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JCC: East Crisis Indian Cabinet Chair: Prateek Swain Crisis Director: Alex Fager

JCC: Crisis – PMUNC 2016

Contents

Letter from the Chair…….………………………...……………………...…..3

Introduction………..…….………………………...……………………...…..5

The Situation in the Indian Subcontinent……...... ……………..……..……7 Setting the Stage…...………………………..……………………….……….…………7 A Brief History of Modern India..…………..……………………….……….…………9 Indo-Pakistani Relations………...…………..………………...….….……….………...10 Domestic Affairs………………………………………………………………….…...12 Current Situation……………………………………….……………………………...13

Committee Positions………..…….………………………...………………..16

2 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016

Letter from the Chair

Dear Delegates,

Namaste! I welcome you to the magnum opus of this year’s PMUNC, The JCC: East

Pakistan Crisis. My name is Prateek Swain and I will be your chair for the India committee.

First, I’ll introduce myself; I will be starting my sophomore year at Princeton and will be majoring in Economics or Woodrow Wilson School of Public Policy (depending on my mood when I have to declare) with a certificate in computer science. I have been debating as well as participating/chairing MUNs since my sophomore year of high school, and have carried on with these endeavors in college.

Last year I was the Director for the Korean Reunification Committee at PMUNC, so

I’m naturally extremely excited to be chairing this committee and have full faith that it will be a great experience for both you and me. This is certainly not my first crisis, but perhaps the one closest to my heart. Last semester, I took one of those eye opening classes at

Princeton on Human Rights with Rebecca (Chair of the Pakistan committee) which set the foundation for this JCC to come into existence. India, Pakistan, and together house more than 1.5 billon of our Earth’s population, but their history, and nuances of their relationships isn’t common knowledge, and at best a mention in history textbooks. This is what makes us believe it would be a great learning experience for all of you, if not a lot of fun. While discussing this topic, I look forward to some extremely engaging and often contentious debate between all delegates to recreate history, written in our words.

For the committee, it’s 1971 and India’s an extremely new democracy which has been engaged in a passive power struggle in the South Asian territory, with no clear victors

3 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016 that have emerged yet. It’s also licking its relatively fresh wounds from the 1965 war. I urge you all to familiarize yourselves with the diplomatic and geo-political relations of India during this period to get better clarity on the setting of the committee (hint: Nixon isn’t our biggest fan). In this committee, I hope to be able to execute a well-defined and strategic path of action which helps India emerge as the victorious force of this territory and also get international recognition as a strong, smart and progressive force: the next superpower. A balance between diplomatic action and military or covert action must be maintained, and our goal of long term peace for this region must be achieved, with the added edge of history remembering us as having the upper hand.

As for the committee itself, I find myself in the shoes of the Iron lady of India:

Prime Minister . And you all will be my cabinet of trusted advisors with portfolio powers spanning from government, military, to espionage: all the ingredients required to achieve our committee’s objectives. I love to see ingenious solutions and directives. Don’t shy away from being creative in your personal directives, as long as you don’t lose touch with reality. I hope this committee has a strong balance between structured debate and crisis management, and provides you all with a novel experience. Please feel free to contact me at [email protected] with any questions, or to just chat! I look forward to meeting you all in November, and hope the stars are ever in your favor. Jai Hind!

Regards,

Prateek Swain

4 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016

Introduction

It’s 1971. Led Zeppelin’s about to release their best album, microprocessors are fast catching on, John Lennon is still alive, and oh! Revolution is in the air comrades. India’s got its fair share of problems, but our pesky neighbors in the west have trouble brewing in their backyard.

East Pakistan, the better half of Pakistan, has been causing trouble for the leaders sitting in Islamabad with secessionist ideas that have been floating around in Dacca and other parts of their territory. East & are the much-touted two-state solution1 founded on the basis that a country with a unified religion will be more stable. Its creation led to much bloodshed and a messy partition of the glorious landmass of what was once a unified India.

India’s a diverse country with various exotic spices to excite your olfactory senses, but you and I only smell one thing: opportunity. This is a golden chance to divide Pakistan to make our enemies weaker, establish us as the leaders of the South Asian region and help democracy in the process.

