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The Pol-Itical Programmes of the Polish O¡Rposition, 1976-1980

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The Pol-Itical Programmes of the Polish O¡Rposition, 1976-1980 The Pol-itical Programmes of the Polish O¡rposition, 1976-1980 A Thesi.s Submitted to The Department of Potitical Studies FacuJ-tY of Graduate Studies UniversitY of Manitoba in Partial- FuIfil-Iment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts by Mrrostaw Kokot 6029r47 June 199I Bibliothèque nationale ffi@ffi )'*îå'oTo*' du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Well¡ngton Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A ON4 K1A ON4 Yout lile Volre éléence Oú lile Nolrc Élérence The author has granted an ü-'auteur a accordé une licence lrrevocable non-exclus¡ve licence irrévocable et non exclus¡ve allowing the htational Library of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell cop¡es of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, rnaking de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of !-'auteur conserve la propriété du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protège sa lüeither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. tsBÞi 0-315-77?28-4 Cas?ada THE POLITICAL PROGRA}OÍES OF THE POLISH 0PP0SïTrON, 1976-1980 BY MIROSLAI^/ KOKOT A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS @ 1992 Permission has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE tiNIvERSITy OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis to the NATIONÄL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfïtm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the fîlrn, and TTNIVERSITY MTCROFILMS to publish an abstract of this thesis. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's written permission. ABSTRACT The development of the opposition movement in Pol-and in L976- 1980 \^/as one of the most interesting phenomena in the political history of Eastern Europe. Although Poles never recognized the communist government instaLled by the Soviet Union as a legitimate power, their protest against it had a sporadi-c and unorganized character. This was So, even though these spontaneous actions always forced changes in the poJ-icy of the government and initiated internal- struggle ín the conmunist party, consequently exposing the vulnerabiJ-itY of the sYStem. The creation of the workers' Defence committee in I916 gave a new dimension to the Polish opposition, which for the first time took the form of an organized structure. The KOR was very successful in it.s shorC-term objective of securing the refease of the workers who had been imprisoned for their part in the June I976 anti-government demonstration. This success had cruciaf consequences for the development of the opposition' New dissident groups began to appear. They represented all shades of political- thinking and \,{ere active among aII strata of Potish society' They included intellectuals, workers, peasants, and students " AJ.ong with its organizational growth, the opposition was engaged :-n formuJ-ating more and more demanding political progranmes. white at the beginnj-ng the government was pressed to guarantee basic human and cÍvil- rights, in 1979-1980 the opposition's political platf orm caLl-ed f or independence f or Pol-and and the el-imination of the communist government ' Duringtheprocessofdevel-opingitspoJ-iticalprogranmeS,the oppositioncreatedanevjafternativecufture,whichexisted incl-uded paralì-eJ- to the "official" one' The new culture and pubtishing independent sociar associations, educational- systems consciousness" houses, and led to the formation of a new national Thisessaybothdocumentstheprocessofdevelopmentofthe oppositionandestablishesthethesisthatne\ddemocraticPoland begantoemergel-ongbefore,,solidarity''wascreatedandthatthe as early as r9'16' foundations f or thi.s process had been raid TABLE OF CONTEIüTS I Àcknov¿Iedgments 2 Introduction I PoIitical OPPosition in Poland L945-L976¡ ChaPter of the Workers' Defence Toward the Forrning Lq Commi t tee Chapter II The Opposition of the Left ' The Workers' Defence Committee 46 Polish Chapter III The Opposition of the Right ' The League for IndePendence 90 for the Defense of Chapter IV The Movement 99 Human and CiviI Rights Poland r17 ChaPter V The Confederation of Independent I2B Chapter VI The Young Poland Movement Chapter VI I The Opposition and the Creation of SolidaritY 143 r50 Conclusion Appendices Appendix I r60 Appendix II L62 Appendix III 165 IV 166 Appendix 169 Appendix V Appendix VI r73 L76 Selected BibliograPhy 185 