etc.

FM 105 Okara: Okara, Pattoki, Renala Khurd, Hujra Shah Muqeem and Dipalpur etc. FM 105 Sahiwal: Sahiwal, Chicha watani, Harrapa, Shahkot etc.

FM 105 Bahawalpur: Bahawal Pur, Lodhran, Ahmed Pur East, Hasil Pur, Mandi Yazman, Khair Pur Tamianwali, Dunya Pur, Karor Paka etc.

FM 104 Rajanpur: Rajan pur, Jam pur, Rojhan, Layyah, Muzaffar garh etc.

2.7.5 Apna Karachi 107

FM 107 a commercial FM radio station was setup in Karachi in 2003. FM 107 named as “Apna Karachi 107” (Our Karachi 107) is now one of the most popular and leading FM radio channel in Karachi. FM “Apna Karachi 107” is airing its voice with slogan "Karachi ki Awaz" (Voice of Karachi). FM 107 is airing a variety of programs such as news, music, discussions and road shows etc. All the programs are managed by experienced team of professionals who have creative talent (Apna Karachi 107, 2016).

Besides airing entertainment programs, “Apna Karachi 107” is also broadcasting such programs which are focused to discuss different social and cultural issues. Some popular programs are “Taza Dum” , “Mokamal Gahar”, “Music Bean” , “Sadaa Baahar” , “Dill yehi Mangtta” , “Fun ki Tanki” , “Benjuman sister show”, “Aaina” etc. (Apna Karachi 107, 2016).

2.7.6 Radio Buraq

Under the umbrella of Radio Buraq two (02) commercial FM radio stations have been established in Sialkot & Peshawar having frequency of 104 MHz. The slogan of radio Buraq is “Sunao, Kaho, Jano” (Listen, Tell, Know). A variety of programs aired on Buraq FM 33 network including entertainment, musical programs, informatory programs, Talk shows, showbiz etc. The broadcast on Buraq FM network is transmitted in different languages such as Urdu, Punjabi, Hindko, and Pashto. Radio Buraq airs 24 hours broadcast throughout seven days of week. The programs are designed and prepared according to the demand of listeners. The transmission of Buraq FM network can be heard in Peshawar, Sialkot and many other adjoining areas, villages, towns and small cities etc. (Buraq FM, 2016).

2.7.7 Shamal Media Services

PEMRA has issued license to Shamal Media Services to establish commercial FM radio stations with frequency of 106.2 in five (05) cities i.e. Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Sukkur & Peshawar. FM 106.2 is also named as “Hum FM 106.2”. Hum FM network not only broadcast its transmission from Pakistan but also from United Arab Emirates (U.A.E). Basically, it’s a music radio station which plays nonstop music programs and focuses on musical contents. Slogan of FM radio 106.2 is “Pure Music”. Broadcast of Hum FM is popular among youth and music lovers. Some popular shows are “Morning show”, “Hum se farmaish”, “Matinee show”, “Melody time 106.2 FM”, “Raat ky rahi” etc. Transmission of FM radio 106.2 can be heard in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Karachi, Lahore, Sheikhupura, Shahdra, Sukkur, Peshawar and some other neighboring cities, small towns and villages etc. (Hum FM 106.2, 2016).

2.7.8 Salaar Engineering & Trading Enterprises

Salaar Engineering & Trading Enterprises has established commercial radio stations in four (04) cities Karachi, Islamabad , Lahore & Gwadar with frequency of 91 MHz. FM 91 is also known as Radio 1, and have the slogan “Suntay hi Jao” (keep on listening). FM 91 not only plays music for its listeners but also providing a platform for the younger generation to express their feelings and voices. FM 91 is popular due to its policy to promote local culture (Radio1 FM 91, 2016).

FM 91 not only plays local music but also plays eastern & western music on the demand of audience. Radio 1 is musical, information and entertainment channel which encourages, entertains and educates youth with variety of programs. FM 91 not only promoting local music but also promoting local culture, values and traditions. A conscientiously aware brand, Radio 1 FM91 tries to inculcate a social consciousness in the listeners. “Analyze it”, “Flash Back”, “Ankahi-Sitaroon ki Bateen” (untold-talks of stars),

Bateen” (untold-talks of stars), “Morning Chasska” (Morning fun) and “Alter Ego” are popular programs (Radio1 FM 91, 2016).

2.7.9 Vectracom Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited

A commercial radio station with frequency of 96 MHz is established in Karachi by Vectracom Broadcasting (Pvt) Ltd after obtaining license from PEMRA in year 2004. The slogan of FM radio active is “Where the youth’s at”. It airs entertainment and musical programs for its listeners. Apart from airing entertainment and musical, it also airs news and other programs. Mostly programs are youth oriented as the main audience of FM 96 is youth. Followings are most appealing shows “Flava 96 FM”, “Most request morning show”, “Hot slot”, “Day trippin”, “96 miles per hour” etc. The transmission of radio active FM 96 covers almost entire areas of Karachi city (Karachi FM 96, 2016).

2.7.10 Tradeserve International

Tradeserve International has established commercial FM radio station in year 2003 in Karachi City with frequency of 103 MHz. FM 103 is also named as “Mast FM 103” has now successfully been broadcasting its transmission in four (04) cities i.e. Karachi, Faisalabad , Lahore and Multan. FM 103 is a musical station which airs its music program 24 hours throughout the week. The mission of launching Mast FM 103 stations is to “bringing Radio back into Style”. FM 103 is a useful source of information, entertainment and music. It is entertaining its listeners by presenting quality of programs either musical or informatory as well as to promote local culture and other special events. The transmission of Mast FM 103 covers a vast area alongwith Karachi, Faisalabad, Lahore and Multan cities. Famous programs are “Showbiz Masala”, “Moon night”, “Late Night Show”, “Melody night” and Tribute to legend” etc. Special broadcast also aired on special days such as Ramzan-ul- Mubarak, New Year Celebrations, Muharram-ul-Haram, Valentine Day etc. (Mast FM 103, 2016).

2.7.11 M/s Asian Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited

Asian broadcasting Pvt. Ltd has established four (04) commercial FM radio stations in 2004 under the umbrella of “Radio Jeevay Pakistan FM Network” in Southern Punjab in Khanewal, Lodhran / Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan and Ahmadpur East. Broadcast of Radio Jeevay Pakistan FM Network is not only covering these cities but also adjoining areas with

35 frequencies of 97 MHz, 98 MHz, 99 MHz and 100 MHz respectively. The coverage area of Jeevay FM network is about 500 KMs and transmission can be heard within a radius of 200 KMs. The transmission is accessible to approximately 12 million populations. The slogan of Jeevay FM network is “Aap ki aur Hamri Pehchan, FM Jeevay Pakistan” (Radio JP, 2016).

FM Radio Jeevay Pakistan broadcast its transmission in local languages i.e. Siraiki & Punjabi and national language Urdu as well as in English language. FM Radio Jeevay Pakistan presents variety of programs such as music, news, entertainment, views & reviews, sports updates etc. FM Jeevay broadcast live transmission for 24 hours which starts from 6:00 am. Programs on FM Jeevay are designed keeping in view the listener’s choice. Special surveys were conducted by the management of FM Jeevay FM as well as feedbacks were also considered to know public demand and accordingly programs designed. Some prominent programs are “Drive Time Show”, “Nigaar-e-Shab”, “Poop Top Show”, “Bataain Mulaqaatain”, “Relaxation” etc. (Radio JP, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 97 Khanewal are: Multan, Khanewal, Vehari, Kaberwala, Jahanian, Qutaub Pur, Nawab Pur, Melsi etc. (Radio JP, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 98 Lodhran / Bahawal pur are: Lodhran, Basti malok, Lar, Makhdom wali, Dunia pur, Kahror Pacca, Bahawal pur, Lal Sonhara, Head Rajkan, Bahawalpur, Sama satta , Deera Bukha etc. (Radio JP, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 99 Rahim yar Khan are: Rahim yar Khan, Bhong, Sadiq abad, Liaqat pur, Zahir pir, Khan pur, Kandh Kot, Feroza, Islam Ghar, Jaan Pur, Jeetha Bhutta etc. (Radio JP, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 100 Ahmad pur East are: Ahmad pur East, Punjnad, Uch Sharif, Ali pur, Chunni goth, Liaqat pur, Derawar, Dingarth, Noor pur, Mubarak pur, Khair pur Daha, Fazli Pur, Yazman etc. (Radio JP, 2016).

2.7.12 Infotainment world (Pvt) Limited

Infotainment world (Pvt.) limited is one of the leading media groups in Pakistan, has established commercial FM radio station in 2007 under the umbrella of “Hot FM radio Network”. Now, Hot FM network is working in 16 major cities of Pakistan. Detail of Hot FM

36 radio Network is as follows: Chitral (FM 97), Badin (FM 105), Dadu (FM 99), Hyderabad (FM 105), Jacobabad (FM 98), Karachi (FM 105), Larkana (FM 105), Layyah (FM 89), Mithi (FM 105) / Tharparkar (FM 105), Mirpur Khas (FM 98), Multan FM (88) Naushero Feroze (FM 105.6), Nawabshah (FM 105.4), Quettta (FM 105), Sanghar (FM 105.2), Shikarpur (FM 105.4). (Hot FM, 2016).

The slogan of Hot FM network is “Kyun Har Safar Main Ap key Sath Hot FM Radio Network”, “Suntey Raho” (keep listening). The transmissions of Hot FM Radio are covering large area in KPK, Sindh & Balochistan within radius of 50 KM with about 50 million populations in its listenership. Variety of programs are aired which include social issues, such as health care, women issues, community related topics, kids programs as well as entertainment programs of local and western music. The transmission aired by FM radio stations is very much popular in general public. Some popular programs are “Bollywood Songs”, “Morning Express”, “Men Not allowed”, “Sooraj Chaachoo Jaagay”, “Mehran Rang”, Khaiber Ma Khaam (Pashto) “Health”, “Beauty”, “Dilchasp-o-Ajeeb”, “Bethak” etc. (Hot FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Hot FM radio Network are: Transmission of Hot FM radio stations covers following cities and their adjoining areas within a range of 50 Kilometers radius:- Karachi, Quetta, Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Larkana, Dadu, Jacobabad, Mirpurkhas, Mitthi, Sanghar, Badin, Shikarpur, Naushero Feroze & Chitral (Hot FM, 2016).

2.7.13 Biz Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited

A renowned media group Biz Broadcasting (Pvt.) Ltd has established commercial FM network with the name of “FM Sunrise Pakistan Network”, Presently, FM sunrise network is working in four major cities i.e. Jhelum, Sargodha, Islamabad & Sahiwal with frequencies 95, 96, 97 & 96 respectively. The slogan of FM sunrise is “Love People Love Pakistan” FM Sunrise is airing daily 24 hours broadcast wherein variety of programs are presented in Punjabi, Urdu, Pashto & English. These programs include talk shows, discussions, social issues, musical & entertainment programs. Programs are designed keeping in view the interest of the masses particularly youngsters as the youth are the main audience of Hot FM radio channel. Following are some popular programs such as “Her Pal Zinndagi”, “Tum Kahoo tu”, “Aa ja mahiyya” , “Sunrise Melody”, “Sadaa-e-Shab”, “Daharti Aasman” etc. (Sunrise FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM Sunrise Pakistan are: Sargodha , Shahpur, Khewra , Pind Dadan Khan , Khushab , Jala Makhdoom , Joharabad , Sillawali , Mid Ranjha , Sahiwal , Khushab , Mianwalli road , Bhalwal , Salam, Jhang road , Lalian , Faisalabad road , Chanab Nagar , Lahore road , Chiniot , Kot Moman , Sialmore, Soon Sakaser , Nosherra , Pindi Bhatian , Quaidabad , Hafizabad , Farooqa , Shaheen Abad , Jhawarian , Dhrema, Khallar Kahar , Bhera , Malakwal, Bakhar , Islamabad city etc. (Sunrise FM, 2016).

2.7.14 Dil FM Network

Six (06) top class commercial FM radio were established by Dil FM in six cities of Punjab Pakistan in June 2011. The slogan of FM Dil Network is “Suno Dil Ki”. Dil FM is airing 19 hours daily transmission from 07:00 am (morning) to 01:00 am (night) throughout the week. Furthermore, transmitter having capacity of 1 KVA is used in Kallar Kahar, Gujrat, Shaiwal, Kasur and Okara FM stations whereas transmitter having capacity of 500 Watt is used in FM stations of Bhai Phero (FM Dil, 2016; Usman Ahmed, Interview, October 14, 2016).

FM radio stations working under the umbrella of DIL FM are: Kallar Kahar (FM 88.2), Bhai Phero (FM 88), Gujrat (FM 102), Sahiwal (FM 102), Kasur (FM 102) and Okara (FM 102). Dil FM network is providing quality programs which include entertainment and infotainment. 90% of programs consist of entertainment and 10 % programs aired containing infotainment such as news, talk shows and current affairs. All the programs are designed keeping in view the demand of the public. Dil FM also presents local news twice in a day at 5:00 pm and 8:00 pm. Most popular programs on Dil FM network are “Gal Mithi Mithi bol” a Punjabi program, “Siraiki special” program in Siraiki language “U,me & Dil” , and a political show “ Dil ka Mehman” wherein renowned politicians and social personalities are called for live interview. Transmission of Dil FM network can be heard within a radius of 40 KM to 45 KM (FM Dil, 2016; Usman Ahmed, Interview, October 14, 2016).

Coverage areas of Dil FM network are: Kallar Kahar, Miani bochal, Balkassar, Bhai Phero, Gujrat, Phalia, Mandi, Sahiwal, Pakpatan, Kasur, Okara and adjacent villages and towns (FM Dil, 2016; Usman Ahmed, Interview, October 14, 2016).

2.7.15 Sound Waves (Pvt) Limited

Sound Waves (Pvt) Limited has established three (03) commercial FM radios under the umbrella of “Music Highway Network” for the people of interior Sindh. Three stations are working in Khair Pur FM 91.4, Noori Abad FM 91.4 & Tando Adam FM 91 and covers about 68% of population of Sindh province. Music Highway Network is providing quality of programs to its listeners which include educational stuff, entertainment material, musical programs etc. Daily transmission starts from 6:00 am to 12 am at night. Some prominent programs are “Good Morning”, “Talawat Quran pak with translation”, “Music Express”, “Sehat Hai Zindagi”, “Evening Special”, “News”, “Shab-e-Tanhai” etc. (Music Highway, 2016).

Furthermore, it covers about 30 main cities and towns and its transmission is accessible to approximately Three (03) Million populations in Sindh. FM Music Highway Network is broadcasting its transmission for last ten (10) years (Music Highway, 2016).

Coverage areas of Music Highway Network are: Tando Jam, Mirpur Sakro, Mir pur Bathoro, Ahmed pur, Udero Laal, Badin, Bagirji, Boharo, Bairani, Bakhoro, Bhit Shah, Mir pur khas, Mithi, Nasar pur, Saeed abad, Warr, Sajawal, Rohri, Naudero, Thatta, Pano aqil, Nawab Shah, Jadu, Jam Nawaz Ali, Jhol, Shahdadpur, Tando Masti, Tando Muhammad Khan, Khorwah, Khyber, Kumb, Matiari, Umer Kot, Matli, Ripri, Ratho dero, Larkana, Lakhi Ghulam Shah etc.(Music Highway, 2016).

2.7.16 Xena Satellite Communications (Pvt) Limited

Xena Satellite Communications (Pvt) limited setup a commercial FM radio station at Karachi with frequency of 99 MHz. Subsequently, FM 99 was on aired on 1st January 2010. FM 99 is also named as “Josh FM 99”. Later on, services of Josh FM radios network were expanded to other cities viz: Lahore, Hyderabad & Jamshoro. Slogan of Josh FM 99 is “Its Possible” (Josh FM 99, 2016).

Basically, Josh FM 99 is musical FM radio station which mostly plays Asian music especially Bollywood music. Josh FM 99 airs twenty four (24) hours nonstop transmission throughout seven days a week without any interval. Programs are broadcasts in English language. Online service of Josh FM 99 is also available for its listeners. Since its inception, it

39 is very much popular among youth. Keeping in view its popularity, the management of Josh FM is planning to extend the services of Josh FM in other cities. Not only music, but some religious and current affair programs, news etc. are also aired on it. Following are some popular programs such as “Arfana Kalam”, “Tilawat-e-Kalam-e-Pak”, “Hamd-o-Naat”, “Sufi Sargam”, “Soft Beats”, “Wake up with Josh”, “Bollywood Hits”, “Nashta 99”, “Gup Shup”, “Suran Warkha”, “Saturday Night Dance Mix”, “Super hit Songs”, “Friday Special”, “Demand With Josh” etc. (Josh FM 99 , 2016).

Coverage areas of Josh FM 99 are: All districts of Karachi city, Hyderabad, Jamshoro, Lahore alongwith adjoining areas small towns and villages (Josh FM 99, 2016).

2.7.17 Omer Razzaq Enterprises (Pvt) Limited

FM 95 a commercial radio station was established in Toba Tek Singh by Omer Razzaq Enterprises which started its transmission on 25th March 2007. FM 95 is also named as “Aap ki awaz”. FM 95 airs daily transmission for 17 hours which is listened by the people of the area. Basically, FM 95 is an entertainment and musical FM channel (City Sound, 2016).

FM 95 is also known as “City Sound” and “Musically Genius” Radio Station. It has gained popularity within no time and has been heard throughout Toba Tek Singh District and its adjoining areas (City Sound, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 95 are: Pir Mahal, Gojra, Kamalia, Rajana, Sandhilian wali, Toba Tek Singh, Aligarh, Bilasur, Budhan Khuh, Janiwala, Kot Ram Chand, Naya Lahore, Randian, Angadpura, Gariwal, Bhussi etc. (City Sound , 2016).

2.7.18 Tani Communication (Pvt) Limited

Tani Communication has established a commercial FM radio station in Gujar Khan in January 2007 with frequency of 102 MHz. FM 102 is also named as “Sur FM 102”. The Slogan of Sur FM 102 is “live, life loud”. FM 102 is first FM radio station established in Gujar Khan City. The main objective behind setting up a commercial FM radio station is to provide entertainment, information and awareness to the listeners (Sur FM, 2016).

Sur FM 102 airs 18 hours daily transmission. As FM 102 is an entertainment channel, therefore mostly musical programs are aired wherein Pakistani, Indian, English and Folk songs are played. Youth vigorously participate in live programs through SMS service (Sur FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Sur FM 102 are: Gujar Khan, Chakwal, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Murree, Jehlum, Azad Kashmir (AJK) as well as some other small towns & villages adjacent to above mentioned cities (Sur FM, 2016).

2.7.19 Ranja Enterprises (Pvt) Limited

Under the banner of “Aap Ki Awaz”, two (02) commercial FM radio stations have been setup in Renala Khurd and Kasur city with the frequency of 92 MHz and 90 MHz respectively by Ranja Enterprises (Pvt) Limited. Renala Khurd FM 92 was launched in July 2006 whereas Kasur FM 90 was established in July 2007, Both FM radio stations have gained popularity within no time. Aap ki Awaz FM radios are airing entertainment, infotainment programs which are not only popular among the masses of the area but also catering the need of all the segments of society whether urban or rural. The most popular programs are: “Nayi Umeed”, a mixture of talks which is meant for all segments of society, “Khawateen time” is program which discusses social problems of women, “Channgi Fassal” program about agriculture, farming, and dairy farming, nurseries etc., “Student Time”, program to create awareness among students regarding different issues (FM 92, 2016).

Coverage areas of Renala Khurd FM 92 are: Okara ,Dipal pur , Basir pur, Bangla Gogera , Sher Ghar, Habib abad, Changa Manga, Muhammad Pura, Anwar shaheed colony, Moza kamaa Islam pur (Kamyana), Akhtar abad, Renala–I, Renala–II, Mopalkay, Bazeeda, Kamman etc. (FM 92, 2016).

Coverage areas of Kasur FM 90 are: Chunian , Kasur, Patto ki, Kot Radha Kishan, Ganda Sing Wala ,Raiwaind, Mustafa Abad, Rao Khan wala, Khudian Khas, Roday, Tatara kamil, Kili sokal, Salamat pura, Mahalam, Noor pur, Pial Kalan , Usman wala etc. (FM 92, 2016).

2.7.20 E-waz Communications (Pvt) Limited

E-waz Communications (Pvt) Limited has established two (02) FM radio stations in Kharian and Mandi Bahaudin cities with frequencies of 97 MHz & 98 MHz respectively. FM 97 was established in Kharian city on 3rd March, 2007. FM 97 is also known as “Hamara Kharian FM 97”. Due to versatility of programs aired on FM 97, it became the favourite FM radio station of the area. FM 97 airs musical programs, however it also airs religious programs as well. Special programs for kids are also aired on it. Following programs are aired “Islamic recording”, “Pehla pehar”, “Mithiyan Gallan”, “Khawab Nagar”, “B2B Mix”, “Family Gossips”, “Hit List”, “Aik orr aik 11” etc. (Hamara FM, 2016).

Another brand of E-waz group is FM 98 which was established on 18th October, 2006 in Mandi Bahaudin City. FM 98 is also known as “Hamara Mandi Bahuddin FM”. It is a commercial radio station which covers major cities and town located around Mandi Bahaudin city. It was launched with an aim to provide and disseminate useful information to its listeners and keep them amused through its versatile entertaining programs. Most of the programs aired on FM 98 are based on information, education, news, fashion and sports etc. Most listened programs are “Deen-e-Mubeen”, “Aj ka Akhbar”, “Good Morning M.B Din”, “Young World”, “Mithay Bol Punjab day”, “Beauty & Style”, “Yadoon Bharay Geet”, “Crazy Nights” , “Raat kinary”, “Tuty Fruity Sunday”, “Jaan hai to jahan hai” etc. (Hamara FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 97 are: Sarai Alamgir, Gujrat, Phalia, Mandi Bahu Din, Jalal Pur Jattan, Kotla Arab Ali Khan, Lala Musa, Chokar Kalan, Dhunni, Jhelum Jandanwala, Madina Colony, Naseera, Pindi Sultan Pur, Bidermarjan, Bayal, Dhal Arora, Alam pur Gondlan etc. and other adjoining towns and villages (Hamara FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 98 are: Malak Wal, Ali pur Chattha, Choa Saidan Shah, Khewra, Pinanwal, Haran Pur, Bhikhi Sharif, Phalia, Dinga, Saida Sharif, Bhebra, Ali Pur Chatha and many other small villages and towns. (Hamara FM, 2016).

2.7.21 Global Broadcast Networks (Pvt) Limited

A commercial FM radio has been established in Dera Ismail Khan (D.I.Khan) with frequency of 91 MHz by Global Broadcast Networks. FM 91 is also named as “Global FM 91”. Global FM 91 broadcasts programs in local language i.e. siraiki as well as in Urdu & Pashto. FM 91 is an entertainment channel. Popular programs are “BMW Show, Saraiki “Sangat

Show”, “Non Stop Fun”, “Global Masti”, “Gallan Sachiyan Tay Kharriyan”, “Morning Madness”, “G han G nein”, “Qarza e Sarzamen”, “Musical Mast”, “Music on demand”, “Khabar di Duniya” etc. (Global FM 91, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 91 are: Darya Khan , Kulachi, Paharpur, Shorkot, Basti Ustrana (Southern) , Diwala , Gillani Town, Al Waris Town ,Yousaf Gilani Town , Baloch Naggar , Taj Colony, Imamia Colony, Wapda Colony, Gulshan Colony, Chah Syed Munawar Shah, Fort Iqbal Garh etc. (Global FM 91, 2016).

2.7.22 AMZee Media Marketing & Production (Pvt) Limited

A commercial FM radio station with frequency of 90 MHz was launched at Faisalabad on 1st October 2008 by AMZee Media Marketing & Production (Pvt) Limited. FM 90 is also known as “Humara FM 90”. The brand name “Humara” is derived from Urdu word “Hum” which means “Our” (spells out ownership). “Humara” is a philosophy that means ownership and loyalty of listeners with the FM channel. The waves in the logo of Humara FM depict “waves of change”. FM 90 airs variety of programs for listeners of all ages, irrespective of the genders. Prominent programs of FM 90 are “Musaffir-e Shab”, “The Boring Show “, “Raat Phayeli Hy”, “Hawa Ki Chaap”, “By the Way”, “Thursday and Sunday night”, “Piyar ka Naghma”, “Party on Hy”, “Raat Ki Rani”, “Sham Dhalay”, “The Fun Platter” etc. (Humara FM 90, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 90 are: Chiniot, Sangla hill, Nankana sahib, Faisalabad, Shahkot City, Jaranwala, Satiana, Jhumra, Samanduri, Narwala Bangla, Aminpur Bangla, Pindi Bhattian etc. (Humara FM 90, 2016).

2.7.23 Gul Enterprises (Pvt) Limited

A commercial radio station with frequency of 88 MHz was established in Chakwal city on 2nd January, 2006 by Gul Enterprises (Pvt) Limited. FM 88 is also known as “Bol FM 88”. Bol FM 88 is an entertainment and musical channel. Slogan of Bol FM is “abb khul k Bol”. FM 88 is run by a team of professionals. Bol FM has got attraction of public due to its variety of programs which includes news, entertainment, music, reviews, social issues roundups, sports etc. Following are some popular programs such as “Sports World”, “Sham- e-Ghazal”, “Lunch Time Special”, “Aaj ki Khabar”, “Muashra Aur Qanoon”, “Gaana Bajao”, “Crazy Nights”, “IT show”, “Sports World”, “ Sunday mix” etc. Special transmission is also broadcasted on special events (Bol FM 88, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 88 are: Kariyala, Dhoke Agri, Dhoke Ajri, Kot Sarfraz Khan, Kot Chaudhrian, Dhudyhal, Badsahan, Bhon, Sarkal Mair, Chakral, Dab, Sutwal, Karhan, Chak Malouk, Chak Norang, Bhagwal , Balkassar , Behkari, Tala gang, Kallar Kahar, Daultala, Murid, Chakora etc. (Bol FM 88, 2016).

2.7.24 Indus Radio Group

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has issued license to Alive Broadcasting Company (Pvt) Limited and Allahwala Iblagh (Pvt) Limited as both are subsidiaries of Indus radio group to establish commercial FM radio stations in three cities of Sindh province i.e. Ghotki, Tando Muhammad Khan and Umer Kot with frequencies of 91, 100.2 and 95.40 respectively. FM 91 Ghotki and FM 100.2 Tando Mohammad Khan are licensed to Alive broadcasting company by PEMRA whereas license of FM 95.40 Umer Kot was granted to Allahwala Iblagh (Pvt) Limited. Indus group has launched three commercial FM radios with a clear objective i.e. to inform, to educate and to entertain the masses. The motto of Indus group is “Think people, Talk with people, Trust People and Thank People” (Indus Radio, 2016).

The programs based on information, entertainment, news, sports, human rights, women issues, public awareness programs, health, education, environment, agriculture and community development are aired on FM 91 Ghotki and FM 100.2 Tando Mohammad Khan and FM 95.40 Umer Kot (Indus Radio, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 91 are: Ghotki, Sukkur, Rohri, Punno Aqil, Kandh Kot, Kashmore, Thul, Shikarpur, and Jacob Abad, some areas of Khairpur Mirus, Kot Sabzal and Sadiqabad (Indus Radio, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 100.20 are: Hyderabad , Tando Mohammed Khan, Talhar, Matli, Golarchi , Badin, Mirpur Bhatoro, Daur, Sujawal,Coastal areas of Thatta, Matiari town, Tando Allahyar, Kotri town, Industrial areas of Kotri, Jamshoro town, Tando Adam etc. (Indus Radio, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 95.4 are: Umer Kot, Kunri , Cantonment areas of Chore, Khokhra Par, Mirpur Khas, Mithi , Cachro town, Islam Kot town, Sanghar, some areas of district Badin etc. (Indus Radio, 2016).

2.7.25 Hi-waves Communications (Pvt) Limited

Hi-waves Communications (Pvt) Limited has setup two (02) commercial FM radio stations in Charsada and Sawabi cities of KPK province under the umbrella of Dilber FM network. Dilber FM 93 is established at Charsada and Dilber FM 94 is airing its transmission from Sawabi. The slogan of Dilber FM network is "Station of the Nation". Its transmission starts from 6 am to 2 am throughout the week. Mostly programs are aired in Pashto language (Radio Dilber, 2016).

Coverage areas of Dilber FM 93 Charsada are: Charsadda, Tangi, Aba Zai, Agra, Batta Gram, Mian Gujjar, Akbar Pura , Daulat Pura , Dhakki , Dheri Zardad, Dosehra, Gandhera, Ghunda Karkana, Hajizai , Harichand , Hassan Zai, Hisara Nehri, Kangra, Katozai, Khan Mahi, Koz Behram Dheri, Mandani, Matta Mughal Khel, Mera Parang, Mirza Dher, Muhammad Nari, Nisatta, Rajjar, Rashakai, Sarki Titara, Sherpao, Shodag, Turangzai, Umderzai etc. (Radio Dilber, 2016).

Coverage areas of Dilber FM 94 Sawabi are: Sawabi, Baja, Topi, Zaida, Daqi, Beesak, Ismailia, Zande, Gandaf, Panj Pir, Kaddi, Shah Mansoor, Dagai Lar, Mami Khyel, Jangira, Kag, Garhan, Kalinjar, Kani Kot, Terbela, some parts of Hari pur (Radio Dilber, 2016).

2.7.26 H.S Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited

A commercial FM radio with frequency of 90 MHz is established in Bahawalnagar, city by H.S Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited. FM 90 is also named as “Super FM 90”. Super FM 90 is airing different types of programs on current affairs and agriculture. 82 % population of district Bahawal Nagar is belonging to rural areas and related with agriculture (Super FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Super FM 90 are: Bahawal Nagar, Chishtian, Minchan Abad, Haroon Abad, Hasil pur, Daharan Wala, Faqeer Wali, Vehari, Burewala, Arif Wala, Pak Pattan, Qaboola and many other surrounding villages and small towns etc. Super FM 90 radio is best for communicating to the large community of this area (Super FM, 2016).

2.7.27 Rose Media (Pvt) Limited

License for establishing two (02) commercial radio stations with frequencies of 90 MHz in Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) were issued by PEMRA to Rose Media (Pvt) Limited. Subsequently, Rose FM 90 was established in Bhimber city and Mirpur city of AJK in year 2007. The main objective for establishment of FM radio channels is providing a useful tool to bring a positive change in society. As the mission statement of FM Rose is “to sound as a social change” and the slogan of Rose FM “the voice of your choice”. The transmission of Rose FM 99 Mirpur & Rose FM 99 Bhimber can be heard within a radius of 70 to 80 KMs. Rose FM broadcasts variety of programs which includes informatory programs, talk shows, music, entertainment etc. (Rose FM , 2016).

Coverage areas of Rose FM 90 are: Rose FM 90 covers more than 75% of area of Azad Jummu & Kashmir (AJK). It also covers about seven (07) districts of Punjab province. Rose FM can be listened live and online as well (Rose FM, 2016).

2.7.28 Power Plus (Pvt) Limited

Power Plus (Pvt) Limited under the banner of Voice of Kashmir (VOK) has established a commercial FM radio station in October, 2005 in city of Rawala Kot with the frequency of 105.800 MHz after obtaining license from PEMRA. The slogan of FM radio station is “Aap ka apna”. Later on, two more FM radio stations were established in Dheer Kot (Bagh) and Muzaffar Abad with frequencies of FM 105.600 and FM 105.400 respectively. Transmitters having capacity of one (01) Kilo Watt are airing the transmission. Presently, three (03) FM radio stations are working in the state of Azad Jammu & Kashmir under VOK. (VOK FM, 2016; Yasir Kiyani, Interview, October 21, 2016).

Variety of programs are presented on VOK FM network including entertainment, infotainment, current affairs, news, music, talk shows etc. Followings are most popular programs aired on VOK network: morning show “Brunch time”, evening show “Evening drive time”, current affair program “Aap ki awaz”, Caf e Kashmir, Jazba , Time to Talk etc. (VOK FM, 2016 ; Yasir Kiyani, Interview, October 21, 2016).

Coverage areas of VOK FM 105.800 Network are: Rawala kot, Bagh , Muzaffar abad, Neelum Valley, Sufhanoti, Mir pur, Kotli, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Murree, Rawat, Mandra,

Sohawa, Dina, Sarae Alam Gir, Kahuta, Kallar Saydan, Gujar Khan, Mangla, Jhelum etc. (VOK FM, 2016 ; Yasir Kiyani, Interview, October 21, 2016).

2.7.29 Geo Kashmir Enterprises (Pvt) Limited

Geo Kashmir Enterprises (Pvt) Limited has established a commercial FM radio station in Kotli, a city of State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. PEMRA has allocated frequency of 96 MHz to Kotli FM. FM 96 Kotli also named as “Geo Kashmir FM 96”. Geo Kashmir FM 96 is multilingual entertainment channel which is airing a variety of programs in Urdu, Punjabi, English, and Kashmiri etc. The slogan of Geo Kashmir FM 96 is “Its Yours”, and the mission statement of FM 96 is “Edu-Infotainment”. Musical programs such as Ghazals, Bhangra, Desi music, Pop & classical music are broadcasted (Geo Kashmir FM, 2016; Tunein, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 96 are: Tatta Pani, Gulpur, Nakyal, Kotli, Dadyal, Mandhole etc. (Geo Kashmir FM, 2016; Tunein, 2016).

2.7.30 WebCom (Pvt) Limited

WebCom (Pvt) Limited has established a commercial FM radio station in the vicinity of Chakri with frequency of 96 MHz. Chakri FM 96 is a commercial FM radio station. Its broadcast can also be heard in twin cities i.e. Islamabad and Rawalpindi. FM 96 Chakri airs broadcast in multi languages i.e. Urdu, English and Punjabi (Chakri FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 96 Chakri are: Chakri, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Dhamiyal and many other adjoining areas (Chakri FM, 2016).

2.7.31 Kashmore Communication (Pvt) Limited

Kashmore Communication (Pvt) Limited established a commercial FM radio station with frequency of 104 MHz in Kashmore city of Sindh province in year 2010. FM 104 Kashmore airs 24 hours transmission (Kashmore FM 104, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 104 are: Dera morr, Kashmore, Guddu, Bakhsha Pur, Kandh kot, Ghous Pur, Karram Pur, Tangwani, Badani, Khai, Thull, Jacobabad, Jafar Abad and many other adjoining areas villages and towns (Kashmore FM 104, 2016).

2.7.32 Asman Radio (Pvt) Limited

Asman radio (Pvt) Limited has setup a commercial radio station in Mastung after obtaining license from PEMRA. Frequency of 88 MHz was allocated to FM radio Mastung. Mastung FM 88 is also named as “Chiltan FM 88”. Test Transmission was started in October 2008 whereas regular transmission was aired in March 2009. Chiltan FM 88 airs programs in multi-languages such as Urdu, English as well as regional languages i.e. Balochi, Brahvi, Persian and Sindhi (Chiltan FM 88, 2016).

Chiltan FM 88 is an entertainment channel. It broadcasts musical programs which includes Pakistani pop, Indian songs, Western pop, film hits, folk music, ghazals etc. However, it also broadcasts social and religious programs as well as information, education and current affair programs are also aired for awareness of the listeners (Chiltan FM 88, 2016).

Coverage areas of Chiltan FM 88 are: Mastung, Kalat, Khuzdar, Lasbela, Awran, Washuk, Kharan etc. (Chiltan FM 88, 2016).

2.7.33 Flare (Pvt) Limited

Flare (Pvt) Limited has obtained license for establishment of commercial FM radio stations with frequency of 99 MHz & 100 MHz. FM 99 was established in Kasur city and FM 100 was established in Arifwala city in year 2004. Both FM radio stations are multi lingual radio stations and airing a variety of programs for their listeners such as information, music, entertainment, talk shows etc. The slogan of Flare group is “Lakhon diloon ki Awaz” (Flare FM 99, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 99 Kasur are: Pattoki, Kasur, Chunian, Ganda Sing Wala, Rai Wind, Mustafa Abad, Mahalam, Tatara Kamil, Salamat Pura, Kili Sokal, Noor pur, Usman wala, Pial Kalan and many other adjacent towns and villages etc. (Flare FM 99, 2016)

Coverage areas FM 100 Arifwala are: Okara, Sahiwal, Dunga Bunga, Pakpatan, Depalpur, Renala Khurd, Chak Azam Sahu, Chak Hassan Arain, Qabola, Gagoo Mandi, Kharnaj and many other small villages and towns etc. (Flare FM 99, 2016).

2.7.34 FM 100 Pakistan Network

A very pioneer commercial radio station with frequency of 100 MHz was established in Pakistan in year 1994 which had started its regular broadcast on 23rd March, 1995. Its slogan is “Heart Beat of Pakistan”. Initially, it was launched in three big cities i.e. Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore. Later on, in year 2012 its transmission was extended to two cities i.e. Hyderabad and Rahim Yar Khan and subsequently in year 2014 four new stations were made operational under the umbrella of FM 100 in Multan, Abbott Abad, Gujrat and Jhelum. Presently, Nine (09) FM radio stations are operational and successfully airing the transmission in nine different cities of Pakistan under FM 100 network viz: Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Hyderabad, Rahim Yar Khan, Multan, Abbotabad, Gujrat and Jhelum which shows the popularity of FM 100 among the public (FM 100 Pakistan, 2016).