However, we have a long and treacherous path ahead of us. We’re still licking our wounds from our defeat to in our first war as an independent country2. Furthermore,

United States of America under the (gloriously disastrous) rule of Nixon have sided themselves firmly with that despot Yayha of Pakistan3. Thus a direct confrontation

1 O' Brien, Connor Cruise. "Holy War Against India." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 1 Aug. 1988. Web. 15 Sept. 2016.

2 Lidarev, Ivan. "History's Hostage: China, India and the War of 1962." The Diplomat. The Diplomat, 21 Aug. 2012. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 3 Bass, Gary Jonathan. "The Tilt." The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, n.d. 12. Print

5 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016 with Pakistan provoked by us may lead to quick escalation and unpleasant scenarios I do not yet wish to imagine.

Further, a partition could again lead to a massive influx of refugees to India and instability in the already disturbed region of West Bengal4. And since India is a land of so many cultures, helping a country divide on the basis of different cultures could massively backfire on us. We won’t be currying favor with the international community either if we are caught openly as playing troublemaker.

But we cannot ignore the pleas and protests of our fellow men who so desperately crave to liberate themselves from such a draconian nation’s constraints. While we risk looking like the villains nosing for selfish reasons (which granted, do exist), I believe we must act for a higher cause. It is our moral obligation and our duty to help them achieve it. India stands for the principles of human rights, freedom and democracy, the very antithesis of the Pakistani administration5. And to ensure our principles and values triumph will be the best damn victory we will ever achieve.

4 Bass, Gary Jonathan. "The Inferno Next Door." The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, n.d. 91. Print 5 Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda". New Political Science. 1 (22): 89–102. doi:10.1080/713687893

6 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016

The Situation in the Indian Subcontinent

Setting the Stage

General , the magnificently (incompetent) dictator of Pakistan, recently announced he would be stepping down. Thus Pakistan, in a rare and surprising win for the suffrage supporters, held an open and fair election. There was one problem though which

Yahya, and the main front-runner political heavyweight of West Pakistan Zulfikar Ali

Bhutto, did not anticipate: the elections were won by a Bengali activist sitting thousands of miles away from them in East Pakistan, Mujibur Rahman6.

East Pakistan is the other half of West Pakistan, separated only by the landmass of India.

The last act of British rule left the subcontinent in shambles after an extremely messy partition of our country on the basis of religion that has had severe ramifications to this day.

India and Pakistan do not enjoy the warmest bilateral relations with each other.7 India, under the Congress Party (popular Indian Party fighting for Independence) leader and future

Prime Minsiter Jawahar Lal Nehru pleaded with Viceroy Mountbatten (the British Head of

Colonial India) and other Imperial Officials to not divide the country upon Independence.

However, on the insistence of Muhammed Ali Jinhah, the founder of Pakistan and leader of

All-India Muslim League, the country went through a partition8 right before it tasted

Independence. This partition was based on the underlying principle of religion, with India

(called Hindustan in Hindi) being the land of Hindus and East and West Pakistan being the

6 Owen Bennett-Jones (2003). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press. pp. 146–180. 7 Hashim, Asad. "Timeline: India-Pakistan Relations." Al Jazeera English. N.p., 27 May 2014. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 8 Mahajan, Sucheta. Independence and Partition: The Erosion of Colonial Power in India. New : Sage Publications, 2000. Print.

7 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016 country of . The idea was that countries with a unifying religion would be inherently more stable9 (if only they knew what it looks like today)

On India’s west, bordering the states of , & , Rajasthan and

Gujarat is West Pakistan. And to India’s east, bordering , is East Pakistan. While the religion most prolifically practiced in East Pakistan is , the population shares more in common with their counterparts in West Bengal than their countrymen in West Pakistan.

They speak the same regional dialect Bengali, and have a plethora of cultural similarities while West Pakistan has various subsets of people and speak Urdu. East Pakistan also had a

Hindu minority unlike in the West Pakistan region.

But why does this pose a problem? Because East Pakistan never wanted to exist under the shadow of West Pakistan. The Bengalis there always wanted to secede, and autonomy was their top priority10. The government in the west had long neglected them and their differences were more than enough reason to provide weight to their independence argument. However, USA was firmly for an undivided Pakistan. Here’s where the plot thickens: Mujibur Rahman, the populist leader of East Pakistan and his Party won 141 seats in the elections, losing only 2 in the East. This makes Mujibur Rahman set to become the Prime Minister of all of Pakistan. Rumors are afoot that he wants to use his current position to secede and create an independent “desh” (Country), which obviously does not sit well with the western Pakistan population or align with the country’s aspirations11.