abbreviaÈions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS f would like to thank to everyone who hetped me to complete this work. I woul-d especially like to thank Professor Davis Daycock, Ry advisor, for his support, guidance and patience in correcting errors in my English spelling and gramnar. I would also like to thank my wife, Aficja, for her encouragemenr and support throughout the time of my studies. Last, but not feast, I woul-d like to thank my typist' Dawna Wright, who not only l-earned how to type PoIish but managed to read my hieroglYPhics. Mirek Kokot No...absolutety not. Communism does not fit the Poles. TheY are too individualist rc, Loo nationalistic ' Poland's future economy should be based on private enterprise. Potand will be a capitalistic state. JosePh StaIinI INTRODUCTION When in SePtember 1980, after a few weeks of strikes which spread afl over Po]and, the Free Independent Trade Union in the West "Solidarity" \^/as establ-ished ' many coÍlmentators saw it as a success of western policies which for many years advocated independent trade unions as one of the key el-ements in the third section on "Cooperation in Humanitarian and other Fields" (better known as "Basket Three") of the Final Act of the Helsinki conference. In Poland, the exCitement of "sofidarity" was caused by the fact that i L t{as the first ever mass organization absoiutely independent of the communist authorities, who until tOp. cit. Keith John Lepak, Prel-ude to Solidar itY " (New York: Columbia UniversitY Press, 1988)' p. 1. 2 then had controlted every aspecL of politiCaI, social and cultural l-ife. The fact that in the country of thirty-six miltion people, ten mitlion joined "solidarity" did not mean that suddenly Poles had become so union-minded or so conscious of social issues. MostPofesperceived''Solidarity''astheorganization which could st.and against the communist government on any politicatorsocialfront.Irrfactformanyyoungactivists (like myself ) the political issues \^iere the mosL important ones.ThesepeopteSawthecreationof''Sofidarity''aSa beginningoftheendofcommunisminPotand,andmanyofthem already had a clear political alternative to communism' Those alternative progranmes l^iere not born ad hoc, but rather \,^rere results of years of struggle of Polish intellectuals, students, workers and peasants against communism.AsoneoftheresearchersonPolishissuesputit: "...whetheronecnoosestocallitattachmenttofreedom' ruggedÍndividualism,lackofdiscipline'orproclivityto anarchy, the Polish peopÌe steadfastly refused to accept the communist system as legitimate. This had been true not only for the educated classes--traditionally the bastion of independent thought and action--but also for the peasants and workers, for years assumed to be much more malleable' and 2 conceived obedi-ent. " The emergence of independently 2Jurr" Lef tivich Curry, êd ' , Dissent in Eastern Europe ( New York: Praeger, I983 ) ' P. 29 ' 3 al-ternatives to official polícies was one of the most important features of the Polish experience. They distinctly differed from the objectives of the Czechoslovak, Soviet or East German opposition, which did not completeJ-y exclude " revisionist " possibifities.3 It may be argued that the first dozen or so years of communist rul-e in Poland ( I944-1956 ) witnessed relatively little dissent as it was defined in the 1970's. Certainly' there was considerable opposition to the communist seizure of po\^ler and some resistance within the communist Party to the imposition of the Stalinist model but this dissent was qualitatively different from the dissent of the Ì970's. In contrast, rhe period, L916-l-980, experienced a rapid and dynamic growth of dissent at various levels. Dozens of different organizations were created. Some had very limited goals, while others decl-ared themsefves as opposition poJ.itical parties, willing to chal-lenge the communist monopoly of power. The emergence of this surge of dissent introduced a new element of strife into East European politics and inffuenced, directly or indirectly, officiat decision making' In the process, it exposed the vulnerability of the existing political systems to pressures from outside and furnished an example for less active and critical sociaÌ groups of ways to increase their partici-pation in public Iife" 3Suu: Rudotf L. Tokes, Êd. , opposition in Eastern Er,r!gPe " (Baltimore and London: The John Hopk-îns University Press, 1-979). 4 This\,Jastrueinspiteofthefactthatdissidentswere to forced to endure persistent attempts by the authorities
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