FM 100 airs 24 hours regular transmission. It airs variety of programs such as entertainment programs , music including Urdu pop music, Panjabi music as well as Western music, film hits, Ghazals, folk songs etc. It also broadcasts religious Programs, five times Prayers, Juma prayer etc. Special programs are also broadcasts on national & international days and special events, shows for youth and Kids, sports talk shows etc. to engage its listeners and to make programs more interesting. Programs are prepared keeping in view the public demands. Some popular programs are as follows “Good Morning Pakistan”, “Style Hangover”, “Lunch Lounge”, “Bhangra Hits”, “Down The Memory Lane”, “Khuwab Dareechay”, “Aa Dekhay Zra”, “Striking Beats”, “Punjabi Beat”, “Enthralling Night”, “Brunch on Radio”, “Sunday Mera Hit”, “Music Masti”, “Chance 2 Bounce”,” Bumper 2 Bumper”, “ Be In Style Cooking Special”, “Music Twister”, “Religious”, “Style pedia”, “Blast From Yhe Past B2B Oldies”, “FM Hungama”, “Evening Drive Time With”, “Sub chalay ga”, “Weekend Special”, “Ghazal Special” etc. Transmission of FM 100 covers almost 65% of population (FM 100 Pakistan, 2016).

2.7.35 Sanj Preet (Pvt) Limited

Sanj Preet (Pvt) Limited has established two (02) commercial FM radio stations in Gilgit and Sakrdu with frequency of 99 MHz in year 2010. The Slogan of FM 99 is “Aap ki Awaz”. FM 99 Gilgit is the first private FM radio station which is setup in Gilgit Baltistan (GB). A variety of informative, entertaining and social awareness programs are aired which covers all segments of the society. FM 99 Gilgit-Baltistan and FM Sakrdu can also be listened through Internet (FM 99 GB, 2016).

FM 99 GB and FM Sakrdu are not only providing entertainment to their audience but also acting as reliable and useful source of information in far flung areas of Gilgit Baltistan and Sakrdu. Historically, GB is located in northern region of Pakistan which was formerly called Gilgit Agency before amalgamation of Gilgit - Baltistan. Gilgit-Baltistan is divided into two divisions which are further divided into nine (09) districts. The towns of Gilgit and Skardu are the principal administrative centers which shares the borders with China, Afghanistan and India. FM 99 Gilgit & Skardu are providing great job in such backward and far flung areas by keeping their listeners intact with the other parts of country as well as with the world and sharing useful information and entertainment with their listeners and has also managed to cater for all tastes of population living in rural and urban areas of this region (FM 99 GB, 2016).

Some popular programs of FM GB network are: “Our health” , “Legal advices”, “Our Gilgit Baltistan”, “Education for all”, “Development of Gilgit”, “Science world”, “Our youth”, “Police; your friend”, “Sports world”, “Overseas life”, “Kids world”, “Women time”, “Good morning Gilgit Baltisatan”, “Agriculture”, “Cooking “,“Today’s question”, “Jan hay tu Jahan hay”, “Jaga lay Jazba”, “Yadoon ky Darichy”, “Request Show”, “Jago GB”, “Sitaron ki Roshni Mein”, and “ Choice on call” etc. (FM 99 GB, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 99 GB are: Nomal, Oshkandas, Zulifqar abad, Daynore, Yasin Colony, Manoor, Bargo, Murtazabad, Sajadia, Kashrote, Amphari, Yadgar Chowk, Kachora, Sundoos, Ghumo Ghar, Baghardo, Abbas Town, Chunda, Qumrah, New Ranga, Satellite Town etc. (FM 99 GB, 2016).

2.7.36 Dabang FM 90.4

Sanj Preet (Pvt) Limited has also established a commercial FM radio stations in Attock city with frequency of 90.4 MHz. The Slogan of FM 90.4 is “Dabang FM”. Dabang FM airs variety of informative, entertaining and social awareness programs which covers all segments of the society. Popular programs are “Dabang Show”, “Dur-e-Nayab” etc. It airs mostly program in Pashto language but Urdu programs are also being included in daily broadcast (Dabang FM, 2016; Jawad Ahmad, Interview, October 31, 2016).

Coverage areas of Dabang FM 90.4 are: Attock, Wah Cantt, Hari Pur and many other adjoining villages and towns etc. (Dabang FM, 2016; Jawad Ahmad, Interview, October 31, 2016).

2.7.37 Sky Radio (Pvt) Limited

Sky Radio (Pvt) Limited has established two commercial FM radio stations with frequency of 88 MHz in Qilla Abdullah and Pishin cities of Balochistan province. FM 88 also named as “Sky FM”. Sky FM is a commercial FM entertainment radio channel. The broadcast of Sky FM is closed and shall be commenced soon (Dabang FM, 2016; Jawad Ahmad, Interview, October 31, 2016).

2.7.38 Northern Communication (Pvt) Limited

Northern Communication (Pvt) Limited has obtained license from PEMRA on 5th October, 2010 to establish a commercial FM radio station in Haripur, KPK with the frequency of 88.600 MHz. Subsequently FM 88.600 was established in Haripur and started its transmission on 1st December, 2010. FM 88.600 is also named as “Radio Smile FM 88.6”. Slogan of Smile FM is “The Voice of Hazara”. Smile FM airs entertainment, infotainment and music programs for its listeners. It also provides opportunity to young and talented peoples for training. Transmission of Smile FM is heard in KPK as well as some areas in Punjab province. Some popular programs on Smile FM are “Children Story”, “Religious program”, “Daryab Glona”, “Chilli Milli”, “Back to Back Music”, “Radio Choklate”, “Smile club”, “Fun time”, “Dhanak”, “Udariyan”, “Mehfil-e-Ghazal”, “Hindko dy Rang”, “Rat Baki Bat Baki” etc. (Smile FM, 2016).

Furthermore, under the banner of Smile FM, M/s Silsila Communications (Pvt) Limited has established a commercial radio station named as “Kohistan FM” having frequency of 88 MHz. The transmission of Kohistan FM 88 has yet not started, however, it shall be aired soon (Smile FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Smile FM 88.600 are: Hari Pur, Havalian, Abbott Abad, Mansehra, Kala Dhaka, Tor Ghar , Shangala, Sawabi, Oggi, Mardan, Buneer, Baffa, Nathia Gali, Thand Yani, Murree, Siri Kot, Ghazi, Tarbela, Khan Pur, Hattar, Hassan Abdal, Attock, Wah Cantt, Khan Pur, Taxila, some areas of Rawalpindi, Pindi Gahap, Fateh Jang, Islamabad and some surrounding areas (Smile FM, 2016).

2.7.39 Sun Rise Media (Pvt) Limited

Sun Rise Media (Pvt) Limited has established a FM radio station with frequency of 94 MHz in Badin city of Sindh Province. FM 94 is a commercial FM radio station. It is also named as “Laar FM”. It is an entertainment channel which air programs in Sindhi, Urdu languages (Mansoor Khaskehli, Interview, November 20, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 94 are: Badin, Hyderabad, Mirpukhas, Matli, Talhar, Shaheed Fazal Rahu and Tando bago etc. (Mansoor Khaskehli, Interview, November 20, 2016).

2.7.40 Global Enterprises (Pvt) Limited

Global Enterprises (Pvt) Limited has setup two (02) commercial FM radios with frequency of 94 MHz in Sialkot and Faisalabad City respectively. FM 94 is also named as “Dhamaal FM 94”. Dhamaal FM 94 airs twenty four (24) hours regular transmission throughout seven (07) days a week. It airs programs in Multi languages i.e. Urdu, Punjabi as well as English (Dhamaal 94, 2016).

FM 94 has gained popularity in very short span of time. Various types of programs are aired such as talk shows, news, discussion programs, reports, music, entertainment programs, interviews of celebrities of different fields, social awareness programs etc. Programs are prepared according to demands of listeners and choice. Dhamaal FM 94 also provides platform and opportunity for youngster to perform and groom their talent. Broadcast of FM 94 can also be heard live through web through the globe. Most popular programs on FM Dhamaal are “Subha Bakhair Zindagi”, “Bullya ki jana mein kon”, “Dhmaal Morning show”, “Mein or Mrs. Dhamal”, “Dhamal hi Dhamal”, “Mein or Mazi”, “Chalte Chalte”, “Khawab tu Achay hoty hayen”, “Beety Lamhay” etc. (Dhamaal 94, 2016).

Coverage areas of Dhamaal FM 94 are: Sialkot, Daluwali, Daska, Miani Breech, Deera Sandha, Ugoke, Ajjuwli, Bhoth, Kotli Loharan, Sahuwala, Dhudhainwali etc. Faisalabad, Chinot, Samundari, Aminpur Bangla, Painsra, Gojra, Manawala, Makhuwana, Chak Bhaga, Chak Jhumra and many other small cities, towns and villages etc. (Dhamaal 94, 2016).

2.7.41 Cottcool International (Pvt) Limited

Cottcool International (Pvt) Limited has established a commercial FM radio station in Ziarat, a city of Balochistan Province. The frequency was allotted 95 MHz by PEMRA. The FM radio station Ziarat is off air (Ziarat FM, 2016; Jawad Ahmad, Interview, October 31, 2016).

2.7.42 Jazba FM Network

PEMRA has issued license to Muneeb Enterprises (Pvt) Limited and SJK Broadcasting (Pvt) Limited for establishment of commercial FM radio stations at Muzaffar garh and Bure Wala cities with frequencies of 98.600 MHz and 90.400 MHz respectively. Both are subsidiaries of Jazba FM network. Different types of programs are being aired on Jazba FM network which include entertainment, musical shows, news, sports and coverage of special events. Some popular programs are “J for Jazba”, “Heart Beat”, “ABC”, “Rakht e shab” etc. (Jazba FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Jazba FM network are: Muzafar Garh, Khan Garh, Chistian, Bure Wala, Vehari, Meetla and many other cities, towns and villages adjacent to these areas (Jazba FM, 2016).

2.7.43 Project Implementation Management (Pvt) Limited

Project Implementation Management (Pvt) Limited has obtained license for establishment of commercial FM radio stations from PEMRA with frequency of 107.400 MHz in year 2012. Subsequently under the banner of “SAMAA FM” radio stations were setup in major cities of the county i.e. Karachi, Bahawalpur, Lahore, Islamabad, Sialkot and Peshawar. The transmission was aired in December, 2012. The Slogan of SAMA FM is “Dil mein Samaa”. SAMAA FM network airs transmissions about twenty four (24) hours throughout seven (07) days of week (Samaa FM, 2016).

SAMAA FM gained immense popularity among public due to airing of variety of programs especially music and entertainment stuff. It is also airing news, sports events, reviews, and programs on special events such as Eid festivals, Independence Day, defense day, anniversary of Quaid-e-Azam etc. SAMAA FM network is equipped with advanced technology and delivering quality of programs to amuse its listeners. Some popular

53 programs on Samaa FM network are “Sufi Music”, “Sunday Morning Show”, “3G - Gullu Gulzar Gulzari”, “Samaa Rise”, “You pick it we kick it”, “Radiomntery”, “Sunday Ke Funday”, “It’s My Show”, “Lagatar - Non Stop”, “Radio Classics”, “In the mix”, “Balle Balle”, “SAMAA Weekend Party”, “Top20” etc. as well as SAMAA FM Network also presents special transmission of Father’s Day, Mother’s Day, Independence Day, Eid-ul- Fitar, Eid-ul-Azha, Defense Day, Death anniversary of Quaid-e-Azam etc. (Samaa FM , 2016).

Coverage areas of SAMAA FM network are: Karachi, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Sheikhupura, Bahawalpur, Lodhran, Sialkot, Gujrat, and Peshawar cities and also small villages, towns and adjacent cities with these cities (Samaa FM, 2016).

2.7.44 J&N Communications (Pvt) Limited

J&N Communications (Pvt) Limited under the banner of “Jan FM Network” has established commercial FM radio stations in four cities Jehlum, Sheikhu Pura, Khane wal and Naro wal. The Frequency of all Jan FM network is 91.60. The slogan of Jan FM network is “Abb kisi aur ko sunnanay ki zarorat nein”. Coverage of Jan FM 91.60 hits about 10 million peoples. All the stations are equipped with modern and latest technology so as to provide quality of voice to its listeners (Jan FM, 2016).

Jan FM network was established with an objective to support and educate youth to be more progressive, energetic, and enthusiastic and productive and enable them to face new challenges of the world with programs which are based on contents containing infotainment as well as entertainment. Variety of programs for all age groups are broadcasts keeping in view the demand of listeners such as news, programs on current affairs, health programs, programs for women ,children, sports , musical shows, drams, documentaries , festival shows , cultural shows, , educational shows, religious programs such as “Talawat-e-Quran”, “Hamad”, “Naat”, “Farman-e- Elahi”, and some entertainment programs “Back 2 Back Music”, “Drive on”, “Music on Demand”, “SMS Request”, “Music on The Move” etc. (Jan FM, 2016).

Apart from airing programs for listeners, Jan FM network also organized in house trainings for newcomers to provide them professional experience. Moreover, workshops, seminars as well as short radio courses are also organized in association with renowned national and International media institutes (Jan FM, 2016).

2.7.45 Voice of Time Radio Network (VOT)

Voice of Time Radio Network (VOT) established three (03) commercial FM radio stations in Gujranwala (FM 103.6), Hassanabadal (FM 105.6) and Kushab (FM 103.6). First FM radio station of VOT network was established on September 2012 in Gujranwala and later on other two radio stations were on aired. The slogan of VOT FM network is “Voice of Time”. The motto of VOT FM network behind establishment of FM radios is to provide such a useful platform for youth to perform their talent as well as to create an opportunity for local public where they can raise their voices and dissemination of information, entertainment , education and social awareness so that living standards of people be enhanced (VOT, 2016).

A variety of programs are being transmitted on VOT FM radio network including information, entertainment, agricultural programs, health programs, sports, fashion weather, news etc. which are designed keeping in view the demand of audience and to cater listeners choice particularly the youth. Detail of some popular programs on VOT network is as under: Zindagi choklate hai, Halwa puri Siri Paiye, Weekend Hangama, Yadoon ke Jharokey, Music Café, Rang Punjab De, Mix Plate, Chirag Bujhney se Pehle, Sehat Ki Baat Mualag Kay Sath, Health Time, Ki Jana Men Kon, He koi Ham Jaisa, Akhr-e-Shab, Back to Back, Chappal Kabab, Mix Plate etc. (VOT, 2016).

Coverage areas of VOT FM network are: Hassanabdal, Wah, Taxila, Kot Kay, Bhallar Jogi, Darra, Kot Najibulah, Ghourgashti, Attock, Kushab, Hussainabad, Shah pur, Shah pur Sadar, Bola, Jalalpur , Joharabad, Bhalwal , Sargodha, Gujranwala , Daska, Rahwali,Nowshera Virkan, Satrah, Sambryal, Kamoki, Adamkay etc. (VOT, 2016).

2.7.46 Voices (Pvt) Limited

Voices (Pvt) Limited establishment commercial FM radio stations under frequency of 88 MHz in year 2012 in Sukkur, Larkana, Mirpurkhas and Naushero Feroze. FM 88 is also named as “Jeay FM 88”. Programs are aired on Jeay FM 88 network in Urdu and Sindhi languages (Jeay FM, 2016).

FM JEAY 88 airs programs according to targeted population of the area in each district and programs are prepared and designed in accordance with the need and demand of listeners.

Mainly, news, music, informative and entertainment programs are aired. Some popular programs are “Tilawat-e-Quran”, “Hamd-o-Naat”, “Qwali”, “Family Mag”, “Morning Masti”, “Sindhi Music”, “Evening Drive Time”, “Poetry show”, “Ghar Ji Gaal”, “Back to Back Music” etc. (Jeay FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Noshero Feroze FM 88 are: Noshero Feroze, Shaheed Benazir Abdad, Dadu, Pir Wasan etc. FM 88 Noshero Feroze is also named as “Jeay Moro- Noshero FM 88” (Jeay FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Sukkur FM 88.8 are: Sukkur, Ghotki, Khair Pur, Kand Kot, Shikar Pur etc. FM 88 Sukkur is also named as “Jeay Sukkur FM 88” (Jeay FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Larkana FM 88 are: Larkana, Rani Pur, Kambar, Khair Pur etc. FM 88 Larkana is also named as “Jeay Larkana FM 88” (Jeay FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Mirpurkhas FM 88 are: Mirpur Khas, Hala, Sanghar, Shahdad Pur, Tando Adam, Umer Kot etc. FM 88 Mirpur Khas is also named as “Jeay Mirpur Khas FM 88” (Jeay FM, 2016).

2.7.47 Mega Sounds Communication (Pvt) Limited

Mega Sounds Communication (Pvt) Limited established commercial FM radio stations with frequency of 94 MHz in Mandi Baha ud Din, Khushaab and Kasur (2015) cities. FM 94 is also named as “Awam FM 94”. The slogan of Awam FM 94 is “Har Pal Zindagi”. The studios of FM 94 are equipped with advanced and modern technologies (Awam FM, 2016).

Awam FM 94 is very popular among general public as well as youth as the programs aired on it get attraction and appeal its listeners. Mostly programs are aired keeping in view the demand of public and society. Variety of programs on women issues, social issues, musical programs, entertaining programs, news, kids show etc. some popular shows are “Morning Show”, “Khawateen Time”, “Awam ki Awaz”, “Kids show”, “Sohni Dharti” etc. (Awam FM, 2016).

Coverage areas of Awam FM Network are: Pind Dadan Khan, Hafiz Abad, Gujrat, Malak Wal, Phalia, Chakwal, Sheikhupura, Kharian, Sara-e-Alamgir, Jhelum, Joharabad,

Shahpur, Qadirabad, Noorpur, Nowshehra, Jhawarian, Kasur, Chunian, Rai Wind, Bhai Phero and adjacent other small cities, towns and villages etc. (Awam FM, 2016).

2.7.48 Kissan Cattle & Dairy Farms (SMC-Pvt) Limited

Kissan Cattle & Dairy Farms (SMC-Pvt) Limited established a commercial FM radio station in Rahim Yar Khan with frequency of 92.6 MHz in year 2012. It airs broadcast from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm (12 hours). It is a musical channel and plays back to back music. A variety of musical programs in Urdu, Punjabi Siraiki language are airs on FM 92.600. The broadcast of FM 92.600 is very popular among youth (Imran Bhutto, Interview, November 30, 2016).

2.7.49 Seven Sounds (Pvt) Limited

Seven Sounds (Pvt) Limited established a commercial FM radio station in Kanewal with frequency of 106.2 MHz. It is a musical FM radio channel and plays back to back music. Its slogan is “Just Music” (FM 106.2, 2016; PEMRA, 2016).

Coverage areas of FM 106.2 are: Kabirwala, Khanewal, Multan, Mian Chunnu, Kacha Khu, Moshan Wal, Tulamba, Bagar, Kukkar Hatta, Abdul Hakim and many other small cities, towns and villages adjacent to Khanewal city. (FM 106.2, 2016; PEMRA, 2016)

2.7.50 Sitar Communications (Pvt) Limited

Sitar Communications (Pvt) Limited established a commercial FM radio station with frequency of 90 MHz in Sukkur city in September, 2014. FM 90 Sukkur is airing variety of programs to its listeners including entertainment, music etc. (PEMRA, 2016).

2.7.51 Tower Media (Pvt) Limited

Tower Media (Pvt) Limited established commercial FM radio stations in Larkana and Mirpur Khas cities in September, 2016 with frequency of 97 MHz and 106.2 MHz. The transmission of both FM channels has yet not started (PEMRA, 2016).

2.8 Detail of non-commercial FM radios

2.8.1 Campus FM Radio Channels

PEMRA has given permission to run FM campus radios in mass communication departments of various universities and educational institutes for practical training of students. Education and research through campus FM radio is required for skilled human resources. Since, a skilled professional and qualified workmanship can play a key role in building an independent and free media. In public sector universities, very few mass communication departments have taken concrete steps to promote and expand education about radio & television by establishing their own radio stations. Despite that, it is necessarily important to equip such institutes with latest technology. Its also required to revise curriculum in accordance with the requirements of local and international media market (PEMRA, 2016).

News and current affairs programs are not broadcasted on FM campus radio stations. It is essentially required for promotion of education that the topics and subject matter discussed in classroom should be broadcasted from campus radios so that such students who could not attend the class due to some reason may also get benefit from the radio transmission. It is the responsibility of PEMRA and administration department in educational institutes to think about it and introduce required and necessary changes in their policies. Furthermore, some other Government departments have also get license from PEMRA to establish their own FM radio stations for information, awareness of social issues and promotion of culture such as Sindh Police, Islamabad Traffic Police, National Highways & Motorway Police, Punjab Traffic Police, Directorate of Information & PR, KPK, KPK Judicial Academy, Punjab Institute of language, Art & Culture, Lahore, Lahore Chamber of Commerce etc. Province-wise brief summary of non-commercial FM radio stations is placed at Appendix-G (PEMRA, 2016).

2.8.2 Campus Radio Punjab University

Campus Radio FM 104.6 is being run by the Department of Mass Communication, University of the Punjab, Lahore. It was established on 22nd September, 2005. It was sponsored by UNESCO. Its transmission range consists of 15 KM radius. FM 104.6 broadcast three hours transmission daily from 5:00 pm to 8:00 pm. It is significant to mention that Mass Communication Department, University of the Punjab is a pioneer department in establishing a

58 campus radio/ community radio in Pakistan and the first educational institute in Pakistan which has launched a radio station is University of the Punjab (PU FM, 2016).

Campus radio is established with the aim to provide practical training in professional environment and guidance to the students of Mass Communication Department. The Campus radio is also providing opportunities to the students of mass communication to perform their skills and potentials. PU Camus radio is a non- political FM station. It airs campus news, literatures, sports news, music and other informatory programs. Programs such as “Aaj Ka Din” and Sports update are very popular among listeners (PU FM, 2016).

2.8.3 Campus Radio Dawah Academy, IIUI

Dawah Academy, International Islamic University, Islamabad has established its own FM radio station with the frequency FM 96.6 in year 2004. FM 96.6 has started its regular transmission on 9th June, 2004. Nine (09) hours transmission is broadcasted daily by the FM radio station from 10 am to 07 pm. Mostly, educational, religious, social, ethical programs are broadcasted. FM radio 96.6 broadcast special transmission for youth with the name of “Bazm- e-tulba” wherein interviews of genius and talented students are conducted as well as special live shows are aired to promote curricular and co-curricular activities among students such as “Nojawano ki Ikhlaqi Tarbiyat”, “Waldeen ki Khidmat”, “Mooashry mein musbat iqdar ka faroogh”, “Mulki taraqi mein nojawanon ka qirdar”, “Allama Iqbal k Ifkar”, “Iqbal ka noojawan” etc. (Nasir Farid, Interview, May 8, 2016).

Furthermore, FM 96.6 also presents programs for promotion of cultural values such as “Hamra Virsa/ Tareekh k Jhronkon say” etc. which is a weekly program of one (01) hour duration. In live transmission, Islamic and Pakistani culture is also discussed. Political programs are banded to broadcast on this purely educational channel. However, Social programs such as “Samaj aur Media”, “Qanoon aur Aap”, “Aap nay poocha” , “Hamri Zimdari” etc. These are weekly programs and of twenty (20) minutes duration. Broadcast on FM 96.6 starts from 10 am to 07 pm (Nasir Farid, Interview, May 8, 2016).

2.8.4 Campus Radio University of Peshawar

Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Peshawar, Peshawar established Campus Radio Peshawar FM 107 on 18th January, 2004. It was established with

59 the help, financial aid and technical assistance of Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) and Voice of Germany. It is first ever radio station of the Peshawar University. Its broadcast consists of three hours on daily basis from 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm. The programs aired by campus radio are mostly based on student training programs, entertainment programs, educational programs and campus news etc. Educational programs are broadcasted to promote the talent and potential of youth (Naeem Gul, Interview, July 18, 2016).

Campus radio 107 is the first ever kind of FM radio station in Asia established at University level which is providing training of students. This radio station is equipped with digitalized studios and it is also fully equipped with advanced equipment (Naeem Gul, Interview, July 18, 2016).

2.8.5 Campus Radio NUML

Mass Communication Department, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad has launched its own educational channel FM 104.6 to enhance literary and research activities among students with the collaboration of Deutche Welle , an international broadcasting organization (Numl, 2016).

FM 104.6 is also providing a platform to the students and teachers to discuss and elaborate research programs concepts needing clarification, deliberate problem areas and equip themselves with the latest developments and researches in their respective fields. Following types of programs are broadcasted on FM 104.6 viz: talk shows, lectures, interviews, news bulletins, reports on the proceedings of the events at NUML etc. (Numl, 2016).

2.8.6 Campus Radio Islamia University, Bahawalpur

Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University Bahawalpur established campus radio FM 92.6 in August 2006. FM 92.6 airs three (03) hours daily transmission for five (05) days in a week from 01:00 pm to 04:00 pm. Programs aired on campus radio are educational, Informative and entertainment. All the programs aired on FM 92.6 are presented by the students of Media Studies Department, Islamia University Bahawalpur. Mostly, programs are prepared for the youth being the most listenership of FM 92.6. It is purely a non commercial non political channel, however, social, cultural issues and programs are aired by FM 92.6 (Agha Sadaf Mehndi, Interview, May 31, 2016).

Different cultural reports are aired for a duration of 15 minutes daily wherein various cultural activities / events in Bahawalpur are discussed. A current affair program having duration of 40 minutes is broadcasted on Tuesday wherein important news, events and current issues are discussed. The Programs aired on FM 92.6 are designed in such a way which are directly or indirectly related with society and cover social, cultural, issues as well as create awareness and put positive impact on society and the listeners as well. Detail of daily transmission is as under: “Tilawat” , “Tarjuma” , “Naat” , “Hadees”, “Milli Naghma” , “Farman-e-Quid”, “Ajj ki Tareekh”, “Ajj ki Baat”, “Ajj ki Nazm” , “Ajj Ki Ghazal”, “News Bulletin”, “Entertainment Section”, “Khyel and Khilari”, “Hafta jo beet gaya”, “Agri Talk”,” Health Alert”, “Talent Hunt”, “Dus Qadam”, “Sang-e-Meel”, “,“National Anthem” etc. (Agha Sadaf Mehndi, Interview, May 31, 2016).

2.8.7 Campus Radio LCWU

Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore (LCWU) the largest Women University of Asia established FM Radio 96.6 “Voice of LCWU” in year 2007. FM 96.6 has latest equipment and facilities to broadcast stuff for awareness and educating its listeners. Its transmission covers wide range of area. (LCWU, 2016).

FM Radio 96.6 “Voice of LCWU” was established to achieve following aims: firstly, to train the young female aspiring journalists technically and professionally. Secondly, to bridge gap between parents and general public and students, faculty and staff. Thirdly, to provide platform and opportunity for students to get practical training and fourthly, to create awareness among its audience (LCWU, 2016).

FM 96.6 broadcasts different types of programs from 11:00 am to 2:00 pm (three (03) hour daily transmission) which includes social, academics, sports, cultural programs, seminars and conferences as well as it also covers university activities such as convocation, inter- university competitions & sports events etc. Furthermore, same broadcast is repeated from 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm. All the programs such as live discussion, drama, documentaries, reports etc. are planned and prepared by the students of department of Mass Communication, LCWU (LCWU, 2016).

2.8.8 Campus Radio University of Karachi

Institute of Mass Communication, Karachi University established campus radio FM 90.6 in year 2008 and regular transmission was aired on 17th March, 2008. It airs three (03) hours daily transmission from 11:00 am to 12:30 pm and 3:00 pm to 4:30 pm. The transmission of FM 90.6 can heard within a radius of 15 KM to 18 KM between 3:00 pm and 4:00 pm. An amount of Rs. 4.0 million was incurred to establish FM campus radio /studio. FM 90.6 is a non commercial and non political radio channel. However, it broadcasts social and cultural programs. Mostly programs are informative, educational and also contain entertainment stuff (Tahir Masood, Interview, November 11, 2016).

FM Campus radio airs different programs, documentaries which are based on social, cultural and educational issues as well as it also broadcast bulletins in Urdu and English formats separately. All the programs aired by FM station are produced by students of the Mass Communication department (Tahir Masood, Interview, November 11, 2016).

2.8.9 Campus Radio Gomal University, D.I.Khan

Department of Mass Communication, Gomal University D.I.Khan has setup FM radio station with frequency of 104.6 MHz on 5th July, 2008. FM 104.6 airs three (03) hours daily transmission from 9:00 am to 12:00 pm. Educational, academics related, religious and social programs are broadcasted on FM 104.6. Special programs are aired for youth for their guidance. As the campus radio is non commercial and non political FM station therefore no political related program is aired on it, however a cultural program “Kabhi Kabhi” is transmitted. FM radio is providing a healthy platform for students of University to get practical experience and also show their hidden potential (Waseem Akbar, Interview, November 2, 2016).

Social programs are aired keeping in view the social need and demand of society. In social programs, message of tolerance, human rights, women rights and responsibilities and rights of students is given (Waseem Akbar, Interview, November 2, 2016).

2.8.10 Campus Radio FJWU

Department of Communication and Media Studies, Fatima Jinnah Women University (FJWU), Rawalpindi established campus radio with the frequency of 96.6 MHz “VOW FM 96.6” on

14th August, 2006. It is first ever FM radio station in Pakistan which is established by a Women University. Daily three (03) hours live transmission is aired on VOW FM 96.6 (VOW FM, 2016).

FJWU has launched campus FM station keeping in view the following objectives: Firstly, to bring educational and informational programs to the FJWU students. Secondly, to provide a platform to the students to build their communication skills and give them exposure in a working media environment. Thirdly, to provide hands-on training to media students. It trains them in various aspects of sound production, editing and anchoring (VOW FM, 2016).

Different types of educational, Social, cultural and entertainment programs are broadcasts on VOW FM 96.6 including programs on special days such as “Kashmir Day”, “Iqbal Day” and “Women's Week” etc. All the programs are organized by the students of Communication and Media studies department. All the departments of the University are involved in the production of the Educational Programs (VOW FM, 2016).

2.8.11 Campus Radio AIOU

FM radio station is established by Institute of Education Technology, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad with the assistance of Higher Education Commission (HEC). The main purpose behind establishment of FM radio is to transmit AIOU educational programs for the students all over the country. The specific objective of FM radio station of AIOU, is to encourage & provide support to distance learning system of AIOU through broadcasting the lectures, discussions, guidance / tutorial sessions (AIOU, 2016).

2.8.12 Campus Radio BZU, Multan

Department of Communication Studies, Baha-ud-Din Zakariya University (BZU), Multan established FM radio station “FM 104.6” with the help and financial aid of Higher Education Commission (HEC) with an aim to provide practical training to the students of communication studies (BZU, 2016).

Different types of programs based on various issues such as academics, education, social, cultural, religion, agriculture etc. are being aired on daily basis. Furthermore, all such

63 programs are prepared, planned, produced and presented by the students. FM radio Station is fully equipped and comprises of following facilities: on air studio, production studio, student’s training booths, control room, digital recording system and editing system etc. (BZU, 2016).

2.8.13 Campus Radio SZABIST, Karachi

Shaheed Zulifqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology (SZABIST) has launched Campus radio FM 106.6 (ZAB FM 106.6). The test transmission was started by Zab FM 106.6 on 14th September, 2007. This initiative was taken by the management of SZABIST keeping in view the aim to spread education, awareness, information, skills by using airwaves to the masses and especially the students. It also covers needs of a common man. It is purely a non-commercial FM station which is disseminating education and information to the students. ZABFM 106.6 is first ever and only campus radio in Pakistan which is providing twenty four (24) hours daily transmission throughout the week (Zab FM Khi, 2016).

ZABFM 106.6 is broadcasting programs on various issues such as education, career counseling, infotainment, research, Planning and development, sports, documentaries, talk shows, Science & Technology, Culture, Society, social order etc. All these programs are prepared and planned for the students, by the students and of the students. Professionals are hired by the management of ZABFM to train and guide the students in such a way so that they can produce documentaries, educational programs, and talk shows by maintaining standards of educational broadcasting. Popular programs of ZAB FM 106.6 are “Tilawat-e-Pak”, “Hamad-o- Naat”, “ZAB Lecture”, “Study Room”, “Achievements”, “Development Door”, “Ambassador”, “Deep Focus”, “Whats Up”, “Career Counselor”, “Techno-Craft”, “Juma Transmission”, “DW-Urdu” etc. (Zab FM Khi, 2016).

2.8.14 Campus Radio Kinnaird College, Lahore

Department of Media Studies, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore has established FM campus radio “Voice of Kinnaird College: Radio Kinnaird 97.6 FM”. Test transmission of FM radio was started on 10th June, 2010 whereas regular transmission was started 31stJanuary, 2011 which was inaugurated by the then Information Minister, Miss Fauzia Wahab. FM 97.600 broadcasts its six (06) days daily transmission (Monday to Saturday) for duration of three (03) hours from 11:00 am to 02:00 pm (Kinnaird FM, 2016).

The main objective behind this development is to teach and train students so as to enable them to take part into practical field with having sound skills and experience as well as it also focus on to bridge and minimize the gap created by media by producing programs based on human development. Presently, out of six days daily of transmission, four (04) days are fixed for live programs whereas rest of days are fixed to air pre-recorded educational programs. Programs are transmitted in Urdu and English languages. It is also planned to expand the duration of transmission from three hours to eight hours (Kinnaird FM, 2016).

Radio Kinnaird 97.6 FM is providing a platform for students to learn and gain skills. It is also providing a pad for students to gain practical and professional experience. Students are being trained as radio producers, news reporters, associate producers and radio presenters (RJs) etc. Various types of programs are being broadcast by Radio Kinnaird 97.6 FM Students which includes live shows, educational programs, entertainment, social and cultural programs, interviews of students etc. (Kinnaird FM, 2016).

Some important programs aired on FM 97.6 are as follows: “Today in History of Pakistan”, “Important International Days”, “Health & Beauty Tips”, “Radio Drama”, “Cultural Events”, “Interesting Facts from Around the World”, “Birthday of a Famous Personality”, “Radio Documentary”, “Mystic music”, “Patriotic songs” and updates about new inventions in the field of science & technology. Besides airing various programs on educational and social issues, showbiz personalities, Artists, Singers etc. are called in live transmission on FM radio Kinnaird (Kinnaird FM, 2016).

2.8.15 Campus Radio Riphah International University

Campus radio FM 102.2 was established by Riphah International University (RIU) in 2009. Campus radio stations was founded by the Riphah International University to pursue excellence in education with the help of significant academic tool “Radio” by realizing its strength and potential i.e. to educate and inform community particularly youth and students. Riphah FM 102.2 campus radio also works as community radio as its address various social and ethical problems which are being faced by the society and community. Its addresses Islamic ethical values as well. A very good platform in shape of FM 102.2 is provided by the University to its students to build professional, communication and presentation skills (Riphah FM, 2016).

Three (03) hours daily transmission is being aired through Riphah FM 102.2 wherein variety of programs are broadcasted which includes academic, social, sports, cultural programs, seminars and conferences and other activities of University. FM 102.2 campus radio broadcasts special transmission on special days and aired special programs for the National and International events (Riphah FM, 2016).

Following need oriented activities are being carried out by FM 102.2: extra curriculum activities, distance learning programs, media courses focusing on relevant fields, radio producer, radio acting, audio engineering, motivational programs/campaigns, social work and public relation etc. (Riphah FM, 2016).

2.8.16 Campus Radio SZABIST, Larkana

SZABIST established another non commercial FM radio station in its Larkana campus with the frequency of 106.600 MHz in December 2008 after obtaining license from PEMRA in June 2007. FM 106.600 is named as “Zab FM 106.6”. ZabFM is purely a non commercial, non political FM radio station. The main objective behind establishment of campus radio is dissemination of education among students. ZabFM is being run, operated by the students of the University. ZabFM is airing 24 hours transmission throughout in a week (Zab FM Larkana, 2016).

Presently following programs are being aired by ZabFM Larkana “Career Counselor”, “Ambassador”, “Interaction”, “Student Point of View”, “Maria Riaz Show”, “Zab Lectures” etc. Lectures on different topics are recorded by the faculty members and are aired on Zeb FM 106.6 for awareness, education of students. “Zab Lectures” a very popular and famous program keenly listened by the students (Zab FM Larkana, 2016).

2.8.17 Campus Radio Ziaudin University, Karachi

Institute of Communication and Media Studies (ICMS), Zia-u-din University, Karachi established its campus radio with the frequency of 98.2 MHz. FM 98.2 is providing all the students of University a platform to get experience in professional manners and to exhibit their hidden talent (ZU FM, 2016).

FM radio 98.2 is broadcasting various types of programs on educational, social, cultural issues. It is also keeping its listeners updated regarding ongoing activities in town and

66 also airing entertainment programs in shape of music which includes local music, Indian and English music (ZU FM, 2016).

2.8.18 Campus Radio University of Sargodha

University of Sargodha established campus radio with the name of “Voice of Varsity (VOV) FM 98.2” on 19th March, 2012. FM 98.2 aired seven (07) hours daily transmission from 3:00 pm to 10:00 pm throughout the week.FM 98.2 was established with an aim to serve the community and disseminate knowledge to the students of university and to the masses as well (VOV FM, 2016; Muhammad Zubair Khalid, Interview, August 1, 2016).

Transmission of VOV can be heard about 150 KMs circumference which covers following cities / towns: Sargodha , Bhalwal, Kallar Kahar, Chakwal, Jhang, Noorpur Thal, Kot Momin, Chiniot, Faisalabad, Khushaab, Joharabad, Mandi Bahauddin, Sheikhupura etc. (VOV FM, 2016; Muhammad Zubair Khalid, Interview, August 1, 2016).