9 O' Brien, Connor Cruise. "Holy War Against India." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 1 Aug. 1988. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 10 Cordera, Sonia. "India's Response to the 1971 East Pakistan Crisis: Hidden and Open Reasons for Intervention." Journal of Genocide Research 17.1 (2014): 48. Web. 11 Owen Bennett-Jones (2003). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press. pp. 146–180.

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Why does this help us? Because the geo-political power struggle in South Asia has been largely missing a single dominating power due to a lack of precedence of might by Pakistan or India. The current situation is ripe for exploitation12. Creation of Pakistan had always been considered the worst mistake of the British (and believe me they have a huge list of mistakes) by us Indians and helping East Pakistan secede would be the perfect stage to prove how

Pakistan’s “two state” solution is fundamentally flawed, weaken our biggest threat to national security, and help us emerge as the victor of this geo-political struggle: a perfect trifecta.

However, history has proven that nothing is truer than the proverb ‘no pain no gain’.

Yahya and Pakistan won’t let such ideas of carving up their country float around without repercussions, and India could be caught in the crossfire of this independence struggle.

India’s partition in 1947 rendered millions of families homeless, which led to mass migration movements, uprooting households that had existed for centuries.13 It also led to both

Pakistan and India being forced to accommodate these refugees when they weren’t capable of supporting them. Not to forget the thousands who lost their lives in the bloody religion based riots that erupted in various regions of both countries14. Another Independence movement in its neighborhood could prove costly for us, something we wish to dearly avoid.

A Brief History of Modern India

Following our nation’s liberation from British colonial rule and the great Gandhi’s efforts and the movement he spawned, the subcontinent was wracked by one of the most gruesome events in our history. The , by the time it reached its conclusion in 1948, had claimed some 2 million casualties with over 15 million uprooted from their

12 Cordera, Sonia. "India's Response to the 1971 East Pakistan Crisis: Hidden and Open Reasons for Intervention." Journal of Genocide Research 17.1 (2014): 45-62. Web. 13 Dalrymple, William. "The Great Divide." The New Yorker. Condé Nast, 22 June 2015. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 14 Ibid.

9 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016 homes and thrust into perilous conditions at the hands of sectarian violence.15 The plan that

Lord Francis Mountbatten, then Governor- of India, drew up for the partition set forth the following proposals;16

• That the Sikh, Hindu, and Muslim populations of Punjab and Bengal would vote in

referenda within each group; if any wanted partition, then India would be partitioned

into Hindu and Muslim states

• The provinces of Sind and Baluchistan would independently decide their own status

• India would gain its independence by 15 August 1947

• Bengali independence was taken off the table

It is in large part due to the last provision of this plan that we find ourselves in this current predicament. Following the disastrous partition, however, we had established our glorious state, free from the yoke of colonial rule and free to chart our own course. Although we have only discussed our nation until 1947, you will soon see that much of our history for the purposes of our debate will primarily be dictated by relations with our neighbors to the west.

Indo-Pakistani Relations

Nearly immediately after the declaration of independence war with Pakistan broke out over the disputed region of the formerly princely states of Jammu and Kashmir; following a formal declaration of war on 22 October 1947, Indian and Pakistani forces fought over the disputed .17 Initially sparked by tribesmen from Waziristan and the North-West Frontier armed by the Pakistani government, incursions into Jammu and Kashmir provoked a military response by the Nehru government.18 The conflict raged

15 Ibid. 16 “Mountbatten Plan of 3 June, 1947,” accessed from: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/51922/15/15_chapter%208.pdf 17 Schoefield, Victoria. “Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War.” I.B. Tauris, London, 2003. 18 Ibid.

