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Master of Forestry, Final Thesis Report Christian Scriba Master of Forestry, Final Thesis Report Christian Scriba A comparison between the forestry sector in New Brunswick (Canada) and Hesse (Germany) by Christian Scriba Previous Degrees (B.Sc. Forestry and Environment, University of Freiburg, 2018; B.Sc. Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 2014) A Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degrees of: Master of Forestry, in the Graduate Academic Unit of Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick and Master of Science, Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Supervisors: Brigitte Leblon, PhD, Faculty of Forestry & Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick Marc Hanewinkel, PhD, Chair of Forestry Economics and Forest Planning, University of Freiburg This report is accepted by the Dean of Graduate Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK July 2020 ©Christian Scriba, 2020 Abstract This report provides an in-depth comparison of forestry and forests in the province of New Brunswick (Canada) and the state of Hesse (Germany). The first two sections describe the general situation and circumstances of forests and forestry in New Brunswick and Hesse, respectively, and the third section aims to compare the two forestry sectors to each other in more detail. The comparison shows several significant differences between the two forestry sectors in regard to forest management, forest governance, and factors influencing the economics of the respective forestry sectors. However, often it was not possible to find directly comparable data for Hesse and New Brunswick, which has several reasons. Therefore, the comparisons made in this report are of a relative nature, to see how much of an impact the forestry sector has on the economy and the people living in New Brunswick and Hesse. ii Acknowledgments At this point, I would like to thank all those who supported and motivated me during the preparation of this master thesis. First, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Brigitte Leblon (University of New Brunswick), for offering me the topic of the master thesis, supporting me, giving me advice, and grading my thesis. Furthermore, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Marc Hanewinkel (Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg) for agreeing to be my second supervisor and for giving me advice. Furthermore, I would like to thank Mr. Mark Legere from Forest NB for providing me with the Economic Impacts of the New Brunswick Forest Sector report. In addition, thanks go to my fellow students, friends, and family for their encouragement and support. iii Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ......................................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. ix 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 2. The Forestry Sector in New Brunswick ................................................................. 4 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Forest Types and Tree Species ............................................................................ 8 2.3. Forest Ownership .............................................................................................. 12 2.4. Forest Governance, Management Legislation and Regulations ....................... 15 2.4.1. Provincial (Crown Forests) ......................................................................... 15 2.4.2. Private Woodlots ........................................................................................ 18 2.4.3. Industrial Freeholds ................................................................................... 21 2.4.4. Federal Land ............................................................................................... 22 2.5. Timber Processing Legislation and Regulations ................................................ 22 2.6. Forest Certification ............................................................................................ 24 2.7. Economic Impact of the Forestry Sector ........................................................... 25 iv 2.8. Forest Product Markets and Issues ................................................................... 28 2.9. First Nations and Aboriginal Harvesting Agreements ....................................... 31 2.10. Implications of Climate Change and Other Disturbances ................................. 32 3. The Forestry Sector in Hesse ............................................................................. 35 3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 35 3.2. Forests and Tree Species ................................................................................... 39 3.3. Forest Ownership .............................................................................................. 44 3.4. Forest Governance, Management Legislation and Regulations ....................... 48 3.4.1. Federal Forest Act ...................................................................................... 49 3.4.2. Hessian Forest Act ...................................................................................... 50 3.4.3. State Forest Administration ....................................................................... 53 3.4.4. State Forest Enterprise HessenForst .......................................................... 54 3.5. Timber Processing Legislation and Regulations ................................................ 56 3.6. Forest Functions ................................................................................................ 56 3.7. Forest Certification ............................................................................................ 57 3.8. Economic Impact of the Forestry Sector in Hesse ............................................ 59 3.9. Forest Product Markets and Issues ................................................................... 63 3.10. Disturbances and Climate Change Implications ................................................ 65 v 4. Comparison between the NB and Hesse Forestry Sectors .................................. 69 4.1. Introduction and General Findings .................................................................... 69 4.2. Societal Differences, Uses, Values and Forest Functions .................................. 72 4.3. Forest Ownership, Related Responsibilities and Issues .................................... 81 4.4. Forest Management .......................................................................................... 84 4.5. Forest Governance and Regulations ................................................................. 88 4.6. Economic impact of the forestry sector ............................................................ 94 4.7. Market situation ................................................................................................ 99 5. Conclusions..................................................................................................... 103 References ............................................................................................................ 110 Curriculum Vitae .......................................................................................................... vi List of Tables Table 1 General data about the forestry sector in New Brunswick and Canada…. 5 Table 2 Main tree species in New Brunswick……………………..…………………………. 9 Table 3 Forest ownership in Canada and New Brunswick……………………..………. 12 Table 4 Crown timber licenses and licensees in New Brunswick …………….…….. 17 Table 5 Economic impacts of the New Brunswick forestry sector…………………. 28 Table 6 Current U.S. anti-dumping and countervailing duty rates…………….…… 31 Table 7 General data about the forestry sector in Hesse and Germany…………. 36 Table 8 Tree species in Hesse and Germany ………………………………….……………… 41 Table 9 Forest ownership types and distribution in Germany and Hesse………. 45 Table 10 Forest certification in Hesse ………………………………………….…………………. 58 Table 11 Employment and gross value-added data in Hesse for the 2009-2016 period……………………………………………………………………………… 60 Table 12 Forestry and timber cluster data in Hesse for the 2016 year…………….. 62 Table 13 Comparison between New Brunswick, Hesse, Canada, and Germany for various area and population statistics…………………………………………. 70 Table 14 Share of forest ownership types in % of the total forest area……..……. 81 Table 15 Diameter classes and measurements for different tree species in Hesse ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 85 Table 16 Forest ownership and crown timber licenses of J.D. Irving Ltd……….... 93 Table 17 Forestry and timber cluster data for the 2016 year in Hesse…….….…… 95 Table 18 New Brunswick forestry sector economic impacts in 2016…………….…. 96 Table 19 Employment comparison for the forestry sector in Hesse and New Brunswick…………………………………………………………………………………………. 97 vii List of
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