The service of VOV is also available on internet. Variety of programs are being aired by VOV which covers topics related to information ,culture, agriculture, current affairs, literature, entertainment , religious, sports etc. Daily transmission is started with the recitation of holy Quran. Then routine programs are broadcasted. A cultural Punjab program with the title of “Lok Rehtal” is broadcasted daily from 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm (02 hours duration) wherein topics related to native culture, living style of peoples, social activities; social issues, literature etc. are discussed. Another literary program for duration of two (02) hours is aired fortnightly on FM VOV. No political program is broadcasted on VOV as it is purely an educational channel. Special transmission is aired during the holy month of Ramzan wherein mostly Hamads, Naats, Aarfana Kalam, national songs etc. are broadcasted (VOV FM, 2016; Muhammad Zubair Khalid, Interview, August 1, 2016).

A program with the title of “Magazine” is aired wherein different type of programs are broadcasted on daily basis such as sports activities, health, religious, social issues are discussed. Curricular and co-curricular events, activities in university are also promoted by VOV. Some other popular programs are: “Chaltay Chaltay”, “Shab Bakhair”, “Radio Health Care”, “Lok Rehtal”, “Aaina Adab”, “Khalty Khilari”, “Sanjh Sangat” etc. FM 98.2 is effectively and efficiently working as a bridge between parents, students, community and University. (VOV FM, 2016; Khalid, Muhammad Zubair., Interview, August 1, 2016).

2.8.19 Campus Radio, FGMCW

Campus Radio 98.600 (VOM) has been established by the Department of Mass Communication, F.G Margallah College for Women, Islamabad in March, 2011. FM 98.60 (VOM) broadcasted daily one (01) hour transmission from 11:00 am to 12:00 pm. Students of Department of Mass Communication are encouraged to participate in preparation of programs aired on VOM. It is a non political channel; therefore political issues are not aired/ discussed on it. However, social and cultural programs are aired wherein educational, social, female issues, job oriented issues, women development issues, awareness campaigns are broadcasted (Maira, Interview, June 2, 2016).

A social and cultural program with the title “cultural boundaries” is aired wherein documentaries about Pakistan and other different countries are aired. Special transmission in the holy month of Ramzan is also broadcasted wherein religious programs are transmitted (Maira, Interview, June 2, 2016).

2.8.20 FM Radio Punjab Traffic Police, Lahore

Punjab Traffic Police established first ever FM radio station 88.6 (FM Rasta) in Lahore, Pakistan which broadcasts twenty four (24) hours daily transmission to its listeners relating with traffic. The radio station was constructed as well as funded by a Pakistan based system design and integration firm “United Team Network Technologies (UTNT)” (Rasta FM, 2016).

FM Rasta 88.6 aired twenty four (24) hours transmission based on traffic programs in Pakistan. The programs are prepared and managed by members of the Lahore Traffic Police. Following types of information/ facilities are being provided by Rasta FM: Control room , twenty four (24) hours traffic helpline, commercial free FM 88.6 traffic radio, website showing live traffic conditions, traffic messaging, educational resources regarding Pakistan driving laws, variable messaging systems (VMS) etc. All these efforts are being done to control havoc of traffic in Lahore as well as for guidance, safety, security and convenience of road users (Rasta FM, 2016).

2.8.21 Campus Radio University of Gujrat

University of Gujrat (UoG) established FM radio 106.6 (Campus Voice) in November, 2009 which broadcasts five (05) hours daily transmission which starts from 9:00 am and concluded

68 at 2:00 pm. It is purely an educational channel; therefore, no political program is broadcasted on it. Programs of various issues are aired on Campus voice FM 106.6 such as education, health, history, entertainment and infotainment, Agriculture, social and cultural issues as well as sports (Muhammad Shehzad, Interview, June 23, 2016).

Campus radio also presents programs for youth such as career counseling, sports, social and religious programs etc. Furthermore, campus radio also aired cultural programs having 40 to 60 minutes duration wherein major focus on highlighting cultural heritage, living style of peoples, native dishes , native songs etc. Detail of daily transmission is as follows: “Tilawat-e-Quran Pak”, “Naat”, “Milli Nagma”, “Social and Cultural programs”, “Features, Documentaries”, “Historic Programs”, “programs for farmers”, social”, entertainment, infotainment and sports programs, Azan, Naat, Qawali , Public Service Message etc. (Muhammad Shehzad, Interview, June 23, 2016).

2.8.22 FM Radio Islamabad Traffic Police

Islamabad Traffic Police (ITP) has launched its own FM radio with frequency 92.4 MHz in June, 2009. Now, it is the most popular FM Radio Channel in Islamabad. The main objectives for establishment of FM 92.400 are: firstly, to enhance traffic education and awareness and to help the road users, secondly, to provide information about weather and traffic conditions & infotainment and thirdly, to reduce communication gap between public and police (ITP FM, 2016).

ITP FM is providing useful information on traffic flows and traffic education, along with music & songs. To make the Islamabad Traffic Police FM radio as a model of excellence this could be emulated by other radio stations. Some popular programs are “Tilawat-e-Quran Pak”, “Salam Pakistan Good morning”, “Chacha Traffic”, “Drive hour”, “Kida Corner”, “Test Drive Internees”, “Humrahi”, “Life line”, “Drive Time”, “Musical drive”, “Traffic Zone”, “Career counseling”, “Chorangi”, “Batti on hay”, “Ghazal Shab”, “Shab Gard”, “Andaz-e-Bayan Aur” etc. and special transmission also aired on special days such as Eid festivals, independence day etc. (ITP FM, 2016).

2.8.23 Campus Radio KUST

Campus radio KUST FM 98.2 is a community based radio station established by Kohat University of Science & Technology. FM radio station was established in 2008 and it airs two

(02) hours daily transmission which includes features, short documentaries, dramas, entertainment, discussions. Almost all programs are for youth specially the entertainment ones as target audience is the youth. Radio KUST aired short documentaries and dramas which are culture oriented (KUST FM, 2016 & Pervaiz Khan, Interview, September 1, 2016).

As per PEMRA policy, radio KUST avoids to air political programs. However, it airs social programs with focus on education, health, awareness and well-being. Usually, transmission is started with entertainment programs. Discussions on different topics, news and documentaries etc. are also aired (KUST FM, 2016 & Pervaiz Khan, Interview, September 1, 2016).

Radio KUST is doing a tremendous job in catering the need of local populace. It is mainly used as students training lab, where they can learn to develop confidence and improve upon their journalistic skills. Moreover radio KUST has captivated its audience through a wide range of programs. More so, management of radio KUST is also working to launch inter- departmental programs which can emphasize the debate culture amongst various disciplines (KUST FM, 2016 & Pervaiz Khan, Interview, September 1, 2016).

2.8.24 Campus Radio Hazara University, Mansehra

Department of Communication & Media Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra has setup its own FM radio channel in October 2010. FM campus radio broadcast two (02) hours daily transmission. The main objective behind establishment of FM channel is to promote educational and professional standards among the students. Studio of FM radio 98.6 is furnished with latest equipment and providing students a useful platform for training as well as technological awareness in the arena of mass communication (Hazara FM, 2016).

Campus FM station is a non-political radio station which is not only providing practical experience to the students but also giving an opportunity to do practical work and gain professional skills. Main objective behind inception of transmission of campus radio is to highlight problems, issues being faced by the students as well as to raise awareness and positivity among the targeted community. Programs being aired by the Campus Radio are target oriented with major focus on the following areas: social and cultural sectors, national integration, religious values, entertainment & information, health & human rights, motivation of students etc. (Hazara FM, 2016).

2.8.25 FM Radio PILAC, Lahore

Punjab Institute of language, Art & Culture, Lahore (PILAC) has setup its FM radio station with frequency of 95 MHz on 11th October, 2007 and names it as FM 95 Punjab Rung. FM 95 Punjab Rung is the first ever Punjabi FM radio station and it broadcast seventeen (17) hours daily transmission from 8:00 am to 01:00 am which is listened by the public within a circumference of sixty (60) KM. FM 95 is being run under the command of Dr. Sughra Sadaf. FM 95 was established with an aim to promote Punjabi language, Punjabi culture and heritage. Therefore, all the programs aired by FM 95 is in Punjabi language which contains infotainment, entertainment, news, cultural events, sports, village life, cultural studies and Punjab studies etc. FM 95 is providing platform for the promotion of Punjabi language, art, culture and heritage. It is also successfully bridging gap between government and masses (PILAC FM, 2016; Hassan Jalil, Interview, June 14, 2016).

FM Punjab Rung also organizes different programs specially designed for youth for their education and guidance including current affair programs and music as well for entertainment which is popular among the teenagers and youngsters. All the programs aired by FM 95 consist of two (02) hours duration. FM 95 also broadcast one political programs which is a weekly programs having duration of two (02) hours which is presented by famous journalist Mr. Iftikhar-ul-Haq Malik wherein the host presents the political analysis of current political events occurs during the week. A weekly program “Neena dy Aakhay Laggy” is also aired on Saturday from 1200 to 1330. Special programs are also aired on important events such as Eid festivals, Rabi-ul-Awwal, Moharram-ul-Haraam, Kashmir Day, Pakistan day etc. Following cultural programs are being aired on campus radio FM 95: “Muglay di Jhook”, “Baby deny da Veera”, “Meela”, “Sur Meela”, “Punjabi Filmi Geet”, “Chaan”, “Sur Sangeet”, and some social programs viz: “Chanan”, “Saweera” etc. (PILAC FM, 2016; Hassan Jalil, Interview, June 14, 2016).

2.8.26 FM Radio Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industries Lahore

Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Lahore (LCCI) established its FM radio channel with frequency of 98.600 MHz to cater for the need of its members, business community and the masses regarding provision of latest information relating to national and international business industry. FM radio 98.600 is named as “Radio for business”. FM 98.600 is a nonprofit non political radio channel which is financed by the LCCI. FM radio 98.600 is first

71 ever radio channel in Pakistan which is completely a business channel and disseminating business relating news and information. This channel is being run by a team of professionals (LCCI FM, 2016).

Major objective for establishment of a business radio is to promote entrepreneurship among young generation as well as to educate and guide their listeners who are interested in starting their own business. It is also providing necessary guidance and information to the existing business. FM 98.600 is broadcasting programs such as live updates from different Stock Exchanges in Pakistan like Karachi , Lahore etc. as well as news and updates from Markets i.e. Bullion market, Leather & Metal markets, Grain market rates, updates and rates of Poultry, Cement, Construction material, Plastic, Textile Industry etc. and it also presents the latest and current rates of Currency for information of its listeners and members of LCCI which are about 16,000 in numbers and scattered in different parts of Lahore city (LCCI FM, 2016).

2.8.27 FM Radio National Highway Authority

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority has suspended the license given to National Highway Authority with frequency of 89.600 MHz (PEMRA, 2016).

2.8.28 Campus Radio Govt. College University Faisalabad

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has given license of FM radio to the Government College University, Faisalabad with frequency of 92.600 MHz. However, FM radio 92.600 is non-operational (PEMRA, 2016).

2.8.29 FM Radio Gwadar

Maritime Services, Bahria Foundation established FM radio station in Gwadar which have allocated frequency 90 MHz. FM 90 is established is the coastal Area of Makran and started its transmission from Gwadar city. FM radio Gwadar is a Community radio station which airs twenty four (24) hours non political, non commercial transmission in Urdu and Balochi languages. The broadcast contains informatory programs as well as emergency updates about cyclones to fishermen and locals of the area (Gwadar FM, 2016).

2.8.30 Campus Radio NUST, Islamabad

Department of Mass Communication, National University of Science and Technology (NUST) established its FM radio station with frequency of 100.4 MHz in November, 2012 and named it as “FM Radio Voice of NUST”. Voice of NUST aired daily transmission for duration of four (04) hours wherein social, cultural, information, entertainment programs are presented for the listeners. Its transmission covers capital city of Islamabad and Rawalpindi as well. Its transmission started from 10:20 am to 12:30 pm and from 2:20 pm to 4:30 pm. As it is completely an educational radio channel, therefore, no political program is aired on it (NUST FM, 2016; Ramzan Pervaiz, Interview, November 11, 2016).

Voice of NUST is established to facilitate its students to enhance their capabilities and to provide opportunity to gain necessary professional skills. Studio of FM 100.4 is fully equipped with modern facilities. Voice of NUST broadcast social and cultural programs for duration of 20 to 30 minutes. Detail of programs aired on FM 100.4 are as follows: Information about books, food importance, health , music, real world, seed of hope , startup talk etc. (NUST FM, 2016; Ramzan Pervaiz, Interview, November 11, 2016).

2.8.31 FM Radio SZABIST, Islamabad

Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology, Islamabad (SZABIST) established a campus radio with frequency of 106.600 MHz. FM radio station (Zab FM 106.6) was established in March 2015. Transmission of ZAB FM could be heard within a radius of 35 KM. Presently, ZAB FM is airing three (03) hours daily transmission from 10:00 am to 01:00 pm, five (05) days in a week (Zab FM Isd, 2016).

Zab FM is a non commercial non political FM station. Transmission of Zab FM is not only catering academic needs of students but also providing benefit to common man. Major focus of transmission is to broadcast such programs which contains information, entertainment and awareness. Various types of programs aired on it such as “women program”, “children show”, “IT updates”, “Sports show”, “health program”, “youth counseling show” etc. (Zab FM Isd, 2016).

2.8.32 Campus radio 92 Directorate of Public Relations, KPK

Directorate of Public Relations, Khyber Pakhtunkawa established FM radio with frequency of 92 MHz in November, 2010 and named it as “Pakhtunkawa Radio”. It airs seventeen (17) hours daily transmission from 07:00 am to 12:00 am (night). It was established with an objective to create and disseminate awareness as well as to promote local culture. Therefore, programs in five different languages (Urdu, Pashto, Hindko, Persian and Chitrali) are produced and aired for its listeners. Duration of all programs is for one (01) to two (02) hours. It also airs political programs such as Minister on line, Chief Minister online and Imran Khan online etc. Social, educational and cultural programs are also broadcasted. Some popular programs such as current affair program “Nun Saba”, program of educational rights “Taleem Zamoong Haq De”, health related program “Daru Durmal” and another current affair program “Bazgasht” etc. (Syed Anwar, Interview, June 23, 2016).

2.8.33 Campus Radio University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

Considering the effectiveness of FM radio, the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF) has launched its own FM radio station with frequency of 100.4 MHz. FM 100.4 is providing information, guideline about agricultural issues, their solutions and entertainment to the locals. It is also helping the students and other listeners by transferring modern knowledge and techniques in the field of agriculture. FM radio service was started by the university with an aim to respond promptly to the educational needs of distance learners and providing them world class educational facilities and providing lifelong learning opportunities for farmers/ villagers to build a strong knowledge based agricultural economy in Pakistan (UAF FM, 2016).

FM radio is providing a platform to the students of University to polish and exhibit their knowledge and skills regarding agricultural journalism. FM radio programs are also educating and creating awareness to the masses particularly farmers residing in city and its adjoining areas. It is also disseminating awareness about the use of balanced fertilizer to enhance productivity (UAF FM, 2016).

2.8.34 Campus Radio MAJU, Islamabad

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has given license of FM radio to the Muhammad Ali Jinnah University (MAJU), Islamabad and allocated frequency of 97.600

MHz. However, FM radio 97.600 is still non-operational (PEMRA, 2016; Abdul Hameed, Interview, June 04, 2016).

2.8.35 Campus Radio MAJU, Karachi

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has given license of FM radio to the Muhammad Ali Jinnah University (MAJU), Karachi and allocated frequency of 97.600 MHz. However, FM radio 97.600 is still non-operational (PEMRA, 2016; Abdul Hameed, Interview, June 04, 2016).

2.8.36 Campus Radio University of Central Punjab, Lahore

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has given license of FM radio to the University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore and allocated frequency of 92.600 MHz. However, FM radio 97.600 is still non-operational (PEMRA, 2016).

2.8.37 Campus Radio Shahed Mohtrma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana

Shahed Mohtrma Benazir Bhutto Medical University (SMBBMU), Larkana has setup FM radio station with frequency of 90.6 MHz on 5th January, 2012. Main objective behind establishment of FM campus radio is to spread health awareness, value of prevention of diseases and their nutrition/vaccination as well as provision of entertainment to the masses. FM 90 is also broadcasting lectures/speeches of qualified Consultants/Doctors of University with the purpose of public service. Basically, FM 90.600 is a health radio run by Shaheed Mohtrma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana for the sake of awareness to the people. FM 90.600 radio is non-commercial, non profit, non political entity which is being purely utilized for human benefit. The theme of FM 90.600 is specially related to social service & whole transmission is run in greater public service (Gada Hussian Chandio, Interview, August 17, 2016).

Campus radio FM 90.6 airs daily transmission from 09:00 am to 09:00 pm. It broadcasts programs in Sindhi language which are heard in the vicinity of Larkana. Mostly the programs are related to health; however on the special days of youth and related scenario, specific programs are broadcast. All the programs are designed as per ethics and culture/ habits of common people, but the focus is same i.e. health and awareness. While the culture

75 event are celebrated in befitting manner through special programs by keeping in view the nature and type of cultural activity and these programs are merged in routine transmission, however mostly there programs are ranging from 1 to 2 hours transmission. Every programs airs on FM 90.600 consist of 1 to 2 hours duration (Gada Hussian Chandio, Interview, August 17, 2016).

2.8.38 Campus Radio Superior University, Lahore

Superior University, Lahore established its own FM radio channel with frequency of 106.600 MHz. FM 106.600 is a non commercial, non political FM radio channel. FM 106.60 is airing infotainment programs. It is also providing a useful platform to the students of University to show their potential and skills. FM 106.600 is very popular among the students of the University (Superior FM, 2016).

2.8.39 Campus Radio KPK Judicial Academy, Peshawar

Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Judicial Academy, Peshawar has setup its own radio channel with the frequency of 96.600 MHz and inaugurated by Chief Justice Peshawar High Court, Justice Dost Muhammad Khan on 20th March, 2013. FM 96.6 is also named as “Radio Meezan”. Radio Meezan broadcast 04 hours daily transmission which starts from 03:00 pm to 07:00 pm and all these programs are re-broadcasted from 08:00 am to 11:00 am. FM 96.6 is first ever Radio station in South Asia which is established for Legal awareness (Meezan FM, 2016; Shah Faisal, Interview, June 03, 2016).

Main objectives behind establishment of campus radio FM 96.600 are: firstly, to create and maintain a society based on justice and supremacy of law, so that a sense of social harmony prevails. Secondly, to educate and update general public particularly weaker segments of society regarding their basic rights and thirdly, to provide a forum for distant learning to all those related to justice sector (Meezan FM, 2016; Shah Faisal, Interview, June 03, 2016).

Radio Meezan broadcast programs for young law students and fresh practicing lawyers to discuss their problems and about their future plans as well as it also airs a special programs under title “Fikr-o-Nazar” in which PhD degree holder guests/ students are invited and encouraged to participate and to discuss social issues. Radio Meezan broadcast programs

76 relating with social issues such as educational, news, talk shows on Legal awareness, women rights, child rights, human rights etc., however, it does not aired cultural and political programs or shows (Meezan FM, 2016; Shah Faisal, Interview, June 03, 2016).

First Program starts from 3:30 PM up to 3:55 PM, then it broadcasts Urdu news at 4:00 pm (10 minutes duration), a weekly program starts from 4:10 pm to 4:50 pm. Pashto News aired at 5:00 pm and LLB lecture at 5:10 to 6:00 pm and last program from 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm. Following programs are being aired on radio Meezan:- “Qanoni Larey Charey (Pahsto)”, “Qanondan studio Mai”, “Da Pakistan Ayen (Pahsto)”, “Ayen e Pakistan (Urdu)”, “Maire Kal”, “Farm e Elahi”, “Basahri Haqona”, “Islam ao Qanon”, “Fikr o Nazar”, “Tarikhi Faisaly”, “Adhi Dunya”, “Phol Khalyian”, “Zalanda Stori”, “Hafta e Rafta”, “Taira Hafta (Pashto)”, “Poha Ranra Da” and “Amal Da Larey Mal” etc. (Meezan FM, 2016; Shah Faisal, Interview, June 03, 2016).

2.8.40 Campus Radio The University of Faisalabad

The University of Faisalabad (TUF) has launched its own FM radio station with frequency of 96.600 MHz in October, 2014. FM radio station 96.6 airs twenty four (24) hours transmission. It is a non commercial, non political radio station. It broadcasts educational programs for information and awareness of students (Zeeshan, Interview, August 19, 2016).

All the programs are planned, managed and performed by the students. FM radio 96.6 is providing a platform to the students of university to develop and improve their skills, potential and gain practical knowledge. It is also broadcast events of university, seminars, workshops, debates, literary programs, quiz competitions etc. Undoubtedly, FM 96.6 is providing a platform to the students where they can demonstrate their talent and creativity (Zeeshan, Interview, August 19, 2016).

2.8.41 FM Radio National Highways & Motorway Police

National Highways & Motorway Police (NH&MP) established FM radio station FM 95 on 13th June, 2015 which airs eighteen (18) hours daily transmission from 7:00 am to 12:00 am (night). FM 95 is a non political radio station which is established to facilitate the commuters travelling on Motorways and National Highways. Mostly programs based on different issues are aired on FM 95 such as road safety, traffic laws, educational, constructive, entertainment

77 and health. However, social and cultural programs are also aired on FM 95 (NHMP FM, 2016; Mehmood Ali Khokhar, Interview, July 14, 2016).

Cultural programs on FM 95 are broadcasted in all languages such as Urdu, Pashto, Potohari, Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, and Brahwi wherein culture of all the provinces of Pakistan is highlighted and duration of such programs is about 06 hours. Transmission of FM 95 can be heard throughout via web streaming. Social awareness campaigns are launched on FM 95 for awareness of public and in this regard special programs are also aired to motive people specially youth to participate in positive activities and play their role in destruction of social evils. FM radio is also keeps update its listeners/ road users by providing latest information regarding weather, road conditions etc. on Motorways and other National Highways networks such as N-5, N-10, N-25 and N-75 and help them in planning their journey. Some popular programs aired on FM 95 are “Good Morning Pakistan/ Drive with sunrise”, “Long drive with Khokar”, “App ki Farmaish”, “Mirch Masala”, “Ghnghari (Potohari)”, “Boota Express (Punjabi)”, “Weekend Special”, “Hoo Jamaloo (Sindhi)” etc. (NHMP FM, 2016; Mehmood Ali Khokhar, Interview, July 14, 2016).

2.8.42 FM Radio Sindh Police

Sindh Police, Govt. of Sindh has also setup FM radio station at Karachi which can be heard at frequency of 88.600 MHz. FM 88.6 was established in year 2013 with an aim to achieve the following objectives: firstly, to maintain smooth traffic flow and situation update, secondly, to update route diversions etc. and thirdly, to introduce traffic education and e-policing system (Sindh FM, 2016).

FM radio broadcasts programs which provide necessary information to road users and listeners such as awareness and education of traffic rules, weather forecast, traffic diversions, traffic updates, legal issues, health, entertainment as well as it also aired interviews of police officers and other personalities and other important information which is essentially required to share with listeners (Sindh FM, 2016).

2.8.43 FM Radio Capital Development Authority

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has given license of FM radio to the Capital Development Authority (CDA), Islamabad and allocated frequency of 88.600

MHz. However, FM radio 88.600 is still non-operational. CDA has acquired license from PEMRA for establishment of FM radio for awareness, education and get feedback from the public (CDA FM, 2016; PEMRA, 2016).

Furthermore, by utilizing service of FM radio, interaction between citizens of Islamabad and CDA will be ensured and it is essentially required for improved performance and service delivery of the Authority. FM channel will also be used to educate people regarding proper utilization of basic utilities as well as it will also guide the masses regarding cleanliness, use of water etc. (CDA FM, 2016; PEMRA, 2016).

2.8.44 Campus Radio Sindh Madressatul Islam University

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has given license of FM radio to Sindh Madressatul Islam University (SMI), Karachi in year 2014 and allocated frequency of 96.600 MHz. It is a non commercial radio channel and established with an aim to educate, inform, and entertain the students as well as general public. FM 96.600 has two studios which are fully equipped with modern facilities. FM radio will help the students to gain practical experience and professional knowledge and techniques. However, FM radio 96.600 is still non- operational (SMI FM, 2016; PEMRA, 2016).

2.8.45 Campus Radio UMT, Lahore

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has given license of non commercial FM radio to the Department of Media and Communication, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore in November, 2012 and allocated frequency of 98.200 MHz. Its transmission will be heard within a distance of 30 KM of radius (NASHAR FM, 2016).

FM 98.2 is named as “NASHAR UMT Radio”. FM radio is established in UMT keeping in view the need of modern era as well as following types of programs shall be aired on campus radio: entertainment programs, talk shows, youth related programs, university events, examination schedules etc. However, FM radio 98.200 is still non-operational (NASHAR FM, 2016).

2.8.46 Campus Radio University of Balochistan

Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has given license for establishment of FM radio to the department of Media and Journalism , University of Balochistan, Quetta with frequency of 96.6 MHz which was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Balochistan Dr. Abdul Malik Baloch on 21st November, 2014. Campus radio is named as “BUBA” Balochistan University Broadcast Academy. However, FM radio 96.6 is still non-operational as some work is under progress (BUBA FM, 2016).

2.9 FM Radios run by ISPR

2.9.1 SUNO FM (FM 96 & FM 89.4)

Suno Pakistan FM 96 International Radio Network has initially started its transmission in KPK and FATA regions (Swat and Waziristan) in February 2009. The slogan of Suno FM network is “peace”. Main purpose behind establishment SUNO FM Pakistan is to demoralize the propaganda of militants owned illegal FM radio channels in insurgent areas but also to project unity, peace and true picture of Islam and Pakistan. It is not only projecting image of Pakistan but also providing entertainment and education to its listeners. The transmission under the banner of Suno FM network enhanced by opening of a FM station in Balochistan province in year 2012 and further extended its services in other big cities of country i.e. Islamabad / Rawalpindi, Karachi, Lahore, Multan and other surrounding districts on 5th of August 2013. Presently, Suno FM 96 network is comprises of fifty (50) stations and four (04) stations at FM 89.4 band throughout Pakistan and disseminating message of love, happiness, cultural integration, peace (SUNO FM, 2016).

Following types of entertainment and social awareness programs are aired of SUNO FM network: “96 Rangoona” , “Ba Khabar Pakistan (Current Affair)” , “Da Kor Khayast”, “Loye Malghalarey (Great Saying)”,“Rang Pa Rang (Rang Tarang)”, “Zadakra (Learning from mistakes)”, “Chit Chat”, “Staso Ghukhtana” (Request Show)” , “Da Lobo Dunya (Sports World)”, “Karwanda (Agricultural time)” , “Rokhana Lary (Education base show about scholarships etc)”, “Awaz (Social issues base)”, “Latoon (Science and technology)”,”Ranra”, “Wara Ghutaai (Kids Show)”, “Rough Sehat (Health Program)”, “Skarney makham (Drive time)”, “Hujra”, “Zewar Education base issues)”, “Pizwala bazoor (Local Jinkar)”, “Ghazal Zaar (Poetry Program)” and “Shapy gap shap (Night time Entertainment)” etc. (SUNO FM , 2016).

Coverage areas of SUNO FM Network are: Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Peshawar, Multan, Islamabad, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Rahimyar Khan, Faisalabad and other adjoining areas with these cities etc. (SUNO FM, 2016).

Transmission areas of FM 89.4 are: Karachi (FM 89.4), Islamabad (FM 89.4), Lahore (FM 89.4) and Multan (FM 89.4) etc. (SUNO FM, 2016).

Transmission areas of FM 96 KPK are: Mingora, Malakand, Chakdara, Buner, Khwaza Khela, Shangla, Malam Jabba, Ghalanai (Mohmand Agency), Illazai (Mohmand Agency, Khaar (Bajaur Agency), Peshawar, Landikotal (Kheber Agency), Nowshera, Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Kalam, Apluri, Warsak, Fort Salop and Bin Shahi etc. (SUNO FM, 2016).

Transmission areas of FM 96 FATA are: Datta Khel, Razmak, Mir Ali, Spin Wam, Wana, Shakkai, Makeen, Angoor Adda, Para Chinar, Ghiljo (Orak zai Agency), Thall, Dera Ismail Khan, Bannu, Tank, Jandola, Siplatoi, Kotkai, Kotkai and Sara Naka etc. (SUNO FM , 2016).

Transmission areas of FM 96 Balochistan are: Quetta, Khuzdar, Panjgoor and Turbat etc. (SUNO FM, 2016).

2.10 Online FM radios / Web radios

Internet radio (also web radio, net radio, streaming radio, e-radio, online radio and webcasting) is an audio service transmitted through Internet. Therefore, broadcasting using internet is called or referred as webcasting. The transmission is not aired using wireless technology. Various online or web radios are working in the country. These online radio stations are mostly entertainment channels. e.g. Flare FM, SAMA FM, Desi Radio, Dhak Dhak Radio etc. However, some political and religious parties such as PTI, Dawat-e-Islami etc. have also established their online / web radios to get connected with their workers and to disseminate their agendas publically (Weiner, 1996; Halbert, 2015; Liveradio, 2016).

2.10.1 INSAF radio

Importance of FM channel in political scenario of Pakistan cannot be neglected. Keeping in view the effectiveness and potential of FM radio, Pakistan Tehreek-e- Insaf (PTI) has considered to establish a FM channel for propagation and projection of its political objectives. A purely political FM radio channel “Insaf Radio” is established by PTI management to broadcast from PTI platform. Insaf Radio an exclusive radio for Insafians (followers of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf) can follow this channel as it gives exclusive and latest news and updates and top stories about political activities of PTI. It aims to broadcast the programs and activities of Pakistan Tehreek-e- Insaf. The Insaf Radio can bridge the gap between the party, its workers as well as general public (Insaf, 2017).

2.10.2 Dawat-e-Islami FM

Dawat-e-Islami, a big religious group in Pakistan, has also established online / web FM radio to disseminate religious thoughts and awareness among general public and its followers. Recitation of Quran, Naat and different religious courses and programs are aired through Dawt-islami online FM radio (Dawateislami, 2017).

SUMMARY

Radio Pakistan has been a very effective communication medium in the country since its inception; particularly it has been the most useful educative informative tool because of its marvelous outreach as compared to all other mediums of communications. It has the largest structure with 61 big and small buildings and well trained staff but over the years this useful medium and institution has been turning into a neglected medium due to the policies of successive governments which have used this medium for propagation of their own agendas and had made this valuable source of information and current affairs channel, such a tool whose duty is to only focus and praise every action of government instead of educating the masses on different social, cultural and political issues and motivate its listeners (PBC, 2016).

The revival of radio broadcast took place in Pakistan after the emergence of FM radios in Pakistan. Though, FM radios undoubtedly have played their role for revival of radio broadcasting in Pakistan. Presently, more than 200 FM radios are working in the country which are airing variety of entertainment, infotainment stuff to their audience but the trend of FM radios are mostly towards airing entertainment programs especially musical shows rather to broadcast social and cultural programs which highlights different social and cultural issues of the society (PEMRA, 2016).

Furthermore, the non-commercial radios or campus radios are also working in the country and successfully contributing their required role by spreading awareness, education, information to the masses specially the students and youth and also strengthening the students by providing a platform where they can gain experience and can also perform and express their potential and talent.

Programs on Radio Pakistan are still following the traditional and cultural values, norms. No vulgar and abusive content is broadcasted. Radio Pakistan`s current affairs channels did not broadcast any song as a filler. The cue sheets of all programs are made early in the day along with the latest issues of that day. Radio Pakistan is producing some pure current affairs programs based on discussion, interviews, documentaries, features, some exclusive music programs etc.

Radio Pakistan also produce daily religious program early in the morning which is very popular especially in the rural areas. Radio Pakistan is the only electronic media of

Pakistan which is broadcasting programs and bulletins in twenty nine (29) regional languages and foreign languages which are Chinese, Hindi, Persian, Dari, Nepali, Tamil, Sinhala, Bangla etc. Radio Pakistan also has a dedicated Saut ul Quran channel in which Qirat of renowned Qaris is broadcasted from 7 am to 12 midnight. Radio Pakistan FM 101 is purely a music channel for youth in which songs are broadcast but regular news bulletins after one hour are also broadcast.

Many efforts are still required to get maximum output and benefit from the very effective and useful radio medium in Pakistan. It has the capacity to outreach in far flung areas of the country as well as it can spread the message and its voice without discriminating its audience whether literate or ill-literate, young or old, men or women etc.

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The very first research on radio with the title of “Invasion from Mars Radio Panics in America” was done in America during the year 1937 wherein the influence of radio listening on different type of listeners was examined. An institute “office of radio research” was established with the help of Roackerfeller Foundation in Colombia University under the command of Paul Lazarsfeld with the aim to investigate “the role of radio on people’s life”. As the advancement in radio progresses, the social scientists evaluated the effects of radio on listeners.

According to Venkatalakshmi & Chandraleka (2013) private FM radios are run commercially , however some sort of social awareness information is shared by private FM radios to their listeners i.e. health, environment, safety measurement, education, gender issues etc. News broadcast is not allowed on private FM radios, so these FM stations took different strategies to compete other FM channels. FM radio presenters often speak on some social issues and play public service announcements e.g. health and agriculture related information etc. for awareness of public and get high rating.

Dagron & Tufte (2008) argue that communication for social change is a method of thinking and exercising that puts people in control of the means and content of communication process. Early development communication theorists believed that mere exposure to radio messages was enough to cause social changes that would lead to development. This belief had provided platform for launching of numerous radio stations for development projects.

Chhetri (2011) says that in many countries the commercial FM broadcast does not meet and fulfill the requirement and basic concept of FM radios which is to inform, educate, and entertain the masses especially the people who living in remote corners of towns and villages.

Dutta (2010) describes that most areas in India radio is still main source of getting news and entertainment for people. Apart from All India Radio, public service broadcaster, there also exist private FM radio stations which are communicating information and entertainment for the masses.

According to Gray & James (1996) communication practitioners in health promotion and community development know that listeners pay much attention to their message if they wrap the message with a layer of entertainment. Development communicators make use of education, entertainment or information announcement techniques, where entertainment and education or information is blended in a radio program.

According to Ali (2009) after the emergence of FM radio the popularity of radio enhanced because FM radio give information to such people who have no access to other sources of mass media such as newspapers, television etc. As radio is very cheaper and easily accessible medium. Radio broadcasts different programs in regional languages which helped in bridging the gap among people living in other areas of country. FM radio is also helpful in raising awareness about different social evils such as extremism & militancy feudalism, killing and lawlessness etc. FM radio also has played its role in rescuing people suffered from natural disasters or accidents by providing timely information about them.

Rasul et al (2011) describe that in Pakistan regulation of media organizations is a complex process that requires monitoring of social, cultural, political and economic environments. It is key responsibility of communication policy makers to keep an eye on concentration of ownership and ensure fair competition in a free marketplace of ideas. It is fact that media industry is monopolized throughout in world. Very few companies in different regions are controlling media this situation has made impossible for other less smaller and local groups to compete with them media conglomerates. Media business is concentrated in few hands. There are four major media groups in Pakistan i.e. Independent Media Corporation, Waqat Media Group, Pakistan Herald Publications and Century Publications. These media giants have controlled commercial and operational aspects of mainstream media in Pakistan and also sustain their monopoly over communication resources by huge investments. PEMRA has totally failed to effectively put check cross media ownership and to exercise its authority to implement an efficient regulatory regime. The researcher further argues that Control of bureaucracy on PEMRA has made this esteem organization ineffectual, irresponsible journalism and concentration of ownership due to these reasons this institutions become weakened.

According to Mezzera & Sial (2009) Pakistani media was dictated by establishment or ruling Government until 2001. PTV and some other semi government or privately owned entertainment channels such as STN & NTM were providing services to the masses. Radio market was fully monopolized by states owned Radio Pakistan. In 2002,

87 Pakistan Government has established an electronic media regulatory body called PEMRA (Pakistan Electronic Media regulatory Authority) with a mandate of issuing licenses to private companies to work in Pakistani media market. Responsibility is given to PEMRA to regulate electronic media content distribution and monitoring as well. PEMRA has authority to ban or put fine on any channel or company for not following terms & conditions and criteria given by the Government.

Khalid (2010) illustrates that a revolutionary development occurred in Pakistan’s media landscape when more than fifty (50) FM radio stations across the country have established a formal community of peace and vowed to use airwaves for social empowerment, development and for promotion of peace in the country.

Rehman (2014) states that FM radios are considered more effective community medium as it can talk about local issues, promote local voices and its non sensationalism make it more reliable among listeners as compare to TV, cable and print media.

Mtimde et al (1998) describe that in Africa many countries have give permission to establish independent commercial and community radio stations. In South Africa, a clearly defined three-tier broadcasting system prevails i.e. public, commercial and community. Namibia Communications Commission Act 1992 states that priority in the allocation of frequencies should go to "broadcasters transmitting the maximum number of hours per day and to community based broadcasters". However, in Mali and Burkina Faso, there has been tremendous de-facto political support can be observed for establishment of rural radio stations and other forms of community radios.

Ryerson (2002) describes an insightful view about effectiveness of community radio. Community radio stations puts effect on population instantly. Further, researcher has also observed that small community radio stations usually start their broadcast with music programs which puts an impact on cultural identity and community pride. Later on, health & education related programs are aired which share information on different important issues that are affective in community development. Radios are also used for promotion of informal education in developing countries. Promotion of education using radio programs is blessing for people living in remote & rural areas where schools are at very long distances and other sources of mass communication like newspapers are expensive. Radio medium is helpful in educating its audiences and does not require physical presence. Basic and only requirement for audience that they understand broadcast language.

