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Garcia-Guerrero-Tesis-16-17.Pdf (11.58Mb) UNIVERSIDAD PABLO DE OLAVIDE Departamento de Deporte e Informática TESIS DOCTORAL ‘Estudio comparativo de la práctica de actividades físico-deportivas en los espacios urbanos entre universitarios italianos y españoles’ D. SEBASTIÁN GARCÍA GUERRERO Sevilla, 2017 DIRIGIDA POR: D. Juan Carlos Fernández Truan D. Domenico Tafuri UNIVERSIDAD PABLO DE OLAVIDE DEPARTAMENTO DE DEPORTE E INFORMÁTICA TESIS DOCTORAL CON MENCIÓN INTERNACIONAL INTERNATIONAL PHD THESIS “ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE LA PRÁCTICA DE ACTIVIDADES FÍSICO-DEPORTIVAS EN LOS ESPACIOS URBANOS ENTRE UNIVERSITARIOS ITALIANOS Y ESPAÑOLES” PRESENTADA POR SEBASTIÁN GARCÍA GUERRERO SEVILLA, 2017 DIRIGIDA POR: D. JUAN CARLOS FERNÁNDEZ TRUAN, PhD. (Departamento de Deporte e Informática, Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, España) D. DOMENICO TAFURI, PhD. (Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Italia) DEDICATORIA A mi hermano Antonio Manuel, A mis padres Isabel y Sebastián, A mis abuelos Antonio y Carmen, Sebastián y Mª del Carmen, A toda mi familia y amigos. Por todo el amor recibido, Por todo lo aprendido y vivido juntos, Porque sin vosotros no se explica mi vida. AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco enormemente a mi Director de Tesis, el Dr. Juan Carlos Fernández Truan su inestimable ayuda y su valiosa amistad, ya que no hubiese sido posible llegar hasta aquí sin él. Ringrazio a tutta la famiglia Minucci, per tutto quello che ho ricevuto da loro, la sua amicizia, ospitalità, e affetto, in speciale al mio grande amico Eugenio che apprezzo tantissimo e voglio tanto bene. Gracias a Antonia Sáez Diaz y Raúl Vega Mateo, por su categoría profesional y sus sabios consejos, figuras fundamentales ambos en este proyecto. A Mercedes, por tu apoyo y compañía durante este periodo de nuestras vidas. RESUMEN La presente tesis realiza un análisis y evaluación del estado de las actividades físico-deportivas en los espacios urbanos entre la población universitaria de las ciudades de Sevilla y Nápoles, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario de investigación “P.A.R.Q.U.E.” (Physical Activity Research Questionnaire of Urban Environment). Así mismo hace énfasis en la necesidad de contar con una estrategia de planificación urbana, en la que se tengan en cuenta este tipo de actividades físico-deportivas, como elemento fundamental para el futuro diseño de nuestras ciudades, a fin de convertirlas en lugares más funcionales y que proporcionen una mayor calidad de vida. Los beneficios de la actividad física han sido justificados desde diversos prismas: psicológico, histórico, sociológico, económico y sanitario. Siendo las actividades que se desarrollan en los espacios urbanos, las de mayor valor estratégico debido a la tendencia futura de incremento de las poblaciones urbanas. En el primer capítulo se detalla una introducción de las cuestiones que nos han empujado a realizar este estudio. El segundo capítulo se refiere al marco teórico y en el que se analiza el entorno donde se desarrollan las actividades físicas urbanas y se definen los conceptos asociados al espacio y las estructuras urbanas. Además, se detalla la evolución histórica del término de deporte y sus clasificaciones, así como una introducción a los conceptos de deporte urbano, taxonomías, características y se analizan los equipamientos urbanos que serán objeto del estudio de campo. El tercer capítulo establece la