I. Race, Gender, and Asian American Sporting Identities

Dat Nguyen is the only Vietnamese American drafted by a National Football League team. He was an All-American at Texas A & M University (1998) and an All-Pro for the Dallas Cowboys (2003). Bookcover image: http://www.amazon.com/Dat-Tackling-Life-NFL-Nguyen/dp/1623490634 Truck company Gullwing featured two Japanese Americans in their platter of seven of their “hottest skaters,” Skateboarder Magazine, January 1979.

2 Amerasia Journal 41:2 (2015): 2-24 10.17953/ aj.41.2.2

Skate and Create , Asian Pacific America, and Masculinity

Amy Sueyoshi

In the early 1980s, my oldest brother, a senior in high school, would bring home a different girl nearly every month, or so the family myth goes. They were all white women, punkers in leath- er jackets and ripped jeans who exuded the ultimate in cool. I thought of my brother as a rock star in his ability to attract so many edgy, beautiful women in a racial category that I knew at the age of nine was out of our family’s league. As unique as I thought my brother’s power of attraction to be, I learned later that numerous Asian stars rocked the stage in my brother’s world of skateboarding. A community of intoxicatingly rebellious Asian and Pacific Islander men thrived during the 1970s and 1980s within a skater world almost always characterized as white, if not blatantly racist. These men’s positioning becomes particularly notable during an era documented as a time of crippling emas- culation for Asian American men. magazines, inter- views, and memoirs detail how API boys and men found a home and an identity in the apparently white world of skateboarding. Asian Pacific American men formed a loose fraternity of die-hard individualists, alongside whites and other people of color across broadly middle-class backgrounds. For these youth, race mat- tered less than their love of skating in forging friendships, even as they identified unquestionably as Asian in America. Addition- ally, these young men never questioned the legitimacy or consti- tution of their masculinity nor saw themselves as subverting a racialized superstructure of emasculation in a sport that appeared definitively manly. They sought to simply have fun and feel free

Amy Sueyoshi is the Associate Dean of the College of Ethnic Studies at State University. She is the author of Queer Compulsions and has a second book titled Sex Acts forthcoming with University of Colorado Press.

3 4 Amerasia Journal 2015 stupid.” skaters are proud tosubscribeasinglebinarychoice,“skateorbe Borden, to According values. American normative rejects that being with its own aesthetics, language, music, and even junk food describes skateboarding as “counter cultural,”atotalizing way of strative irreverence against authority and institutions. Iain Borden demon- of sport fringe a as skating documented frequently have Geographers, sociologists, and other skateboarding specialists Scholarship onSkateboarding sional sportsthatcametoembodyrebellious American manhood. built uponpracticeandskillinoneofthemostmasculineprofes- brotherhood a form to confidence and ease with race across men American media insisted were castrated—joined hands with other activity with racist roots. More significantly, these API men—who curiously, perhaps belonging, found skaters an Islander Pacific in tering skatersofcolor. Expressly opposedto“groupthink,” Asian history ofskateboarding, too,mighttakeonnewmeaningbycen- The 1980s. and 1970s the in masculinities Islander Pacific Asian erasure hasnotablysquashedthepublicproliferation ofrobust This sport. the within success American Pacific Asian tounding Racism withinthedocumentationofskateboarding haserasedas- whitewashed. become have sport the on discourses how expose mained conventionallymasculinist. re- it as even anti-conformist distinctly space, alternative an in thrived league baseball or basketball a joining of instead “rip” to among otheryouthwhoacceptedthem. API skaterswhochose racialized as teenagers viewed it as merely an exotic edge to the the to edge exotic an merely as it viewed teenagers as racialized de- became even Hawai‘i and Islands Pacific the from surfing in were safeandchildren could gooutalone.”Skateboarding’s roots rican Americans. Itsymbolizeda“more carefree timewhenstreets neighborhoods increasingly populatedby Asians, Latinos,and Af- preferred who whites for fromcifically away be crowded to urban spe- activity leisure a as it marked streets suburban spacious and threatening totheirwell-being.Skateboarding’s birthfrom quiet growth in populations of people of color, whites perceived them as America of the 1950s. As experienced an unprecedented chim placed skateboarding’s beginnings intheconformist middle YoChivers Emily critic - Media whiteness. reactionary of site a as sport the characterizing by skateboarding-as-rebellion of views romanticized pervasive these challenged significantly more have “Skate toCreate” spotlights theexperiencesof API skatersto 2 Scholars working at the intersection of race and gender Scholarsworkingattheintersectionofraceandgender 1