10 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016 until 1 January, 1949, when a ceasefire brokered by the newly-established went into effect. The conflict largely ended in a stalemate, with Pakistan gaining some territories including , but with the Republic of India retaining the Kashmir

Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.19

Following the cease-fire, relations stabilized for a period of time, peppered of course by border skirmishes and the like. Indeed, instability continued to plague the Pakistani nation, but the dispute over Jammu and Kashmir did not boil over until the summer of

1965. In what has come to be known as “Operation ,” Pakistan began launching clandestine military incursions into Indian-Held Kashmir (IHK) with the hopes of sparking an insurgency within Jammu and Ladakh.20 However, this proved to be quite the ill-advised misadventure on behalf of the Pakistani forces. On 5 , between 20-30,000

Pakistani soldiers masquerading as Kashmiri locals breached the dividing

Azad Kashmir with IHK;21 mobilizing rapidly our armies retaliated. However, our aerial might coupled with our generals’ strategic prowess successfully held the Pakistani offensive at bay. Finally, a ceasefire was reached on 23 September 1965, with both the United States and the USSR pressuring our nation as well as Pakistan to halt hostilities. Or, indeed, it could have been that the Pakistani forces found themselves well-outnumbered “nearly 5:1” by our far-superior air force.22 The diagram below shows the current (1965) boundaries of the Line of Control separating Azad Kashmir and IHK.

19 Ibid. 20 Hali, S. M. (R), SI(M). "-an Unmitigated Disaster?" Defence Journal 15, no. 1 (Aug, 2011): 1-49. 21 Ibid. 22 Ibid.

11 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016

The Line of Control (ca. 1965)23

Domestic Affairs

Currently, the , the Honorable Mrs. Indira Gandhi, of the

Indian National Congress Party is leading our nation.24 Daughter of , Indira became a member of Lal Bansur Shashtri’s cabinet in 1964 following her father’s death.25

Running on a platform of “Garibi Hatao,” (or Eradicating Poverty), the Congress Party sought to bolster a weak showing in the polls by appealing to a broader swath of the population with social programs. Indeed, the program proved to be quite an effective mechanism for direct access to local and rural communities, bypassing the mire of caste politics in many of India’s agrarian and underdeveloped states.26

23 http://www.dostpakistan.pk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/line_of_control.jpg 24 Frank, Katherine. Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. Houghton-Mifflin, 2002. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid.

12 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016

However, since partition many issues have plagued India. Food shortages caused by the refugee crisis after partition led to significant strain on our then-nascent economy.

Following an essentially forced liberalization of the rupee at the insistence of foreign aid organizations such as the World Bank, the GDP per capita grew nearly 35% in the 1960’s.27

In addition, investments in industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, and transportation have all proven to be valuable for our nation’s economic well-being. Following the 1965 war, however, defense expenditures made up nearly 25% of total government spending.28

Current Situation

While it’s a great opportunity to raise a toast to Pakistan’s trouble, we shouldn’t be counting our chickens before they hatch. The state of West Bengal (that borders East

Pakistan) has been facing a lot of Marxist and Maoist insurgency in recent times. Maoist extremists called (named after a village in West Bengal called Naxalbari)29 have been wreaking havoc, painting the entire eastern coast as red as they can. Secessionist movements in their neighborhood could spell trouble for our administration and give the naxalites some dangerous ideas. And while it is logically extremely lucrative to support East

Pakistan to finally put Pakistan’s two-state theory to bed and prove a point, it can put us in a very precarious situation.

Furthermore, East Pakistan is a land of 67 million people. When India was partitioned, it led to the uprooting of millions of families and large migration movements, not to forget bloody riots in which millions were massacred and butchered mercilessly. Tensions from the religion-based riots are still felt to date. History tends to repeat itself, and such a repeat

27 Ibid. 28 Hali, “Operation Gibraltar” 29 Appa, G. (1970). The naxalites. New Left Review, 0(61), 34.

13 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016 situation won’t be pretty. India is certainly not in a position right not to accept many refugees as we struggle to provide enough for our current denizens.

While it’s too early in history to pronounce Nixon and Kissinger as the villains who occupied the halls of power in the West, they are the men in charge of United States of

America. And it’s no secret that Nixon is an admirer of General Yahya Khan (and they say

Watergate couldn’t be predicted). Nixon and Kissinger, according to many sources, have been using Pakistan for backroom dealing with China30 and thus that puts them in a position where they would be more inclined to support Pakistan. This puts India in a risky position.

However, it still is 1971, and the Cold War is alive and well. An enemy of an enemy is a friend, and thus there is solace to be found in the halls of the Kremlin. The USSR is a superpower more or less on par with America and this is your chance to rewrite history in a different way.