metodología empleada para nuestra investigación, que ha sido de tipo mixto, combinando el trabajo descriptivo histórico-documental y de análisis experimental mediante el diseño, validación y aplicación de un cuestionario creado expresamente para esta investigación. En el capítulo cuarto, se presentan los resultados obtenidos y su procedimiento de análisis estadístico. En el capítulo quinto, se realiza el análisis y la interpretación de los resultados que se han obtenido y Resumen/Sintesi en los que se confirma nuestra hipótesis alternativa. En el sexto se presentan las conclusiones finales. Por último, en el séptimo capítulo se reflexiona acerca de las implicaciones futuras que puedan derivar de esta investigación y se detallan las limitaciones que se han tenido durante el desarrollo de nuestro estudio, y se muestran sugerencias para posibles futuras investigaciones. VII SINTESI Questa tesi analizza e valuta la situazione delle attività fisiche e sportive in spazi urbani nella popolazione universitaria tra le città di Siviglia e Napoli, mediante l'applicazione di un questionario di ricerca "P.A.R.Q.U.E." (Physical Activity Research Questionnaire of Urban Environment). Sottolinea inoltre la necessità di una strategia di pianificazione urbana, in cui questo tipo di attività fisiche e sportive vengano prese in considerazione, in quanto fondamentale per il futuro disegno delle nostre città, in modo da rendere esse, posti più funzionali e fornire una migliore qualità di vita. I benefici dell'attività fisica sono stati giustificati sotto i prismi della salute fisica e psicologica, storico, sociologico ed economico, essendo le attività che si svolgono nelle aree urbane, quelle di maggior valore strategico perché il futuro trend di aumento popolazioni urbane. Nel primo capitolo si introducono le questioni che ci hanno spinto a intraprendere questo studio. Il secondo capitolo fa riferimento al quadro teorico, e vengono analizzati e definiti i concetti relativi alle strutture di spazio urbano e l'ambiente in cui si sviluppano le attività fisiche. Inoltre, si riflette sull'evoluzione storica del termine dello sport e delle sue classificazioni, nonché un'introduzione ai concetti dello sport urbano, tassonomie, le caratteristiche e l'analisi delle strutture urbane che saranno bersaglio dello studio di campo. Il terzo capitolo stabilisce la metodologia per la nostra ricerca, che è stata di tipo misto, unendo il lavoro storico descrittivo e l'analisi sperimentale attraverso la progettazione, la convalida e l'applicazione di un questionario creato appositamente per questa ricerca. Nel quarto capitolo, si presentano i risultati ottenuti e il metodo di analisi statistico. Nel capitolo quinto, viene fatto l'analisi e l'interpretazione dei risultati ottenuti e dove la nostra ipotesi alternativa è confermata. Nel sesto si ottengono le conclusioni finali. Per concludere, nel settimo capitolo si riflette sulle future implicazioni che possono derivare da PhD Thesis Sebastián García questa ricerca e le limitazioni che sono state presenti duranto lo svolgimento del nostro studio, e si mostrano i suggerimenti per possibili future ricerche. VIII 1. INTRODUCCION. 1 2. MARCO CONCEPTUAL Y ANTECEDENTES. 5 2.1 ESPACIO URBANO. 7 2.1.1. CONCEPTO DE ESPACIO. 7 2.1.2. EL ESPACIO PÚBLICO. 8 2.1.3. EL ESPACIO URBANO. 13 2.1.4. ESTRUCTURA URBANA. 23 2.1.5. METABOLISMO URBANO. 27 2.1.6. TIPOS DE ESPACIOS URBANOS. 32 2.1.7. ÍNDICES URBANOS. 45 2.1.8. EQUIPAMIENTO URBANO. 48 2.1.8.1. Mobiliario urbano. 50 2.1.8.1. Paramentos. 