Skate and Create 5 - - 3 - fueled sales by pro Within these narra- these Within 5 4 aligned with other productions of aligned with other productions Skateboarding’s inextricable relationship to punk rock fur to punk rock inextricable relationship Skateboarding’s More More recent scholarship further underscores - skateboard Skateboarding and Asian Pacific America Pacific Asian and Skateboarding as a lighthearted has appeared America, skateboarding Asian In recreational pursuit or an activity associated with whites. In moting their “Skate and Destroy” slogan through destructive and mid- suburban white, to appealing at aimed characters militaristic dle-class adolescents. Thrasher popular culture as well as governmental discourse that marketed exaggerated white masculinity as a backlash against civil rights and feminism during the 1980s. Curry Malott and Milagros Peña have also asserted that racist and misogynist elements of punk study on in their skateboarding from inseparable are culture rock rock. the rise of anti-racist and feminist punk ther reinforced its relationship to white supremacy, according to according to white supremacy, its relationship ther reinforced Konstatin Butz. “White males” who comprise the primary par embraced punk culture skate and skateboarding both of ticipants anx- grew they as discourse “minority” appropriated that music ious about losing their own hegemonic status. Butz noted that Thrasher magazine the leading skateboarding defiant sport. According toYochim, the skate life as a cultural movement became a site of young white men “reveling in adoles- the all of masculinity, dominant norms and “mocking cent humor” while maintaining its at power the people of expense of women, whites.” and working class homosexuals, color, ing’s neoconservative underpinnings. Kinesiologist Kyle Kusz rise in popularity as an extreme outlined how skateboarding’s African against the entry of white men from a reaction sport was of sports. The celebration into professional American athletes in fact pioneering, and masculinizing” sports as “hearty, extreme masculinity” within white to “recenter white desires expressed American national and, therefore, sports culture mainstream sportsmen and their “insatiable appetite” for Extreme identity. risk and adventure became the contemporary “American - fron tiersmen,” heroic (white) men living in a modern jungle filled with new dangers and challenges. tives in which skateboarding becomes inextricably linked to - neo Asians conservativism, and Pacific Islanders, along with women, can appear only as objects of queers, and other people of color, hate, rather than as actual skaters, even in an America growing brown. increasingly 6 Amerasia Journal 2015 that, “alotof Asians viewitasawhitesport.” noted Washington,1996 of in University Seattle, at junior a Lee, Huy Vietnameseculture,American popular American Asian of increasing ofthis midst ofskateboarding incorporation aspart definitively mark the sport as a part of Asian America. Asian of part a as sport the mark definitively American concentration camp during World War II, would more Japanese Manzanar,a at documentary skateboard a produce to ready beenskatingforatleastthree decades,thiscollaboration titled video Renee a create filmmaker to Asian American Tajima-Peña Asian American consumer culture, teamed upwith renowned ture. In2001,GiantRobot,considered tobethearbiterof“cool” plicitly asanunquestionablepartof Asian American popularcul- American Kien Lieu, also known as the “Donger.”the as known also Lieu, Kien American VietnameseChinese WillyFilipino and American Hosoi, Santos, Christian Hawaiian Native and Japanese American as such zine, Kenneth Li profiled a number of professional skaters in 1994 In skaters. of Asian American visibility the raised actively himself, “that’swhoIam,andI’mnotwhite.” time did not associate skateboarding with any race thought to asked whyheengaged insomething “white.”Lam, who atthe ed questionsfrom other Asian Americans inSanFranciscowho sity and Emory University. Skater Jimmy Lam in the 1980s field- Univer Stanford including institutions, of number a at policies eral lightning rods for the implementation of anti-harassment woman by a “white student on a skateboard” became one of sev - on theCalPolyPomonacampustwoyearslateragainstan Asian attack racial a note, serious more a On Angeles. Los in festival a skateboarding programmedannual Japanese demonstrationintheir American also 1987 in organizers Week Nisei concert. dance “InnovAsian” his in failing and skateboard to how learn Diego Dance Theater, incorporated achildhood scene oftryingto 1985, Carl Yamamoto, a dancer and the artistic director of the San a skateboard afterbeingrude tohisgrandfather. ror Say publishedachildren’s picturein theMir- booktitledStranger Allen illustrator American Asian and winner Medal Caldecott “To go and skate Manzanar is such a brilliant thing. . .to take a take .to . thing. brilliant a such is Manzanar skate and “Togo the in remarkedMargaret Cho icon American further act of validation, acclaimed comedian, actress, and Asian in which a disrespectful boy Sam is saved only through riding Not untilthe2000s would skateboarding appearmore ex- Since the 1990s,the Since the Asian American communityhasmore Though Asian Pacific Americans had al - had Americans Skate Manzanar.Pacific Asian Though 9 6 Los AngelesTimes , 8 Yet, even in the 7 A yearlater A. Maga- 10 In a - Skate and Create 7 - - teetering on teetering on - “Wal Tom Kubo, featured in an eight-page interview 15 would go would go In 2009, Skate Manzanar Skateboarder Skateboarder 12 Skateboarder would however, Tajima-Peña, have a less would additionally solicit the solicit the Giant Robot would additionally 11 13 He had moved to Santa Monica, California in 14 For sure, Asian Pacific Americans have played a central Skateboarding magazines, in fact, featured Asian Americans Asian magazines, in fact, featured Skateboarding had heralded him as a “top pro.” on exhibit at the Japanese American National Museum, in per Asian in act of legitimating skateboarding haps the most formal American culture. - acknowl she While video. own her of interpretation celebratory an outsider sport as of skateboarding conceptions edged popular noted, she places, public or corporate of sanctity the violates that the “At of irreverence Manzanar, skateboarding is no match for the violations of history.” creators creators of the popular Uglydoll, David Horvath and Sun-Min Kim, as well as graffiti artist David Choe tocreate graphic de- art.American Despite Asian to be sold as signs on Asian the in on take to come has skateboarding role central the continues on skateboarding scholarship hipster scene, American to render Asian Americans and other people of color virtually absent. role in skateboarding since its revival in the 1970s and 1980s, a fact never forgotten among many old timers in the community. July On 19, Saturday, 2014, close to a hundred surfers, many of - skateboard the in years thirty than more of evidence bore whom Pier in Southern paddled Cali- out along Venice ing community, fornia to memorialize the passing of Shogo Kubo. As one of the original Z-Boys, the Zephyr skateboard team that supposedly its smooth, to “cool” through changed the face of skateboarding style, Kubo had been surfer-inspired a in pioneering skate- force history. board 1971 from Japan at the age of 12, speaking only Japanese. He had He Japanese. only speaking 12, of age the at Japan from 1971 difficulty adjusting, really not developing the confidence to con- Surfing and other sports, years later. verse in English until three helped however, things go “smoother.” And within a handful of years, Kubo would gain national fame as a skateboarder with “sublime style.” In 1979, prominently prominently in a number of issues in the late 1970s. In October before years two just 1977, horrible, painful memory and reclaim it by skating it is so punk is so punk it by skating it reclaim painful memory and horrible, rock—it’s so cool.” ly” Inouye appeared on the cover of the magazine the inside edge of a massive pipe. concrete “Did he make it? . . . look inside,” the magazine teased. a Seventy-six se pages later, kneepads orange in Inouye showed photographs three of quence 8 Amerasia Journal 2015 skaters, orhalfofthegroup, were Asian PacificIslander. just.” ad- to have to going am I know I different. really is “This ment, aggressive skate style, supposedly responded with just one com- throughout the baggage claim area.” Ho, stunned by the Z-Boys’ ing in between the passengers, and “causing general skate havoc “Dogtown stylehowzit,”shredding downtheescalators,skat- Boys including Kubo greeted him, and proceeded with the usual Z- three time, first his for U.S. continental the visit to plane the offSizzler.”came “Hawaiian Ho up-and-coming As an as Hot” “Who’s column the under appeared Ho 16-year-oldDarrensue, and a yellow t-shirt skating out without a hitch. In the same is 16 Inthissceneofpublicdisruption, notablytwoofthefour Tom “Wally” Inouye atoldUplandPipelineSkateparkin 1977, SkateboarderMagazine,September1977. Photograph by Cassimus - Skate and Create 9 - - - - 17 19 such With a significant proportionof Asians and 18 Kenneth Li counted hundreds of Asian Ameri- Asian of hundreds Kenneth Li counted A. Magazine’s Moreover, Asian Americans,Pacific many ofMoreover, them of mixed Pacific Islander skaters, their participation signals than more self-hating masochistic, of a group of presence the marginal just Americans who engaged in what many skateboarding Asian Indeed, sport. supremacist white a as documented have scholars Asian in “overrepresentation” skateboarding might signal a dif- ferent kind of “model minority” than the image that conserva- other