88 According to research report by International Media Support (2009) radio is a vibrant and dominant media in many rural areas media in Pakistan where television does not penetrate because of the prohibitive transmission costs or simply due to lack of electricity in far flung area in the country. In urban areas, radio is gaining popularity as people are too busy to watch television and often give preference to listen radio. After establishment of PEMRA in the country which has opened doors for private FM radio stations. Subsequently, emergence of more than 40 FM stations took place. Transmission of these FM reached to millions of Pakistanis living in rural and urban areas. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) still dominates radio in Pakistan and has the biggest audiences in the rural areas. PBC's Radio Pakistan and FM 101 have undoubtedly largest outreach with 34 stations that covers 80% of Pakistan territory, reaching 96.5% of the population.

According to Rasul et al (2007) media giants are controlling mainstream media in Pakistan. Media groups are also sustaining their monopoly over communication media. PEMRA has failed to effectively exercise its authority and to implement an efficient regulatory regime as prescribed in its mandate due to involvement and influence of bureaucracy.

Gustafsson (2013) states that radio is most common electronic media for a community due to its low cost of operation. Community radio stations are often nonprofit and low budget stations that are mainly run by volunteers and owned by associations, foundations or NGOs etc. Community radios are often distinguishable from commercial radios and state owned radios by their provision of vital, accessible and participatory alternatives. Community media is an alternative to mainstream media as it provides and fulfills need for communication platforms within civil society. Community media is considered to be third voice between state and commercial media. Community radio stations are established with an aim to create a platform to discuss issues that are beneficial for the entire community and regardless of ethnic belonging. Youth oriented shows that deal with the issues being faced by the youth such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, domestic violence, idleness and importance of leading a positive lifestyle etc. are transmitted.

According to Tahir (2010) arrival of global media has extended range and ability of diffusion of media contents as well as have enlarged scope of news resulting in greater audiences now. A competition has been developed amongst media groups which have increased accuracy and quality of news. Fever of global media has wrapped up local issues, problems and realities from main stream media and faded away that slogan „think global act local‟. Pakistan yet has to adopt community radio for development. Pakistan requires to have

89 community radio to overcome social issues such as sectarianism, ethnicity problems, ignorance, unemployment etc. and also required to create awareness about social issues among society and communities through radio.

Osunkunle (2008) state that radio has brought sociological, technological and economical changes in the society due to its transmission and ease of programming, therefore radio is called a tool for social change and development. Community radio stations in South Africa have been using programs to inform, educate and also entertain their listeners and also providing a platform to its listeners to contribute meaningfully to community and national development.

Further, Khan et al (2013) says that Pakistani media is very vibrant and has become most powerful in changing opinions and views of public. Different talk shows are being arranged on TV and radio on issues such as violence, drugs, human relationships, politics, religion and culture. It is media which have provided a platform to youth to comment on even those topics which have considered forbidden. Now, people are able to listen parliament proceedings, activities of politicians etc. due to media. Role of mass media in Pakistani society is tri-dimensional i.e. information, education and entertainment. A survey carried out by Gallup Pakistan revealed that 52% of Pakistani public consider media a source of awareness while 29% believed otherwise. Mass media has given opportunity to every individual to voice opinion on different social and political issues and sharing of information.

Patil (2010) says that community radios are helpful for promotion of awareness of different issues in a community and it also provides protection of culture and motivates peoples to participate in planned development programs.

According to Ravi (2012) day to day life style in different societies of different geographies which are led by communities collectively define different cultures examples of such cultures in today’s life are mass culture, media culture, work culture, corporate culture etc. Further he says that, forte of culture of western and European nations lies in unstinted cultural practices of time, discipline, sense of responsibility and high individual liberty. An impact on day to day lives of people throughout the globe is a result of new media culture. Inherent nature of all new media is comprehensively global in respect of progress, access, communication, change and development.

90 Wahgra (2002) describes that, popularity of FM listening in Lahore can be gauged from this fact that after commencement of its service in 1998, transmission of FM 100 has amplified as radio listening habit in city of Lahore from 40.45% to 82.02% within first three years. FM 100 has gained massive fame and recognition in a very short period in the major cities of Pakistan i.e. Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Dialogue and conversation between caller and show hosts RJs (radio jockeys) are live broadcast which attracts the people and people take interest in FM radio listening.

According to Syed (2002) FM 100 was more popular radio channel amongst FM listeners. Further, during the survey about 86% respondents told that they listen FM 100. In area of jurisdiction of transmission of FM 100 which comprises of cities, towns and villages, it is observed that listener give preference in listening FM 100 channel as compare to other FM radio stations. Furthermore, results of a research reveals high ratio of FM 100's audience e.g. in 1995 this was 90%, in 1996 up to 88%, in 1997 up to 75%, in 1998 up to 86%, in 1999 up to 90%, in 2000 up to 87%, in 2001 up to 68% and in 2002 it was about 85%.

Ahmad & Irfan (2003) suggest that, FM 101 should transmit its programs round the clock and the transmission shall be consist of educational programs, increasing no. of live calls, shows on young talent, old songs, information and religious programs. Media sources consider that FM radio is now focusing on communities and localities. Some FM channels are now shifting to establish localized setups which will broadcast specialized services with focus on target audience.

According to Abbas (2004) FM channels have attracted advertising professionals as FM channels are very cost effective and covers an areas having range 25 KM to 30 KM. FM channels are popular for excellent reception without producing any noise and economical for target audience belonging to different age groups, communities, professionals and traders. Culture can affect on youth to an extent what the youth do it by self selection. There is always a thin line exists between choosing” and “limiting” and it is a matter of choice on part of youth what they can choose from the mass media.

Bentley et al (2007) state that majority of youth is socializing with their age fellows. It is observed by researchers that mostly youngsters love to watch those programs and movies which are watched by their fellows & friends. They listen and sing those songs more

91 or less alike and use similarly networking & social sites which are used or suggested by their peers (individual choices based on choices by others).

Zeeshan (2015) argues that neither any culture remains static forever nor does any culture loss its identity overnight. However, due to globalization cultural invasion may happen and possibility of loss of one’s cultural identity as well. Local media is giving space to foreign contents and which have attract mass listenership & viewership of these foreign programs, drams etc. resulting into losing and change of cultural values.

Dagron & Tufte (2008) describe the thoughts of development communication theorists that exposure to radio messages are enough to bring social change in societies and these social changes would lead to development, resultantly these thoughts have generated and lead towards the idea of launching numerous FM radios for different development projects.

Gray (1996) describes that communication practitioners that work for health promotion and community development consider that if they wrap the message with entertaining contents, listeners pay much greater attention to their message. Therefore, media houses are broadcasting programs with comic, music etc. which bring entertainment for their listeners who are working in offices, departmental stores and kitchens etc. Different announcement techniques are being used by development communicators where entertainment, education and information are blended in a radio program.

Rasul & McDowell (2011) describe that policies of Govt. and Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) are responsible for the progression of media industry in the country as well as unrestrained political influence faced by the owners of media organizations. In 1930’s radio become an important way of communication and with the advent of radio the popularity of newspapers gradually decreases. Radio has introduced dramas, music, soap operas, live commentaries in sports etc. in daily life and it has also started by presenting news dramatically and instantly due to which it gained popularity in common public.

Head et al (1994) describe that very first research on radio with the title of “Invasion from Mars Radio Panics in America” was done in America during the year 1937 wherein the influence of radio listening on different type of listeners was examined. An institute “Office of Radio Research” was established with the help of Roackerfeller Foundation in Colombia University under the command of Paul Lazarsfeld with the aim to investigate “the role of 92 radio on people’s life”. As the advancement in radio progresses, the social scientists evaluated the effects of radio on listeners.

Malik et al (1996) has examined the entrainment and agri-based informative programs on aired by PBC and of the view that entertainment programs on aired get less attention by the children’s and women due to uniformity of programs.

Abila (1998) describes that the listenership of FM-100 has been increased in Pakistan due to its versatility. More than 80% people had admitted that their habit of radio listening has been increased due FM-100 as the programs on aired are much more informative as well as carries entertainment and resultantly it has gained popularity.

According to Syed (2002) 64% people use to listen FM-101 broadcast out of 100 and majority of these people only listen songs on FM-101. FM-101 is an informative and entertainment channel, therefore the listenership of FM-101 listeners is increasing day by day.

According to Bashir et al (2002) Pakistani nation was not found of music listening before 1995 , after launching of FM-100 (private FM radio channel) people prefer to listen FM-100 instead of FM-101 (PBC owned), this indicates the bright future of FM radios in Pakistan.

Erum (1998) says that 99% students of Punjab University, Lahore listen radio and among them 57% students use to listen FM-100. 35% students claim that radio programs has changed their mind and 55% students of the view that the change is negative due to radio listening.

According to Snobar (1997) 75 % people listen radio in Haiderabad, Pakistan and most of the people like to listen religious programs especially transmission in Ramzan-ul-Mubarak and Mohram-ul-Haram.

Akbar & Jangor (2000) describe that, the farmers are not getting much benefit from the radio transmission based on agricultural programs because the information transmitted is outdated and does not full fill the requirement of present era.

93 According to Masood (2000) 70% people consider the radio a best way for getting information and 90% farmers collectively state that due to radio transmission on cotton crop, their production increased and it is also learnt that 96% use to listen agricultural programs.

According to Nazam (2000) 48% farmers has been listening radio from the age of 8 to 15. According to 25% farmers, the agricultural programs on aired are informative whereas 28 % farmers enjoy to listen music programs.

Ahmed (2001) argues that the farmer knows that agricultural programs are on aired on radio even than they use to watch television because of the following reasons: Lack of basic education & Lack of awareness.

Riaz (2001) identifies the two basic reasons of popularity of FM-100 which are freedom of expression and feedback system through live calls. Furthermore, participants of survey agrees that their habit of radio listening is increased due to FM-100.

Hamid (2001) argues that the role of radio during peace and war is remarkable. During peace, programs based on entertainment and information are radio aired whereas, during war time, programs on national defense are aired. The Radio Pakistan has played an important role during 1965 and 1971 wars. Emergency cells were established and national songs were broadcasted during war time to boost up the morale of soldiers and the nation as well.

Raza (2001) describes that radio is a cheaper and easiest mode of communication which provides useful information to general public as well to the farmers. Farmers are getting benefit from the transmission specially designed for them by the radio. Radio is also projecting our culture and values which are impacting on our youth

Hadayat-ullah (2002) argues that trend of education is not much higher in Pakistan and less number of educational programs are on aired on radio. PBC has introduced special syllabus for youth and children. Boys and girls are getting useful information through theses special programs

According to Rifat-ullah (1994) 30 % people in Chitral use to listen radio, most of the population like to watch television. This trend shows that radio service in Chitral requires more attention and progress.

94 Nuzhat & Shababa (1996) argues that 45.6% of population listen local radio whereas 54.5 % people have not access to radio. 50% of entire population listen radio regularly. This trend shows that majority of population listen radio and gets advantage of radio services there.

According to Nighat & Saba (1998) 85% of population gets entertainment through radio service in Gilgit. And the listenership there is 100% population. Radio Pakistan Gilgit has introduced “Shaheena” which is admired by the public in Gilgit. Radio Pakistan Gilgit transmitted programs both in regional language as well as in National language.

Kalil (1999) argues that the campaign of family planning broadcast through radio did not get much successful as is to be required due to lack of awareness and cultural and social issues in Pakistan.

Ishaq (2000) argue that, radio is the best mode of communication for agricultural development. The main issue is the timing of agricultural programs as most of programs are aired at the time when framers are working in their fields and resultantly they could not get the information on aired for them. It is dire need to encourage farmers to listen such programs which surely be helpful for them and also progression of their profession.

According to Munir et al (2001) the history of Azad Kashmir is very rich and old. K.H. Kurshid has established first ever radio in Azad Kashmir in 1960. War songs are on-aired on Kashmir radio for Mujahidin and to promote Independence movement.

Awais (2002) describes that it is a dire need to establish a campus radio in Peshawar University so that a plate farm be provided to the students where they can not only gain the professional skills but also can transmit their views and knowledge and share ideas with other. Students direly need a radio station for freedom of expression.

According to Yusuf & Schoemaker (2013) in Pakistan geographic inequity of broadcast media restricts media industry’s potential to perform, act and contribute its national role. Due to dominancy by the Government upon media in Pakistan, media’s democratising function is restricted to play its role and media is used for accomplishment of political agendas of the government and other stakeholders in Pakistan.

ROBB (2009) emphasize upon the need to reframe such media policies which protects the objectives of media owners rather to reflect need of listeners. It is the

95 responsibility of the media reformers to challenge such media policies which does not support and watch public interest.

Venkatalakshmi & Chandraleka (2013) state that social awareness on different issues such as health, environment, education, gender etc. is also disseminated to the audience by the private FM or commercial based FM radios and people keen to listen such social programs with other entertainment programs on FM channels.

According to Zeeshan (2015) our cultural values are losing their tenacity due to impact of foreign programs being broadcast on local media and foreign programs such as dramas, music shows and fashion shows etc. are gaining popularity among the public and influential upon our cultural values. This cultural invasion is happening in our country as a result of process of globalization.

Gurevitch et al (2005) state that media puts considerable effects upon its audience. Audience perceives the information what media injects or produces whether it is cultural or socio-political reality, media effects on its listeners.

According to Zaidi (2011) revolution due to advancement in technologies has affected the societies. Social change which has made our homes “electronic cottage” is caused by digital media and its impact on the societies including Pakistani society as well. Digital media have many pros and cons on the society such as easy access to information, freedom of expression, change in political environment, opinion building in political decisions etc. but on the other hand it is generating communication gap, individualization, authenticity of information. Digital media have influenced on public and the society and shown its power.

According to Yesudhasan & Brian (1999) change in technology has helped radio to become more flexible in terms of presentation, audience participation, program formats and production of programs etc. Furthermore, radio has been used by the ruling political party's as a tool for propaganda in India. Radio has some limitations and it does not have visual aspect. Beside all of this radio is still popular medium among rural people.

Aldrich (2012) sates that radio programs impacts on individuals considerably and impact of radio programs is observed on male and female listeners is quite different. It is

96 observed that individuals who listen peace programs on radio regularly, participates in civic activities whereas hate radio programs increases enmity between groups and peace programs are found helpful in changing perspectives and behaviors of listeners. It means radio transmission can alter norms and radio transmission can be utilized to counter terrorism through broadcasting soft programs on radio.

As stated by Freed (2013) feeling of global connectivity will increase as the Internet keeps expanding its high-speed broadband services. A convergence of the computer, telephone, television, radio, movies, games, books, newspapers, and more will add to this sense of interactivity.

According to Adelakun (2014) educational radio stations and campus radio stations are established in different educational institutions to promote education and cater for needs of students. However, campus or educational radio stations are focusing on entertainment rather to focus on education. Students give preference entertainment programs and sports programs to education programs. It means that students listen entertainment radio stations much more than as compare to educational radio stations.

Thomas (2001) states the effectiveness and importance of radios in present age of advancement and describes that radio is still only medium through which educators can reach to mass audience at very low cost in many areas of the world.

Najam-ul-Hassan et al (2015) describe that media has influenced the political communication throughout the world particularly in the developing countries. Furthermore, media has also contributed in changing political attitudes and behaviors of the masses. Availability of media and other communication technologies such as internet in far flung areas of Pakistan will create positive impact and bring certain change in society which will definitely support a culture of broadmindedness and indulgent. Subsequently, culture of political understanding and tolerance will lead Pakistani society towards development, political stability and prosperity.

According to Parvizian et al (2011) describe the importance of radios in agriculture sector. Special programs on agriculture are broadcasted which are popular among the farmers. Group discussion between radio presenter, farmers and NGO representatives on different issues such as understanding of soil and water conservation practices, organic manuring and

97 agro forestry etc. took place. Radio can be used as an educational tool for farmers and special radio programs can be broadcasted for target audience to make improvement in agriculture sector.

Ahmad (1999) states that after establishment of FM radio channels in Pakistan, radio business in capital city Islamabad and Rawalpindi has been increased about 70 %. The researcher further describes that about 70% youngsters love to listen FM radio transmission aired in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. This increasing trend of FM listening determines the popularity of FM radios among the young generation in Pakistan.

Shabir et al (2011) argue that our era is regarded as “age of media” and it is the media which has reduced communication gaps, distances among the people, living in different parts of world. It is the power and strength of media due to which world powers are using it as policy instruments and opinion builder to influence the masses as well as to achieve their political strategies. Media is also being used as the agenda setter. US attack on Iraq, Gulf war and other similar crises are examples of media agenda setting. Foreign media is influencing upon people of other countries and bringing a cultural revolution which is negatively affecting norms, cultural and religious values in developing countries particularly the young generation is being affected by this cultural invasion. It is necessitated to launch media campaigns and educate the masses to counter onslaught of negative media.

Raza et al (2013) argue that being citizens of an ideological Islamic state and being Muslims, it is responsibility of our media to promote valuable cultural and decent programs and restricts foreign programs especially European and Indian musical programs as these programs are against our social, cultural and religious norms and values. Further, our media should have to be selective in transmitting music and promote social, cultural as well as messages of good behavior and purposeful entertainment for the masses.

Afridi & Yousufi (2014) state that illegal FM radio broadcast is one of the main elements that have promoted terrorism in Pakistan. Illegal FM radio transmission by the militants is used to change mindset and attitude of peoples towards extremism and social instability in the country. A part from this, illiteracy, cultural norms and economic dislocation have also promoted militancy in Pakistan and all these elements opened room for terrorism and extremism in the country. Government should immediately take concrete measures to stop illegal use of FM in the country so that main source which provides platform to militants to spread their destructive thoughts among masses, could not be flourished.

98 Riaz (2008) supports the role of mass media and states that mass media can play critical role to bring change in attitudes and minds of masses due to the agenda setting role of media. As, with passage of time, media agenda becomes public agenda. Further, it is the responsibility of media organizations to perform responsible role while setting their agendas and irresponsible behavior by the media organizations can harm the national interest as media agendas become public agendas.

According to Jumani & Fazal-ur-Rahman (2009) role of radio in development of any country is not neglect-able and radio is found to be a very effective mass medium in development process particularly socio-economic development in rural areas. Radio is a broadcast media which can be used to involve people in development and national policy making process and it is also helpful is changing attitudes of masses as it has ability to address large segment of population and tendency to provide awareness and guidance for betterment of community development and social values.

Rawan & Siraj (2003) highlight the effectiveness of radio and describes that radio is called as “magic medium” due to its important role is mass communication. In Pakistan, radio has taken and shouldered the responsibility of mass education. Various educational programs are broadcasted on radio to educate masses across the country. Its audience comprises of students, house wives, farmers, common man etc.

Saeed (2013) describes that role of mass media in formation of identity of Pakistani youth is crucial and significant as FM radios are popular among teenagers and youth the researcher describes that power of youth cannot be ignored as it is the youth which can lead and make a country like Pakistan towards the path of progress and prosperity.

Naqvi et al (2011) state that mass audience give preference to FM broadcasting due to its interesting contents and interactive programs. Programs on FM radios are popular among youth in Pakistan. Youngsters love to listen entertainment programs whereas peoples of other age groups like listening news and current affair programs.

Munir (2011) describes role of illegal FM radios in Swat Valley of Pakistan. Mullah Fazlullah established an illegal FM radio station to transmit his sermons against democracy in Swat Valley Pakistan in year 2005 and after some time he took control of Swat valley and

99 captured whole valley. Later on, army took action and after successful operation in Swat, militancy was curbed and the area was cleaned from militants and illegal FM radios were blocked.

Elliott (2007) argues upon the importance of community radios and states that role of community radio is very important in empowering relegated communities. The community radios are helpful in promotion of community related issues. Community radios are also used to enforce and propagate political agendas as well.

Eijaz (2013) discusses about digital divide and emergence of new media in Pakistan. It is the potential of new media due to which peoples belongs to remote areas can take part in political and social issues. New media has shrunk the information gap between haves and have-nots.

Gul (2006) emphasize upon the importance and role of media in modern world. He further argues that role of media as a tool for distribution and broadcasting of ideology could not be underestimated. It is the power of media that attracts the politicians to get control over and use it for their political agendas and interests due to establishment of private FM radio channels, number of radios listeners have been increased dramatically and majority of them are youngsters. Transmission of regional language based programs on FM radios is one of major reason behind popularity and promotion of FM channels.

Doyle (2005) describes the importance of community radios for native communities such as Crow community living in State of Montana, United States. The researcher further support for establishment of locally controlled community radios to address civic issues and need of local community.

According to Patil (2010) community radio is a tool communication that can help in promotion of awareness of different social issues and also play a supportive role in protection of cultural diversity of communities. The researcher also argues that by using community radio Governments can engage public and motivate them to participate in different planned development programs for communities.

Kwakwa (2012) highlights importance and different aspects about radio listening in rural areas. The researcher argues that majority of public listened radio because of the fact that

100 it provides information, education, entertainment, current affairs, sports , religious and programs on health issues as well as people use to listen radio for relaxation as well. Ali (2015) argues upon the potential benefits of use of radio in terms of literacy and educational tool. About 98% of populace in Pakistan has easy access to radio programs which are beneficiary for rural and people living in far flung areas. Radio programs are low cost, economical and cost effectiveness provides educational solution for both urban and rural public.

Qaiser et al (2014) examine the role of media as watchdog. Majority of people like to watch and satisfied with the coverage of private media channels due to neutral coverage of different political, social and cultural issues. People love to watch and listen sports, showbiz and educational programs and satisfied with the coverage of these programs.

Mitchell & O‟ Shea (1999) discuss gender issue and representation of females in radio industry and states that commercial radios focuses upon female audience, however, surprisingly, “male voice” has been dominant in commercial radios. In general management in different work organizations women become under- represented. This gender imbalance results into the opening of famine FM stations and this gender unbalance cannot be sustained and may provide a new cultural space for females to utilize their potential in various disciplines i.e. production, management etc.

Khan et al (2013) highlight upon the tri-dimensional role of mass media i.e. provision of information, education and entertainment to Pakistani society. It has positive and negative impacts on our society and big revenue generating source for the economy. Media has power to influence upon people and to change opinions. It plays as a role of opinion builder as well. Media contents containing entertainment and infotainment are mostly liked by Pakistani public. Western and Indian thoughts are dominating in our media which contains vulgar and unethical contents and creating harmful effects upon innocent minds of children and youth socially and ethically. It is the dilemma that Islamic, cultural, eastern values and norms are neglected by our media.

According to Yusuf et al (2012) emphasize upon role of media in generally and radio particularly in raising awareness, level of consciousness etc. among women, significantly rural women so that they can contribute socially, economically and politically in development of the society as about 97% rural women have access to radio and radio transmission also made impact on them. Health, Agriculture and Education are the areas where

101 rural women need information. In this regard, radio programs in local language can be effective in mass awareness and rural development.

Khattak et al (2012) argue upon role and power of media politically and socially. Governments, different organizations and Political parties often use the media for accomplishment of their agendas. Taliban also effectively used the media in Swat and changed public opinion against government. By utilizing FM radio channels, Taliban had created panic in the area. Taliban Commander Fazlullah has used effectively FM radios for preaching and motivated public to support Taliban and changed the behavior of youth, resultantly large number of youngsters joined Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) by listening FM radio. As evident, behind insurgency in Swat, FM radio broadcast played a vital role and it also shows the use of media as a powerful tool in agenda setting and opinion builder.

According to BlumlerJay & Kavanagh (2010) frequent utilization of FM radio has significantly altered the political behaviors in such countries where FM technology is used. Less developed nations can also adopt this advanced form of technology to bring constructive change in political attitudes and behaviors of their community.

Khan & Pembecioølu (2015) argue upon the role of mass media as an effective tool in construction and destruction of society. Radio is an effective and influential form of mass media that impacts on thoughts and minds of people. Especially in backward and rural areas of Pakistan such as Malakand Division where literacy rate is very low and people ad faced insurgency. In such far flung areas FM broadcast is very effective. The militants took advantage of the situation and used FM radio broadcasts which have played a negative role and mislead innocent peoples, created social instability. The militants used FM radios to deliver hatred information, negative portray of religion instead of disseminating peace and development.

According to Paracha et al (2013) sensationalism in news reports of media raise controversy in the mind of listeners in country like Pakistan where people are fighting against war on terror. The sensationalism often makes the news less authentic and defames basic objective of news report. Media organizations should show impartiality in news reporting and ensure to transmit news after authenticity and verification especially on such issues in which sensationalism may harm national interest and integrity and set aside personal interests and benefits.

102 According to Naz (2008) development and revolution in FM radio industry in Pakistan is promising and common public will be its beneficiary in upcoming years as these FM channels will provide guidance, entertainment and education to common public and will be a helpful source of awareness and used as an educational tool to upgrade literacy rate in Pakistan.

Riaz (2008) argues upon agenda setting role and mass media effects and states that media having the power to change the minds of people. Due to agenda setting role, with passage of time media agenda becomes public agenda. A great responsibility lies upon media organizations to play positive and responsible role in agenda setting and watch national interests over personal interests.

Yaser et al (2011) describe that radio is known to be major source of information in rural areas. A large number of people use this medium to get information, to listen news and discussion programs etc. Radios become popular in urban community after the emergence of FM channels. However, it s observed that mostly urban population is confined to entertainment programs whereas listeners does not prefer radio for political information however, only discussion programs are commonly listened by the masses.

Haider (2014) emphasizes upon the importance and role of radio in field of agriculture and states that farmers used to listen agriculture programs on radios. Small scale farmers are main audience of such radio programs. Agriculture programs have considerable impact on small scale farmers as farmers are adopting new techniques and information. These agri- based programs not only are helping the farmers by providing latest techniques, methods and practices of farming but also helping the farmers to improve their yield.

Cordeiro (2012) describes that radios are in use of common man and part of lives since its inception. The radios become a powerful media industry which generates revenue since its early days. Today, radio broadcasting is reshaped and it becomes a cultural industry which impacts its audience socially and culturally as well.

Chandar & Sharma (2003) discuss upon revival of radio and its impact on masses without discrimination of age group. According to the researchers radio has enhanced learning being traditional form of educational delivery as it provides easy access of information to general public. It has diversity in its programs which attracts its listeners. It is used for different purposes such as education, entertainment, academics etc.

103 McClung et al (2007) argue about the role of radio plays in lives of youth. Researchers reveal that numbers of choices are available to today’s youth as in the past. However, youngsters have more attraction towards radio due to its different functional uses. More importantly, the entertainment factor which have grasped the youth towards radio listening.

According to Kappel et al (2002) in Germany radios were used for promotion of education especially distance education, resultantly thousands of people had got benefit from radio broadcast since its inception in 1966. Educational radio broadcasts was initiated by the Hessian Broadcasting Corporation and the University of Frankfurt. As soon as the very first educational radio program was aired “Towards and Understanding of Modern Society,” it had gained popularity and a large number of people had contributed in this new form of academic programming. Distance education through radio broadcast has not only helped students to acquire education but also it increases the literacy rate in Germany.

Sally D. Berman (2008) describes that radio is an effective and traditional tool which is used to promote distance education. The researcher further argues that the potential of radio medium is not utilized properly and this helpful medium is being neglected. Radio is very effective tool for rural mass awareness and distance education. Radio medium requires more attention so that isolated peoples living in rural territories be cognizance to and they may also get education and information.

Rahman-ullah (2013) states that FM radio broadcast information, education and entertainment based programs to fulfill the needs and requirements of the listeners of Peshawar city. People use to listen FM radio to get information and education as well.

104 SUMMARY

FM radios are being used as effective, valuable, useful and result oriented educational tool all over the world. Many developed countries such as Germany has used radio medium as a tool for distance education to the masses particularly to educate and address the people living in remote areas where coverage of other mediums is inaccessible or expensive as compare to radio broadcasting. Radio provides not only high range of coverage but also it is cheaper than other electronic Media. In many other countries of Africa and Asia, radio medium is used as a tool of social change. Radio broadcasting has been used to address public issues, social awareness, and community awareness. In many African countries, community radios are working to promote social awareness. FM radios or community radios are very popular in African countries where the platform of community radios is used as public service messenger. Social awareness campaigns such as HIV/AIDS, Dengue virus, Congo virus etc. as well as poverty, unemployment and youth training programs are launched.

In Pakistan, besides Radio Pakistan, many commercial and non commercial / campus FM radios are working. Mostly FM commercial radios are entertainment channels which air musical and entertainment stuff. In Pakistan, illegal FM radios were being used by the terrorists and anti state elements to spread their anti state thoughts, views to distract the minds of innocent peoples especially youth/women. These illegal FM radios have been successfully blocked. On the other hand, campus radios are working in educational sector mainly in public sector Universities and colleges as well as in some public sector departments. These FM radios are very effectively conveying information and education. Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad is successfully using its campus FM radio for distance education throughout the country.

In Pakistan, community radio has yet not been started. Community radios are essentially required for awareness of local community like other developing countries of Africa and Asia such as Srilanka, Bangladesh, Uganda etc. Government should learn from the experience of the other parts of world where radio is very effectively being used to approach the masses for awareness, education and information. Radio deserves greater attention as a means of promoting educational opportunity to rural, isolated peoples worldwide.

105 3.1 Hypothesis

3.1.1 Hypothesis 1

“FM radio has positive impact on youth”

3.1.2 Rationale of Hypothesis 1

FM radio channels are portraying positive impact on the youth with their programs and disseminating awareness and information amongst youth. Programs are designed to get attention of youth as FM channels are most popular in young generation.

3.1.3 Hypothesis 2

“It is more likely that FM listeners of different sectors are equally unaware of their surrounding as compare to those who do not listen FM radios”.

3.1.4 Rationale of Hypothesis 2

FM radios mostly transmits entertaining, musical and infotainments programs and very less space is given to informatory programs such as news and other current affair programs wherein national and international issues discussed. Therefore, listeners of FM mostly unaware what is going on in their surroundings. Another fact is that PEMRA has not allowed broadcasting news on campus and community FM channels.

3.2 Research Questions 1. Has listening to radio increased since the inception of FM radio in Pakistan?

2. Has radio listening become revived, after emergence of FM radios in Pakistan?

3. Has FM programming content satisfies contemporary requirements of audience?

4. Has setting-up new FM radios are required to address social and community based issues in Pakistan?

5. How the performance of FM radio can be improved?

106 CHAPTER 4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The following theories of mass media are relevant and applicable to this research study:

i. Agenda-Setting Theory ii. Uses and gratification Theory

4.1 Agenda-Setting Theory

Agenda Setting Theory was coined by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw in 1972 published in Public Opinion Quarterly. This theory was a result of study called "Chapel Hill study" which was carried out by both the theorists in 1968 on American presidential elections. In year 1968 McCombs and Shaw shown and presented correlation between the thoughts of people of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, America on election issues and issues reported by mass media. McCombs and Shaw determine the level to which the media ascertain public opinion after comparing the most important issues in news content with the public's perceptions on important election issues (Baran & Davis, 2012).

This theory describes the ways of political campaigns and their impacts on public. The main theme of this theory is that media contents will not change one’s opinion and thoughts about any specific issue but it effects and changes the perception of mind. In other words, “telling people not what to think, but what to think about”. It is the opinion of different researchers that once any issue gains public attention then it become in a position to influence or effect Government policy and agendas. Undoubtedly, media has power and tendency to get people’s attention, therefore, media is also used in political campaigns. People are so much influenced by the mass media that they create an image about any significant issue and the image created in one’s mind influenced by mass media and portrays the same as media presents and resultantly desired results produces by the media (K.Perry, 2002).

In political campaigns, the political parties build up an opinion about some issues and this opinion is projected in public by media, thus the political agenda becomes public agenda. Keeping in view the tendency and potential of FM radios, this powerful medium is being used by different political parties / groups to promote their political agendas and to built public opinions to get desired political goals (Shaw, 1979).

107 4.2 Uses and Gratification Theory

Uses and Gratification Theory was put forward by two Theorists Blumler and Katz’s in year 1974. According to the theory media users perform very active role in using and in selection of media. According to the theorists, a media user finds out a media source that fulfills and gratifies his needs. Blumler and Katz believe that media users have a free choice to determine how they will use mass media and how it will affect them. This theory presents optimistic picture of media. For example, someone selects particular music from different types of music to fulfill particular desire but it also attempts to express socially conscience reasons (Blumler & Katz, 1974).

Uses and gratifications theory explains uses and functions of mass media for individuals, and groups as well as society. There are three objectives in developing uses and gratifications theory:

1) To explain how individuals use mass communication to gratify their needs. “What do people do with the media?”

2) To discover underlying motives for individuals‟ media use.

3) To identify the positive and the negative consequences of individual media use.

At the core of uses and gratifications theory lies the assumption that audience members actively seek out the mass media to satisfy individual needs. (Shoemaker & Reese, 1996).

Ruggiero, (2000) argues that uses and gratifications has always given a cutting- edge theoretical approach in initial stages of each new mass communications medium such as print media (newspapers) and electronic media (radio, television and Internet etc.) Similarly, in present research, it shall be determined how the individuals gratify their needs by listening of FM radio and it will also be determined the positive and negative impacts of FM radio on its listeners. Listening of favorite programs and duration spent on FM radio listening will determine the gratification level of an individual. Spending hours on listening favorite programs shows the involvement and interest level of an individual. It means that specific program is gratifying the needs of individual and this phenomenon correlates with the theory of gratification.

108 SUMMARY

Electronic media has great capacity and potential to get the attention of masses. As much as people integrated with media, the level of influence created by media increases. Radio is one of the popular electronic media which has large number of audience as compare to other electronic media. The viewpoint and perception on a particular issue developed by radio through its programs is more likely to become a public opinion, thus the impact of radio on its audience is greater and more influential. It is the reason that, radio has been used as a tool in political campaigns to influence the masses and opinion building. The potential of radio has made it as agenda setting tool and opinion builder. The same idea was explained by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw in their theory of agenda setting.

Radio gratifies the needs of its listeners. People use to listen radio medium for fulfillment of their desires. The phenomenon describes by Blumler and Katz in Uses and Gratification theory. Furthermore, Uses and Gratification theory also talks about the impact of media on people. This theory describes how people use the media to fulfill their own requirements & needs and get pleased when their needs are fulfilled. In other words, it can be elaborated as the theory argues what people do with media rather than what media does to people. Also, Uses and Gratification theory is in contradiction to the Magic Bullet theory, which express that the audience is passive. This theory has an audience-centered approach. Even for communication, say interpersonal, people refer to the media for the topic to discuss among themselves. By alluding the media, people acquire information, exposure and knowledge and to the world beyond their visual perception e.g. people try to relax while listening to radio programs. No doubt, radio has the power to attract & grab its listeners mind since it makes them feel associated with the situation and characters emotionally e.g. some people may listen news on radio to make relax themselves, while others may feel stress or disturbed by listening the same. The media is the same, but people use it for different needs.

109

CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5.1 Objectives

To know the cultural, political and social impact of FM radio on the youth and to know as how FM radio can achieve its objectives, a questionnaire was constructed consisting of twenty four (24) items. The questionnaire was tested through pre- testing. The draft questionnaire was pre-tested by conducting online survey by using Google Survey Forms. A link of Google Survey Form was established which was shared for period of one (01) month on social media viz: Facebook, LinkedIn, WhatsApp and also e-mailed to friends, colleagues, family members etc. for evaluation of draft questionnaire. Resultantly, one hundred and fourteen responses were received wherein the majority of respondents have the opinion to exclude duplicate and irrelevant items, minimize size of questionnaire etc. for example:

I. Do you listen radio before the inception / emergence of FM Radio in Pakistan? II. Which type of program do you listen on FM radio? III. Are you satisfied with the performance of FM Radio especially private FM radio channels in Pakistan? IV. Up to what extent you are satisfied with the contents of FM radio transmission?

Amendments in aforementioned questions and other where required were made in accordance with the suggestions/evaluation made by respondents. The final questionnaire comprises of twenty (20) items which were distributed among respondents accordingly. Moreover, before conducting the research, it was appropriate to define some key terms upon which this research is based upon i.e. cultural impact, political impact & social impact. This exercise will surely be helpful in understanding what the research is and also managing and conducting the survey.

5.2 Cultural Impact

In this research “cultural impact” is defined as the impact of FM radio listening on cultural events, festivals etc.

5.3 Political Impact

In this research “political impact” is defined as the impact of FM radio listening on voting behavior, taking interest in political issues, joining political parties etc.

110

5.4 Social Impact

In this research “social impact” is defined as the impact of FM radio listening on social issues by announcements of public service messages on radio such as health, education, law abidance, eating habits etc.

5.5 Research methodology

To analyze the revival of Radio in Pakistan as well as to examine cultural, political and social impact of FM radio on youth. Firstly, the researcher examined the difference between traditional radio and FM radio and then means and ways by which FM radio has lasted its impact on listeners culturally, politically and socially especially on youth in Pakistan. In this study, Survey Method has been used. In this regard, a research questionnaire was designed (Appendix-H & Appendix-I). The research questionnaire consists of close ended questions. Research sample size for said survey consisted of 2100 respondents. Furthermore, a questionnaire was also designed to conduct in depth interview for collection of data from different departments/ organizations (Appendix-J). Detail of field coordinators who distributed questionnaire among the respondents is placed at (Appendix-K), whereas response/ correspondence with interviewees is placed at Appendix-M.

Researcher has prepared and established a questionnaire from group discussions which was held in the Department of Media Studies, Islamia University Bahawalpur on 5 th April, 2016 wherein researchers PhD fellows viz: Mr. Abdul Ghani, Mr.Usman Farooq, Miss Sobia Ghous and Mr. Naeem Gull have participated. These discussions have been helpful for researcher to identify different features of FM radio. Furthermore, the researcher has also conducted interviews from professionals and FM listeners. In this regard, open ended questions were designed to conduct interviews. The researcher has also visited different public sector institutions, departments and universities where FM campus radios are established and operational. Moreover, researcher has also managed to visit different private FM radio stations. The researcher has also attended workshops and seminars on radios and FM channels to know different aspects of radios to enrich his research.