While the more comfortable and safer route is to support this movement from the shadows and pull the strings without any direct involvement as logic would dictate, this current situation also provides an opportunity to rebalance the power equation of the region.

This could also mean direct confrontation with Pakistan in the least, and perhaps World War

III at worst with USA, USSR and other countries getting involved. Such a risky situation must be carefully analyzed and steps taken must be thought out carefully with a strategy in place.

It would be foolish to not exploit the current situation to help East Pakistan to secede.

And dividing Pakistan could also potentially be an opportunity to make East Pakistan a strong ally, or maybe even annex both halves of Pakistan and fulfill a lifelong dream of having a United India, and reverse an irreversible mistake made by colonizers. But it would

30 Bass, Gary Jonathan. "Don’t Squeeze Yahya" The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, n.d. 102-104. Print.

14 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016 also be foolish to think our immediate neighbors from the Orient and less than friendly hegemonies in the West would take that lying down.

So the course of action depends on you. Freedom, democracy and many other fundamental pillars of society dangle on the scales, along with the lives of millions of humans. Your decisions will dictate how history writes itself, and how India and our committee are remembered many years later.

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Positions

Sardar

Minister of External Affairs, . The External Affairs Ministry is in charge of all foreign relations, which means that Mr. Singh is in charge of India’s diplomacy.

Mr. Singh was a member of the Sikh party, the in the 1940’s before becoming the first Home Minister of Punjab after Independence. He has served in the central cabinet since 1952. He worked in various capacities, but has worked with both China and Pakistan during sensitive negotiations, establishing a friendly dialogue with his fellow diplomats. He is supportive of the Bangladeshi rebels and has argued passionately in the past about the humanitarian situation in East Pakistan.31

Yashwantrao Chavan

Minister of Finance, Government of India. The Ministry of Finance controls the allocation of funding from the central government with the budget, as well as control of both revenue collection and financial regulation. Chavan, born in , has a long history of service as a member of Congress, including Minister of Defense during the 1965 war.

Leaning towards a socialist bent common among the party members, Chavan is the most popular politician from Maharashtra. Although he is unable to entirely alter the budget on his own, his ability to control the allocation of monetary resources will be critical to any military operations.32

31 http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/swaransingh.html 32 http://www.in.com/yashwantrao-chavan/biography-289957.html

16 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016

Jagjivan Ram

Minister of Defense, Government of India. As he is charge of the Ministry of Defense, Ram has the ultimate authority to authorize the distribution of military resources logistically, as well as deciding which units will be authorized to participate in which military theaters. This means that Ram, while not controlling the on-the-ground situations or specific theaters of operation, has the strongest authority by which he can ensure units are supported or in which geographies they will be fighting. Famed for fighting for Dalit rights while also fiercely opposing British rule in Bihar, he went on after independence to serve in the central government. Among many positions, he served as Minister of Labor helping to guarantee

Dalit rights as well as Minister of Food and Agriculture.33

Lt. Gen

General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), , .

Born in Punjab, Aurora served in Burma during World War II under the British after graduating from the Raj’s Military Academy. Since then serving as a distinguished military officer, he was appointed to his current position in 1969. Being in charge of Eastern

Command, he has control of all major units in eastern India. This includes the 8th, 23rd, and

57th divisions near East Pakistan as well as three divisions spread out on India’s borders with China in the east ( and ).Besides these divisions, being an entire command, Aurora also controls engineering corps and military tactical units. 34

33 http://jagjivanramfoundation.nic.in/pdf/Speeches%20in%20Parliament/JAGJIVAN%20RAM- PROFILE.pdf 34 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/06/world/jagjit-singh-aurora-89-indian-war-hero.html

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Lt. Gen Kunhiraman Palat Candeth

General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), , Indian Army.

Born in Kerala, Candeth served as the commanding officer during India’s of as well as the commanding officer against Naga insurgents in Northeastern India.

