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Forest Conservation Policy FOREST CONSERVATION POLICY A Reference Handbook V. Alaric Sample and Antony S. Cheng CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England FOREST CONSERVATION POLICY A Reference Handbook Books in the Contemporary World Issues series address vital issues in today’s society such as terrorism, sexual harassment, homelessness, AIDS, gambling, animal rights, and air pollution. Written by professional writers, scholars, and nonacademic experts, these books are authoritative, clearly written, up-to- date, and objective. They provide a good starting point for research by high school and college students, scholars, and general readers as well as by legislators, businesspeople, activists, and others. Each book, carefully organized and easy to use, contains an overview of the subject; a detailed chronology; biographical sketches; facts and data and/or documents and other primary- source material; a directory of organizations and agencies; annotated lists of print and nonprint resources; a glossary; and an index. Readers of books in the Contemporary World Issues series will find the information they need in order to better understand the social, political, environmental, and economic issues facing the world today. Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Series American Homelessness, Third Edition, Mary Ellen Hombs Capital Punishment, Second Edition, Michael Kronenwetter Environmental Activism, Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer Families in America, Jeffrey Scott Turner Forest Fires, Phillip N. Omi Freshwater Issues, Zachary A. Smith and Grenetta Thomassey Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation, Sarah J. Diehl and James Clay Moltz Ocean Politics and Policy, Peter Jacques and Zachary A. Smith Police Misconduct in America, Dean J. Champion Rainforests of the World, Second Edition, Kathlyn Gay Religion and Politics, Glenn H. Utter and John W. Storey Tax Reform, James John Jurinski Tobacco, Harold V. Cordry U.S. National Security, Cynthia A. Watson War Crimes and Justice, Howard Ball World Population, Geoffrey Gilbert FOREST CONSERVATION POLICY A Reference Handbook V. Alaric Sample and Antony S. Cheng CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright © 2004 by V. Alaric Sample and Antony S. Cheng All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sample, V. Alaric. Forest conservation policy : a reference handbook / V. Alaric Sample and Antony S. Cheng. p. cm. -- (Contemporary world issues) ISBN 1-57607-991-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 1-57607-992-9 (eBook) 1. Forest conservation--United States--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Forest policy--United States--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Cheng, Antony S. II. Title. III. Series. SD412.S26 2003 333.75'16'0973--dc22 2003019575 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit abc- clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper ∞ . Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface, xiii 1 The Conservation Movement and the Roots of U.S. Forest Policy, 1 Forest Policy in an Era of Environmental Awareness, 1 Historical Roots, 4 Early Forest Laws, 5 Forest Exploitation and Disposal of the Public Domain, 6 Forest Reserves and the Awakening of a Conservation Ethic, 8 Forest Management Policies in the National Forests, 11 From Custodial Management to Intensive Use, 11 Multiple-Use Forestry, 12 Wilderness, 14 The Clearcutting Controversy, 15 Establishing Sustainable Forest Management on Private Lands, 16 Evolution of the Forest Products Industry, 17 Improving Management of Private Forests, 18 Conclusion, 20 References, 22 2 Current Issues in U.S. Forest Policy, 23 Sustainable Forest Management, 24 Background, 25 Recent Policy Developments, 27 Conclusion, 32 vii viii Contents Conserving Biological Diversity, 33 Background, 33 Recent Policy Developments, 35 Conclusion, 40 Wilderness and Roadless Areas, 41 Background, 41 Recent Policy Developments, 44 Conclusion, 45 Forest Health, 47 Background, 47 Recent Policy Developments, 50 Conclusion, 52 Community Forestry, 53 Background, 54 Basic Elements of Community Forestry, 56 Recent Policy Developments, 58 Conclusion, 61 Forestry Regulation on Private Lands, 62 Background, 62 First Generation: 1920–1950, 62 Second Generation: 1970–1983, 65 Third Generation: 1984–1995, 70 Conclusion, 73 Forest Land Conservation, 74 Conservation of Public Forest Lands, 75 Conservation of Corporate Forest Lands, 77 Conservation of Family Forest Lands, 79 Forest Management Certification, 82 