against Asians pit to campuses college from extracted tives people of color. tainly be infused with racism and reactionary whiteness, Asian Asian whiteness, reactionary tainly be infused with racism and the skating com- remember American skaters for the most part munity as one of racial tolerance where different people could ability. their skating for purely be judged and together come Wallace Sueyoshi remembers being drawn to skaters because rock‘n’roll 1970s the “In race. about judgmental less seemed they was a white person thing and all the other people had to listen to liked he if asked being also remembers He disco.” or music soul low-rider or high-rider cars. Sueyoshi—who leaned more to- with whites, and liked low-rid- synonymous a genre rock, wards ers, cars associated with Chicanos—hung out with ease among A Place for Asian Pacific Americans Pacific Asian for Place A While the early history of skateboarding in the 1950s may cer ballero, ballero, and Lester Kasai, all of Japanese consistently ancestry, placed in the top five,often wrangling for pole position with , who would later become the most commercially famous skater. Professional skateboarder Jeff Pang noted that “super-cool, with their American skaters in fact “rule[d]” Asian - contemporary skateboard style of lingoized, secret-handshake” the of some were skaters American Asian remembers Pang ing. stylish skateboarders.” “most consistent and can skaters professional in the 1990s who collectively comprised Nation- the of members registered of percent twenty significant a al Skateboarding Association. The proportion of Asian Pacific pro the matched nearly skateboarding professional in Islanders portion API of undergraduate students at University of Califor nia, Davis as well as University of California, San Diego during national the of percent three up made only Asians a time when population. heritage, dominated skateboarding competitions through the the through competitions skateboarding dominated heritage, 1980s. Skaters such as , Inouye, Tom Steve Ca 10 Amerasia Journal 2015 skate andthat’scool,ifyoucan’tskate,thenleave.” than yourskincolor:“Ifyoucanskate,then skill rather inclusion in the skating community would be dictated byyour Sueyoshi, to According culture.” the with along spirit fighting you down.Iwasinthewar,I soonappreciated but theJapanese him, “Don’tlettheseracistpeopleintheneighborhood bring friendscalledoutto in SanFrancisco,oneofhisgrandfather’s California. all recounted ofracismfrom moments of outside whiteskaters Turner,Jovontae an Francisco fromSan African skater American from” in thelate1980s.Notably, Lam,alongwithUyehara and in Lam’s neighborhood told him, “go back towhere youcame lived One who Asian skater schools. American public Francisco ful of Chinese American students rather than whites in the San hand- a from discrimination most the facing remembers Kong, from1980 in States United the Hong to family his with migrated race, as wellas nationality and gender. Jimmy Lam, who im was hardly immune from larger structural prejudices around the time,appreciated andrecognized hissuccess. at attended he University,school State the Diego San at “jocks” surfer white the even that recalled Uyehara paraphernalia. ing sportinggoodsstore byincorporatingskateboard- his father’s 1980s despitebeing“small.”Uyehara,asateenager, hadgrown the during male Asian an as minimized felt never too Uyehara County.Cruz Santa Kent in her to “Jap” out yell would time to in herdailylifeCalifornia,astrangeronthestreet from time tion inNorthCarolina, astateshe had imagined as racist, while, competi- a to traveled she when even fromskaters, racism faced having not remembers Oyama “colorblind.” as community ing 41 from corner the around lived who Bright, Phillip friend his of picnic family a attended eyoshi Su- When heritage. his of proud be to occasion one than more white skatershebefriendedinthelate1960stoldSueyoshion tent culturaltastes. Additionally, thefamiliesandfriendsof his skaterfriendswhocaredhis apparentlyabout little inconsis the imprint“I’mnotPeggy.” Inherearlydecadesofskating that she has joked with a friend about getting a t-shirt with 1970s, the from skater professional woman American Japanese other one the Oki, Peggy for mistaken been Oyama had often So discrimination. of incidents clearest the recounted Oyama While API skaters generally felt accepted, the skate world skate the accepted, felt generally skaters API While skat- the remember both Uyehara Kent and Oyama Judi 22 As awoman inaman’s world of skateboarding, st Avenue and Noriega Street Noriega and Avenue 21 20 - - Skate and Create 11 - - 23 Unfazed by Castration Unfazed by While Jimmy Lam claimed that skateboarding did nothing for ele- became Hosoi Christian as such skaters other appeal, sex his adopted he that so much so 1980s, the in status god-like to vated he took to the aerials where the nickname “Christ” for one of his body in the shape of a cross. air with his arms out to the side, his Hosoi, perhaps the most famous Asian PacificAmerican skate- pulled in $350,000 annually in the mid-1980s through boarder, during decks skateboard Hosoi his of sale the and endorsements a time when the average salary Associ for a National Basketball ation player hovered at $300,000. Celebrities such as River Phoe- River as such Celebrities $300,000. at hovered player ation Ho friends. of circle his up made Ice-T and Boys, Beastie the nix, soi “I remembered, could have anything I wanted, do whatever I wanted,” which included “girls, cars, and drugs.” While most con- day typical Hosoi’s classroom, school high a in sat teenagers and lying on Beach boardwalk sisted of skating along the Venice the beach with “a bikini-clad girl or two.” Hosoi’s long-time ri- him make to skateboarding needed he that noted Hawk Tony val attractive to women, unlike Hosoi, for whom skateboarding just charismatic and compelling masculinity to amplified his already ridiculous heights. So popular had Hosoi grown in his manly appeal that at vertical skate competitions white women would walked on to the ramp and cheer hysterically for him when he in the next moment boo and hiss with equal fervor when Hawk At appeared. a young age, Hosoi reached what he perceived as which he described as “the bot- sex, power,” the apex of “money, pink hot donned and long hair his wore He man.” a for line tom shirts with no concern that rivals such as Hawk mistook him for a girl. Hosoi declared, “I don’t care what people think, and I as well, sponsors often overlooked her because she did not fit the “blonde, surfer ideal” even as she took home trophies from countless competitions—no matter that the original surfer from the Pacific Islands likely more looked similar to Oyama than the golden-haired “California girl.” Oyama also made a deliberate decision to move towards timed competitions such as slalom or of partial than place her fate in the hands speed skating rather judges who would subjectively score her performance in areas skat- of that in the world insists she Still, skating. pool as such to become a actually aspire Asian woman, could ing, she, as an - magazines as pre in skateboarding and be featured professional had. vious skaters like 12 Amerasia Journal 2015 selves nor their romantic realities. Kent Uyehara remembers Ho- - senseofthem impacttheir didnot Dong Duk Sing andLong however,models, role Hop as Hosoi Christian and Kasai, Lester themselves asattractivetowhite America. try thatdiscussed thestruggles of Asian American men asserting en- an in student exchange asexual the invoked still 2010 in Guy postbyGeeky “Donger” debutedinSixteenCandles,ablog Asian the after years 26 even that, masculinity American Asian shaped “attractive.” So powerfully has the 1984 image of Long Duk Dong as men upon Asianlooked she screen,when appearedon Reeves Keanu until be not would it played, they roles assertive more the TakeiGeorge and for Iwamatsu Mako as such actors appreciated stereotype.” “typical the embodied sincethey Dong she Though Duk Long and Sing Hop about embarrassed feeling remembers Oyama Judi Skater “shameful.” particularly as 1980s the in linity mascu- American Asian of representations described Lee Bobby comedian film, in men on Asian American documentary a Screen, In queer. or effeminate, asexual, as men American Asian of representations film Hollywood pervasive negotiated America Asian how detailed Shimizu Parreñas Celine theorist Cultural in and anasexual,nerdy foreign DukDong exchangestudentLong series television the from Sing Hop character houseboy tion in movies, television, and popular culture broadly. The servile decades are oftencitedastheheightof Asian American emascula- same very these when noteworthy particularly become 1980s and age of women or a masculine sense of themselves. short- no have to appeared also skaters American Asian other them inallthecontests.” boy, smoke a I I’m when that enough soon out say.find They’ll won’t cutmyhairforthemoranyoneelse,nomatterwhatthey culating mediaimages. not having a girlfriend to his Japanese shyness, rather than emas- attributed He do.” to what know “didn’t he but him proached point weighed just over 90 pounds, also one noted that girls frequently ap- at who Uyehara, Kent 1980s. the in school high in girlfriend a that?”—had to attracted who’s rats, skate sweaty of bunch a “we’re exclaimed, Lam—who Even all.” it had I fame. lero also remembered that “I had the girls, themoney, and the Sixteen Candlesbecameiconsof Asian masculineimpotence. For many API men skaters who looked up to Shogo Kubo, Shogo to up looked who skaters men API many For 1970s the in skaters well-respected male and Asian Confident Hosoi, by experienced life” rock-star “full the from Aside 26 24 27 25 Steve Cabal- Bonanza Slanted Slanted