70 Índice 2.2. ANÁLISIS CONCEPTUAL DEL DEPORTE. 86 2.2.1. EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DEL TÉRMINO DEPORTE. 86 2.2.2. CONCEPTOS DE DEPORTE. 88 2.2.3. CLASIFICACIONES DEL DEPORTE. 90 2.2.4. MANIFESTACIONES DEL DEPORTE. 93 2.2.5. EL DEPORTE PARA TODOS. 96 2.2.6. EL DEPORTE ALTERNATIVO. 97 2.3. LAS ACTIVIDADES FÍSICO-DEPORTIVAS URBANAS. 98 2.3.1. CONCEPTOS DE DEPORTE URBANO. 98 2.3.2. TAXONOMIAS DE ACTIVIDADES FÍSICO-DEPORTIVAS URBANAS. 108 2.3.3. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS TIPOS Y MODALIDADES DE ACTIVIDADES 110 FÍSICO-DEPORTIVAS URBANAS. IX 2.3.4. EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LOS ESPACIOS URBANOS DEPORTIVOS. 196 2.3.5. EL CONTEXTO URBANO DE SEVILLA Y NÁPOLES. 284 2.3.5.1. Contexto urbano de Sevilla. 284 2.3.5.2.Contexto urbano de Nápoles. 290 2.3.5.3. Análisis comparativo estructural entre Sevilla y Nápoles. 295 2.4. REVISIONES DE ESTUDIOS PRECEDENTES SOBRE LAS 299 ACTIVIDADES FÍSICO-DEPORTIVAS EN ESPACIOS URBANOS. 3. METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. 317 3.1. IDENTIFICACIÓN Y DELIMITACIÓN DEL TEMA DE 319 INVESTIGACIÓN. 3.2. OBJETIVOS DEL ESTUDIO. 319 3.2.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL. 319 3.2.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS. 320 3.3. FORMULACIÓN DE HIPÓTESIS. 320 3.4. DISEÑO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN: 320 3.4.1. PERSPECTIVA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. 320 PhD Thesis Sebastián García 3.4.2. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LAS VARIABLES. 321 3.4.3. SELECCIÓN DE LA MUESTRA. 323 3.4.4. ELABORACIÓN DEL INSTRUMENTO. 325 3.4.5. VALIDACIÓN Y FIABILIDAD DEL INSTRUMENTO. 326 3.5. FASES DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. 329 4. RESULTADOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. 333 4.1. PROCEDIMIENTO DE ANÁLISIS. 335 4.2. RECOGIDA DE LOS DATOS. 336 4.3. RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS. 336 X 4.3.1. APARTADO “A” DEL CUESTIONARIO (VARIABLES 336 SOCIODEMOGRÁFICAS). 4.3.2. APARTADO “B1” DEL CUESTIONARIO (ACTIVIDAD FFSIC 337 CONVENCIONAL). 4.3.3. APARTADO “B2” DEL CUESTIONARIO (ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA URBANA). 442 4.3.4. COMPARATIVA DE PERFILES B1 Y B2. ANÁLISIS SEGÚN TIPO DE 350 PRÁCTICA FÍSICO-DEPORTIVA (CONVENCIONAL O URBANA). 4.3.5. APARTADO “C” DEL CUESTIONARIO (CARACTERÍSTICAS DE ACTIVIDAD 352 FÍSICA URBANA PRACTICADA). 5. DISCUSIÓN. 359 5.1. ANÁLISIS E INTERPRETACIÓN DE LOS RESULTADOS. 361 5.2. VERIFICACIÓN DE LAS HIPÓTESIS FORMULADAS. 375 6. CONCLUSIONES. 377 7. IMPLICACIONES, LIMITACIONES Y SUGERENCIAS. 381 7.1. IMPLICACIONES APORTADAS POR LA INVESTIGACIÓN. 383 Índice 7.2. LIMITACIONES DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN. 383 7.3. SUGERENCIAS PARA FUTURAS INVESTIGACIONES. 384 8. BIBLIOGRAFÍA. 385 9. ANEXOS. 405 9.1. AGRUPACIÓN DE RESPUESTAS EN PRUEBA PILOTO. 407 9.2. CODIFICACIÓN DE CUESTIONARIO PARA ANÁLISIS DE DATOS. 412 9.3. CUESTIONARIO P.A.R.Q.U.E. (ESPAÑOL). 426 9.4. CUESTIONARIO P.A.R.Q.U.E. (ITALIANO). 435 XI NOTA: Por criterios de simplicidad y fluidez en la redacción y lectura de esta investigación, se ha intentado en todo momento evitar perífrasis (cincunloquios) en el uso de su escritura, a fin de evitar un lenguaje que fuese poco práctico. En la redacción de la Tesis se han seguido las normas de estilo, tanto para citas como para referencias bibliográficas, de la American Psychological Association (A.P.A.), 6ª edición.
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