5.6 Population

The populations of this survey consisted of common radio/FM young listeners having age between 15 to 35.

111

5.7 Sampling

Two thousand one hundred (2100) respondents have been chosen as a sample population of this research. The respondents, who were common FM /radio listeners consists between age 15 to 35 are selected which include professionals, journalists, agriculturists, doctors, engineers, teachers, Govt. servants, students and common public as well. Sampling frame designed for the said research consisted of education sector, public sector and private sector. In connection with this, questionnaire in tangible form were manually distributed whereas intangible form (soft copy) of questionnaire was shared online. Seventeen hundred (1700) questionnaires were manually distributed among the respondents with the help of field coordinators (Appendix-K). Out of 1700, 1633 respondents have returned back the questionnaires to field coordinators which were scrutinized by the researcher. Among sixteen hundred and thirty three (1,633) respondents, sixteen hundred (1,600) respondents have accurately filled out the questionnaires, left over respondents either have filled incomplete questionnaire or made cutting/ over writing/wrong entries on questionnaire. Thus, sixteen hundred (1600) responses were selected and remaining thirty-three (33) incomplete questionnaires were rejected.

Similarly, to get response online from the respondents, a link of Google Survey Form was established which was shared online from 20th March, 2016 to 2nd October, 2016 for a period of eight (08) months on social media viz: Facebook, LinkedIn, WhatsApp and online link was also e-mailed to different people. Resultantly, four hundred and fifty seven (457) responses were received wherein, four hundred (400) respondents have accurately filled out the questionnaires, left over questionnaires were inaccurate and incomplete which were rejected. Thus, two thousand (2,000) responses (1600 manually and 400 online) were received/selected from the respondents.

5.8 Analysis of Data

The present study has been undertaken with the help of a detailed target based line survey to analyze and find out cultural, political and social impact of FM listening on the youth. In this regard, a questionnaire was designed to carry out survey which is comprises of close ended questions. The outcomes / results of survey are compiled and statistical analysis of results was done by using SPSS software. SPSS (Statistical package for the social sciences) is a computer program used for statistical analysis and this program will be used to get precise and accurate results of present research. Previously, leading software for SPSS analysis

112 was called PASW (Predictive Analytics Software) statistics and it became "SPSS” in January 2010.

5.9 Data Coding

Before analyzing and processing of collected data through SPSS, data was coded so as to make some sense of data as working on collected data in its original form during analyzing is difficult and cumbersome because of the fact that collected data consists of e-mailed questionnaires/online filled forms, figures, observations, behavior of individuals, complex quantities etc. (Perner, 1989; Garth, 2008).

Furthermore, data coding also allows the researcher to reduce large number of quantities and information into a particular form that could be easily handled by computer programs and applications. Data coding also helps the researcher to analyze the textual form of data either qualitative or quantitative. It is not necessitated to make coding of all the collected data. Coding of data is required particularly in textual form of data or is required in complex form of data etc. The researcher has coded/labeled the collected data.

Moreover, a numeric value was assigned to each response / variable value. For example, respondents were asked to share information about their gender and accordingly two (02) options were given to respond. First option “Male” was assigned numeric value “1” whereas second option “female” was assigned numeric value “2”. The respondents were asked to share the information about their province/ living territory, and names of provinces/ territory were given to respond. First option “Balochistan” was assigned numeric value “1”, second option “GB” was assigned numeric value “2”, third option “Islamabad” was assigned numeric value “3”, fourth option “KPK” was assigned numeric value “4”, fifth option “Punjab” was assigned numeric value “5” and sixth “Sindh” was assigned numeric value “6”. Similarly, in item no. 1, information about radio listening was asked and three (03) options were given to the respondents to respond. First option “Yes” which was assigned numeric value “1”, second option “No” was assigned numeric value “2” and third option “to some extent” was assigned numeric value “3”. Same procedure was adopted while performing data coding of entire results.

113

5.10 Demographic Characteristics

Demographic characteristics of the participants which are included in the sample are demonstrated below:

1. Gender

Male 62.90% Female 37.10%

2. Background

Rural 35.10% Urban 64.90%

3. Age group

15-20 26.80% 20-25 31.80% 25-30 24.30% 30-35 17.10%

4. Education level

Literate 4.80% Matric 7.00% FA/FSc 15.00% BA/BSc 32.60% Above 4.70%

5. Profession

Student 60.00% Journalist /Media persons 1.80% Engineer 4.80% Agriculturist 2.70% Businessman 5.70%

Govt.Servant 10.20% Other 5.70%

114

CHAPTER 6 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

After completion of labeling and coding of collected data, data was entered in SPSS. Data entry was rechecked to make the data entry error free and then data was processed accordingly by using SPSS program to take and manage the results. Percentages and frequencies of each response / statement were calculated separately. Results were presented in accumulated tables on the basis of similar response. Province-wise results of the survey were also presented in form of figures and each table and figure was labeled separately.

To make the results more understandable and to avoid any confusion, following values were combined/ accumulated and discussed accordingly.

“Greater extent + Great” “Strongly agree + Agree” “Disagree + Strongly disagree” “Very much + Much” Furthermore, number of respondents are, n=2000.

115

Figure 6.1 Radio listeners

Figure 6.1 shows the total number of radio listening respondents in respective provinces.

Table 6.1 Radio listeners

Listen to radio Yes No To some extent Count 1462 0 538 % 73.1% 0.0% 26.9%

Table 6.1 illustrates that 73.1 % respondents listen to radio whereas 26.9 % respondents occasionally listened to radio. The results reveal that 100% respondents listen radio because such respondents were selected during the survey who listens to radio.

116

Figure 6.2 Duration of radio listening

Figure 6.2 shows the duration of radio listening in respective provinces.

Table 6.2 Duration of radio listeners

How often do you Regularly A few times in A few times Rarely listen radio a week in a month Count 312 481 430 777 % 15.6% 24.1% 21.5% 38.9%

Table 6.2 shows the results regarding daily time spent on radio listening by the respective respondents. According to the results, the habit of listening of traditional radio is decreasing as only 15% respondents claim that they listen to radio regularly. 24.1 % dependents listen radio broadcast in a week time and 21.5% of respondents listen radio few times in a month whereas as 38.9% respondents rarely listen radio broadcast.

117

Figure 6.3 FM radio listeners

Figure 6.3 shows the total number of FM radio listeners in respective provinces.

Table 6.3 FM radio listeners

Listen to FM radio Yes No To some extent

Count 2000 0 0 % 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

As illustrated in Table 6.3 that 100% respondents responded that they listen FM radio. The reason of this result is that only those respondents were selected during survey who listens to FM radio.

118

6.4 Major intention of FM radio listening

Figure 6.4 presents the main purpose of radio listening of respondents in respective provinces.

Table 6.4 Main purpose of FM radio listening

Main purpose of listen Entertainment Information Education Development Persuasion FM radio

Count 994 716 183 68 39 % 49.7% 35.8% 9.2% 3.4% 2.0%

Table 6.4 illustrates the purpose of FM listening by the respective respondents. Results reveal that about 49.7 % of respondents listen FM radio for entertainment purpose. 35.8% respondents listen FM radio to get information, 9.2% respondents listen FM radio for educational purpose, 3.4% respondents listen FM radio for development purpose whereas only 2.0% respondents listen FM radio for persuasion. This survey clearly depicts that majority of FM listeners listen FM radio for entertainment.

119

Figure 6.5 Time spend in FM radio listening

Figure 6.5 portrays daily time spent on radio listening by the respondents in respective provinces.

Table 6.5 Duration of FM radio listing

Time spend daily in listening 1-2 Hours 2-3 hours > 3 Hours FM radio Count 1179 662 159 % 59.0% 33.1% 8.0%

According to results of Table 6.5, 59% respondents daily listen FM radio for a duration of 1 to 2 hour. 33.1% respondents responded that they used to listen FM radio more than 2 to 3 hours daily whereas 8.0 % respondents are those who claimed that they listen FM radio more than three (03) hours. It means majority of listeners spent 1 to 2 hours daily on FM listening.

120

Figure 6.6 Views about programs aired on FM radios

Figure 6.6 portrays the opinion of respondents about FM radio programs in respective provinces.

Table 6.6 Opinion about FM radio programs

Opinion about the programs Ethical Unethical Average

Count 665 252 1083 % 33.3% 12.6% 54.2%

Respondents were asked to give their opinion about the programs aired on FM radios in terms of values. As illustrated in Table 6.6, majority of respondents are of the opinion that FM radio programs are average rated. 54.2% responded given their vote in favour of average rating. 33.3% respondents are of the opinion that the programs aired on FM radios are ethical whereas rests of respondents i.e. 12.6 % are of the opinion that the programs aired on FM radio are unethical. These results clearly depict that the majority of respondents rated the contents of programs aired on FM radios as average from ethical point of view. Very few respondents are of the view that the contents aired on FM radio programs are unethical.

121

Figure 6.7 FM radio transmission and various social issues

Figure 6.7 shows the opinion of respondents about FM radio programs on social issues in respective provinces.

Table 6.7 Effectiveness of FM radio in promotion of different social issues

FM radio helpful in highlighting Greater To some Great Rarely Not at all different social issues extent extent Count 337 780 631 155 97

% 16.9% 39.0% 31.6% 7.8% 4.9%

It was asked from the respondents to give their views about the usefulness of FM radio programs in terms of highlighting different social issues. About 56% respondents are of the opinion that FM radios programs are helpful in raising different social issues. 31.6 % respondents are of the opinion that to some extent FM radio programs are helpful in highlighting / raising social issues.7.8% respondents responded that FM radio programs are not much helpful in raising social issues and rarely such programs are aired on FM radios which are useful in highlighting various social issues. Only 4.9% respondents have totally disagreed and they are of the opinion that programs on FM radio do not raise social issues.

122

Figure 6.8 Consequences of militant’s FM radio on youth

Figure 6.8 presents the consequences of militants owned FM radios by the youth in respective provinces.

Table 6.8 Consequences on youth due to militants FM radio

Consequences on youth due to Positive Negative Neutral FM radio by militants Count 513 796 691

% 25.7% 39.8% 34.6%

It was asked from the respondents to give their opinion about the consequences they have witnessed on youth due to listening of FM radio transmission owned by the militants/anti state elements. The results are elaborated in Table 6.8. 39.8% respondents are of the opinion that the FM radios owned by the militant groups are airing such programs which are putting bad impact on the youth. 34.6% respondents have neutralized opinion about the question whereas 25.7% respondents are of the opinion that programs aired on FM radio owned by militants have positive consequences on the youth. Sermons, speeches of leaders and religious based programs are aired on militants owned illegal FM radio stations. Positive impact of such programs on the youth is that, such programs attracts the attention of youth towards religion and the drawback or negative impact of illegal FM radios by the militants is that on the name of religion, extremism and militancy is propagated in the society through FM which is harming peace, harmony in the country and also distracting innocent minds of youth.

123

Figure 6.9 Use of FM radio by political parties

Figure 6.9 describes the use of FM radio by different political parties in respective provinces.

Table 6.9 Effectiveness of establishment of FM radio in promotion of political agendas

Effect of establishment of FM Strongly To some Strongly Disagree radio promote political agendas agree Agree extent disagree Count 256 801 639 202 102

% 12.8% 40.1% 32.0% 10.1% 5.1%

Table 6.9 illustrates the results regarding establishment of FM radio by political parties for promotion of their political agendas and to convince public especially youth. 52.9% respondents considered that FM radio is effective medium being utilized by political parties to promote their political agendas. 32 % respondents are of the opinion that establishment of FM radios by political parties is helpful in promotion of political goals, agendas and influential upon young population up to some extent. 15.2% responses have been received from respondents who have disagreed with this opinion.

124

Figure 6.10 Propagation of foreign culture and values through FM radio programs

Figure 6.10 presents the opinion of FM listeners about Indian/Western FM radio programs and their impact on the youth in respective provinces.

Table 6.10 Views of respondents about Indian/Western values disseminated in society through FM radio

Indian/Western values Strongly To some Strongly disseminated in society Agree Disagree agree extent disagree through FM radio Count 310 786 696 155 53

% 15.5% 39.3% 34.8% 7.8% 2.7%

It was asked from the respondents to share their views about the impact of Indian and Western culture, thoughts on the society particularly on youth through FM radio programs. 54.8% respondents responded in favour of the question, 10.5% respondents responded against the question while 34.8% responses have been received from the respondents who are of the opinion that to some extents Indian & Westerns thoughts are being disseminated in society through FM radio programs.

125

Figure 6.11 Effectiveness of regional language programs on FM radio in promotion of harmony

Figure 6.11 describe the effectiveness of use of regional language programs in promotion of harmony in respective provinces.

Table 6.11 Regional languages aired on FM radio are helpful

Regional languages aired Very Much Neutral Rarely Not at all on FM radio are helpful much

Count 319 842 528 182 57

% 19.6% 42.1% 26.4% 9.1% 2.9%

Table 6.11 reveals the views of respondents about the effectiveness of FM radio programs aired in regional languages for promotion of harmony among the society. 61.7% respondents are of the opinion that regional languages programs on FM radios are helpful in promotion of harmony among society. 26.4% respondents have neutral opinion, 9.1 % responses have been received wherein the respondents are of the opine that rarely FM radio programs aired in regional language are helpful in promotion of harmony among different groups of society whereas only 2.9% respondents disagreed with this opinion.

126

Figure 6.12 Types of cultural issues disseminated through FM radio

Figure 6.12 describes the different cultural issues highlighted on FM radio programs in respective provinces.

Table 6.12 Cultural issues mostly highlighted on FM radio programs

Cultural issues mostly Promotion of Promotion of Traditional Traditional highlighted in FM radio regional traditional customs living style programs languages festivals Count 382 635 603 380

% 19.1% 31.8% 30.2% 19.0%

According to figures in Table 6.12 mostly traditional festivals are promoted in FM radio programs. 31.8% responses have been received in favour of the opinion whereas 30.2% respondents are of the view that FM radio programs are helpful in highlighting traditional customs. 19.1 % respondents are of the view that FM radio programs are big source for promotion of regional languages whereas 19.0 % respondents considered that FM radio programs promote traditional living style.

127

Figure 6.13 Persuasion of FM radio on living style of listeners

Figure 6.13 portrays influence of FM radios programs on living style in respective provinces.

Table 6.13 Living style

Greater To some Living Style extent Great extent Rarely Not at all

Count 455 580 620 232 113

% 22.8% 29.0% 31.0% 11.6% 5.7%

Figures in Table 6.13 illustrate the perception of respondents about the influence of FM radio on the youth in terms of brining change in cultural living style of the people. 51.8% respondents are of the view that due to programs on FM radios, living style of youth has been changed. 5.7% respondents disagreed; on the other hand 11.6 % respondents are of the view that listening of FM radio programs rarely effects the cultural living style of youth whereas 31.0 % respondents are of the view that FM radio programs have brought cultural change in terms of their living style up to some extent. Overall results show that FM radio programs have influenced its listener in terms of bringing change in their cultural living style.

128

Figure 6.14 Persuasion of FM radio on edibles of listeners

Figure 6.14 describes influence of FM radios programs on foodstuff in respective provinces.

Table 6.14 Food stuff

Greater To some Food stuff extent Great extent Rarely Not at all Count 184 576 790 315 135

% 9.2% 28.8% 39.5% 15.8% 6.8%

It was asked from respondents to give their opinion about the influence of FM radio on the youth in terms of brining food stuff. About 38% of respondents are of the view that due to impact of FM radio programs, traditional food stuff/eating habits of youth has been changed. 6.8% respondents disagreed with the opinion, on the other hand 11.6 % respondents are of the view that listening of FM radio programs rarely effect the food stuff/eating habits of youngsters whereas 39.5% respondents are of the view that upto some extent FM radio programs have brought cultural change in terms of their eating style / food stuff. As reveals in Table 6.14, overall results show that FM radio programs do not have much influence on their listeners in terms of bringing change in cultural food stuff.

129

Figure 6.15 Persuasion on FM radio listeners regarding festival celebrations

Figure 6.15 describes influence of FM radios programs on celebrations of festival in respective provinces.

Table 6.15 Celebration of festivals

Greater To some Celebration of Festivals Rarely Not at all extent Great extent Count 517 671 522 201 89

% 25.9% 33.6% 26.1% 10.1% 4.5%

Respondents were asked to share their views about the manipulation of FM radio listening on the youth in terms of bringing change in celebration of cultural festivals. About 59.5% of respondents have agreed upon the statement due to impact of FM radio programs, celebration of cultural events have been changed. 4.5% respondents disagreed with the statement, 10.1 % respondents are of the view that listening of FM radio programs rarely effects upon celebration of cultural events whereas 36.1% respondents have the opinion that upto some extent FM radio programs have brought cultural change in terms of celebration of cultural events. Overall results show that FM radio programs influenced listeners in terms of bringing cultural change in celebration of cultural events by the youth.

130

Figure 6.16 Influence of FM radio listening on outfits

Figure 6.16 portrays influence of FM radios programs on outfits in respective provinces.

Table 6.16 Outfits

Greater To some Outfits Rarely Not at all extent Great extent Count 205 307 635 538 315

% 10.3% 15.4% 31.8% 26.9% 15.8%

Figures in Table 6.21 illustrate the opinion of respondents regarding the effects of FM radio listening on the youth in terms of bringing change in cultural outfits. About 25.7% of respondents are of the opinion that traditional outfits have been changed due to impact of FM radio programs. 15.8% respondents disagreed with the statement, 26.9 % respondents have the opinion that programs aired on FM radios rarely impacts on the cultural outfits whereas 26.9% respondents responded that upto some extent FM radio programs have brought cultural change in terms of outfits by the youth. Overall results show that FM radio programs have not created much impact in bringing change in cultural outfits by the youth.

131

Figure 6.17 Types of political issues raised on FM radio programs

Figure 6.17 describes different types of political issues highlighted on FM radio programs in respective provinces.

Table 6.17 Types of political issues mostly highlighted on FM

Coverage

Manifestos of given to Current Types of political issues Voting Voters political political political mostly highlighted behavior issues parties processions developments Count 300 488 277 300 335

% 15.0% 24.4% 13.9% 15.0% 31.8%

It was asked from respondents to share their views about different types of political issues being raised in FM radio programs. Figures in Table 6.17 describe overall results about the statement. 31.8% are of the opinion that current political developments are discussed on FM radio transmission. 24.4 % responses are received wherein respondents are of the opinion that coverage given to political processions in FM radio programs. 15.0% respondents considered that different political issues are highlighted in FM radio political programs whereas 15.0% respondents considered that manifestos of political parties are discussed on FM radio programs.

132

Figure 6.18 Influence of FM radio listening on voting behavior

Figure 6.18 portrays impact of radio listening on voting behavior in respective provinces.

Table 6.18 Voting behavior

Greater To some Voting Behavior extent Great extent Rarely Not at all

Count 413 577 663 204 143

% 20.7% 28.8% 33.2% 10.2% 7.1%

Figures in Table 6.18 depicts about the assessment of respondents about the influence of FM radio programs on the youth in terms of brining change in voting behavior. Majority of respondents i.e. 49.6% are of the opinion that due to FM radio programs voting behavior of youth has been changed. 7.2% respondents totally disagreed with the statement and have the opinion that FM radio programs have not brought any change in terms of voting behavior, 10.2 % respondents considered that FM radio programs rarely impact on the voting behavior of youth whereas 33.2 % respondents responded that upto some extent FM radio programs have brought change in voting behavior. The overall results illustrate that political programs on FM radio have impact on youth by bringing change in their voting behaviors.

133

Figure 6.19 Influence of FM radio listening on taking interest in political issues

Figure 6.19 portrays impact of radio listening on taking interest in political issues in respective provinces.

Table 6.19 Level of interest in political issues

Interest in political Greater To some issues extent Great extent Rarely Not at all Count 179 594 830 284 113

% 9.0% 29.7% 41.5% 14.2% 5.7%

Figures in Table 6.19 reveal the perception about the influence of FM radio programs on youth in terms of bringing change in the interest level of different political issues. In this regard, 38.7% respondents considered that due to listening of political programs on FM radio interest level of youth on political issues have been changed. 5.7% respondents have the opinion that FM radio programs have not brought any change among youth in terms of taking interest in political issues, 14.2 % respondents are of the opinion that FM radio programs rarely influenced the youth in terms of bring change in taking interest in political issued whereas 41.2 % responses have been received wherein t h e respondents are of the view that FM radio programs have brought change to some extent in youth in terms of taking interest in different political issues. The overall results depict that political programs on FM radio have not caused much impact on youth by bringing change in their interest level.

134

Figure 6.20 Influence of FM radio listening regarding joining political parties

Figure 6.20 describes impact of radio listening in joining political parties in respective provinces.

Table 6.20 Joining political parties

Greater To some Joining political parties Great Rarely Not at all extent extent Count 204 349 728 441 278

% 10.2% 17.5% 36.4% 22.1% 13.9%

When the respondents were asked about the impact of FM radio programs on the youth in terms of brining change in joining political parties, Figures in Table 6.20 show 27.7% respondents have the opinion that political programs on FM radio interest level of youth on political issues have been changed. 13.9% respondents are of the opinion that FM radio programs have not brought any change among youth in terms of joining political parties, 22.1 % respondents have the opinion that FM radio programs rarely influenced youth in terms of bringing change to joining political parties whereas 36.4 % respondents responded that FM radio programs have brought change to some extent in youth in terms of joining political parties. The overall results depict that political programs on FM radio have not much impact on youth by bringing change to join political parties.

135

Figure 6.21 Types of social issues raised in FM radio programs

Figure 6.21 depicts mostly health related social issues are discussed on FM radio programs in respective provinces.

Table 6.21 Social issues highlighted on FM radio programs

Social issues mostly Health Women Agriculture Gender Poverty Unemployment highlighted issues Education rights issues

Count 475 760 263 146 213 127 16

% 23.8% 38.0% 13.2% 7.3% 10.7% 6.4% 0.8%

Figures in Table 6.21 show that 23.8% respondents have the opinion that FM radio programs raised health related issues. 38.0% respondents are of the opinion that FM radio programs raises educational issues, 13.2% considered that issues related to women rights are highlighted in FM radio programs, 10.7% responded that mostly gender issues are raised in different social programs aired on FM radio. 7.3% responses have been received against agricultural issues being raised on FM radios. 6.4% respondents are of the view point that poverty issues are mostly highlighted on FM radios whereas 0.8% respondents have the opinion that mostly unemployed issues are raised in programs aired on FM radios.

Overall results received depicts that mostly education related issues are highlighted on FM radio programs which is a very good sign for the community keeping in view the

136 aspect that mostly listeners of FM radio programs belong to youth. However, some weight-age is also given by the respondents by sharing their views that FM radios programs also highlight health related issues in their programs.

137

Figure 6.22 Impact of FM radio programs on health matters

Figure 6.22 shows the impact of FM listening on health related issues in respective provinces.

Table 6.22 Health issues

Greater To some Health issues extent Great extent Rarely Not at all

Count 631 700 499 110 60

% 31.6% 35.0% 25.0% 5.5% 3.0%

Figures in Table 6.22 portray the opinion regarding the influence of FM radio on the youth in terms of brining social change in health sector and raising health issues. Majority of respondents i.e. 66.6% were of the opinion that FM radio programs on health issues have influenced the youth. 25.0% respondents have the opinion that FM radio averagely influenced the youth on health issues, 5.5% responses are received wherein respondents considered that FM rarely influenced youth in terms of health issues, and 3.0% respondents have the opinion that health issues are not much broadcasted/ discussed on FM radio programs and did not influence the youth.

Overall results received depict that mostly respondents are of the view that health issues discussed on FM radio programs have impact on youth. Youth vigorously listen health programs, particularly female are main audience as some special health programs are

138 aired to get attention of female listeners such as programs on beauty tips, mother care, family health etc. Health related campaigns are also launched on FM radios for awareness of society such as campaign on Dengue virus, Hepatitis, HIV aid etc. Country like Pakistan requires media attention for promotion of health issues and FM radios are working very well in this sector.

139

Figure 6.23 Impact of FM radio on education

Figure 6.23 portrays impact of FM listening on education of listeners in respective provinces.

Table 6.23 Education

Greater To some Education extent Great extent Rarely Not at all

Count 501 823 489 131 56 % 25.1% 41.2% 24.5% 6.6% 2.8%

Figures in Table 6.23 illustrate the impact of FM listening on educational issues. 66.3% respondents have the opinion that FM radio programs on educational issues have influenced the youth. 24.5% respondents have considered that FM radio averagely influenced the youth on educational issues, 6.6% respondents considered that FM radio programs have rarely influenced youth in terms of educational issues, and 2.8% respondents have the opinion that educational issues are not much discussed on FM radio programs and did not influence the youth.

Overall results reveals that educational issues discussed on FM radio programs have impact on youth. There are many education related issues of the youth such as admissions related issues, career counseling, academic coaching, educational scholarships, student teacher relationship etc. Mostly respondents are of the view that FM radio programs are

140 working positively in this sector and trying to address and highlight educational issues for guidance of youth and community. .

141

Figure 6.24 Impact of radio listening on law abidance

Figure 6.24 portrays impact of FM listening on education of listeners in respective provinces.

Table 6.24 Law abidance

Greater To some Law abidance extent Great extent Rarely Not at all Count 167 447 930 334 122 % 8.4% 22.4% 46.5% 16.7% 6.1%

Table 6.24 present the assessment and effect of FM listening on law abidance issues. 30.8% respondents responded that FM radio programs on law abidance issues have influenced the youth. 46.5% respondents was of the opinion that FM radio averagely influenced the youth in terms of law abidance issues, 16.7% respondents considered that FM radio programs have rarely influenced youth in terms of law abidance issues, and 6.1% respondents have the opinion that law abidance issues discussed on FM radio programs did not influence the youth.

Overall results reveal that mostly respondents are of the view that law abidance issues discussed/ broadcasted on FM radio programs have not much influence on youth. There are many law abidance issues which are facing our society such as smoking in public, pedestrian crossing on highways & Motorways, wrong side driving on highways & Motorways, driving without fasting seat belts, over speeding, etc. Law abidance 142 issues are less discussed on FM radio programs. Mostly respondents are of the view that FM radio programs are working averagely in this sector and not properly addressing and raising law abidance issues for awareness of youth and the masses as well.

143

Figure 6.25 Impact of FM radio listening on eating habits

Figure 6.25 depicts impact of FM listening on eating habits in respective provinces.

Table 6.25 Eating habits

Greater To some Eating habits extent Great extent Rarely Not at all Count 159 406 760 518 157 % 8.0% 20.3% 38.0% 25.9% 7.9%

Table 6.25 describes that 28.3% respondents have the opinion that FM radio programs have influenced the eating habits of the youth. 38.0% respondents considered that FM radio averagely influenced the youth in terms of their eating habits, 25.9% respondents was of the opinion that FM radio programs have rarely influenced youth in terms of change in eating habits, whereas 7.9% respondents shared their opinion that FM radio programs did not influence on the youth on account of eating habits.

Overall results reveal that eating habits of youth are not influenced by the FM radio programs. Fast food culture in youth is developing roots in our society with every passing day which needs to address so as to prevent the youth from the different types of diseases caused due to eating of fast food. Fast food is being used by the college students, University students and now even school going students. Furthermore, unhygienic food stuff, low quality of food stuff being sold and used by youth. Eating

144 habits are averagely discussed on FM radio programs. It is dire need that FM radio should broadcast such programs which .address this issue for awareness of youth and the society.

145

Figure 6.26 Impact of FM radio listening on spoken language

Figure 6.26 illustrates impact of FM listening on language in respective provinces.

Table 6.26 Language

Greater To some Language Great Rarely Not at all extent extent

Count 292 414 685 464 145 % 14.6% 20.7% 34.3% 23.2% 7.2%

Table 6.26 is evaluation of influence of FM radio programs on langue of youth. Results illustrate that 35.3% respondents considered that FM radio programs have influenced the youth in terms of change in language. 34.3% respondents have the opinion that FM radio programs averagely influenced the youth in terms of language, 23.2% respondents was of the opinion that FM radio programs have rarely influenced youth in terms of change in language, and 7.3% respondents considered that FM radio programs did not influence on the youth on account of language.

Overall results show that mostly respondents were of the view that FM radio programs influenced the youth in terms of language used. The RJs or presenters of radio programs are inspirational heroes of youth. Youngsters try to copy the accent and language they used and mostly RJs on FM radio did not follow the ethics or values of society. They used either Hindi words during their talks or used unethical language, resultantly it is

146 observed that our youth speak Hindi words during conversation and if this thing did not control at this stage it would hamper our social and cultural values. FM radio should broadcast such programs which .address this issue for awareness of youth and the society.

147

Figure 6.27 Impact of FM radio listening on traditional dressing

Figure 6.27 describe the impact of FM listening on dressing in respective provinces.

Table 6.27 Dressing

Greater To some Dressing extent Great extent Rarely Not at all Count 262 285 553 484 416 % 13.1% 14.2% 27.7% 24.2% 20.8%

According to Table 6.27, 27.4% respondents have the opinion that FM radio programs are influential on youth in terms of brining change in their mode of dressing. 27.7% respondents were of the opinion that FM radio programs averagely influential upon the youth in terms of brining change in dressing, 24.2% respondents were of the opinion that FM radio programs have rarely influenced youth in terms of brining change in dressing, and 20.8% respondents considered that FM radio programs did not influence on the youth on account of change in dressing.

Overall results show that mostly respondents were of the view that FM radio programs are not much influential on the youth in terms of brining change in dressing. Youth follows their ideals and tries to copy them. Likewise film actors, showbiz personalities, sportsmen, politicians etc. radio jockeys are also role model

148 and idealistic personalities and young people follow their living style, dress combination etc. All the RJs, radio presenters use excessively social media and have their own Facebook pages, twitter accounts etc. wherein they post their pictures with new fashion designs.

149

Figure 6.28 Overall impacts of FM radio programs on youth

Figure 6.28 shows impact of FM radio programs on youth in respective provinces.

Table 6.28 Overall impacts of FM radio programs on youth

Effects of FM radio programs on Positive Negative Neutral the youth Count 995 302 703 % 49.8% 15.1% 35.2%

Table 6.28 illustrates that majority of respondents i.e. 45.5% have the opinion that FM radio programs have positive impact on the youth of Pakistan. 13.8 % respondents opine that FM radio programs have negative impacts on the youth. 32.1% respondents have neutral opinion on the issue. 6.0% respondents considered that FM radio programs rarely effect the youth, whereas 2.6% respondents are of the views that FM radios programs did not affect the youth.

Overall results depict that FM radio programs have positive impact on youth. Youth is the community which used to listed FM radio programs the most. The results of survey are ambitious and encouraging. Youngsters are the most intact community with FM radio programs and the results of survey shows very good sign for the community keeping in view the aspect that youth is the most intact community with FM listening. Less number of respondents is of the view that FM radio programs create negative effect on the youth. 150

Figure 6.29 FM radio and necessities of modern age

Figure 6.29 depicts FM radio programs fulfilling requirement of modern age in respective provinces.

Table 6.29 FM radio fulfils the requirements of modern age

FM radio fulfill the requirements of Greater Great To some Rarely Not at all the modern age extent extent Count 288 750 697 169 96

% 14.4% 37.5% 34.8% 8.5% 4.8%

Table 6.29 illustrates that 51.9.0% respondents have the opinion that FM radio programs are fulfilling requirements of modern age, 34.9% respondents have share their opinion that FM radio programs are satisfying the requirements of modern age to some extent, 8.5% have the opinion that FM radio programs are rarely fulfilling the requirements whereas 4.8% respondents are of the opinion that FM radio programs do not fulfill the requirements of modern age.

Overall results show that mostly respondents are satisfied with the performance of FM radio programs and opined that programs aired on FM radios are fulfilling the needs/ requirement of modern age. Very few respondents have disagreed with the opinion.

151

SUMMARY

Electronic media undoubtedly has created awareness among the people of Pakistan especially in Social, Political and Cultural frame. Radios, significantly FM radios have played an important and vital role in shaping the norms and values set by the Pakistani society. Pakistani electronic media is very sparkling and has become the most powerful medium in changing opinions and views of Pakistani peoples. In process of social, cultural and political changes, the responses of various societies decide and establish their fate. Their capability to influence on these waves depends upon the receptiveness.

FM radio is transmitting set of values, attitudes which are influenced by the culture, politics and social structures. FM stations are transferring knowledge to expand their audience and their major focus is upon youth which are highly been effected since its inception. The traditional media all over the globe has witnessed fundamental changes. In developing countries, media has not only increased the choices but it has also given expansion to existing digital divide between urban and rural and between accessible & inaccessible.

Majority of Pakistani public believed that media is a source of awareness. Radio has provided a platform to youth to express their judgment & stance on different social and political issues and sharing of information with one another. It has encouraged youth to comment on those issues and topics which have long been considered prohibited. Talk shows & discussion programs are being arranged by FM radio channels on various topics such as violence, drugs, death, morality, human relationships, politics, culture and religion. FM radios keep a close watch on wrong doings and misdeeds of Government and report it to the general public by playing its role as watch dog. It provides live coverage of parliamentary affairs and activities of politicians. Documentaries, programs, dramas which promote Islamic and eastern culture and convey message of unity, peace, love, harmony which creates a very positive impact on society. Radio is a powerful media tool which is overlooked in past in Pakistan. Many years back when T.V was just a dream and radio was used by the people as an effective mode for interaction and learning. The popularity of radio in Pakistan is due to the following reasons: Firstly, easily accessible to common masses and secondly, coverage throughout the country and thirdly, mode of infotainment (Information + education).

The establishment of radio was and still is to project Pakistan’s national and international policies, culture, social values of life, awareness of political issues, friendship

152 among its foreign listeners and it has done well so far. No one can deny the historical part PBC has played through difficult times, wars, natural disasters etc.

The rise in establishment of FM radio in the country and increasing trend of FM listening among the youth has attracted the attention of researcher. Resultantly, present study was carried out to determine the impact of FM radio listening on youth.

The results of survey indicate that traditional radio listening (PBC) has been decreased since the emergence of FM radio which have not only changed the scenario but also replaced the traditional radio in Pakistan (Table 6.1; Table 6.2).

It has also been observed that the trend of FM listening has been increased and FM radio has become the first choice of common radio listeners. It has also been noted that half of population among radio listeners used FM radio medium for entertainment purpose whereas thirty-six percent (36%) used this medium for seeking of information, rest of listeners use this medium for education, development or persuasion etc. (Table 6.4).

Averagely, a common FM radio listener spent minimum 1 to 2 hours daily in listening FM radio programs which indicates that in presence of other powerful electronic media viz: Television, Cable, Internet etc. in the country, medium of FM radio has got the attraction of masses and made its space among general public particularly youth in very short span of time (Table 6.5).

Day to day life style by various communities in societies of different geographies, collectively define different cultures for example, in today’s life concepts of culture are work culture, corporate culture, media culture, mass culture etc. The term “culture” is explained as it is set of traditions and customs followed by particular societies. In other words, values and norms composed the way upon which a society is organized and defines its culture. It can also be defined as “set of habits which is cultivated consistently i.e. cultivated habits over a period of time” (Bagga, 2006).

However, in the current context, it is FM culture that has an impact on day to day lives of people particularly youth living in Pakistan. Practically, there exists no exact measures to assess the effects of FM radios on individuals, its use and misuse has led to the degeneration of non material culture resulting in conflicting values. Pakistani culture is a

153 combination of various neighboring cultures but it has standardized Islamic values merged in it (Ahmad, 2001).

According to McLuhan (2002) FM radio has a strong cultural impact upon society as it has the ability to reach a varied audience with a strong and influential message. It is through the persuasiveness of radio that messages reach their target audiences. Radio has been influential media as it has been largely responsible for organizing people's daily lives. A large portion of society listens radio broadcasting daily. The increasing trend of FM listening has taken our local culture and made it hostage in numerous aspects.

The medium of FM radio is big source of promotion of cultural / traditional events/ festivals and this platform is very effectively being used to save the dyeing cultural events. Celebration of festivals and cultural events was and is an integral part of our culture. Many cultural festivals and events are celebrated every year in Pakistan and FM radio either commercial or non commercial give time and converge to broadcast these events. The results of survey reveal that traditional festivals are mostly promoted on FM radio programs which is a very good aspect for the society where traditional culture is limited to rural areas only and urban community particularly youth is not much aware of their traditional festivals (Table 6.12).

Cultural living style has dramatically changed particularly the youth has adopted modern living styles which have replaced the traditional living styles. Even in villages and far flung areas modern living style is being adopted which clearly indicates the invasion of media in general and FM radios in particular. Joint family system was and is an integral part of cultural living style and is undoubtedly a trademark and main attribute of Pakistani society. This feature seems vanishing and is being replaced by a culture of individuality. FM listeners have opined that FM radio programs are impacting upon youth in terms of changing their cultural living style (Table 6.13).

Cultural food stuffs and home cooked foods are being replaced by fast food. Youth seems to be more inspired and fond of eating fast food such as pizza, burgers, sandwiches etc. Cultural Pakistani dishes, which were famous throughout the world for their taste and flavor, are hardly acceptable to the youth either living in urban or rural areas. Similarly, usage of cold drinks after almost every meal now has been an essential part. As the results of survey depict that medium of FM radio has partially influenced upon cultural food stuff in presence of other electronic media and advertisers who have targeted the youth for accomplishment of

154 their own agendas whereas commercial FM radio owners are interested only in getting revenue enhancement and getting revenue through advertising agencies(Table 6.14).