Skate and Create 13 as Sixteen Candles , May 1979. Skateboarder Magazine, May API skaters never felt emasculated growing up up growing emasculated felt never skaters API 28 Shogo Kubo at old Marina Del Rey in 1979, Shogo Kubo Photograph by Miller by Photograph soi and the crowds of white women who screamed after him at at him after who screamed of white women the crowds and soi that knew Uyehara Though 1980s. the during competition each - profession among even unique was appeal sex amplified Hosoi’s al skaters, he did not think that Long Duk Dong even remotely represented how others viewed him. Uyehara was a Japanese could he which in “manly” sport a in skater immersed American competitors. So “manly” did see his own image amongst the top that “wom- appear that people typically assumed skateboarding skate.” don’t en a “stupid, Hollywood movie” that meant nothing to him. Lam, who may have the most similar history to the fictional character the United in born not he was because solely Dong Duk Long States, also felt the character had little impact on him. in the 1970s and 1980s. Sueyoshi remembered 14 Amerasia Journal 2015 with, “Are you sure?” Kubo retorted, “Maybe you, asshole.” you, “Maybe retorted, Kubo sure?” you “Are with, more him prodded Jay When that.” me asked ever has Nobody No. you. “Fuck answered, sister, Kubo his was Oki Peggy mate team- thought ever people if him asked and Kubo Shogo viewed grounds from othercommunities ofcolor. their Asian heritage to the public even if they were of mixed back- joke from anoldfriend.Infact, many consistentlydeclared only a of form the in even idiocy racial tolerate to refusing identities, Asian their in secure unforgivingly remained skaters early These other skatersofcolor. and Islander Pacific of Asian number significant a mentored both Hosoi and Inouye became established in the skateboarding world, that skateboarding wasaworldinwhichtheydidnotbelong. As Nishi playedacriticalrole asanikebanainstructor. Joanne aunt her which for exhibit arrangement flower the view and odori, bon watch teriyaki, chicken eat to festival, summer Japanese a MontereyObon, American the attended annually too skater.Oyamaa be to “normal” was it believed me,” like anese Hosoi and Uyehara, who saw many professional skaters as “Jap- held up shin-Issei Shogo Kubo as his “original skate hero.” Both circles. Christian Hosoi, who strove to be “Bruce Lee on wheels,” all-Asian in socialize not to chose they as even American Asian Latinos and African Americans, aswell Asians andwhites. hara, andLam“hungout”inmulti-racialgroups ofstudentswith Bay Uye- Francisco Area,Sueyoshi, San the proliferatedin Asians American-born versus foreign-born of groups social when lege, Asian col- and school withhigh both In 1980s. and 1970s in Americans exclusively socialize to not chose also irrelevant seemed representations media negative whom for skaters Notably, these Proud toBe Asian self, “Who is this this is “Who self, him- to thought he 1970s late the in parks skate various of ing eyoshi heard aboutTom Inouyeshowingupatthegrandopen- 1980s. the in community small very a of part a was he that knew and “skater,” and “Asian” as identified strongly still Hosoi, Christian as such skaters professional Islander Pacific Asian in himself see failed toshowup,Sueyoshiwas“pissed.” a 1978 pool contest in Newark, California because a promisedat ride Inouye and Kubo both see to opportunity the missed he Indeed, not once did Asian Pacific Islander skaters ever think think ever skaters Islander Pacific did Asian once not Indeed, as identified strongly skaters Islander Pacific Asian Still, 33 As recently as 2002, when fellow Z-Boy inter Jay Adams Z-Boy fellow when 2002, as recently As nihonjin nihonjin 32 Even Jimmy Lam, who did not necessarily who is ripping on everyone.” After everyone.” on ripping is who 35 31 30 When Su- When 29 34 -