Background, 83 Recent Policy Developments, 86 Forests and Water, 89 Background, 89 Recent Policy Developments, 91 Conclusion, 93 Forests and Atmospheric Carbon, 94 Background, 94 Recent Policy Developments, 97 Conclusion, 100 Forest Biotechnology, 101 Background, 101 Recent Policy Developments, 103 Conclusion, 104 Contents ix Emerging Issues and Future Policy Directions, 106 Wood Supply in the Global Context, 106 Forest Management as a Plus in Biodiversity Conservation, 108 Putting U.S. Forest Policy in the Global Context, 109 References, 110 3 Chronology, 117 4 Personalities, 131 Bolle, Arnold (1912–1993), 131 Church, Frank (1924–1984), 131 Dana, Samuel Trask (1883–1978), 132 Dwyer, William (1929–2002), 132 Fernow, Bernhard (1851–1923), 132 Franklin, Jerry (1936– ), 133 Gordon, John (1939– ), 133 Graves, Henry (1871–1951), 133 Hough, Franklin (1822–1885), 134 Humphrey, Hubert (1911–1978), 134 Ickes, Harold (1874–1952), 134 Johnson, K. Norman (1942– ), 135 Leopold, Aldo (1886–1948), 135 Marsh, George Perkins (1801–1882), 135 Marshall, Robert (1901–1939), 136 Mather, Stephen (1867–1930), 136 McGuire, John (1916–2002), 136 Muir, John (1838–1914), 136 Murie, Olaus (1889–1963), 137 Olmsted, Frederick Law (1822–1903), 137 Pack, Charles Lathrop (1857–1937), 137 Peterson, Max (1927– ), 137 Pinchot, Gifford (1865–1946), 138 Powell, John Wesley (1834–1902), 138 Roosevelt, Theodore (1858–1919), 139 Sargent, Charles Sprague (1841–1927), 139 Schenck, Carl (1868–1955), 139 Thomas, Jack Ward (1934– ), 139 Udall, Morris (1922–1988), 140 Weyerhaeuser, Frederick (1834–1912), 140 Weyerhaeuser, Frederick E. (1872–1945), 140 x Contents Zahniser, Howard (1906–1964), 141 Zon, Raphael (1887–1957), 141 5 Forest Facts and Data, 143 Forest Ecoregions in the United States, 144 Forest Area, Production, and Trade Information, 145 Ownership of U.S. Forests, 146 Federal Public Forest System, 147 The National Forest System, 148 Bureau of Land Management, 151 National Park System, 153 The National Wilderness Preservation System, 153 State and County Forest Lands, 153 Private Forest Lands, 154 Forest Industry, 154 Timber Investment Management Organizations, 155 Nonindustrial Private Forests, 155 Tribal Forests, 157 Conditions and Trends in U.S. Forests, 158 The Montreal Process, 161 Criterion 1 through 6, 162 Criterion 7, 168 Forest Certification Principles and Standards, 171 SmartWood, 171 Scientific Certification Systems, 173 The Sustainable Forestry Initiative, 175 American Tree Farm System Standards, 176 References, 179 6 Directory of U.S. Forestry Organizations, 183 Federal and International Government Organizations, 183 State Organizations, 190 Nongovernment Conservation Organizations, 197 Society of American Foresters Accredited Forestry Schools, 220 Forest Products Companies, 227 Forestry Trade Associations, 229 Forestry Professional Associations, 232 Other Forestry-Related Associations, 234 Contents xi 7 Print Resources, 239 General Forestry and Forest Conservation Books and Reports, 240 U.S. Forest Policy Books and Reports, 243 U.S. Forest History, 248 International Forestry and Forest Conservation, 250 Scientific Journals, 252 8 Nonprint Resources, 265 Information Clearinghouses on the Web, 265 Online Reports, Maps, and Information, 267 Videos, 270 Nonprint Resources from Various States, 273 Glossary, 277 Index, 293 About the Authors, 321 Preface hrough history, forests have played a central role in develop- ing nations, the United States included. The exploitation of Tthese primeval natural resources has built and fueled human habitation since ancient times. Forests have brought wealth and power to nations through trade and conquest. They have even served as collateral in the building of empires, as when Marc Antony made the forests of what is now southern Turkey a birth- day gift to Cleopatra, who used them to build a powerful navy. From Odysseus to Horatio Lord Nelson, forests have been key to exploration and trade between nations, and the power of empires has often risen or fallen in step with the health and well-being of their forests. From a broad perspective, it was not long ago that the United States itself was a young and developing nation, with citizens who were exploiting a continent new to Europeans and clothed with a seemingly inexhaustible supply of trees. Barely a century ago, the primeval forest resources of the United States were being removed at a far higher rate than they could possibly be replaced, and little if any thought was given to their regeneration. Fortu- nately for this particular developing nation, however, the United States
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