FM radio programs have influenced the youth in terms of celebration of festivals. For example two very important religious festivals viz: Eid-ul-Fitar and Eid-ul-Azha have been celebrated among Muslims every year. It was tradition that on Eid day, everyone says greetings to his/her relatives, family members, friends etc. but now it has been observed that youngsters spend their time in listening music, talk shows on FM and other electronic media instead of meeting with their relatives and friends on Eid festivals. On the other hand, events which were not part of our culture are now entering in our society such as Valentine’s Day and New Year nights. Special transmission on these events is planed and designed to broadcast. This trend led to a change of pseudo-cultural values that are being integrated into daily life of our society and indicates that role of media that build images and stimulate related thoughts in the minds of its audience and grab minds of its young listenership. Resultantly, fantasy world made their real life roles difficult to live in and continuous listenership of such programs lead youth towards conflicting values (Table 6.12; Table 6.15).

The results of survey also reveal that FM radio programs are partially influential upon the cultural outfits of the youth as not much coverage is given in FM radio transmission on cultural outfits (Table 6.16).

According to BlumlerJay & Kavanagh (2010) electronic media have been influential on political communication around the globe. However, media’s influence can be seen in developed countries where technology is easily available. The undeveloped part of the world has also influenced by the media particularly the process of political communication in less developed countries.

FM radio stations have developed their own styles to keep its listeners engaged whether it might be an entertainment program, sports event, coverage of political processions or election transmission. According to present survey, mostly current political developments are raised on FM radio programs to keep the listeners well aware. Thus, FM radio listeners keep them well informed what is going on around them and what kind of political developments are being undertaken in the country. The political maturity was seen during recent past elections in the country where political awareness level was much higher than the past. It is a fact that during election transmission such political programs were designed and

155 aired on daily basis throughout the country keeping in view the demand of general public and audience which were based on political information and awareness such as review policies of Election Commission of Pakistan to ensure fair and transparent elections, obligations and responsibilities of caretaker Government, importance of elections for society, how to vote and what to expect at polling stations, manifestos of different political parties, current political development etc. (Table 6.17).

Special programs have been broadcasted to discuss manifestos of different political parties especially in election season. Listeners are also facilitated with the option of live phone calls and to ask questions on political issues. Political programs are helpful in raising awareness about elections and also highlighting objectives/ manifestos of various political parties contested in general elections. The message conveyed to the listeners to understand their role in the democracy and to cast their vote as national responsibility. Information about various constituencies and their candidates are also provided to the listeners. Public service messages communicated through FM channels and other broadcast media to their listeners during elections is “not choosing your leader and staying silent during polling is equivalent to a crime”. FM radios have educated listeners about all the National Assembly constituencies in the country and the issues being faced by the people living therein. All such political programs have influence upon the voting behavior of FM listeners and present survey has shown that voting behaviour of FM listeners have been changed due to listening of political programs on FM radio (Table 6.18).

Utilization of advanced media technologies for political communication is at evolutionary stage in Pakistan. However, few political parties have established their own FM stations to motivate their followers and to update them regarding party polices, achievements, objectives, manifestoes, etc. and also to inform them on regular basis regarding speeches and activities of their leaders and party stance on various national and international matters. FM channels are performing an imperative to make their listeners well aware regarding political developments. FM medium have also been used to mobilize political workers, convince their voters to cast vote for them and also as a propagation tool against the opponent parties. However, the study also revealed that FM radio programs are partially influential upon youth in terms of bringing change in taking interest in political issues (Table 6.9; Table 6.19).

156

It is fact that FM channels have improved and transformed concept of political reporting. However, the results of survey depict that FM radio programs partially been influential upon youth in terms of joining different political parties. The gaining popularity of political talk shows on FM radios indicates that political talk shows and programs have got the attention of public and people are also taking interest in scrutinizing professional conduct of politicians on public issues (Table 6.20).

Radio being a broadcast media, is recognized to be a crucial agent of change particularly in such civilizations where almost all social indicators depict a pessimistic picture. Function of media in causing and producing social change happen to be very important in societies like Pakistan (Naqvi et al, 2011).

FM radio is also a very handy medium for projection of different social issues. According to the survey results more than fifty percent of sample population opined that FM radio programs are very helpful in raising different social issues. Today, people having different social background and age groups particularly youth listen to radio. It is popular for various reasons. Travelers use it for getting latest news & traffic situation, brokers use it for updating stock exchange situation, villagers and farmers used it to get information about weather forecast, new agricultural techniques, female listeners for seeking information about health issues, women empowerment, youth for employment , latest information, educational issues and to know other events happenings in country etc. (Table 6.7).

FM radios transmit awareness programs for masses and motivate them to get education. Results of Table 6.21 depict that mostly education issues are highlighted on FM radio. Non commercial FM radios, Radio Pakistan as well as majority of commercial FM channels transmit educational information based programs which are beneficiary for urban people in general and rural people in particular. Health awareness issues are also discussed and aired on FM radio and special space is given to broadcast health programs on FM radio (Table 6.21).

Furthermore, as evident from the results, women rights, gender issues, unemployment etc. get less attention and coverage on radio programs. However, now a number of efforts are underway in Pakistan to promote women empowerment, women rights, unemployment, agricultural issues etc. Although there is escalating attention by the Pakistan Government to gender issues including violence, and there is some improvement in this direction, but there is

157

no palpable, heedful and steadfast attempt geared to the understanding of the relevance of youth and gender based violence (Table 6.21).

Different types of health programs on FM radio are being broadcasted to provide necessary basic health education to its listeners. Renowned doctors/ physicians are invited to give health tips to the listeners. Our youth specifically young female take keen interest in listening such health programs. Especially programs on skin care etc. are very much popular among teenagers. However, more attention is required towards broadcasting of programs on health issues by FM radio stations and more programs on health issues are required to broadcast as people living in rural areas are less aware and demands a source of information which provides them basic information on health problems (Table 6.22).

Health programs could be sponsored by hospitals, clinics etc. for awareness of masses living in far flung and rural areas of country. Gender issues and child birth issues in women also require much attention. FM radio is very effective tool to provide awareness and basic education on these sensitive health issues to general public. Wasting time on surfing different FM channels is the biggest negative aspect of FM listening. Sometimes, young girls get impressed by different beauty products just because they hear advertisement campaigns and then they often get allergy. Cross promotions between food products and popular presenters/ RJs encourage people to eat higher calorie food. Similarly, sometimes young boys keep long hair and say, “it is fashion” which is a very negative influence of radio. Furthermore, the constant ambush of messages from the media especially radio to lose weight and to appear fragile in order to meet society’s expectations of the ideal woman are possibly behind youngsters little eating (Table 6.22).

Educational issues are raised on FM radio programs, however survey results depict that these programs partially impact upon youth. Similarly, FM radio programs on some other social issues such as law abidance, eating habits etc. are partially influential upon youth (Table 6.23; Table 6.24 & Table 6.25).

The survey results also illustrate that FM radio programs have partially impacted upon spoken language of youth. Less attention is given on spoken language by commercial FM radio programs. Sometime, presenters speak foreign words in flow which are picked by young bloods and they copy and follow their role models. Similarly, dressing is also partially

158 impacted by FM radio programs. However, youth copy the same fashion, style which they like and follow (Table 6.26; Table 6.27).

Pakistani society has been facing extremism and militancy since last decade. Militant wings have been using FM radio for communication, propaganda against state and projection of their views. Surveys results reveal that listening of illegal FM radio owned by militants have had negative impact on the youth (Table 6.8).

Radio programs portraying positive impact on the youth and the results of survey also reveal that mostly FM radio programs are fulfilling requirement of listeners and as well as the modern age (Table 6.28; Table 6.29).

Entertainment has been used for educational purpose since the beginning of human history. FM radio carries on this tradition, reaching millions of people with programs which entertain and educate the masses. Average Pakistani teen is most passionate consumer of radio programs and overall situation in connection with youth programs on radio is not bad. However, improvement and more attention is required to address youth issues cultural, political or social because youth is future of this country.

159

RESULTS OF HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis-1 “FM radio has positive impact on youth”

Hypothesis-2

“It is more likely that FM listeners of different sectors are equally unaware of their surrounding as compare to those who do not listen FM radios”.

Answers

The results of the study reveal and support the hypothesis-1 that “FM radio has positive impact on youth”. Figures in Table 6.28 describes the fact that FM radio programs have positive impact on youth by airing such programs which are disseminating information, education and awareness besides airing entertainment. Mostly programs are planed and designed to get maximum attention of youth. FM radios are representing positive impact on youth with their programs and airing education, awareness and information amongst youth.

Similarly, figures in Table 6.4 disprove the hypothesis-2 that “It is more likely that FM listeners of different sectors are equally unaware of their surrounding as compare to those who do not listen FM radios” because mostly FM channels transmits variety of informative, infotainment, educational programs beside airing only musical and entertaining programs as well as coverage is also given to news, current affair programs, national and international issues. Thus, FM listeners are much more informative and aware than those who do not listen FM radio. However, it is a fact that there exist very few FM radio channels which only air musical stuff and on the basis of this phenomenon, it cannot be determined that FM radio listeners are unaware what is happening in their surroundings.

160

Results of Research Questions

Research Questions

1. Has listening to radio increased since the inception of FM radio in Pakistan?

2. Has radio listening become revived, after emergence of FM radios in Pakistan?

3. Has FM programming content satisfies contemporary requirements of audience?

4. Has setting-up new FM radios are required to address social and community based issues in Pakistan?

5. How the performance of FM radio can be improved?

Answers

The listenership of radio has been increased since the inception of FM radios in Pakistan. Comparison of figures of Table 6.2 & 6.5 shows the answer of research question 1. About 59% participants responded that they spent almost 2 hours daily in listening FM radio transmission whereas only 15.6% respondents listen traditional radio broadcast. These figures clearly indicate the increasing trend of FM radio listening in Pakistan.

Furthermore, the increasing trend of establishment of FM radio in Pakistan not only provides the answer of research question 1 but also acknowledges and supports the research question 2. Apart from thirty four (34) FM radios being run by PBC, presently, one hundred and eighty seven (187) FM radios including commercial (142) and non-commercial (45) FM radios working in the country under control of PEMRA and fifty four (54) FM radio stations are being run under command of ISPR in the country. Thus, about two hundred and forty one (241) FM radios are operational and transmitting radio broadcast in various parts of the country alongwith innumerable online/web based FM radios. These figures clearly indicates that after emergence of FM radio in Pakistan, the radio listening trend has been increased and radio industry has been revived in the country after inception of FM radio.

161

Figures in Table 6.29 depicts that majority of participants are of the view that FM transmission fulfills modern requirements and figures in Table 6.6 portrays that mostly people are satisfied with the contents/information aired on FM radio stations.

Majority of respondents supported the research question 3. They are satisfied with the contents/ information aired on FM radios.

According to the figures of Table 6.7 majority of participants i.e. 56% considered that FM radio programs are helpful in raising different social issues. Similarly, figures of Table 6.16 depicts the opinion of participants wherein majority i.e. 61.7% are of the view that regional language programs aired on FM radio programs are helpful in enhancing harmony among different sects of the community and society. Results of Table 6.12 & Table 6.16 supports and answer the research question 4 that establishment of more FM radios are necessitated to address different social and community based issues in Pakistan. Keeping in view the fact that Pakistan is a developing country and have very limited number of resources and FM radio medium could be utilize as useful and handy source to highlight various social, regional and community based issues.

After the detail study and analyzing the views and comments of the respondents submitted against item no. 20 of the current study, the researcher has defined and illustrated the performance indicators in 7.2 of Chapter 7 below. The performance of FM radio could be improved by adopting, implementation and following these suggestions. These suggestions describe and suggest the answer of research question 5.

162

CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

FM radio stations are working throughout Pakistan and are providing information education and entertainment to its listeners since inception. The sector of FM radio has rapidly grown up in past few years. Due to the popularity of FM radio medium, the listenership of traditional radio (PBC) has been decreased. Radio in Pakistan had faced problems of accessibility for a long time but after it conversion from AM (analogue) to FM (digital), it is progressing day by day, running fast on information highway and transmitting programs to its listeners. People living in far away areas of the country, following diverse cultural, speaking different languages and belonging to different religions, were away from mainstream media due to non availability and accessibility of any form of electronic media and voices of these millions of voiceless were not heard. But the emergence of FM radio have successfully countered this problem and bridged this gape and brought the people of far flung areas closer to other parts of country.

State run radios have specific political and social agendas and their broadcast cannot cover to small communities scattered over the large territories such as in Balochistan, Sindh, FATA and southern Punjab. Undoubtedly, FM radios have covered this gap and reached to the millions of isolated peoples. Overall progression in radio medium has played a vital role in development of society and nation by keeping the masses well aware of their surroundings.

FM radio have captured the market, gained the attention of masses particularly youth but still many deficiencies exist in many areas such as contents, balancing of programs and professionalism which could be addressed for getting enhancement and perfection. However, there is still extensive scope to expand and develop the professionalism, better techniques, skills and standard for making improvement in FM programs. Following are some findings that were observed during this research work:

7.1 Findings

1. Radio gratifies desires of individuals and groups without any gender discrimination.

163

2. It is observed that youth listen such radio programs that are beyond their age group and sometimes youth accept malfunctioning information broadcasted in such programs which may affect the innocent minds of youth and consequences of these programs have to be faced by them for rest of their life.

3. Music is the most influential and impacting feature of FM radio broadcast which hit the minds of children as it creates a lot of space for wonder. Children act on this experimentally.

4. Radio presenters and RJs etc. also play a role in making an impact on its listeners as youth admire influential persons and act the same way as they listen from their favorite personality.

5. New FM radio stations are being opened in private sector excessively and the staff appointed by private radios is mostly less educated and untrained.

6. Lack of professional academy in Pakistan for proper training of media professionals and broadcasters as well as other staff working in FM radio stations is also root cause of problem. Due to this reason recruitment of trained staff for private FM radio stations is still a big problem.

7. Media is most influential element in constructing culture in societies like Pakistan. Radio being the most effective medium is impacting on youth by neglecting moral values and believes and breeding harmful culture. Electronic media has its own code of ethics and greed of profit making is one of the reasons of this cultural distortion. Resultantly, many things are exposed to youth which should not necessarily be exposed to them. Consequently, such things are harming their mental development which is a scary fact. Media owners uses artists as their puppets to sell their own values and these media artists such as musicians, anchors, singers and presenters etc. becomes role models of teenagers and youngster and creates impact on youth by manipulating their behavior.

8. FM radio presenter is called RJ (radio Jockey). Selection of radio presenter or broadcaster is also a major issue. The standard criteria or benchmark considered for selection of any radio broadcaster or presenter is depends upon

164

having very good voice quality. The other areas for selection of good radio presenters such as ability of good pronunciation, good command on national as well as regional language, grip on general knowledge, knowledge of religion and history, knowledge of different cultural, political and social issues, knowledge of traditions and values etc. is almost neglected.

9. It is also observed that mostly RJs are unaware about social and cultural knowledge, psychology of people in respective areas, customs, traditions and regional languages of their respective areas.

10. Mostly radio presenters do not follow the policy or guideline. They try to impose their own thoughts and ideas and often disseminate unethical, contradictory, out of bound statements which may harm national integrity

11. Another major issue which is faced by the management of private radio stations is lack of funds and other revenue generation resources.

12. PEMRA charged heavy amount on account of license issuing fee to private FM radio channels and no relaxation or concession is given to private radios by the Government to import latest radio equipment. Resultantly, private/ commercial radio stations depends upon airing musical and entertainment programs instead of broadcasting serious and informative programs as they cannot easily get sponsorship for broadcasting of such programs.

13. Sometime unauthentic news aired by FM radio channels which harms individually as well as collectively on society. Bogus news creates negative impact on society.

14. Advertisements aired by FM radio causes both positive and negative impact.

15. Over listening of FM may cause health problems. Similarly, over usage of FM listening makes the listeners particularly youth to behave more aggressively and this act may spoil their future.

16. Young people spend hours on listening FM radio programs. They listen both positive and negative contents. Negative and unethical contents may harm their

165

minds and behaviors. Parents and guardian should encourage their children to take part in physical games instead of wasting their precious time in listening FM so that their attention may be diverted.

17. Majority of young generation found of listening music programs aired on FM radios, these musical programs attract young blood. Excessive listening of musical programs is not only a wastage of time but also influential on mental growth.

18. Radio presenters, models etc. are also influential on youth as they consider them their role model and try to follow and copy them. Resultantly, due to this impact, youth waste their money in getting similar clothing, jewelry etc. of their role models.

19. Teenagers desire to join such programs, which are inappropriate for them. Like other form of electronic media, FM radio has also brought people all over the world very closer to each other. It is the responsibility lies on shoulders of management of FM radio channels and public as well to make such policy which drive away the harmful and negative impacts of FM channels on the listeners. To some extent, it is also the responsibility of the listeners particularly youth to take positive aspects of FM radios and use it for good purpose.

20. FM radio assists people to exchange information. People get knowledge on listening news through radio. It provides latest news to listeners without any barriers.

21. FM radio provides a platform to introduce new talent. Teenagers learn many good things through FM radio programs as it enhances vocabulary and increases knowledge. Quiz programs, debate competitions and speeches of famous personalities are a big source of enhancement of knowledge and information for youth.

22. Entertainment programs make people happy. These programs also create impact on citizens in changing their behavior & attitudes.

23. FM radio channels conduct opinion polls and allow citizens to take part and express their views on different cultural, political & social issues. Public can take part in such opinion polls through emails, live calling as well as writing letters to program editor.

166

24. Another major drawback being faced by the private FM channels that they could not find sponsorship for broadcasting of religious, cultural & social programs and other literary programs , resultantly due to lack of proper sponsorship the standard and quality of such programs is not improving.

25. It is also observed that FM radio license holders often do not follow the rules and regulations as defined by the PEMRA. Therefore, violation of rules and regulation challenged the authority of PEMRA and also made performance of PEMRA questionable. PEMRA should notice such discrepancies and improve the performance by strict monitoring and implementation of its rules and regulation in true letter and spirit.

167

7.2 Suggestions

After conducting this research, there are some suggestions and proposals that might be helpful in improving the standard and quality of FM radio programs, other areas of FM radios. It is hoped that after adopting these suggestions radio broadcasting shall be improved and may provide better results for audience. It is also hoped that after considering following suggestions FM radios will play more positive role in development of our society as well as progression of our youth culturally , politically and socially:

1. It is the responsibility of PEMRA to reform its policies and minimize/eliminate the political influence on broadcasting and discourage bureaucratic control by the Government, politicians and bureaucracy so that realistic news and reality based information be aired for the masses. It should also encourage establishment of new FM radio channels in the country so that more sources of information, entertainment and awareness be available for the citizens.

2. PEMRA should review its policy regarding restriction of news transmission by private FM channels. Private FM channels should be allowed to broadcast local news bulletin of their locality in strict monitoring and check by PEMRA so that contradictory, biased and such news & information which may harm social, cultural and national integrity may be to controlled or stopped.

3. It is dire need that license holders should review the agendas of their respective FM radio programs and formulate the agenda in accordance with the values and moral teachings of Islam, cultural norms and social values, welfare of society, patriotism and guidance of masses.

4. As private FM channels are mostly depend upon funds and revenue generation resources and always look towards advertisers, therefore advertisers & promoters should consider their position and give more attention to FM channels so that these channels should be financially sound and may broadcast better quality of informative, literary and knowledge based programs beside entertainment and musical programs.

5. A very important responsibility also lies on the shoulders of FM radio listener that they should record / submit their response and feedback regularly about

168

different FM programs so that content quality of FM radio programs could be enhanced and improved.

6. It is also the responsibility of parents and guardians that they should keep check on their children as what type of programs they listen on FM channels. It might possible that children listen the prohibited information. So it is the key responsibility of parents to strictly monitor their children.

7. It is also dire need that the syllabus and curriculum being taught in colleges and universities should be up to the mark of present era. Higher Education Commission should review out dated and obsolete syllabus and replace and streamline it with the fresh and market base curriculum. Further, it is also required that practical training for graduates should be included with parallel to their theoretical learning which is essentially required for professional grooming of students. It will also cater for the need and requirement of trained professionals for FM radios and a team comprised of professional shall produce result oriented tasks for FM radio channel and better for growth of FM industry in Pakistan.

8. Opening of new private FM radio stations has increased the demand of skilled, experienced and trained staff. Therefore, FM channels should ensure while recruitment of staff that they are hiring professional, trained , experienced staff to meet their requirement so that the issues created due to unprofessional, untrained and inexperience staff could be encountered and better quality of programs be produced and aired for the audience.

9. It is also pointed out that due to absence of clear communication policy in Pakistan, progress & advancement of technology as well as maturity of audience is affected. Therefore, it is necessarily required to formulate a clear cut policy with some checks and conditions. The communication policy should be clear and devised keeping in view the developing situation. It will surely preserve the national economy and it will also help in improving the expansions of media industry as well.

10. Media organizations should arrange special training workshops, seminars in different cities, towns as well as educational institutes and other Govt. departments for capacity building, training developing ideas etc. for people

169

associated and working with FM radio. It is also required that such seminars, workshops and conferences should be conducted on regular basis with major focus and emphasis on the effective and right usage of new media for the awareness of media professionals.

11. Media organization should formulate media agenda in accordance with the customs, traditions, religious values etc. of society so that programs based on cultural identity, Islamic ideology, norms and values of society and information & knowledge base contents be broadcasted for society, youth as well as for coming generations. Media agenda should be focused on how to utilize media particularly FM radio and community radios effectively for social change, progression of culture, tool for cultural change, tool for political awareness and to discover and highlight the drawbacks linked with media communication.

12. FM radio should arrange and hire trained presenters, Radio Jockey’s & other staff particularly in small cities & towns. It is also responsibility of radio management to make a strict policy & mechanism to keep an eye on RJ’s, presenters & other staff so that they could be taken into account on any misdeeds.

13. It is also dire need to enhance research efforts. In this regard, research scholars should be encouraged & motivated to participate in socioeconomic activities and bring innovation with their experience and research to make their country and nation as a leading country in the world.

14. Due to giving less importance to public and social issues by state owned radio, listenership & popularity of FM radio has been enhanced and expectations of FM listeners also rose. FM radio management should find out experienced and capable persons who can run their organization in good and professional way. In this regard, services of senior journalists, broadcasters could be hired to ensure positive broadcasting of programs and to meet the expectations of public. It will highlight and convey their problems to higher authorities as FM radio network is expanding day by day from big cities to small cities, town, villages and even remote areas.

15. A proper mechanism for getting feedback from listeners should be devised in order to improve quality of programs.

170

7.3 Conclusion

Radio is very effective and influential medium. The medium of radio is revived with the arrival and appearance of FM radio stations in Pakistan which was being neglected by the masses after development of other electronic media tools such as TV, cable, Internet etc. FM radio gained popularity in very short span due to programming versatility, voice quality and easy access. FM radio is now being used by people belonging to every walk of life particularly the youth. Medium of FM radio is not being utilized in Pakistan with its proper capacity & potential as this medium can play very crucial and significant role in mass awareness, growth and development etc. due to its capacity to mobilize the society and provide instant information to the masses regarding their issues whether related to cultural, social, political or based upon other community problems. FM radio has also the potential to motivate the people and raise their level of awareness by encouraging citizens and communities to participate in different social projects.

One thing should be kept in mind that in very highly competitive atmosphere and growing market, serious and concrete efforts are always required to develop and enhance the quality and standards which FM radio programs essentially requires. The most affiliated group of society with FM radio is our youth whereas focus of some private FM radios in Pakistan is limited and tends towards airing music and entertainment programs just to get attention and engage the youth, rather to raise mass awareness issues. Resultantly, such FM programs are not only impacting the youth culturally and socially but also the potential of this useful medium is being spoiled by linking it with music and entertainment industry only. Therefore, general perception of the people about private or commercial FM radio is confined to entertainment medium only. Transmission of unsuitable and unacceptable programs on FM radio is harming our cultural, social & political values and also effecting morality of youth.

However, radio stations now a days taking different social initiatives to educate and inform the public, for awareness of societies and common masses such as broadcasting public service announcements, celebrating special days like World AIDS day, Labour day, Mother’s day etc. In this regard, interviews are conducted by FM presenters from personalities who discuss these issues and arranging contest on social issues by live calls in programs to involve the listeners and to check listener’s awareness about particular social issues. The necessity of era is to effectively use the potential of this powerful media for betterment of society, by setting out rules for broadcasting industry and also ensure implementation of these rules so

171 that predictability and certainty be ensured. This will also provide safeguard to expected standards and requirements of audience.

It is generally observed that different issues related to youth can be prevented at the stage of adolescence rather to address such problems after their occurrence. Programs and projects which are organized with issues related to adolescents and youth, benefits everyone. Communication programmers can play an essential role in educating, understanding, informing and motivating young people. Since young people are the passionate consumers of popular culture, social initiatives and entertainment, therefore radio is an ideal medium which can convey the message by entertainment programs to reach the youth.

Effectiveness and reliability of radio has never been neglected in any society. Besides this, it is first ever device which was used for entertainment purpose as well as despite all the technological growth and invention of other communication sources such as satellite television channels, radio medium is still believed as one of the most effective tool of communication. It is the reason that radio listeners are increasing with every passing day and radio has become an essential part of one’s lives these days. It creates awareness, provides information and above all, it is used as tool of education. It is needless to say, radio is an entertainment device as well, however, due to lack of focus on certain important issues, has adversely affected its image.

It is the obligation and responsibility of Govt., PEMRA as well as management of FM radio to review their policy, formulate and devise their programs wherein the key focus is on raising social awareness, cultural integrity, national unity etc. as the magic box is undoubtedly a tool of social change.

172

REFERENCES

Abbas, Azmat. (2004, December). FM 103 forced off airwaves. The Herald, P: 38.

Abila, Nahid. (1998).FM-100 as trend setter of Radio listening the case study of 1996-98 Lahore Listeners. Punjab University, Pakistan.

Adelakun, Lateef Adekunle. (2014).The use of institution-owned radio for the promotion of formal education among Nigerian youths. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews. Vol.4 No.4, p.108–118, ISSN: 2276-8645.

Afridi, Manzoor Khan & Yousufi, Musab. (2014).Military Operation in Malakand Division Pakistan: Causes and Implications. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities.Vol. 3(3).

Ahmad, Ejaz. (1999). A comparative profile of program contents and telephonic talk on FM 100 and 101. Master's Thesis, submitted to Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) Islamabad, Pakistan.

Ahmad, Nihal. (2005). History of Radio Pakistan. Oxford University Press.

Ahmad, Riaz (2001). Content Analysis of phoning and adlibbing on FM -100 Lahore. Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Ahmad, Shahzada Irfan. (2003, June 15). FM breaks through. Daily The News, P: 28.

Ahmed,Tariq.(2001).Relationship between the farmers of Islamabad and their exposure to Agriculture Program Radio. Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

AIOU. (2016, August 8). Campus Radio FM 91.6. Retrieved from Allama Iqbal Open University website: www.aiou.edu.pk.

Akbar, Ali & Jangor (2000). An impact of evaluation of agricultural programs of Radio Haiderabad. Sindh University Jamshoro, Pakistan.

Akbar, Muhammad Wasim., Raza, Riaz., Numan ,Wajeeh-ud-Din & Zai, Naheed Ali. (2013). Musical programs and Islamic teachings role of Media and its ethical limitations. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, Vol. 2 No.1, ISSN: 2186-8492, ISSN: 2186-8484 Print.

Aldrich, Daniel P. (2012). Radio as the Voice of God: Peace and Tolerance Radio Programming’s Impact on Norms. Retrieved from Social Science Research Network (SSRN) website: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2187112

Ali, Muazzam. (2009). FM radio broadcasting in Pakistan. Research and publication center, Pakistan Press Foundation, press centre, Kamal Ataturk road Karachi.

173

Ali, Muhammad Amjad. (2015). Radio for equitable education to all. VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences. Volume7, Number1, pp.01- 04, http://www.vfast.org/index.php/VTESS @ 2013 ISSN: 2309-3951

Anderson, John Nathan. (2011). Radio’s Digital Dilemma: Broadcasting in the 21st Century. PhD Thesis, submitted to Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.

Apna Karachi 107. (2016, May 30). Apna Karachi FM 107. Retrieved from Apna Karachi FM 107 website: http://www.apnakarachi107.fm.

Asar, Fiza Fatima. (2010). Good media, Bad media how news-making practices make stories news worthy and their impact on society. Global media Journal, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ISSN. 2070-2469, VOL- III, ISSUE- I.

Awais, Ahmed. (2002). Prospects of Community radio in NWFP.University of Peshawar , Pakistan.

Awam FM. (2016, August 8). Awam FM. Retrieved from Awam FM websites: http://awamfm94.com/livem/ & https://www.facebook.com/AawazFm94.

Bagga, Bhoomika. (2006). Encyclopedia of Mass Media. Anmol Publications (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi, India. www.anmolpublications.com

Baran, Stanley J. & Davis, Dennis K. (2012). Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. 6th edition, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Boston, USA.

Bashir, Ahmed. (2002). FM 100 as private radio station of 2000-2002. Punjab University, Pakistan.

Bentley, R. Alexander, Lipo, Carl P., Herzog, Harold A. & Hahn, Matthew W. (2007). Regular rates of popular culture change reflect random copying. Evolution and Human Behavior. 28 (3), 151–158.

BlumlerJay G. & Kavanagh, Dennis. (2010). The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences And Features. Online Journal Political Communication , Volume 16, 1999 - Issue 3. Retrieved from website: http://www.tandfonline.com

Bol FM 88.(2016, August 8). Bol FM 88 Chakwal. Retrieved from FM 88 Chakwal websites: http://bolfm88.com/ & https://www.facebook.com/BolFm88/.

Branston,Gill & Stafford, Roy. (2001). The Media Student’s Book. 2nd Edition Routledge , New York , USA.

Brereton, Pat. (2001).Media Education. Continum. The Tower building 11 York road, London. www.continumbook.com

174

BUBA FM. (2016, August 17). Campus FM radio 96.6, UOB. Retrieved from Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority and University of Balochistan websites: www.pemra.gov.pk & http://www.uob.edu.pk.

Buraq FM. (2016, May 30). Buraq FM 104. Retrieved from Buraq FM 104 websites: www.buraq.fm and http://www.listenfmradios.com/radio-buraq-sialkot-104-0/.

BZU. (2016, October, 8). Campus Radio FM 104.6. Retrieved from Baha-ud-Din Zakariya University, Multan website: www.bzu.edu.pk.

CDA FM. (2016, August 8). Campus Radio 88.600. Retrieved from Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority & Capital Development Authority websites: www.pemra.gov.pk & http://www.cda.gov.pk.

Chakri FM. (2016, September 20).Chakri FM 96.00. Retrieved from website: http://junoonfm96.com/wp/

Chaudhary, Muhammad Umair. (2011). Impact of adoption of information technology on electronic media overall. M.Phil Thesis, submitted to department of Media Studies, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

Cheema, Umar. (2011).Challenges to the freedom of press in Pakistan. Punjab University Press, Lahore, Pakistan.

Chhetri, Rajina. (2011).Public service broadcasting: Indian scenario. Global Media Journal, Indian Edition/ Summer Issue. Retrieved from, http://www.caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia- journal/student_research/

Chiltan FM 88. (2016, September 12). Chiltan FM 88. Retrieved from Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority & Chiltan FM 88 websites: www.pemra.gov.pk & http://chiltanfm88.weebly.com.

City FM 89. (2016, May 30). City FM 89. Retrieved from City FM 89 websites: http://www.cityfm89.com & www.facebook.com/CityFM89/timeline.

City Sound. (2016, May 31). City Sound FM 95.Retrieved from City Sound FM 95 websites: https://www.facebook.com/fm95tts/info/?tab=page_info & www.fm-95.com.

Cordeiro, Paula. (2012).Radio becoming r@dio: Convergence, interactivity and broadcasting trends in perspective. Participations, Journal of audience and reception studies, Vol 9, Issue 2.

Crowley, David & Heyer, Paul. (1999). Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society. 3rd edition, Longman, USA.

Dabang FM. (2016, October 31). Attock FM 90.4. Retrieved from Attock FM 90.4 websites: www.dabangfm.com/ & https://www.facebook.com/dabangradioattock/

175

Dagron, Alfonso Gumucio. (2001). Making Waves: Stories of participatory communication for social change. The Rockfeller Foundation, New York, USA.

Dagron, Alfonso Gumucio & Tufte, Thomas. (2008). Communication for social change anthology: Historical and contemporary readings. Denise gray-felder.

Dawat-e-Islami. (2017, April 10). Dawat-e-Islami FM. Retrieved from Dawateislami website:https://www.dawateislami.net/

Dhamaal 94. (2016, August 8). Dhamaal FM 94. Retrieved from Dhamaal FM 94 website: http://www.dhamaal94.com/

Dominick, Joseph R. (1997). The Dynamics of Mass Communication. 4th edition, McGraw Hill New York, USA, reproduced by National Book Foundation, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.

Dominick, Joseph R. (2005). The Dynamics of Mass Communication: Media in the digital age. 8th edition, McGraw Hill New York, USA.

Dominick, Joseph R. (2011).The Dynamics of Mass Communication: Media in transition.11th edition, McGraw Hill New York, USA.

Doyle, Shane Michael. (2005). Surveying the community of crow agency, MT for interest in a community radio station. Master’s Thesis, submitted to Montana State University Bozeman, Montana, United States.

Dutta, Soumya. (2010).Community radio: revenue structure and possibilities in India. Global media Journal. Retrieved from website: http://www.caluniv.ac.in/global- mdia- journal/Commentaries-june-2010/soumya%20datta.pdf

Eijaz, Abida. (2013). Impact of new media on dynamics of Pakistan politics. Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 20, Issue - 1, 2013, 113:130.

Elliott, Patricia W. (2007). Another radio is possible: community radio, media reform and social change in Thailand. Master’s Thesis, submitted to the faculty of Graduate Studies and in Media Studies (Special Case) University of Regina, Saskatchewan Canada.

Erum, Shehzadi. (1998).Analysis of Use of Radio. Punjab University, Pakistan.

Eugene, F.Shaw. (1979). Agenda-Setting and Mass Communication Theory. International Communication Gazette, SAGE. Retrieved from website: http://gaz.sagepub.com & http://www.sagepublications.com

Everett, Anna & Caldwell, Johnt. (2003). New Media: Theories and Practices of Digitextuality. Routledge , New York , USA , URL www.routledge-ny.com

Fang, Irving. (1997). A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions. Focal Press, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA.

176

Flare FM 99. (2016, October 11). Flare FM 99. Retrieved from Flare FM 99 websites: https://fm99kasur.wordpress.com/2013/03/15/flare-fm99-kasur-live/ & https://www.facebook.com/FlareFm99Kasur/

FM 100 Pakistan. (2016, May 31). FM 100 Pakistan. Retrieved from FM 100 Pakistan website: http://www.fm100pakistan.com/

FM 106.2. (2016, November 30). Hum FM 106.2 Khanewal. Retrieved from Hum FM 106.2 Khanewal & Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority websites: http://khanewal.com.pk/FM103.php & www.pemra.org.pk

FM 92. (2016, May 30). Aap Ki Awaz FM. Retrieved from Aap Ki Awaz FM websites: http://www.fmapkiawaz.com/ & https://www.facebook.com/Fm-92-Aap-Ki- Awaz- 107634249302294.

FM 99 GB. (2016, August 31). FM 99 Gilgit –Baltistan. Retrieved from Fm99gb website: http://fm99gb.com/

FM Dil. (2016, October 14). Dil FM. Retrieved from Dil FM websites: http://www.fmdil.com/about-dil/ & https://www.facebook.com/dil.fm.88/timeline

Folkerts, Jean & Lacy, Stephen. (2006).The Media in Your Life: An Introduction to Mass Communication. 3rd edition, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd Ferozsons (Pvt) Ltd.

Freed, Judah. (2013). The Dawn of Global Sense: Awakening to the rising global consciousness now changing our Lives. Hoku House Publisher, Hawaii, USA, ISBN- 13: 978-0-9892241-7-8, http://HokuHouse.com

Fuller, Linda K. (2007). Community Media: International Perspective. Palgrave MacmillanTM, USA.

Garth, Andrew. (2008). Analysing data using SPSS. Sheffield Hallam University, UK.

Gay, Lorraine R. (2000). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications 5th Edition. Tahir Printing Press Islamabad, Pakistan.

Geo Kashmir FM. (2016, October 21). Geo Kashmir FM 96. Retrieved from Geo Kashmir FM website: https://www.facebook.com/Radio-Geo-Kashmir-Fm-96- Kotli-Azad- Kashmir-244123258938711/

Global FM 91.(2016, September 12). Global FM 91. Retrieved from Global FM 91 website: http://globalfm91.com/

Gray, Frank & James, Ross. (1996).Radio programming Roles: FEBC perspectives. Far East Broadcasting Company.

Gul, Faiza. (2006). Youth listeners of FM radio stations instead of satellite channels. Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies, Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Niswan & University of Karachi. ISBN 978 – 969 – 9453 – 04 – 5,127p 177

Gurevitch, Michael., Bennett, Tony., Curran, James & Woollacott, Janet. (2005). Culture, society and the media. First published in 1982 by Methuen & Co. Ltd , ISBN 0-415- 02789-6 (Print edition).

Gustafsson, Jessica. (2013). Community radio as promoters of youth culture. The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, University of Gothenburg.

Gwadar FM. (2016, August 17). Maritime Services FM 90. Retrieved from Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority & Gwadarfm websites: www.pemra.org.pk & https://www.facebook.com/bayzaanfm90gwadar

Hadayat-Ullah. (2002). Educational program of PBC Peshawar. University of Peshawar, Pakistan.