Skate and Create 15 36 Lords of Dog- 38

37 - representa mainstream however, century, twenty-first the In Asian Pacific American skaters tooremained close to their Additionally, none of the API skaters felt like outsiders or API skaters felt like outsiders or none of the Additionally, tions of skateboarding continue to depict Asians as marginal if if Asians as marginal to depict continue tions of skateboarding not non-existent, silencing Asian Pacific Islanders from its his- tory and therefore rendering API skaters invisible even within documentary Dog- American Studies. The award-winning Asian town and Z-Boys and the later fictionalized account town, minimized respectively, and then completely erased the Americans JeffAsian participation Ho,of Shogo Kubo, and Peg- families rather than “rejecting“ them. During the 1970s ’s mother drove him to the skate park every weekend and waited for him in the parking lot until he came out. When and insurance to due California across skate parks began closing ramp to build a him allowed mother Caballero’s issues, licensing in the backyard. Hosoi’s father took a job at the local skate park recounts also Sueyoshi anytime. there skate could son his so to attend Angeles to Los Francisco San from trips road family skate competitions. Skateboarding as Brown Skateboarding Decentering whiteness within skateboarding reveals new in- sights not just about the sport, but also lesser-heard voices on While Iain has Borden American history and Asian masculinity. as ideologically “reject[ing] culture summarized skateboarding Asian American values,” in fact and normative work, the family, American skaters of the 1970s and of “art” the them, 1980s To skating. refer in respected and to revered is “work” how much skaters “practice” and “persistence,” and requires skateboarding support each other in mastering tricks developed along an indi- vidual style. Unlike conventional team sports such as baseball and basketball, is about the sense of competition skater a doing team. than being the best player on the his or her best rather rebels going against American normative values even as they still they as even values normative American against going rebels identified themselves as differentfrom the mainstream. Jimmy him- described of the herd,” Lam, who didn’t want to be “part self as typical having values.” “pretty Kent Uyehara viewed the skating community as likely not so different ideologically from the mainstream. Moreover, the prominence of skaters mixed heritage Uchinanchu or Samoan, Chamorro, Maoli, Kanaka with reveals how early skateboarding serves a productive site where superficially be might what comprised centrally Islanders Pacific American history. Asian seen only as 16 Amerasia Journal 2015 her ontheteam.” put let’s rips, she skates, “she saying, Z-Boys the remembered Oki Venice,California. in Hill Bicknell on earlier year one just had recruited hertojointheteamwhenhespottedskating As early as 1971, African American Rick “Bongo” Mitchell was was Mitchell “Bongo” Rick American African 1971, as early As nificant presence in the supposedly white world of skateboarding. of African Americans andagreater numberofLatinos,hadasig- of Asians andPacificIslandersinskateboarding history. significance the erase literally would culture, of production the people ofcolor innotjust therecounting of thepast, butalso in Ho. with co-founders be to print in and film on claim later would fore hehadmetSkipEngblomandCraigStecyk,thetwowho be- shop, own his into it turn to 1970s early the in Castagnola from store the bought Phillater Ho in Shop. worked Surf Select Castagnola’s had and 1950s the in skating begun had Ho seriously, “IwishIwasinmore ofit,butitfeltgood.” more commented Kubo movie, the Regarding there.” in me of more put have should they .but . shots. good of lot a are“There chuckle, a with noted Kubo representation. of lack his around expressed hehesitantly onDogtown, came out hisunhappiness that book later and movie, documentary, the about thoughts his about Kubo interviewed Adams teammate former When their marginalization inskateboarding historyandmemory. Z-Boys. original the from Oki gy co-founder amongthree: his surf/skateshophadbeenmisrepresented, withhimasone declared hisdispleasure more explicitlyinhowthefoundingof a first-place trophy at the 1975 Del Mar Nationals. Mar Del 1975 the at trophy first-place a home take to Z-Boy one the was also but team, the on woman who rode with11 othermembers,wouldnotonlybethe Oki, Peggy Ho. Jeff called was which shop, surf his of out grew representations becomesparticularlyconspicuoussincetheteam Museum inductedPeggyOkiasanhonoree. 44 In reality, Asian and Pacific Islander men, as well as a handful and itdoesn’tsitrightwithme. ies, all that crap. Everybody is taking credit for stuff that I did, not right. And they’ve done it, and all the articles, all the mov- That’s it. for credit take to want guys Those ey. it. financed I mon- my realstory.was the It is this shop. Okay the bought I of aware much very appear Ho Jeff and Kubo Shogo Both Indeed,societalstructureswhites overother privilege that 41 In 2012, the Skateboarding Hall of Fame and Fame Skateboardingof the Hall 2012, In 39 Ho’s marginal role in these in role marginal Ho’s 42 40 Jay Adams 43 Jeff Ho Jeff Skate and Create 17 In northern 45 Courtesy of Frankie Shea, photographer Courtesy of Frankie Wallace Sueyoshi in downtown San Jose, c. 1988. San Jose, in downtown Sueyoshi Wallace California, Jovontae Turner would attract sponsorsattention from California, Jovontae Turner in the late 1980s, put together the first team from Kent Uyehara’s skating skating the Drop” “Vermont in Gardena, California with Cyrus Skateboarder wouldthat big so become would Bongo 1979, By Ho. dedicate six pages of their May 1979 issue to an interview with “If you their products. him and use him as a model to promote skate hot and want to look and feel cool like Bongo, give the new Skateboarder Magazine sleeveless T and Cap a try.” 18 Amerasia Journal 2015 as “major concentrations of skate activity.”skate of concentrations “major as Francisco York,New San Chicago, and Los with Angeles, areas, 1980s hadincreasingly “goneback” toinner-city cores ofurban the in skateboarding that notes Borden Indeed, 1970s. the since color,of and urban edge political sharper a had have fact in may of color reveals how skateboarding in the twenty-first century, as lost its critique of government, an analysis that centralizes actors streamed through its incorporation into a X Games culture and Lorr argues thatskateboarding hasbeenco-optedandmain- Michael sociologist respectability.While and success of norms conventional of outside excellence technical and dividualism in which young men from thebroader middle class forged in- movement multi-racial a as characterized be accurately more might rebellion supremacist white neoconservative, of act an standings ofskateboarding andtheoriginsofitsresurgence as under currentcolor, of skaters of lens the through cast When Conclusion tember 1992. FTC, and landed the cover of areas inwhichwhitescomprisethenumericalminority, certainly skateboarding core located in“minority majority” cities, urban from race,withyouthofcolorgathering toskatetogether. A away running a than rather towards rolling a to points cisively thereforeskateboarding—perhapsto in - meaning that social one and origin different a suggests culture skateboarding to central “cool” imageofmulticulturalism. of whiteskater culture as appropriating iconography to project a morecritical been have Kusz Kyle as such skateboardingscholars Conversely, skateboarders.” to Riders Low from California ern South- in everything influenced have pachucos and “cholos Am,” shaped the sport in California. According to “I Skate Therefore I critically who Caballero Steve and Elguera, Eddie Alba, Micke Alba, Steve Martinez, Jesse Rodriguez, “Bones” Ray as such nos Lati- from originated Brigade Bones team Peralta’s for logo a as Therefore I Am” claimsthattheiconicskullorcalavera that served and Chicano skaterTommy Gonzales Guerrero. Infact,theskate blog“ISkate, Mark as such descent Mexican of skaters other support and teams sponsor additionally would Peralta and Alva legendary skateboard companies, Alva Skates and Powell-Peralta. can opennow goonto American. Thetwoofthemwouldlater Mexi- both were 1970s the Tonyin and Alva Peralta Stacey Boys 46 As Richard Lapchickwrote forESPN,originalZ- 47 Thrasher 48 A return tocitiesas Magazine in Sep- - Skate and Create 19 - - The Coming White 49 Skate Life: Re-Imagining White Masculinity (Ann Ar API As skateboarders in the 1970s and 50 For more on the racial castration American Asian of men, see David Eng, Duke America (Durham: Racial Castration: Managing Masculinity in Asian 2001). University Press, Iain Borden, “Speaking the City: Skateboarding Subculture and Recompo- and Subculture Skateboarding City: the “Speaking Borden, Iain in Urban Sociology 5 (2000): 139. sitions of the Urban Realm,” Research Emily Chivers Yochim, Emily Chivers Yochim, bor: University of Michigan Press, 2010): 28, 32-33, 112. For more on Cali- Maharidge, Dale see population, white decreasing fornia’s - (New Vin Future York: and America’s Multiculturalism, Minority: California, tage, 1999): 4. Even Sean Brayton, with his more sympathetic approach to middle class white- “repudiates that skateboarding skater whiteness, argued In the alternative yet still uber-masculine sport of - skate