Controlling the Western Command, Candeth has to battle concerns about Chinese forces as well tough mountain warfare in Kashmir and tank battles in the vast dusty plains of

Rajasthan and Punjab. Western Command controls 5 divisions in Kashmir and Ladakh, 3 in

Jammu, and 5 divisions in Punjab. Western command also controls engineering corps and tactical units, as well as accompanying armored divisions. Candeth must balance the operations of his forces by cooperating with both the diplomatically tense situation with

China as well as the absolutely critical support of the Air Force.35

Admiral Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda

Head of the . Known as a bold commander, Nanda is a strong advocate for a more aggressive posturing of the Indian Navy. He has been a big supporter of purchasing naval equipment from the USSR, as well as for upgrading Indian Naval units for offensive maneuvers instead of defensive ones. The Indian Navy operates out of Visakhapatnam in the Bay of Bengal and out of Cochin on the . Western command includes 2 new missile ships, as well as 12 and 2 submarines. In the East, the Indian Navy has one aircraft carrier, one new missile ship, 4 destroyers, and one submarine. He also has the authority to authorize marine operations.36

35 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lt-gen-k-p-candeth-36784.html 36 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/5551938/Admiral- Sardarilal-Nanda.html

18 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016

Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal

Head of the . Lal served as a reconnaissance pilot in Burma during World

War II, and is considered an expert in providing aerial support to ground operations. In the

Western Command, the Indian Air Force has 6 squadrons of MiG-21s commanded from

Jodhpur and in the east, 3, commanded from Shillong. The air force has received considerable training and support from the USSR, which gives them strength against forces supported by the US such as Pakistan, but the forces of China also use similar equipment and may be more evenly matched. Besides the control of these conventional air forces, Lal also commands the use of missiles and the use of paratrooper units.37

K Sankaran Nair

Head of West Pakistan Desk, Research & Analysis Wing. In Charge of all espionage related activities in Pakistan by India. (miscommunication, etc, but he needs to set up all of these type of these things, there is an existing group obviously but more needed)

Serving for decades first in the British Indian Imperial Police and in the Intelligence

Bureau, Nair has experience setting up intelligence networks in after the departure of the Europeans, as well as working on the numerous issues that have cropped up since the

1965 war in terms of India’s intelligence services. Although there are several deep agents in

Pakistan, he must still work on setting up networks of information that are more relevant to immediate operations. Also, the current model of espionage is focused on supplying information. Although Nair has worked hard to train a different model of operations that is more aggressive, it remains to be seen if this pays off in any operational capacity.38

37 http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Chiefs/257-PC-Lal.html 38 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-raw-chief-shankaran-nair-passes-away/article7887034.ece

19 JCC: East Pakistan Crisis – India PMUNC 2016

PN Banerjee

Head of East Pakistan Desk, Research & Analysis Wing. Banerjee runs the operations in

Eastern India for RAW. With the foresight of the founders of RAW, his officers have already prepared for the training of militias and set up networks of informants in East

Pakistan. He is the sole point of contact for the Indian Government with the opposition leaders in East Pakistan. In fact, rumors suggest he may have a close personal relationship with Mujib, given his operational history of meetings with opposition leaders in countries near India’s Eastern periphery. Although his operators are not equipped yet for the sophisticated sabotage efforts that the West Pakistan desk, they do have an extensive network of Bengalis committed to an independent Bangladesh.39

Brigadier MBK Nair

Head of technical , Research & Analysis Wing. Nair is in charge of RAW’s operations for training new operators and supplying them with the equipment to accomplish their tasks. His division is equipped with enough to arm small militias, as well as launch sabotage missions that may destabilize political situations. He is in contact with Soviet technology experts as well, which gives him the credibility to introduce new tactics in the field. His expertise is crucial to any operations within other nations outside India, as well as to the training of new operators.40

Siddhartha Shankar Ray - Minister of Information and Broadcasting, Minister of

Education

39 http://www.dailyo.in/politics/1971-bangladesh-war-research-and-analysis-wing-rn-kao-pakistan-army- indian-army/story/1/7972.html 40 Ibid.

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Born into one of the most prominent families in all of Bengal, Ray is close friends with Ajoy

Mukherjee, the Chief Minister of West Bengal. A longtime member of Congress, he is a close ally of Indira Gandhi41 who has recently appointed him Minister of Information and

Broadcasting in addition to his role as Minister of Education. His Bengali background and ministry powers mean he has the best ability to influence the people of Bengal on both sides of the border. He controls all public dissemination of information by the central government in India. He also is able to garner the support of businessmen in , his ancestral home, and in Calcutta.

41 http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/siddhartha-shankar-ray-aristocrat-bengali- politician

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