Haider, Irfan. (2014). More farmers listen, more they adopt: role of local radio agricultural programs in small scale farm extension. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2014 , ISSN 2309-3218.

Halbert, John C.C. (2015). A case study of HD Radio diffusion in the United States. PhD Thesis, submitted to the Faculty of the University of Miami, USA.

Hamara FM. (2016, August 8). Hamara FM Network. Retrieved from Hamara FM network website: http://hamarafm.com.pk/

Hamid, Nadia. (2001).Content analysis of themes of radio Programs aired during 1965, 1971.Punjab University, Lahore.

Hazara FM. (2016, August 8). Campus Radio FM 98 Hazara University. Retrieved from Campus Radio FM 98 Hazara University website: http://huradio.weebly.com/.

Head, Sydney W., Sterling, Christopher H., Schofield Lemuel B.(1994). Broadcasting in America: A Survey of Electronic Media. 7th edition, Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 13: 9780395673317.

Hot FM. (2016, May 31). Hot FM radio Network. Retrieved from Hot FM radio Network website: http://www.hotfm.com.pk

Humara FM 90.(2016, September 12). Humara FM 90. Retrieved from Humara FM 90 websites:www.humara.fm & www.facebook.com/RadioFM90

Hum FM 106.2. (2016, September 2). Hum FM 106.2. Retrieved from Hum FM 106.2 website: http://www.humfm.com/

Hussian, Mahmood. (2012). Radio Broadcasting. National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Indus Radio. (2016, September 9). Indus Radio Group. Retrieved from Indus Radio group websites: http://www.indusradio.pk/

178

Insaf.(2017, March 10). Insaf Radio. Retrieved from Insaf radio website: http://www.insaf.pk/ & https://www.facebook.com/InsafRadioOfficial/

International Media Support. (2009). Between radicalization and democratisation in an unfolding conflict: Media in Pakistan (International Media Support Report), Denmark.

Iqbal, Aftab. (2015). Radio Jahan-e-Awaz. Gahdhara Hindco Board, Pakistan.

Ishaq, Muhammad. (2000). Broadcast media and agriculture development: A case study radio program “Nawey Zary”.Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan

ITP FM. (2016, August 8). Islamabad Traffic Police FM Radio. Retrieved from Islamabad Traffic Police FM Radio websites: http://www.islamabadtrafficpolice.gov.pk/fm- history.php & www.itpfm.pk

Jabbar, Javed. (2011, July 25). New face of electronic media. Pakistan Today, p.12.

Jan FM, (2016, May 5). Jan Pakistan FM 91.6.Retrieved from Jan Pakistan FM 91.6 website: http://www.janfm.com/

Jazba FM. (2016, August 8). Jazba FM Network. Retrieved from Jazba FM Network website: http://www.jazbafm.pk/

Jeay FM. (2016, August 8). Jeay FM. Retrieved from Jeay FM website: www.jeayfm.com

Josh FM 99. (2016, September 08). Josh FM 99 Network. Retrieved from Josh FM 99 Network website: www.joshfm99.com.

Jumani, Nabi Bux & Fazal-ur-Rahman. (2009). Role of media (radio) in opinion building in rural masses in Pakistan. Global media Journal, AIOU, Islamabad, Pakistan, Vol –II, issue –II.

K.Perry, D. (2002).Theory and Research in Mass Communication: Contexts and Consequences. 2nd edition, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey London.

Kalil, Nadia. (1999). Family planning broadcast programmes. Punjab University, Lahore.

Karachi FM 96. (2016, May 30).Radio Active 96. Retrieved from Radio Active 96 website:www.facebook.com/radioactive96 & http://www.radioactive96.fm/.

Kashmore FM 104. (2016, August 31). Kashmore FM 104. Retrieved from Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority and Kashmore FM 104 websites: www.pemra.gov.pk & http://fm104kashmore.com/

Khalid, Saadia. (2010).Pakistan Radio stations establish a community for peace. Common Ground News Service (CGNews), Washington, DC, USA.

179

Khan, Amaima Yawar., Razi, Amir., Mirza, Rehan., Mazhar, Saadia., Amjad, Aisha & Shafique, Umer. (2013). Impact of mass media in Pakistan on social, ethical and economic grounds. Journal of Economic and Research, v4i3, 1-20, ISSN: 2229-6158. www.ijeronline.com

Khan, Musa & Pembecioølu, Nilüfer. (2015). Destructive role of radio in society: Case study of Pakistan (Malakand Region). Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy, Vol 6 No 4 S2 , ISSN 2039-2117 (online), ISSN 2039-9340 (print).

Khattak, Abdul Waseem., Nassir, Muhammad., & Sultan, Khalid. (2012). Power of media and its different strategies. International Journal of Asian Social Science, Vol.2, No.4, pp.320-329, http://www.aiou.edu.pk/gmj/Archives.asp

Kinnaird FM. (2016, August 11). Campus Radio Kinnaird FM. Retrieved from Campus Radio Kinnaird FM website: http://www.kinnaird.edu.pk/

Kitayama ,Shinobu & Cohen, Dov. (2007). Handbook of Cultural Psychology. The Guilford Press New York , USA.

KUST FM. (2016, August 8). Campus Radio KUST. Retrieved from KUST website: http://www.kust.edu.pk/

Kwakwa, Paul Adjei. (2012).Individual preference for radio stations in the eastern region of Ghana. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, Vol 2 – Issue: 4, Presbyterian University College, Ghana.

Lambert, Kenneth Morgan. (2011). A history of Satellite Radio in the United States. Master’s Thesis, submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota.

Laster, Clay. (2001). The Beginner’s Handbook of Amateur Radio. 4th Edition, published by McGraw Hill New York, USA.

LCCI FM. (2016, August 17). FM Radio Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industries Lahore. Retrieved from Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industries website: http://lcciradio.com/.

LCWU. (2016, August 08). Campus Radio LCWU. Retrieved from Lahore College for Women University, Lahore website: http://www.lcwu.edu.pk/

Lee , GangHeong & Cappella, Joseph N. (2010). The Effects of Political Talk Radio On Political Attitude Formation: Exposure Versus Knowledge. Online Journal Political Communication, Volume 18, 2001 - Issue 4. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com.

Live Radio. (2016, December 9). Live online radio. Retrieved from Live online radio website: http://www.liveonlineradio.net/pakistan.

180

Malik, Shahbaz., Ahmad, Mehmood Shahid & Haider, Ghulam. (1996). Agenda Setting of 1994-96 PBC Lahore Channel June 1996 to August 1996. Punjab University, Pakistan.

Masood. (2000). Farmers perception of PBC Multan’s program on cotton crop. Baha- ud-Din Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan.

Mast FM 103. (2016, May 31). Mast FM 103. Retrieved from Mast FM 103 websites: http://www.mast103.com & https://www.facebook.com/mastfm103/.

McLuhan, Marshall. (2002).Understanding Media: The extension of man. Reprinted and published by Routledge , New Fatter Lane , London.

Meezan FM. (2016, August 17)).Radio Meezan. Retrieved from Radio Meezan website: http://radiomeezan.pk/.

Memon, P.K. (2006).Electronic Media and Broadcasting. Aavishkar, Jaipur, India.

Mezzera, Marco & Sial, Safdar. (2009). Media and Governance in Pakistan. Initiative for peace Building (IFP) c/o International Alert,205Rue Belliard, Brussels. www.initiativeforpeacebuilding.eu

Mitchell, Caroline A. & O‟ Shea, Anthony. (1999, July). Gendered practices in radio broadcasting- a critical study of cultures of management and production. Paper presented at the Critical Management Conference, UK.

Mtimde, Lumko., MarieHélèn-e-Bonin., Maphiri, Nkopane & Kodjo, Nyamaku. (1998). What is community radio? AMARC Africa and Panos Southern Africa in collaboration with IBIS/Interfund and WACC.

Munir, Imran. (2011). Social movements, religion, democracy, a political communication in Pakistan. PhD Thesis, submitted to School of Communication, Art and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Canada.

Munir., Aslam & Muhammad. (2001). Profile of Azad Kashmir Radio, Muzaffarabad. University of Peshawar, Pakistan.

Music Highway. (2016, May 31). Music Highway Network. Retrieved from Music Highway Network websites: http://musichighway.fm/the-network/, https://www.facebook.com/musichighway92/.

Najam-ul-Hassan., Sadiq, Fariha & Juni, Muhammad Sher. (2015). Impact of New Media Technologies on Political Behavior; Critically Exploring the Role of New Media in Political Communication. International Journal of Research (IJR), Vol-2, Issue-2, ISSN 2348-6848.

Naqvi, Sadaf., Baloch, Mohammad Fahim., Niaz, Babrak & Kasi, Mirwais. (2011).FM radio and social change in Quetta city. Bi-annual research journal “Balochistan review”, Balochistan study centre, UOB, Quetta (Pak) vol. Xxiv no.1, ISSN 1810- 2174.

181

NASHAR FM. (2016, August 17). Campus Radio UMT, Lahore. Retrieved from PEMRA and UMT website: www.pemra.gov.pk, http://www.umt.edu.pk/ & https://www.facebook.com/Nashar-UMT-FM-982-Radio-705561499550157/.

Nawaz, Muhammad. (2006). Mass Communication: An Introduction to Information Revolution, Theories, Skills and Practice. D.G Administration, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad.

Naz, Ahsan Akhtar. (2008). FM radio revolution in Pakistan: A case study. Global Media Journal, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ISSN. 2070-2469, Volume 1, Issue 1.

Nazam, Muhammad. (2000). Role of agricultural programs of Radio in Educating farmers of district Narowal about selected Crops. Baha-ud-Din Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

NHMP FM. (2016, August 17). FM Radio National Highways & Motorway Police. Retrieved from NH&MP websites: http://nhmp.gov.pk/ & https://www.facebook.com/nhmpcentral.

Nighat & Saba. (1998).Gilgit Radio Station. Peshawar University, Pakistan

Numl. (2016, August 16). Campus Radio NUML. Retrieved from National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad web site: http://www.numl.edu.pk/.

NUST FM. (2016, August, 17). FM Radio NUST, Islamabad. Retrieved from FM Radio NUST website: http://www.radionust.com/

Nuzhat & Shababa. (1996).The role of PBC Abbotabad for development of Hazara. Peshawar University, Pakistan

Osunkunle, Oluyinka O. (2008).Using radio as a tool for rural development in Limpopo Province of South Africa: An evaluation of case studies. Ejournalist: refereed media journal. ISSN 1444-741X Volume 8, No.2, Department of Communication, University of Fort Hare, www.ejournalist.com.au

Paracha, Sajjad Ahmad., Shahzad,Muhammad., Ali,Sajjad & Nazir,Junaid. (2013). To analyze the news contents of electronic and print media in Pakistan, whether media is terrorizing or informing the community. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. Vol. 3, No. 3 , ISSN: 2222-6990

Parvizian, Farshad., Lashgarara,Farhad & Nejad,Gholamreza Haji Hossein. (2011). Investigating the Role of Radio and Television Programs on the Improvement of Agricultural Extension. American Journal of Scientific Research. ISSN 1450-223X Issue 16 (2011), pp.6-14 © Euro Journals Publishing, Inc. 2011, http://www.eurojournals.com/ajsr.htm

Pati, Jagannath. (2004). Media and Tribal Development. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, India

182

Patil, Dhanaraj A. (2010). A voice for the voiceless: The role of community radio in the development of the rural poor. International Journal of Rural Studies (IJRS). Vol. 17 no. 1, ISSN 1023–2001, Article 3 Page 184 of 9. Retrieved from www.vri- online.org.uk/ijrs

Pavlik, John V. & McIntosh, Shawn. (2011). Converging Media: An Introduction to Mass Communication. 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, Inc, Madison Avenue, New York, USA. www.oup.com

Paxson, Peyton. (2010). Mass Communications and Media Studies: An Introduction. The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, New York, USA.

PBC. (2016, October 18). Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved from Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) website: http://www.radio.gov.pk/

PEMRA. (2016, October 10). Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority. Retrieved from PEMRA website: www.pemra.org.pk.

PEMRA. (2019, April 19). Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority. Retrieved from PEMRA website: www.pemra.org.pk.

Perner, Lars E. (1989). Using SPSS/Pc+ to analyze research data: a step-by-step manual. 4th edition, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, U.S.A. MD 20742-1815, http://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/~lperner

PILAC FM. (2016, August 17).FM Radio PILAC, Lahore. Retrieved FM Radio PILAC website: http://www.fm95.pk/

Power FM 99. (2016, May 30). Power FM 99. Retrieved from Power FM 99 website: http://www.power99.com.pk/

Price, Sturat.(1998). Media Studies. 2nd edition, Addison Wesley Longman Limited , England.

PU FM. (2016, October 10). Campus Radio Punjab University. Retrieved from Punjab University website: www.pu.edu.pk

Qaiser, Abdul Rehman., Madni, Abdul Rehman., Hassan, Shajee., & Amin, Salman. (2014). Role of Pakistani media in disseminating core national issues and viewers Perception. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 4(3)2014: 196-208, http://aessweb.com/journal- detail.php?id=5004

Radio1 FM 91. (2016, August 31).Radio 1 FM 91. Retrieved from FM 91 website http://www.fm91.com.pk/

Radio Awaz. (2016, May 30). Radio Awaz. Retrieved from Radio Awaz website: http://www.radioawaz.com.pk/awaz2012/

Radio Dilber. (2016, May 31). Radio Dilber FM Network. Retrieved from Radio Dilber FM network websites: http://www.radiodilber.pk/ & https://www.facebook.com/radiodilberswabi/info/?tab=page_info

183

Radio JP. (2016, May 30).Radio Jeevay Pakistan FM Network. Retrieved from Radio Jeevay Pakistan FM Network website: http://radiojp.pk/

Rahman-ullah. (2013). Role of FM radio in education, information & entertainment: A case study of FM radio in Peshawar. M.Phil Thesis, submitted to Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

Rasta FM. (2016, August 16). FM Radio Punjab Traffic Police, Lahore. Retrieved from Rasta FM website: http://ctplahore.gop.pk/radio%20e.html.

Rasul, Azmat & McDowell, Stephen D. (2011). Regulation and media monopoly: A case study of broadcast regulation in Pakistan. Paper presented at the International Telecommunication Society (ITS) Asia-Pacific Regional Conference, Taipei, Taiwan. Retrieved from website: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/52339/1/673080374.pdf.

Ravi. (2012). New Media, Culture and Society. Department of Communication Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944 Vol. 2, No. 2.

Rawan, Bakht & Siraj, Syed Abdul. (2003). Mass Communication handbook, course code 963, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, ISBN -969-492-028-0, 2008.

Raza, Asif. (2001). The role of PBC Peshawar in promoting Social values in NWFP. University of Peshawar, Pakistan.

Rehman, Saira. (2014). Increasing Role of Media in Pakistan. Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI).

Riaz, Saqib. (2008). Agenda Setting role of mass media. Global media Journal, AIOU, Islamabad, Pakistan, Volume I, issue II

Rifat-ullah, Khan. (1994). Radio Pakistan Chitral. Peshawar University, Pakistan.

Riphah FM. (2016, August 8). Campus Radio Riphah International University.Retrieved from Riphah International University website: https://www.riphah.edu.pk/pages/fm-radio.

Robb, Margo L. (2009). Community Radio, Public Interest: The Low Power FM Service and 21st Century Media Policy. Master's Thesis. Submitted to Department of Communication, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA.

Rose FM. (2016, May 31). Rose FM 90. Retrieved from Rose FM 90 websites: www.rosefm90.com & https://www.facebook.com/rosefm90/info/

Ruggiero, Thomas E. (2000).Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century. Journal of Mass Communication & Society, Communications Department, University of Texas, USA, 3(1), 3–37

184

Ryerson, William N. (2002).Strengthening Partnerships among Local FM Radio Networks and Reproductive Health Agencies on HIV/AIDS: A Review of the effectiveness of local FM radio in promoting reproductive health, HIV/AIDS prevention and gender equity. Population Media Center. Retrieved from websites: http://www.unfpa.org & http://www.populationmedia.org

Saeed, Shazia. (2013).Role of Religion and Media Consumption in National Identity formation of Youth in Pakistan. Journalism and Mass Communication, David Publishing, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan, Vol. 3, No. 2, 76- 86, ISSN 2160-6579.

Samaa FM. (2016, August 18). SAMAA FM. Retrieved from SAMAA FM Network website:www.samaafm.com

Schramm, Wilbur.(1949). Mass Communications. University o Illusions Press , USA printed by M/s Combine Printers , Lahore

Shabir,Ghulam.,Taimur-ul-Hassan.,Iqbal,Zafar.,& Khan,Abdul Wajid.(2011). Mass Communication Education in Punjab: Problems and Prospects. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS). Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 309-318

Shoemaker, Pamela J. & Reese, Stephen D. (1996). Mediating The Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. 2nd edition, Longman USA.

Siddiqui, Idrees. (1991). Radio Journalism in Pakistan. Ferozsons (Pvt) Ltd. Shahrah-e-Quaid- e-Azam, Lahore–Pakistan.

Siddqui Zamir. (1999).Radio Pakistan: the voice of the nation. (Research paper presented in Seminar on Radio Programming in a Multimedia Age: Singapore. Singapore: Asian Media Information and Communication Centre). Retrieved from website: http://hdl.handle.net/10220/1209

Sindh FM. (2016, August 08). FM Radio Sindh Police. Sindh Police FM. Retrieved from PEMRA and Sindh Police websites: www.pemra.gov.pk ,http://www.sindhpolicefm.com/ & https://www.facebook.com/SindhPoliceFm.

Sky FM. (2016, October 31).Sky Radio. Retrieved from Sky Radio website: https://www.facebook.com/skyfm88/

SMI FM. (2016, August 17). Campus Radio Sindh Madressatul Islam University. Retrieved from PEMRA and SMI websites: www.pemra.gov.pk & http://www.smiu.edu.pk/

Smile FM. (2016, August 28).Simile FM. Retrieved from Smile FM website: http://www.smilefm.pk/

Snobar, Sultana. (1997). Role of Radio in Pakistan Haiderabad promoting religious education. Sindh University Jamshoro, Pakistan.

185

Suno FM. (2016, October 18). Suno FM. Retrieved from SUNO FM Network website: http://96.com.pk/

Sunrise FM. (2016, May 31).FM Sunrise Pakistan. Retrieved form FM Sunrise Pakistan website: www.fmsunrise.pk

Super FM. (2016, May 31).Super FM 90. Retrieved Super FM 90 websites: & http://www.superfm90hsbroadcastingpvtltd.enic.pk/ & www.superfmnetwork.com/

Superior FM. (2016, October 30). Campus Radio Superior University, Lahore. Retrieved from Superior University, Lahore website i.e. http://www.superior.edu.pk/presentation/user/Default.aspx#.

Sur FM. (2016, August 20). Sur FM 102. Retrieved from Sur FM 102 website: https://www.facebook.com/SUR-FM-102-112232158854141/

Syed, Nadia Azam. (2002).FM-101 Broadcast. Master’s Thesis, submitted to Department of Communication Studies, Punjab University Lahore, Pakistan.

Tahir, Seemi Naghmana. (2010).Community radio a tool of social change: Still a far cry in Pakistan. Pakistan Study Centre in Journal of Pakistan Vision, Vol. 11 No.1, ISSN- 1681-5742

Thomas, Johan. (2001). Using Community Radio for Non-formal education. Commonwealth of Learning, west Broadway, Vancouver, BC, Canada. http://www.col.org/colweb/site/pid/3137

Tunein. (2016, October 10). Tunein. Retrieved from Tunein website: http://tunein.com/

Tyagi, Vivek. (2015). Global Comparative Media. Random Publications, Ansari road, New Dehli, India

UAF FM. (2016, August 10). Campus Radio University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Retrieved from University of Agriculture, Faisalabad website: http://www.uaf.edu.pk/

Venkatalakshmi & Chandraleka. (2013). A study on social initiative activities given by FM radio stations. International Journal of Innovative Research & Development. Vol 2 issue 5, ISSN: 2278-0211, www.ijird.com.

VOK FM. (2016, October 21). Voice of Kashmir FM 105.800. Retrieved from VOK FM website: www.fmvok.com & https://www.facebook.com/vokfm/about/

VOT. (2016, October, 18). Voice of Time Radio Network. Retrieved from Voice of Time Radio Network website: http://www.votnetwork.com/

VOV FM. (2016, September 11). Campus radio University of Sargodha. Retrieved from University of Sargodha website: http://uos.edu.pk/vov/

186

VOW FM. (2016, August 11). Campus Radio FJWU. Retrieved from FJWU website: http://fjwu.edu.pk/

Wahgra, Shabbir Ahmad. (2002).A case Study of FM 100 as private radio channel. Master’s Thesis, submitted to Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan. (P: 37- 38)

Weiner, Richard. (1996). Webster’s New World Dictionary of Media and Communications. Revised and updated edition, A Simon & Schuster Macmillan Company , New York, USA.

Wimmer, Roger D. & Dominick, Joseph R. (1994). Mass Media Research: An Introduction. 4th edition, published by Belmont CA: Wadsworth.

Yaser, Noman., Mahsud, Muhammad Nawaz & Chaudhry, Ishtiaq Ahmad. (2011).Effects of Exposure to Electronic Media Political Content on Voters‟ Voting Behavior. Berkeley journal of Social Sciences, Vol.1, No.4.

Yesudhasan, Thomas Jayaprakash & Brian, Shoesmith. (1999). Feeling the pulse: Radio, audiences and change in the Nilgiris. (Conference research paper presented in AMIC Annual Conference, 8th, on Asia: Information Poor to Information Rich - Strategies for the 21st Century, Chennai). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10220/1838

Yusuf, Huma & Schoemaker, Emrys. (2013).The media of Pakistan: fostering inclusion in a fragile democracy?. Policy Briefing no. 9 , BBC Media Action, Broadcasting House, Portland Place, London W1a 1aa. www.bbcmediaaction.org

Yusuf, Mudasiru Olalere., Daramola, Florence Olutunu & Jekayinfa, Alice Arinlade. (2012). Non-formal education: perception of rural women on the impact of mass media on their social, economic, and political development. Global media Journal, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ISSN. 2070-2469, Vol iv, ISSUE-II, http://www.aiou.edu.pk/gmj/Archives.asp

Zab FM Isd. (2016, October 10). Campus Radio SZABIST, Islamabad. Retrieved from Shaheed Zulifqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology (SZABIST),Islamabad website: http://www.szabist-isb.edu.pk/

Zab FM Khi. (2016, September 10).Campus Radio SZABIST, Karachi. Retrieved from Shaheed Zulifqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology (SZABIST),Karachi website: http://khi.szabist.edu.pk/, http://zabfm.org/

Zab FM Larkana. (2016, October 10). Campus Radio SZABIST, Larkana. Retrieved from Shaheed Zulifqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology (SZABIST),Larkana website: http://larkana.szabist.edu.pk/

Zaidi, Shamim. (2011). Effects of third wave of revolution on Pakistani society. Global media Journal, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. ISSN. 2070- 2469, Vol iv, ISSUE-II

187

Zeeshan, Mahwish. (2015). Cultural Invasion: A qualitative study on catalytic effects of mass media on youth. Pakistan Association of Anthropology, Islamabad, Pakistan. Special issue, ISSN 1013-5316, CODEN: SINTE 8, Sci.int.(Lahore),27(1),753-756.2015, http://www.sci-int.com/

Ziarat FM. (2016, October 31). Ziarat FM 95. Retrieved from Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority website: www.pemra.gov.pk

ZU FM. (2016, August 12). Campus radio Ziaudin University, Karachi. Retrieved from Campus radio Ziaudin University, Karachi website: http://icms.zu.edu.pk/radio.php http://delicast.com/radio/Pakistan http://radiostationworld.com/Locations/Pakistan/Radio.asp http://www.radio.net.pk/ http://www.radio-asia.org/fm/reg.php?itu=Pakistan http://www.surfmusic.de/country/pakistan.html

188

Appendixes

Appendix-A LIST OF COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019 Directors at the Change in S.No. FM Radio Station Name of the Company with time of Issuance of Management Address License /Current Directors Mr. Najib Ahmed, CEO Islamabad (FM 99) Waseem Ahmed 1. M/s The Communicators (Pvt) Ltd. Najeeb Ahmed 30-West, First Floor, ATS 2. Abbottabad (FM99.4) Tauseeq Haider Nil Centre, Fazal-e- Haq Road, Blue Zafarullah Khan Bashir Area, Islamabad 3. Vehari (FM 99 ) Ahmed Chief Executive Officer 4. Karachi (FM 89) M. Zeid Yousuf Saigol M/s Kohinoor Airwaves (Pvt) Ltd. Nil th Amber Haroom Saigol 5. Islamabad (FM 89 ) 11 Dockyard Road , West Wharf, Industrial Area, Karachi Gangat M. Omer Farooq Ph: 021-2331095-9 6. Lahore (FM 89 ) Obaid ur Rehman Liaquat Ali Faisalabad (FM 89) 7. Mr. Javeed Saifullah Khan M/s th SAIF Holdings Limited. 4 Floor Javed Saif Ullah Khan Nil Kulsoom Plaza, Blue Area, Usman S. Khan Umer S. Sarai Nurang FM Islamabad Ph: 051-2342155-60 & Khan 8. 88) (Lakki Marwat) 051-2342162 9. Gujrat (FM 105) Mirza M. Naeem, CEO

10. Gujranwala (FM 106) M/s Future Tech Engineering & System (Pvt) Ltd.,H # 302, Street 11. Sheikhupura(FM107) 30, F-11/2, Islamabad Mirza M. Naeem Shahid Nil 12. Sadiqabad (FM 106) Ph: 051-2264710,4436690 Mahmood Akbar Faisal- ullah Khan 13. Khanpur (FM 105) Mr. Sher Asfandyar Khan, CEO, M/s Syndicate Entertainment (Pvt) Ltd.11th Floor, Technology Park, Sher Asfand Yar Khan Nil 14. Karachi (FM 107) Shahrah-e- Faisal, Karachi Muhammad Zubair Syed Ph: 021-7782258 Mehdi Raza 15. Sialkot (FM 104) Mr. Shahid Mehmood, Shahid Mahmud CEO.,Ms/ Radio Buraq (Pvt.) Ltd. Khalid Khan 106-East, 1st Floor, Asif Plaza, Mohmand Asif Ali Khalid Khan Fazal-e-Haq Road, Blue Area, Asif Ali Samina Saleem Adil Islamabad, Tel: 051-7101014 Sara Siddiqui Syed 16. Peshawar (FM 104) Fax 051-2652519 Rizwan Saud

Mr. Shahid Jamal, CEO, 17. Islamabad (FM106.2) M/s Shamal Media Services, C-71, Phase-II Extension, Main 18. Karachi (FM 106.2) National Highway, Defense, Nil Shahid Jamal Tahira 19. Lahore (FM 106.2) Karachi Ph: 021-5381800 Fax: 021- Jamal Mahmood Hayat 20. Sukkur (FM 106.2) 5397476

21. Peshawar(FM 106.2) Mr. Ayyaz Aslam, CEO 22. Karachi (FM 91) M/s SALAAR Engineering & Trading 23. Islamabad (FM 91) Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd. 11-F, Main Karsaz Road,KDA Scheme # 1, Ayyaz Aslam Ch. Karachi Mehnaz Ch. Nil 24. Lahore (FM 91) Ph: 021-4525190, 4550575, 4527013,4527618, 4521906 25. Gawadar (FM 91)

189

Appendix-A

LIST OF COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

Mr. Imran Riyaz, CEO, M/s Vectracom Broadcasting th Services (Pvt) Ltd. 401, 4 Floor, Faiyaz Center, 3-A, SMCHS, Shahrah- 26. Karachi (FM 96) e-Faisal, Karachi Ph: 021-4543301-2 Fax: 021- Wajiha Riyaz 4543310 Nil 27. Karachi (FM 103) Mr. Muhammad Imran Bajwa, CEO, M/s Tradeserve st 28. Faisalabad (FM 103) International, 1 Floor, LDA Muhammad Imran 29. Lahore (FM103) Plaza, Egerton Road, Lahore Nil Ph: 042-6308576 UAN: 111-111- Arif Mehmood 103 30. Multan (FM 103) 31. Layyah (FM 88 ) Ch. Tahir Javed, CEO, M/s Thal International Airwaves (Pvt) Ltd, 1,2,3 Tahir Javed Mahar Arcade, Opp. Fiesta M. Pervaiz Ghulam Abbas 32. Multan (FM 88) M. Ali Chaudhry Inn Multan Ghulam Safdar M. Pervaiz 33. Lodhran (FM 98) Tariq Hashmi,CEO M/s Asian Broadcasting (Pvt) Ltd, Ahmedpur Nil 34. 20/A, Commercial Colony, Railway East (FM 100) Road, Bahawalpur Tariq Mehmood Hashmi Ph: 062-2882737, 2888765, 35. R.Y. Khan (FM 99) Khalid Mehmood Hashmi 2050202, 2050602-3 Fax: 0622- 36. Khanewal (FM 97) 880156, 732456 Samina Tariq 37. Hyderabad (FM 105) Mr. Abdul Karim Qureshi, CEO, 38. Nawabshah (FM M/s Infotainment World (Ex. Sachal Satellite Abdul Karim Qureshi Nil 105.4) Communications 39. Larkana (FM 105) Mukhtar Hussain Chandio 40. Karachi (FM 105) (Pvt) Ltd.) 59-E, Street No. 7, I- 10/3, Islamabad Ph: 051-4446647 Ahmed Ali Qureshi 41. Quetta (FM 105) Asad Ali Shah 42. Jehlum (FM 95) Sheikh Zahid Iqbal, CEO Hamid aheer Zaheer Iqbal 43. Sargodha (FM 96) M/s Biz Broadcasting (Pvt.) Ltd. Unit Zahid Iqbal , Mrs. Nil 44. Islamabad (FM 97) # 2, Plot # 7, Haq Arcade, Allah Wali Market, St. 33, F-8/1, Badr-e-Munir 45. Sahiwal (FM 96) Islamabad. Ph: 051-2290294, 2264293 46. Kalar Kahar Mr. Zaheer-ud-Deen Ahmed, CEO, M/s Tele Film (Pvt.) Ltd. House No. 851, Street No. 86, Sector I-8/4, Nil 47. Islamabad Zaheer ud Din Ahmed Ph: 051-4861505 Cell : 0331- Khursheed Ahmed 48. BKhairpurhai Phero (FM (FM 91.4) 88) Mr. Khawaja Sohail, CEO, M/s Sound Waves (Pvt.) Ltd. 49. Nooriabad (FM 91.4) Office # 711, Anum Blessing, Nil

Karachi Co- operative Housing 50. Tando Adam (FM Society, Block Khawaja Sohail Mansoor 7/8, Shahrah-e-Faisal, Karachi 91) Shah Jahan 51. Jacobabad (FM 98) Syed Sharfuddin Shah, CEO, M/s Solar Communication Pvt. Ltd. House # 168,

Mir Pur Khas (FM98) Street # 18, Sector F- Islamabad 52. Ph: 051-4446873-4 Syed Sharifuddin Shah 53. Hyderabad (FM 99) Fax: 051-4444536 M. Ali Chandio 54. Dadu (FM 99) Asif Chughtai Nil 55. Chitral (FM 97) Ghazala Farheen Asad Syeda Nafeesa Begum 190

Appendix-A LIST OF COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

Mr. M.A. Razzaq, CEO M/s Omer Razzaq Enterprises (Pvt) M. Abdul Razzaq Nishat 56. Toba Tek Singh Ltd. 5-C, Street 71, F-8/3, Islamabad Afza Saira Omar Shazia Nil (FM 95) Ph: 051-2262977, Razzaq 2282558 Fax: 051-2262966 Ch. Ghulam Rabbani, M/s TANI Communication Pvt. Ltd. Nil Ch. Mumahhad Irshad Ch. 57. Gujar Khan (FM H.No.9-A, Street No. 70 Khuram Zaman Ch. 102) F-8/3, Islamabad Ph: 051-2854986, 2855985 Ghulam Rabani Mr. Umar Waqas,

M/s Mattech Engg. Pvt. Ltd. Office Umer Waqas Usman Ali

58. No.09, Street # 19, G-8/1, Islamabad Tauseef Farooqi Nil Bhalwal (FM 104) Ph: 051-2264710

Renala Khurd (FM Mr. Omer Nazir, CEO, 59. 92) M/s Ranja Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd. 7-Aziz Avenue, Canal Bank Road, Ch. Omer Nazir Nil 60. Gulberg- V, Lahore Kasur (FM 90) Ph: 042-5757156, Fax 042- Yasmin Omar Nazir 61. Kharian (FM 97) Dr. M Haroon MD M/s E-WAZ Communication Pvt. Ltd. 146 Nil Mandi Industrial Triangle Khauta Road, Haroon J. ureshi Bahuddin Islamabad 62. Brig. M. Sadiq Qureshi (FM 98) Ph: 111-222-101 Fax: 051-

Mr. S.M. Abbas Shah, Director,

M/s Global Broadcast Networks Nil Pvt. Ltd.135-E/1, Stadium Road, 63. Syed Manzar Abbas Shah Gulberg-III, Lahore Ph: 042- D.I. Khan (FM 91) Surraya Yasmen 5870230-6 Fax: 042-5877596, Mr. Muhammad Ibrahim,

MD, M/s Smart Mediacom Muhammad (Pvt) Ltd. 64. Ibrahim Mrs. House 43, St. 83, Sector G-7/4, Mumahhad Ibrahim Jhang (FM 105) Tayyab Ibrahim Surraya Begum Mr. Sultan Afzal Khan, CEO, M/s AMZee Media Marketing & Production (Pvt) Ltd. Nil 65. Pardesi House, Survey No.2/1, Sultan Afzal Khan Farrukh Faisalabad (FM 90) R.Y.16, Old Queens Road, Abbas Rabiya khan Karachi. Mr. Gul Muhammad, CEO M/s Gul Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd. Ch. Gul Muhammad Ch. Nil 66. Chakwal (FM 88) H.No.10, St No. 50, Sector F-8/4, Imran Pasha Ch. Kamal Pasha

67. Ms Bushara Naz, Rajanpur (FM 104) CEO M/s E.S.S. (Pvt.) Ltd. # 302 Street 30, F-11/2, Islamabad

Tel: 4436690, 2264710, Fax Mrs. Bushra Naz Mrs. 68. Pakpattan (FM 107) 2264782 Rizwana Jabeen Nil Ms. Noorulain Hassan, Chief Miss Nasreen 69 Executive M/s Alive Broadcasting Ghotki (FM 91) Miss Noor ul Ain Lala Abdul Company (Pvt.) Ltd. 17 Circular Rehman SamoonMahesh Building, Hyderabad Kumar Ali Hassan Anwar Nil Tando Muhammad Tel: 022-2728280, 0333-2621333, 70 Qureshi Miss Farhat Bano Khan(100.200MHz) 0320-4211333 Mrs Nasreen Mr. Mirza Ibrahim Baig, Chief

71 Executive M/s Hi-Waves Charsada(FM 93) Communications (Pvt.) Ltd. House Mirza Ibrahim Baig Syed # T-1081, Gulberg No.2, Bamba Akhter Hussain Shah Mst. Nil Road, Peshawar Cantt. 72 Swabi (FM 94) Rukhsana Bibi Tel: 091-5284159 Fax 091- Habib Ullah Khan 5278627

191

Appendix-A

LIST OF COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

Mr. Asif Raza, CEO

M/s H.S. Broadcasting (Pvt.) Ltd. Asif Raza Muhammad Ijaz Rauf 73 23-D, Club Road, Vehari. Farhan Fayyaz Shehnaz Sarwar Bahawalnagar Tel: 067-3362262-3 Fax 067-3361245 Nil (FM 90)

74. Mr Fezan Ahmar , CEO Karachi (FM 99) M/s Xena Satellite Communications nd Ms. Arousha 75. (Pvt) Ltd. No. 206, 2 Floor Business Lahore (FM Noureen Fezan 99.40) Avenue Bakhtawar Mazhar Tufail Ahmar Mirza Plot 26 -A, Block -6, PECHS, Main Jamshoro Ahmed Usman Ashfaq Riaz Hussain Shahra-e- Faisal, Karachi 76. (FM 99.40)

Ch. Muhammad Arif, CEO M/s Rose 77. Mirpur (FM 90) Media (Pvt.) Ltd. Ch. Muhammad Arif Mrs. 3&4,HLD Plaza, Kotli Road, Mirpur Nil AJK Tel: 05827-439790-1 Shamim Akhter Zafar Iqbal 78. Bhimber (FM 90) Burr Dheerkot (FM Sardar Mahmud Iqbal, Director 79. 105.600) M/s Power Plus (Pvt.) Ltd. Valley Inn Rawalakot (FM Hotel, Syed-ul-Shuhada Chowk, Bagh Tel: 80. 058720-44902, 44318 Fax Syed Zulkarnain Ali 105.800) Syed Mehmood Nil 058720-44903 Hussain Shah 81. Muzaffabad (105.4) Mr. Pervaiz Barkat M/s Geo Kashmir Enterprises (Pvt.) Ltd.263- B/5, Kalyal, Mirpur 82. Tel: 058610-44491, Fax: 058610- Pervaiz Barkat Nil Kotli (FM 96) 44491 Raisa Pervaiz

Mr. Zahid Mehmood Bhatti, Director Rashid Mukhtar Waheed

M/s WebCom (Pvt) Ltd Hussain Shah Muhammad FM Radio Division, 229- Street # 18, F- Kamran Nadeem Muhammad

10/2, Islamabad, Zahid Bhatti Hafeez ur Rehman Nil 83. Chakri (96.00MHz) Tel: 051-22123223, 2102030 Kamran Iftekhar