1. 2. 3. Notes article. this with assistance his for Sueyoshi Wallace brother my to thanks Special This essay is dedicated to him. boarding, where style became central in displays of technical style became central in displays of technical where boarding, against men goes directly American Asian of skill, the success pervasive tropes of emasculation Americanists Asian that docu- ment as dominating American consciousness in the 1970s and 1980s. It is not just the existence of Asian and Pacific Islander men, but rather their achievement in a masculine sport with a hip- to only second culture popular mainstream on influence vast against success goes directly hop that stands as notable. Their experienced men American Asian how on ongoing discourse their lives in the face of effeminizing media images. These skat- Asian as castrated felt never “freedom” and “fun” chose who ers American Pacific men. points to the central role of men of color in the skate revolution of the past four decades. Not until 2013 did Matthew Atencio and Becky Beal acknowledge that “minority racial masculinities - histo with urban skateboarding closely connected actually are by involvement their of picture darker a painted they though ry,” market’sunderscoring the exploitation of color of masculinities industry. the skateboarding as a commodity in ket as the “final frontier” of American athletics. of ket as the “final frontier” 1980s skated and created space and identity for themselves, their themselves, for identity and space created and skated 1980s in not just a wash of whiteness, be forgotten work would largely but also by an academic compulsion to fixateon discrimination No empowerment. alternative of acts than rather deficiency and their shredded and ripped skaters American Pacific Asian doubt, - neocon considered typically of whites, masses way to impress servative, in what of promoters sports extreme would later mar

20 Amerasia Journal 2015

13. 12. 10. 11. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4.

Over OaklandMuseum,”InternationalExaminer , June4,2014:13. Take Robot’ Giant and Art Awesome “‘Super Russell, Nancy 2014; 15, author,to email Tajima-Peña, Synopsis,” August Renee Manzanar “Skate latimes.com/1997-04-09/news/ls-46724_1_asian-american-pop-cultur tude,” Atti- an with Culture Pop Asian Magazine: Robot “Giant Noah, Peter 2002): 178-188. Tajima-Peña,”Renee with ing Talk Filmmaking: “Political - Sagara, Tajima-Peña,Rosalind Renee M. see Trendsetting onaShoestring,”NewYork Times, July5,2004.Formore on Kennedy,Randy 10; “Asian-American 2005: 19, September lishers Weekly, more on Tajima-Peña,dir., Renee Weekly, September6,1996:4. Christine Lam, “Skateboarding: Getting the ‘Good Pop’,” ton Mifflin,1995). through skateboarding. Allen Say, StrangerintheMirrorHough- (Boston: learns he lessons the and finds he freedom the by redeemed again, young boy a as up wakes Sam morning, next The like?” look I what cares difference? Who the what’s But man. old realizes,an he “Prettyfor good night that asleep falls he As slides. rail and flips kick doing playground his through coasts he when on him cheer and clap classmates His joy. down thestreethis board,with heforgetshe is“old”andlaughswith that man appearance,Samescapesthrough ridingaskateboard. As herattles old his for him ridicule sibling and classmates his grandfather.When his Sam woke up as an old man after making disparaging comments about Skateboarders,” A.Magazine10(1994):28. American Sky—Asian the in Up Look Up-there: “The-air Li, Kenneth author ofthisarticle,unlessotherwisenoted. CAFrancisco, San 2014. 27, July , werethe interviews with All conducted rassment Rules,” Asian Week, 28, 1987: 16; Judith A. Lyons, “Alleged Racial Attack at Cal Poly Pomona,” iner, Concert: A Milestone in Asian Cultural Development,” Dance ‘InnovAsian’ Sophistication;’ and “‘Finesse Tsutakawa, Mayumi der (New York: PeterLang,2004):24-29,61-54. Milagros Peña, Transcript,2012): (Bielefeld: Butz, Konstantin Extreme AthletesinAmerica Kusz, Kyle Negro’ Through Skateboarding,” SociologyofSportJournal22:3(2005):357. opens at Japanese American National Museum—APRIL 2 THROUGH JUNE Tomorrow:“Opening Nakamura, Viewsexhibit Eric 10 camp Crossings: of formed byablackother.” in often is rejuvenatedheteromasculinitythat a with itreplace to only ness December 4, 1985: 7; Alvina Lew,7; Alvina 1985: Week,”4, “Nisei December Los AngelesTimes, April 9, 1997, available online at: http://articles. Giant Robot Revolt of theWhite Athlete: Race, Media, and theEmergence of March 17, 1989: 3; Lyons, “Universities Consider Anti-Ha- Consider “Universities Lyons, 3; 1989: 17, March Punk Rocker’s Revolution: A Pedagogy of Race, Class, and Gen- Grinding California: Culture California: Grinding andCorporeality American in May 12, 1989: 32; Jimmy Lam, Interview,Lam, Jimmy 32; 1989: 12, May Asian Week, , see Calvin Reid, “Giant Robot Takes New York,”