84. Badin (FM 105 )

85. Sanghar (FM105.2 ) Mr. Sajid Ali Qureshi, Chief Executive, Sajid Ali Qureshi M/s Mehran Media (Pvt.) Limited. House Muneer Ahmed Gopang # 371, St # 33, Sector 86. Nil Shikarpur(FM 105.4) F-11/2, Islamabad Tel: 051-2103698, Nosheroferoze 87. (FM 105.6)

Mr. Majid Ali Qureshi, Chief Executive, M/s Media Solutions 88. (Pvt.) Ltd. Majid Ali Qureshi Poonch House, Main Simli Dam Tharparker (FM105) Munir Ahmed Qureshi Nil Road, Bhara Kahu, Islamabad Mr. Muhammad Zaman, CEO, M/s Media Alliance (Pvt.) Ltd. Suite Muhammad Zaman Khan 89. Bahawalpur nd Syed Hasnain Jalal Gilani Nil (105MHz) # 5, 2 Floor, RB-1, Awami Complex New

Mr. Bakhat Ali, CEO, M/s

Kashmore Communication (Pvt.) Ltd. Suite No.17, 3rd Floor, Sasi 90. Kashmore Arcade, Block No.7, Clifton, Sardar Saleem Jan Mizari (104MHz) Karachi Mansukh Das Nil

Mr. Aghees-ul–Islam, CEO, M/s Allahwala Aghees-ul-Salam Aghees-ul-alam Iblagh (Pvt.) Ltd. 13- Sadaf Complex, Mr. Shahid Mr. Shahid Mr. Umarkot 91. Saddar, Hyderabad Cell: 0300- Ali assan Mr. (95.400MHz) 3094616 Lala Abdur Rehman Smoon

192

Appendix-A

LIST OF COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

Mr. Malik Riffat Ali, CEO, Malik Riffat Ali Nil M/s Asmaan Radio (Pvt.) Ltd. Malik Shahbaz Ali 92. Mastaung (88MHz) C/o Grand Hotel, M.A. Jinnah Road, Quetta Tel: 081-2821442 Cell: 0333- Mr. Zubair Ahmed Kasuri, CEO M/s Flare 93. Kasur (99 MHz) (Pvt) Ltd House# 120 Basement, Main Double Road (Jhelum Road) , G- Zubair Ahmed Kasuri Nil 8/1 Islamabad 94. Arifwala(100MHz) Tel: 051-8235067

Shafqat Hussain Soomro Ghulam Mustafa Rasheed Waheed Khawaja Memon Amir M. Ali Pasha Mustafa Ahmed Mr. Aman Ahmed Chief Executive st Shahid Hameed Mustafa 95. Islamabad (100MHz) M/s Capital FM, (Pvt) Ltd 1 Floor, Javed Ishaq Khan Saba Ahmed Memon Fatima W/O Ghulam Mustafa Memon Ghulam Mustafa Shafqat Hussain Soomro Memon Amir Mustafa Ahmed Mr Aman Ahmed Chief Rasheed Waheed Khawaja Executive M/s FMS (Pvt) Ltd, M. Ali Pasha Mustafa Karachi (100MHz) Saba Ahmed Memon 96. Plot # 43-5, E/3, 6 PECHS Shahid Hameed Javed Ishaq Khan w/o Ghulam Mustafa Memon Mr Aman Ahmed Ghulam Mustafa Chief Executive Shafqat Hussain Memon M/s Lahore Broadcasting Corporation Soomro Rasheed Amir Mustafa (LBC), Waheed Khawaja Ahmed Mustafa 18-B, Tariq Block, New Garden Town, M. Ali Pasha Shahid Saba Ahmed Memon 97. Lahore (100MHz) Lahore Hameed Javed Ishaq Fatima W/O Ph:042-5858100, 5868266 Fax:042- Khan Ghulam Mustafa 5862702 Memon

98. Gilgit( 99 MHz) Mr. Abid Hussain Abid, CEO, M/s

Sanjh Preet (Pvt.) Ltd. 99. Skardu( 99 MHz) Abid Hussain Abid 106-Z Housing Colony, Nankana Sahib Nadeem Ahmed Nil Tel: 0562-006275 Cell: 0333-4264166 Muhammad Younas 100. Attock (90.4MHz)

101. Qilla Abdullah(88MHz) Mr. Ibrahim Sadiq Ibrahim Sadiq CEO M/s Sky Radio (Pvt) Ltd. House Masood Ansari Nil 102. Pishin (88MHz) No-67, Gulistan Town Quetta Cantt Shaikh Wasim Ahmed Mrs. Huma Wasim Omer Ayub Khan Mrs. Mr. Shaikh Wasim Ahmed Shehrnaz Omar CEO M/s Northern Communication (Pvt) Ayub , Previously 103. Haripur (88.600 MHz) Ltd House No. 649, Ground Floor, Street Shah Nawaz Khan approved Directors: No.58, Sector I-8/2 Islamabad Syahryar Khan Shaikh Wasim Ahmed , Mrs. Huma Wasim, Shahnawaz Khan

Mr. Abdul Aziz

Chief Executive Officer M/s Sun Rise Media (Pvt). Ltd th Abdul Aziz Syeda Batool 10 Floor, Lakson Square, 104. Badin (94MHz) Building-1, Sarwar Shaheed Fatima Shahnaz Mirza Road, Karachi Nil Tel: 021-35661128 Fax: 021-35661129

193

Appendix-A

LIST OF COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

105. Sialkot ( 94 MHz) Mr. Aamir Tufail Chief Executive Officer M/s Global Entertainment (Pvt). th Aamir Tufail Ahmed Ltd Suite No. 02, 4 Floor, Green Raza Basharat Raja 106. Faisalabad( 94MHz) Tower, Blue Area, Islamabad Agha Intesar Younus Tel: 051-2813005-007 Fax: 051- Nil Mr. Aman Ahmed Chief Executive Officer M/s Media Marketing & Hyderabad 107. Broadcasting Services (Pvt). Ltd Aman Ahmed Qazi (100.600MHz) Plot # 43-5,E\3, Block-6, PECHS, Ahmed Mateen Karachi- Khawja Kamran Nil 75400 Tel: 021-34549055-9, Fax: Jamil 108. Gujrat (102MHz) Mr. Asim But, CEO 109. Sahiwal(102MHz) M/s Mub Global Track (Pvt). Ltd 244-S.U, Lane No. 15, Askari Asim Butt 110. Kasur(102MHz) Complex, Gulberg, Lahore Khawja Waqas Tel: 042-35885807, Fax: 042- Shahid Nil 111. Okara (102.400MHz) 35885807 Mr. Shafqatullah, CEO M/s Cottcool International (Pvt) Ltd Shafqatullah 216-A Shadman-1 Colony, Lahore 112. Ziarat (95.400 MHz) Hina Inam Tel: 042-37571008-9, Fax: 042- Nil 37572115 Mr. Muhammad Ahmed Khan, CEO

M/s Muneeb Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd Muhammad Ahmed Muzaffargarh 113. H.No.63/64, Block No.6, Dera Khan (98.600MHz) Ghazi Khan Sumaira Ahmad khan Nil

Karachi Zafar ul Hameed 114. (107.400 Siddiqui Bahawalpur Bilal Siddiqui 115. Mrs. Mehwish Tariq, CEO (107.400MHz) M/s Project Implementation Previously 116. Lahore (FM 107.4 Managers (Pvt). Ltd 13th Floor, Mrs. Mehwish Tariq approved MHz) Technocity Corporate Towers Off Mrs. Naheed Directors: Mrs. I.I. Chundrigar Road Asfandyar Khan Mehwish Tariq Islamabad (FM Mrs. Naheed 117. Karachi 107.400) Asfandyar Khan Mr. Zafar ul 118. Khanewal (91.60) Chief Executive Officer M/s J & N Communications (Pvt). Ltd Sheikhupura Office 1, 2nd Floor, Executive Plaza, Joseph John Dayal 119. (91.60) I-8/4,Islamabad Naila Joseph Dayal Nil Mr. Junaid Mehmood Ansari Chief Executive Officer M/s SJK Broadcasting (Pvt). Ltd Junaid Mehmood Burewala Kohinoor Building, 65-Allama Iqbal Ansari Mrs. 120. (90.400MHz) Road, Gari Shahu, Lahore Bushra Tel: 042-36371647,Fax: 042-36375437 Mehmood Nil Mr. Umar Waqas, M/s Mattech Engg. Pvt. Ltd. Office No.09, Street # 19, 121. Okara (FM 105) G-8/1, Islamabad Umer Waqas Usman 122. Sahiwal(FM 105) Ph: 051-2264710 Fax: 051-2264782 Ali Tauseef Farooqi Nil Gujranwala Mr. Sadaqat Ali, CEO M/s Punjnad 123. (103.6MHz) Communications (Pvt). Ltd 76-W, st Hassanabadal Omer Building, 1 Floor, Blue 124. (105.6MHz) Area, Sector F-7/G-7, Islamabad Sadaqat Ali Telephone No. 051-2274712- Ahmed Anwar Nil 125. Khushab 2275715 (103.6MHz)

194

Appendix-A

LIST OF COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

Nousheroferoze 126. (88MHz) Mr. Muneer Ahmed , CEO M/s Voices (Pvt.) Limited Block # 74/2/2, St # 17, 127. Sukkur (FM 88.8MHz) Mumeer Ahmed Khayaban-e-Iqbal, DHA Phase VIII, Abdul Majeed Arain Nil 128. Larkana (88MHz) Karachi Tele No. 021- Ali Nawaz Nazir Ahmed 35246049,35246055-66 Mirpurkhas (FM 88 129. MHz)

130. Multan (100 MHz) Chief Executive Officer M/s Public Media Entertainment (Pvt). Munawar Ali Mangenjo Ltd Plot No. 43-5, E/3, Block-6, Gujrat(100 MHz) Qazi Ahmed Mateen Nil 131. P.E.C.H.S Karachi-75400

Abbotabad Chief Executive Officer 132. (100.600 MHz) M/s Capital Broadcasting Services (Pvt). Ltd Plot No. 43-5, E/3, Block-6, P.E.C.H.S Karachi-75400 Syed M. Anwar Shah Jhelum (100.600 Nil 133. Tel: 021-34549056 Khawja Kamran Jamil MHz)

Mandi Bahaudin 134. (94 MHz) Mr. Zakaullah , Chief Executive Officer M/s Mega Sounds Communication Muhammad Arif (Pvt). Ltd, 5-A, Mezzanine Flour, 135. Khushab(94 MHz) Zakaullah Rana Golden Plaza, Jinnah Avenue, Blue Moazam Nasir Mrs. Tahira Latif Area, Islamabad 136. Kasur(94 MHz) Mr. Nisar Ahmed

Chief Executive Officer, M/s Kissan Rahim Yar Khan Cattle & Dairy Farms (SMC-Pvt). Ltd. 137. (92.600 MHz) Nisar Ahmed Nil Road, Karachi

Mrs. Seema Shahid, CEO M/s Seven Sounds (Pvt.) Limited Khanewal (106.2 83-C, Main National Highway Phase-II Mrs. Seema Shahid 138. Nil MHz) Extension, D.H.A Karachi Mrs. Dure Shehwar 021-35388725, 35388726 Khalid

Mr. Aijaz Ahmed Lanjar, CEO M/s Sitar Communications (Pvt) Ltd. 139. Sukkur (90 MHz) 312-Buisness Avenue, Shara-e-Faisal Aijaz Ahmed Lanjar Karachi Saeed Ahmed Janjar Nil

Mr. Khalid Chief Exec M/s. Tower Larkana 140. Chief Executive Officer (97MHz) M/s Tower Media (Private) Limited. th 1-C, 4 Floor, Street 7-A, Badar Comm Mr. Khalid Azeem Area , Phase-V extension, Azeem Mirpur Khas Nil 141. KARACHI Muhammad Mustafa (106.2 MHz)

Sheikh Wasim Ahmad,CEO Mr. Sheikh Wasim Kohistan M/s Silsila Communications (Pvt). Ahmad 142. Nil (88MHz) Limited No. 45-D Service Road West, G- Mr. Omer Ayub Khan, 10/2, Islamabad Mrs. Shehrnaz Omer Ayub Khan

195

Appendix-B

LIST OF NON-COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

S.NO. FM Radio Station Name of the Company with Address Status

Incharge, Department of Mass Campus Radio Communication, University of the Punjab, 1. (FM 104.6) Lahore, Ph: 042-9231225, 9230518, Fax: Operational 9231182 Dr. Khalid Alavi, Director General,

Campus Radio Dawah Academy, International Islamic 2. -do- (FM 90.6) University, Islamabad , Ph: 051-9261751-4 Dr. Shahjehan Syed, Chairman, Campus Radio Department of Journalism, 3. Peshawar (FM University of Peshawar , Peshawar -do- 107) Ph: 091-9216833 Incharg, Head of Mass Communication Department National University of Modern Campus Radio 4. Languages, Islamabad -do- (FM 104.6) Ph: 051-9257646

Mr. Sajjad Ahmed Paracha, Department

Campus Radio of Mass Communications 5. (FM 92.6) Islamia University, Bahalwalpur -do- Tel: 0621-9250317 Incharge

Department of Mass Communications

Campus Radio Lahore College for Women University, 6. -do- (FM 96.6) Lahore Ph: 042- 9203801-09, 9201950, 9203072 Fax: 042-9203077 Prof. Dr. Tahir Masood, Chairman

Campus Radio Department of Mass Communication 7. (FM 90.6) University of Karachi, Karachi -do- Ph: 021-9243131-7 Ext. 2278, 2480 Dr. Muhammad Aslam Pervaiz

Deptt. Of Journalism & Mass Campus Radio 8. Communication -do- (FM104.6) Gomal University, D.I.Khan Ph: 0966-750364 Ms. Rukhsana Aslam Coordinator

Fatima Jinnah Women Campus Radio 9. University, The Mall, -do- (FM 96.6) Rawalpindi. Ph: 051-9271167 Prof. Dr. Mahmood H. Butt

Campus Radio Vice Chancellor, 10. (FM 91.6) Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad -do- Ph: 051-9250111

196

Appendix-B

LIST OF NON-COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

Chairman,

Dept. of Mass Communication, Campus Radio 11. Bahauddin Zakariya University, New -do- (FM 104.6) Campus, Multan Tel: 061- 9210095 Dr. Javed Laghari, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Campus Radio Institute of Science & Technology (SZABIST) 12. (FM 106.600) 90 Clifton, Karachi, Tel: 021- -do- 111-922-478 Ms. Shoa Irum, Department of Mass Campus Radio Communications, Kinnaird College for Women 13. (FM 97.600) Jail Road, Lahore, Tel: 042- -do- 9203781-4 Col.(R) Abdul Hafeez, Registrar Riphah International University Campus Radio 14. Sector I-14, Peshawar road -do- (FM 102.2 ) Near New Passport office, Islamabad Tel:051-5469637-8, 051-5469641-7 Dr. Javed R Laghari, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Campus Radio 15. Science & Technology (SZABIST) 90 -do- (FM 106.600) Clifton, Karachi, Larkana Campus Tel: 021- 111-922-478 Dr. Asim Hussain, Ziauddin University

Campus Radio 4/B Sharah-e-Ghalib, Block# 6, Clifton, Karachi 16. -do- (FM 98.200) , 021-5833673, 111-335-111 Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Mahsud Campus Radio Department of Communication Studies, 17. -do- (FM 98.200) University of Sargodha, Sargodha Tel: 048- 9230061 Principal, F.G Margalla College for Women Campus Radio 18. F-7/4, Islamabad Tel: 051-9205426 -do- (FM 98.600) Traffic Training Institute, Punjab Traffic

Campus Radio Police Qurban Lines, Lahore 19. -do- (FM 88.600) Tel: 042-9202102 Fax: 042-9203238

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nizamuddin

Campus Radio Vice Chancellor, Hafiz Hayat Campus 20. -do- (FM 106.600) University of Gujrat , Gujrat Tel: 053- 3643229 Senior Superintendent of Police Traffic,

Islamabad Traffic Police , F-8/1, Opposite Campus Radio 21. Old Saudi Visa Section, Islamabad -do- (92.400MHz) Tel: 051-9260072 Dr. Lutufullah Kaka Khel, Campus Radio Vice Chancellor , Kohat University of 22. -do- (98.200 MHz) Science & Technology Indus Highway, Kohat

197

Appendix-B

LIST OF NON-COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

Mr. Shujaat Ali Khan, Head of Department Journalism & Mass Communication

Campus Radio Studies Garden Campus, Hazara 23. -do- (98.600 MHz) University, Mansehra, KPK Tel: 0997-414185 Director General Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture Campus Radio (PILAC) No. 1 Ghadaffi Stadium, Ferozpur 24. -do- ( 95 MHz) Road, Lahore Ph: 042-9232165-70 Fax: 042-5751378 Dr. M. Ejaz Sandhu, Director R & D Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Campus Radio Industries, 11, Shahra-e-Tijarat, Lahore 25. -do- ( 98.600 MHz) Ph:042-36305538-40 Fax: 042-36368854 UAN: 111-222-499 Dr. Khursheed Ahmed GM-ICT

Campus Radio National Highway Authority 26. ( 89.600 MHz) Head Office 27-Maue , Area, G-9/1, Suspended Islamabad Ms. Salma Umber Incharge, Department of Mass

Campus Radio Communication Government 27. Non- operational ( 92.600 MHz) College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad General Manager, Maritime Services

Bahria Foundation, 6th Floor, Bahria Gwadar 28. Complex-II M.T Khan Road Operational ( 90 MHz) Karachi Head of Department of Mass Communication, and International Business Campus Radio & Marketing National University of Science 29. -do- (100.4MHz) & Technology(NUST), Sector H-12 Islamabad Mr. Asad Hussain, Director, Shaheed

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Campus Radio 30. Technology (SZABIST) 90 Clifton, Karachi, Non- operational (FM 106.600) Islamabad Campus Tel: 021- 111-922-478 Director Information, Directorate of

Campus Radio Information & Public Relations 31. (FM 92MHz) Government of Operational KPK Peshawar

Campus Radio Director, Division of Education & Extension 32. Operational (FM 100.400) University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

198

Appendix-B

LIST OF NON-COMMERCIAL FM RADIO LICENSES ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

Muhammad Ali Jinnah University Campus Radio Non- 33. Islamabad Expressway, Kahuta Road, Zone- (FM 97.600) V, Islamabad. operational Campus Radio Muhammad Ali Jinnah University Non- 34. (FM 97.600) 22\E, Block 6, PECHS, Karachi operational University of Central Punjab, Campus Radio Non- 35. Khayaban-e-Jinnah, Avenue-1, Johar (FM 92.600) Town, Lahore. operational Additional Registrar Campus Radio 36 Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Operational (FM 90.600) Medical University, Larkana Deputy Registrar Campus Radio 37 Superior University, Main Raiwind Road -do- (FM 106.600) Lahore Director General Campus Radio KPK Judicial Academy 38 96.600MHz Old Sessions Court Building, Jail Road -do- Peshawar

Campus Radio Registrar, The University of Faisalabad, 39 -do- 96.600MHz Sargodha Road, Faisalabad Inspector General

National Highways & Motorways Police Campus Radio Operational 40 Islamabad (95 MHz) 051-9262817 Inspector General Campus Radio Sindh Police 41 Operational (88.600 MHz) I.1.Chundrigar Road, Karachi

Director, Public Relations Campus Radio Capital Development Authority Non- 42. (88.600 MHz) F-9 Park, Islamabad operational

Vice Chancellor, Sindh Madressatul Islam

Campus Radio University, Aiwan e Tijarat Road 43. -do- (96.600 MHz) Karachi , Tel: 021-99217501-03 Rector, University of Management & Technology C-II, Johar Town, Campus Radio 44. Lahore. -do- (98.200MHz) Ph: 042-5212801, Fax: 042- 5184789

Registrar University of 45 Campus radio Balochistan Saraib Road, -do- (96.6 MHz) Quetta

199

Appendix-C

LIST OF CANCELLED FM RADIO LICENSES, ISSUED BY PEMRA AS ON 04-04-2019

S.NO. Area Name of the Company with Address Status 1. Attock Mr. Ibrar Khan, Director M/s LOCAL Pvt. Ltd. Islamabad. Cancelled 2. Wazirabad Tel: 051-2650330 Mr. Kanwar M. Tariq, Chief Executive M/s KATS Communication Pvt. Ltd. 3. Bahawalpur 1131-C, Mumtazabad, Multan. Cancelled Tel:061-230055 Mr. Mohammad Pervaiz, CEO,

Dera Ghazi Khan M/s Thal International Airwaves (Pvt) Ltd, 4. (FM 88) House # N/211, TDA Colony Layyah Cancelled Ph: 0606-305424, 410007 Mr. Zaheer-ud-Deen Ahmed, CEO, 5. Gujranwala (FM 88) M/s Tele Film (Pvt.) Ltd. Cancelled 6. Mangla (FM 88) House No. 851, Street No. 86, I-8/4, Cancelled Islamabad 7. Chiniot (FM 88) Ph: 051-4861505 Cell : 0331-4024899 Cancelled Mr. Khawaja Sohail, CEO, M/s Sound Waves (Pvt.) Ltd. Office # 711, Anum Blessing, Karachi Co- operative 8. Ubaro (FM 92) Housing Society, Block 7/8, Shahrah- e-Faisal, Cancelled Karachi Ph: 021-4391559 Fax: 021-4392243 Mr. Mohammad Liaqatullah, M/s Digital Effect Pvt. Ltd. 40-Fazal-e-Haq 9. Karachi (FM 98) Road, Blue Area, Islamabad Cancelled Ph: 051-2826276 Fax: 051-2827969, 2877055 Dr. M Haroon MD M/s E-WAZ Communication Pvt. Ltd. 10. Haripur (FM 96) 146 Industrial Triangle Khauta Road, Islamabad Cancelled Ph: 111-222-101 Fax: 051-4491845 11. Mianwali (FM 90 ) Mr. Mohammad Sualeheen, Chief Executive, M/s Cancelled 12. Khoshab (FM 92 ) Busy Bee Private Limited, Cancelled 13. Bhakkar (FM 90) P-756/66 Kot Khan Mohammad, Lane No.2, Cancelled 14. Narowal (FM 90) Satyana Road, Faisalabad Cancelled Tel:041-2632783

200

Appendix-D

List of PBC FM 101 Network

Year of Capacity of Transmitter Sr.# Radio Station with frequency Inception (KW) 1 FM-101 Islamabad (Murree) 1998 2.5 2 FM-101 Islamabad (Kallar Kahar) 2003 2 3 FM-101 Lahore 2005 2 4 FM-101 Faisalabad 2002 2.5 5 FM-101 Sialkot 2009 2.5 6 FM-101 Peshawar 2004 2 7 FM-101 Karachi 1996 5 8 FM-101 Hyderabad 2009 2.5 9 FM-101 Larkana 1995 1 10 FM-101 Quetta 2002 2

201

Appendix-E

List of PBC FM 93 & 94 Network

Radio Station with Year of Capacity of Transmitter Sr.# frequency Inception (KW) 1 FM 93‚ Islamabad 2009 2.5 2 FM 93.5‚ Rawalpindi 2003 2.5 3 FM 93‚ Lahore 2008 5 4 FM 93‚ Multan 2007 2.5 5 FM 93‚ Sargodha 2005 3 6 FM 93‚ Mianwali 2005 3 7 FM 93‚ Chitral 2006 2 8 FM 93 Abbottabad 2010 2.5 9 FM 93‚ Bannu 2005 3 10 FM 93 Kohat 2005 3 11 FM 93 Karachi 2009 2.5 12 FM 93 Hyderabad 2002 3 13 FM 93 Mithi 2005 3 14 FM 93.5 Bhit Shah 2007 2 15 FM 93 Gwadar 2005 3 16 FM 93 Muzaffarabad 2005 2.5 17 FM 93 Mirpur 2009 2.5 18 FM 93.3 Khairpur 2010 5 19 FM 93 D. I. Khan 2010 2.5 20 FM 93 Faisalabad 2010 2.5 21 FM 93 Multan 2010 2.5 22 FM 93 Gilgit 2010 2.5 23 FM 94 Islamabad 2009 2.5 24 FM 94 Karachi 2010 2.5

202

Appendix-F Detail of Commercial and Non Commercial FM radios in Pakistan

Detail of FM radio channels Licensed by PEMRA

FM Radio (PEMRA) (187)

Commercial Non Commercial FM Radio FM Radio (142) (45)

Campus Radios/ FM radios working in educational Institutions (34)

FM radios working in other Departments (11)

Province-wise detail of Commercial FM radios

203

Appendix-F

Detail of Commercial and Non Commercial FM radios in Pakistan List of commercial FM radios in Punjab province

S.# Punjab S.# Punjab S.# Punjab S.# Punjab

1 Vehari (FM 99 ) 19 R.Y. Khan (FM 99) 37 Pakpattan (FM 107) 55 Khanewal (FM 91.60)

2 Lahore (FM 89 ) 20 Khanewal (FM 97) 38 Bahawalnagar (FM 90) 56 Sheikhupura (FM 91.60) 3 Faisalabad (FM 89) 21 Jehlum (FM 95) 39 Lahore (FM 99.40) 57 Burewala (FM 90.400)

4 Gujrat (FM 105) 22 Sargodha (FM 96) 40 Chakri (FM 96.00) 58 Okara (FM 105) 5 Gujranwala (FM 106) 23 Sahiwal (FM 96) 41 Bahawalpur (FM 105) 59 Sahiwal (FM 105)

6 Sheikhupura (FM107) 24 Kallar Kahar (FM 88.2) 42 Kasur (FM 99) 60 Gujranwala (FM 103.6) Hassanabadal (FM 7 Sadiqabad (FM 106) 25 Bhai Phero (FM 88) 43 Arifwala (FM 100) 61 105.6) Toba Tek Singh (FM 8 Khanpur (FM 105) 26 95) 44 Lahore (FM 100 ) 62 Khushab (FM 103.6) 9 Sialkot ( FM 104) 27 Gujar Khan (FM 102) 45 Attock (FM 90.4) 63 Multan (FM 100)

10 Lahore (FM 106.2) 28 Bhalwal (FM 104) 46 Sialkot (FM 94) 64 Gujrat (FM 100) 11 Lahore (FM 91) 29 Renala Khurd (FM 92) 47 Faisalabad (FM 94) 65 Jhelum (FM 100.600)

12 Faisalabad (FM 103) 30 Kasur (FM 90) 48 Gujrat (FM 102) 66 Mandi Bahaudin (FM 94) 13 Lahore (FM103) 31 Kharian (FM 97) 49 Sahiwal (FM 102) 67 Khushab (FM 94 )

Mandi Bahuddin (FM 14 Multan (FM 103) 32 50 Kasur (FM 102) 68 Kasur (FM 94) 98) Rahimyar Khan (FM 15 Layyah (FM 88 ) 33 Jhang (FM 105) 51 Okara (FM 102.400) 69 92.6) 16 Multan (FM 88) 34 Faisalabad (FM 90) 52 Muzaffargarh (FM 98.6) 70 Khanewal (FM 106.2 )

17 Lodhran (FM 98) 35 Chakwal (FM 88) 53 Bahawalpur (FM 107.4) Ahmedpur East (FM 18 36 Rajanpur (FM 104) 54 Lahore (FM 107.4) - 100)

204

Appendix-F Detail of Commercial and Non Commercial FM radios in Pakistan List of Commercial FM Radios in other provinces/ territories

Sr # Sindh KPK Balochistan GB Islamabad Kashmir

1 Karachi (FM 89) Abbotabad (FM 99.4) Gwadar (FM 91) Chitral (FM 97) Islamabad (FM 99) Mirpur (FM 90) 2 Karachi (FM 107) Srai Naurang Laki Quetta (FM 105) Gilgit (FM 99) Islamabad (FM 89 ) Bhimber (FM 90) Marwat (FM 88) 3 Karachi (FM 106.2) Peshawar (FM 104) Mastaung (FM 88) Sakardu( FM 99) Islamabad (FM106.2) Dheerkot (FM105.600) 4 Sukkur (FM 106.2) Peshawar (FM 106.2) Qilla Abdullah Islamabad (FM 91) Rawalakot (FM (FM 88) 105.800) 5 Karachi (FM 91) D.I. Khan (FM 91) Pishin (FM 88) Islamabad (FM 97) Muzaffarabad(FM 105.4) 6 Karachi (FM 96) Charsada (FM 93) Ziarat ( FM 95.400) Islamabad (FM 100) Kotli (FM 96)

7 Karachi (FM 103) Sawabi (FM 94) Islamabad (FM 107.400) 8 Hyderabad (FM 105) Haripur (FM 88.6)

9 Nawabshah (FM Abbotabad (FM 100.6) 105.4) 10 Larkana (FM 105) Kohistan (FM 88) 11 Karachi (FM 105)

12 Khairpur (FM 91.4)

13 Nooriabad (FM 91.4)

14 Tando Adam (FM 91)

15 Jacobabad (FM 98)

16 Mir Pur Khas (FM 98)

17 Hyderabad (FM 99)

18 Dadu (FM 99)

19 Ghotki (FM 91)

20 T.M Khan (FM 100.2)

21 Karachi (FM 99)

22 Jamshoro (FM 99.40)

23 Badin (FM 105)

- 24 Sanghar (FM 105.2)

25 Shikarpur (FM 105.4) - - - 26 Noshero Feroze (FM 105.6) - 27 Tharparker (FM105) 28 Kashmore (FM 104) 29 Umarkot (FM 95.400) 30 Karachi (FM 100)

31 Badin (FM 94) 32 Hyderabad (FM 100.6) 33 Karachi (FM 107.400)

34 Noushero Feroze (FM 88) 35 Sukkur (FM 88.8) 36 Larkana (FM 88) 37 Mirpurkhas (FM 88) 38 Sukkur (FM 90 ) 39 Larkana (FM 97) 40 MirpurKhas (FM 106.2) Total 40 10 06 03 07 06

205

Appendix-G Province-wise detail of non-commercial FM radio stations

Sr.No Islamabad Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan GB AJK Non Operational 1 FM 90.6 , IIUI FM 104.6, FM 90.6, UoK FM 107, PU UoP Islamabad FM 104.6, FM FM104.6, =02 2 NUML FM 92.6, IUB 106.600,SZABIST, Gomal Suspended Karachi University =01 FM 91.6, FM 96.6, FM FM 98.200, 3 AIOU LCWU 106.600,SZABIST, KUST Punjab =03 Larkana Sindh = 02 4 FM 102.2, RIU FM 96.6, FM 98.200 , ZU FM 98.600, KPK =nil FJWU HU Balochistan

FM 90 , Maritime FM 92 , = 01 Services , Bahria Directorate G.B=nil FM FM 104.6, Foundation, of AJK=nil 5 98.600,FGMW BZU Karachi Information & PR

FM 97.600, FM 97.600, MAJU FM FM 92.400, Kinnaird Karachi 96.600,KPK 6 ITP College for (Non-Operational) Judicial Women Academy FM 89.600 , FM 98.200, FM 90.600, 7 NHA UoS SMBBMU

(Suspended) FM 88.600, FM 100.4 , Punjab FM 88.600 ,Sindh 8 NUST Traffic Police , Karachi l)

na Police, io FM 106.600, FM FM 96.600, SMI B

9 SZABIST, 106.600,UoG (non operational) Uo Islamabad

FM 97.600) operat (non MAJU, FM 95 , - - 10 Islamabad (Non- PILAC Operational) FM 95, FM 98.600 , 11 NH&MP LCCI (Operational)

FM 88.600 , FM 92.600 , CDA (Non GCUF - 12 Operational) (NoN- Operational) 13 FM 100.400, UAF 14 FM 92.600, - UCP FM 106.600, 15 Superior University 16 - FM 96.600, TUF, FM 98.200, UMT (non 17 operational)

12 17 9 6 1 0 0 Total 45

206

Appendix-H

207

Appendix-H

208

Appendix-H

209

Appendix-H

210

Appendix-I

211

Appendix-I

212

Appendix-I

213

Appendix-I

214

Appendix-J

215

Appendix-K

LIST OF FILED COORDINATORS

1. Dr.Ghulam Shabir Baloch, Associate Professor, Department of Communication Studies, Baha-ud-Din Zakariya University (BZU), Multan

2. Dr.Sajjad Ahmad Paracha, Associate Professor, Department of Media Studies, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur.

3. Naeem Gul, Associate Professor, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Peshawar, Peshawar.

4. Dr.Abdul Ghani, Lecturer, Department of Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat.

5. Dr.Shehla Ashraf Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Jhang Campus, Jhang

6. Shahid Mahmood, Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of Sargodha, Sargodha.

7. Shoukat Mahmood, Lecturer (Mathematics), Govt. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif Degree College for Boys, Sargodha.

8. Asghar Ali Ansari, Lecturer (Biology), Govt. Ambala Muslim College for Boys, Sargodha.

9. Tariq Moosa Memon, Director (Central Zone), National Highway Authority, Lahore.

216

Appendix-K

LIST OF FILED COORDINATORS

10. Javed Iqbal, Assistant Director (Afforestation) Motorways, National Highway Authority, Kallar Kahar.

11. Sohail Zafar, Assistant Director (Engineer), Peshawar –Karachi Motorway (Lahore-Abdul Hakeem Section), National Highway Authority, Lahore.

12. Muhammad Rizwan Shahid, Accounts Assistant, National Highway Authority, Kallar Kahar.

13. Muhammad Aamir Rehman, Junior Accounts Clerk, National Highway Authority, Kallar Kahar.

14. Muhammad Siddique Paracha, Station Manager, PBC, FM 93, Gilgit.

15. Touseef Qayoom, Program Producers, Radio Pakistan, Quetta.

16. Zubair Munir, Program Producer, PBC, FM 101, Sargodha.

17. Sobia Ghous, PhD Scholar, Department of Media Studies, Islamia University, Bahawalpur.

217

Appendix-K

LIST OF FILED COORDINATORS

18. Bilal Nawaz, PhD (Scholar), Department of Media Studies, Islamia University, Bahawalpur.

19. Rao Umair, M.Phil (Scholar), Department of Communication Studies, Baha-ud-Din Zakariya University (BZU), Multan.

20. Usman Farooq, PhD (Scholar), Head of Admin & Security, Pakistan Refinery Limited, Karachi.

21. Sidra-tul-Muntha, SST (Mathematics), School Education Department, Sargodha.

22. Adil Mian, Sales officer, Askari Bank, Club road branch, Sargodha.

23. Ch.Waheed Akbar, Businessman, Khayaban-e-Sadiq, Sargodha.

218

Appendix-L

LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

1. Agha Sadaf Mehndi, Incharge Campus Radio, Islamia University Bahawalpur.

2. Gada Hussain Chandio, Program Manager, Campus Radio, Shahed Mohtrma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana.

2. Dr.Ghulam Shabbir, Associate Professor, Department of Communication Studies, Baha-ud-Din Zakariya University (BZU), Multan.

4. Hassan Jalil, Program Manager, FM radio, Punjab Institute of language, Art & Culture, Lahore.

5. Imran Bhutto, Station Manager, FM 92.60 , Rahimyar Khan.

6. Jawad Ahmad, Incharge Dabang FM 90, Attock.

7. Miss Maira In charge Campus Radio 98.600 (VOM), Department of Mass Communication, F.G Margallah College for Women, Islamabad.

8. Mansoor Khaskheli, Broadcast Manager, Laar FM 94, Badin.

9. Mehmood Ali Khokar, Station Manager, FM Radio, National Highways & Motorway Police, Islamabad.

219 Appendix-L

LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

10. Muhammad Shehzad, Incharge Campus FM, University of Gujrat, Gujrat.

11. Muhammad Siddique Paracha, Station Manager, PBC, FM 93, Gilgit.

12. Muhammad Zubair Khalid, Incharge, Campus FM, University of Sargodha, Sargodha.

13. Naeem Gul, Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Peshawar, Peshawar.

14. Nasir Farid, Deputy Director (Media), Islamic international University, Islamabad.

15. Pervaiz Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat.

16. Ramzan Pervaiz, Associate Engineer, Campus Radio, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad.

17. Shah Faisal, Incharge FM Meezan, KPK Judicial Academy, Peshawar.

18. Syed Anwar, Station Director, Campus radio 92, Directorate of Public Relations, KPK, Peshawar.

220 Appendix-L

LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

19. Tahir Masood, Professor, Department of Mass Communication, University of Karachi, Karachi.

20. Touseef Qayoom, Program Producers, Radio Pakistan, Quetta.

21. Usman Ahmed, Program/ Area Manager, Dil FM Network, Sahiwal.

22. Wasim Akbar, Associate Professor, Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, D.I.Khan.

23. Yasir Kiyani, Program Manager, Voice of Kashmir (VOK) FM 105.800, Muzaffarabad, AJK.

24. Zeeshan, Program Manager, Campus Radio, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad.

25. Zubair Munir, Program Producer, PBC, FM 101, Sargodha.

221 Appendix-M

222 Appendix-M

223 Appendix-M

224 Appendix-M

225 Appendix-M

226 Appendix-M

227 Appendix-M

228 Appendix-M

229 Appendix-M

230 Appendix-M

231 Appendix-M

232 Appendix-M

233 Appendix-M

234 Appendix-M

235 Appendix-M

236 Appendix-M

237 Appendix-M

238 Appendix-M

239 Appendix-M

240 Appendix-M

241

Appendix-M

242 Appendix-M

243 Appendix-M

244 Appendix-M

245 Appendix-M

246 Appendix-M

247 Appendix-M

248 Appendix-M

249 Appendix-M

250 Appendix-M

251

252