Sean Brayton, “‘Black-Lash’: Revisiting the ‘White DVD (Los Angeles, 2001). For 2001). Angeles, (Los Skate ManzanarDVD (New York: PeterLang,2007):9,71. Women’s StudiesQuarterly30:1/2(Spring

38, 123, 171; Curry Malott and Malott Curry 171; 123, 38, Asian Week, International Exam- Northwest Asian August Pub e. - - Skate and Create 21

Orien- - VIIb: En Table Chrome Ball Incident Chrome , May 1979: Skateboarder, May 1979: August 23, 2001, The Guardian, August 23, 2001, Resident Population Estimates of the Unit- Rising Son: The Legend of Skateboarder Christian Hosoi Table VIIb: Enrollment by Campus, Ethnicity, Gender, and Gender, by Campus, Ethnicity, Enrollment VIIb: Table 184-186. For more on the “model minority,” 184-186. see Ellen For D. on more Wu, the “model minority,” Interview: Interview: Skateboarder “ Smythe, John 1977; October Skateboarder, United States Census Bureau, November November 2, 2013, available online at: http://chromeballincident. blog, April Giant Robot blog, 1, 2009, available online - at: http://www.giant “Shogo Kubo Paddle Out and Memorial Beach Big Bowl Session,” Venice Photos, available online - at: http://www.venicebeachphotos.com/Skate Sueyoshi, email to au- boarding/Shogo-Kubo-Paddle-Out-And/; Wallace July 16, 2014. thor, For how the Z-Boys transformed skating see G. Beato, “When Skateboarding Shook the World,” available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/aug/24/ artsfeatures3. robot.com/blogs/eric/2009/04/opening-tomorrow-crossings-10-views-of. America’s of Concentration Views Camps,” html; Japanese“Crossings: Ten American National Museum, available online at: http://www.janm.org/ exhibits/crossings/. 21,” J. Smythe, “Skateboarder Interview: Shogo Kubo,” 31-32. of Cover Skateboarder, Inouye,” October Tom 1977: 50-59; Lainey Adams, “Who’s Ho,” Skateboarder, October 1977: 95. Hot: Darren (Philadelphia: Temple University (Philadelphia: tals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture Temple 199): Press, Origins of the Model Minority The Color of Success: Asian Americans and the 2014). (Princeton: Princeton University Press, Sueyoshi, “My Life” Wallace unpublished Su- manuscript (2014); Wallace August 20, 2014. CA, San Mateo, eyoshi, Interview, DVD (Chatsworth: Image Entertainment, 2006); Li. DVD (Chatsworth: Image Entertainment, 2006); with 1999, July to 1990 1, April Origin: Hispanic and Race, Sex, by States ed https://www. at: online available to November 1, 2000, Projection Short-Term census.gov/population/estimates/nation/intfile3-1.txt). juxtaposed media and government how detailed have scholars Numerous other communities among Asian educational “success” with “failure” of color to blame Latinos and African Americans for their own poverty, See Robert G. Lee, inequality. rather than attributing it to structural Cesario Montano, dir., dir., Montano, Cesario blogspot.com/2013/11/postscript-jovontae-turner.html. Judi Oyama, Interview, Judi Santa Oyama, Cruz, Interview, CA, September 1, 2014; Judi Oyama, email to author, June 23, 2015; Kent Uyehara, San Interview, Francisco, August 18, 2014. CA, , July August 27, San 2014; Francisco, CA Uyehara Jimmy Lam, Interview, 18, 2014 interview; “Postscript: Jovontae Turner,” blog, Li. At Li. both UC Davis and Asian UC PacificSan IslandersDiego comprised - population in 1993 (Uni of the undergraduate 24 percent approximately versity of California, http://legacy-its.ucop.edu/uwnews/stat/ at: online available Davis, Level, enrollment/enr1993/93sst7b.html; University of California, and Level, San Diego, available Gender, online by Campus, Ethnicity, rollment http://legacy-its.ucop.edu/uwnews/stat/enrollment/enr1993/93sst7f. at: html;

14. 15. 16. 17. 20. 21. 18. 19. 22.

22 Amerasia Journal 2015

39. 38. 37. 36. 35. 28. 34. 33. 32. 27. 31. 30. 26. 25. 29. 24. 23.

more ontheerasure, seeKusz,122-124. For 2005). Entertainment, Home Pictures Sony City: (Culver DVD town dir.,Hardwicke, Catherine 2005); Entertainment, Home tures Pic- Sony City: Culver Stacey Peralta,dir.,(2001; DVD Dogtown and Z-Boys Studies afterCriticalMass(Malden,MA:BlackwellPublishing, 2005). ed., Ono, Kent A. Question’,” ‘Pacific the and Studies can “Asian Ameri- Kauanui, Kehaulani J. with see Asian Islanders Americans Pacific of merging inaccurate also and marginalization the on more For Sueyoshi interview. Hosoi, 40; 2012: 1, and Punk Rock, November Dan Levy, “Bones Brigade Chronicles: Steve Caballero,” 41 her. When Oyama began working at the Santa Cruz Surf and Skate Shop on theywere herthat explainedto years later approach timeto atthe tooshy Judi Oyama often felt “invisible” at the skate park, though the skaters thirty Borden, 138;Uyehara;Sueyoshiinterview. backgrounds. mixed of were three all though even heritage, Japanese their only clare WallaceHosoi, Christian de- publicly Caballeromost Steve and Sueyoshi, Punk Rock,2002:37. Kubo,” Chronicles—Shogo “Dogtown Adams, Jay 1, 2014. ford University Press, 2012): 119; Judi Oyama, email to author, September ualities: Unbinding Asian AmericanManhoods in the Movies York: Films Media Group, 2010); Celine Parreñas Shimizu, Jeff Adachi, dir., Lam interview. Hosoi, August 11, 2014. author, to email WallaceSueyoshi, interview; 2014 21, August Uyehara terview; Uyehara August 18,2014interview. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOue3DgCfM8; at: online in Lam Interview,”Caballero “Steve Oyama interview. cisco, CA, August 21,2014;Sueyoshiinterview;Laminterview. Fran- Interview,San Uyehara, Kent interview; 2014 18, August Uyehara For howHosoi’slifeparalleledthatofa“rock-star,” seeGreenfeld. as aSkateboarderJunkieInmatePastor(New York: HarperCollins,2012):26. Chris Ahrens, with Hosoi, Christian watch?v=oHdo7iZUfEA; YouTube video, May 19, 2013, available online at: Story,”Hosoi—My “Christian Hosoi, Christian 66-80; 2004: 7, June lustrated, interview; Lam man ratherthanOyama,theprofessional skater(Oyamainterview). ers of young boys interested in skating, would insist on assistance from a Oyama interview;Uyehara August 18,2014interview. st Avenue in Santa Cruz in the early 1980s, customers, including the moth- 22, 35,41;RisingSon;Uyehara August 21,2014interview. Karl TaroRising Son;Karl Detroy,”and “Skate Greenfeld, Slanted Screen: Asian Men in Film and Television (2006; New , May 14, 2010, available 2010, 14, May Poweredge Magazine, Hosoi http://www.youtube.com/ ; Sueyoshi, “My Life”; “My Sueyoshi, ; Juice: Pools,Pipes,and Juice: Pools, Pipes, (Stanford: Stan- Asian American - Sex Straitjacket Hosoi: My Life Hosoi: MyLife Lords of Dog- Sports Il- - Skate and Create 23 - - - - Journal of Health Health of Journal I Skate, Therefore I Am Therefore I Skate, Juice: Pools, Pipes, and and Pipes, Pools, Juice: May 1979: 53-58; “This Skateboarder, Skateboarder, 30:2 (May 2013): 2013): (May 30:2 Sociology of Sport Journal September 25, 2012, available online at: http:// February Huck, February 25, 2013, available online at: http:// Skateboarder, May 1979: 27. AXS Long Board Retailer Magazine, October 29, available 2011, Skateboarding, “Feliz Día de los Muertos, Happy Calavera day!!,” November 2, 2012, Dogtown and Z-Boys; Dogtown and Ben Marcus, “The Dogtown Package Part 5—Jeff Ho Interview,” online at: http://www.axsgear.com/blog/vintage-skateboard-history/ the-dogtown-package-part-5-jeff-ho-inteview/. Steve Olson, “Dogtown Chronicles: Peggy Oki,” Punk Rock, available Rock, Punk online at: - http://juicemagazine.com/home/dog town-chronicles-peggy-oki/. “2012–Peggy “2012–Peggy Oki,” Skateboarding Hall of Fame and Museum, available - online at: http://www.skateboardinghalloffame.org/projects/2012-peg gy-oki-2/. Adams, Adams, 37. For the book on Dogtown in which the author marginalized of Z-Boys see C.R. Stecyk III, Dogtown and the Legend Americans, Asian 2000). Flag Press, Burning York: (New Marcus. Marcus. Judi Oyama too noted how at a recent La Costa reunion with women skaters from the 1970s, she was omitted from the group photo graph (Oyama interview). B. Schwartz, “What Is a Bongo?,” Bong’s Cool,” Joel Rice, “FTC Skate Shop Grew From Family Values,” ESPN.com, available ESPN.com, Values,” Family From Grew Shop Skate “FTC Rice, Joel online at: http://xgames.espn.go.com/skateboarding/article/7600867/ Ball Incident. Chrome san-francisco-famed-ftc-skate-shop-family-tradition; blog, available online at: http://blog.istia.tv/2012/11/feliz-dia-de-los-muestro- happy-cavalera.html; Kusz, 124. www.huckmagazine.com/ride/skate/mark-gonzales-2/; www.huckmagazine.com/ride/skate/mark-gonzales-2/; Mackenzie Full Guerrero, Interview—The Streets of “Pioneer: San Tommy Eisenhour, Francisco, itage2009/columns/story?id=4516693; Andrea Kurland, “: itage2009/columns/story?id=4516693; Andrea Kurland, “Mark Gonzales: Hearsay,” Unrecorded skateboarding.transworld.net/photos/pioneer-tommy-guerrero-full-inter view-the-streets-of-san-francisco/2/; Xavier Lannes, Richard Richard Lapchick, “Latino Influence Shapes com, Action available online at: Sports,” http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/hispanicher ESPN. Borden, 138; Michael Lorr, “Skateboarding and the X-Gamer Phenomena: A A Phenomena: X-Gamer the and “Skateboarding Lorr, Michael 138; Borden, 29:2 (2005): 140-147. Case of Subcultural Cooptation,” Humanity and Society Matthew Matthew Atencio, Becky Beal, and Emily “‘It Chivers Ain’t Yochim, Just Au- of Reproduction and Representation The Kids’: White and Kids Black Masculinities,” ‘Skurban’ thentic 155. Existing literature on African American women and their body image sim image and their body women American African on Existing literature ilarly how reveals media they images disregard that they deem irrelevant body to satisfaction forge higher than white women. See Jane Ogden and Sheriden Make Russell, “How Sense Black of Women ‘Black’ and ‘White’ Fashion Magazines: Qualitative A Think Aloud Study,” Psychology 18:12 (November 2013): 1588-1600.

40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

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