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Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Findings and Recommendations Seven Years After Helsinki

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Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Findings and Recommendations Seven Years After Helsinki 97th Congress 2d Session I COMMITTEE PRINT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FINAL ACT OF THE CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SEVEN YEARS AFTER HELSINKI REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE NOVEMBER 1982 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 13-370 0 WASHINGTON: 1982 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE Room 237, House Annex i2 U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 REP. DANTE B. FASCELL, D-Florida, Chairman SEN. ROBERT DOLE, R-Kansas, Co-Chairman SEN. ORRIN HATCH (R-UT) REP. SIDNEY YATES, (D-IL) SEN. JOHN HEINZ, (R-PA) REP. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM, (D-NY) SEN. ALFONSE D'AMATO, (R-NY) REP. TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, (D-CO) SEN. CLAIBORNE PELL, (D-RI) REP. MILLICENT FENWICK (R-NJ) SEN. PATRICK J. LEAHY (D-VT) REP. DON RITTER (R-PA) Executive Branch Commissioners THE HONORABLE ELLIOTT ABRAMS, Department of State THE HONORABLE RICHARD NORMAN PERLE, Department of Defense THE HONORABLE WILLIAM H. MORRIS, JR., Department of Commerce Commission Staff R. SPENCER OLIVER, Staff Director and General Counsel SAMUEL G. WISE, Deputy Staff Director MICHAEL J. PACKARD, Deputy Staff Director CHRISTOPHER BRESCIA, Staff Ass't. LESLIE JONES FARRELL, Librarian DEBORAH BURNS, Office Manager JOHN J. FINERTY, Staff Ass't. CATHERINE COSMAN, Staff Ass't. HERBERT B. MOLLER, Jr., Consultant LYNNE DAVIDSON, Staff Ass't. YALE W. RICHMOND, Consultant OREST DEYCHAKIWSKY, Staff Ass't. JOHN L. SANDSTROM, Press Officer MEG DONOVAN, Staff Ass't. MARTIN SLETiINGER, Staff Ass't. bARbARA EDWARDS, Admin. Ass't. CYNTHIA WILLETT, Secretary (U) LETTERS OF SUBMITTAL COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE, CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, Washington, D.C. Hon. THOMAS P. O'NEILL, Jr., Speaker, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. DEAR AIR. SPEAKER: Pursuant to Public Law 94-304, I am pleased to submit to you the report of the Commission on Security and Coop- eration in Europe on Implementation of the Final Act of the Confer- ence on Security and Cooperation in Europe seven years after the signing of the Helsinki Agreement. The CSCE review meeting in Madrid, which convened in Novem- ber 1980, has provided, and continues to provide, a forum for a thorough exchange of views on the implementation of the provisions of the Final Act by the 35 participating States. Regrettably that review has revealed, and this report documents, a serious decline in the necessary good faith compliance with the provi- sions of the Final Act on the part of a number of important signa- tories, including the Soviet Union. The Commission strongly supports the efforts of the United States delegation in Madrid to achieve a balanced and substantive conclud- ing document which adequately recognizes the realities of the current international situation. In view of the high interest in the Congress in the CSCE process, especially the human rights component, I am confident that this re- port will be of unusual interest to Members of both the House and Senate. Sincerely, DANTE B. FASCELL, Chairman. (III) COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE, CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, Hon. GEORGE BusHr, Washington, D.C. President, United States Senate, Washington, D.C. DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: Pursuant to Public Law 94-304, I am pleased to submit to you the report of the Commission on Security and Coop- eration in Europe entitled, "Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Seven Years After Helsinki." The report is the result of the Commission's continuing efforts to monitor international compliance with the provisions of the Helsinki Final Act. It reveals on the part of some signatories, including the Soviet Union, a growing record of noncompliance with the Final Act, the pace of which ironically, has quickened during the current CSCE review meeting which began in Madrid in November, 1980. In view of the high interest in the Congress in the CSCE process, especially the human rights component, I am confident that this re- port will be of mutual interest to Members of both the House and Senate. Sincerely, DANTE B. FASCELL, Chairman. (IV) CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE-INTRODUCTION: Page Background on the Commission ------------------------------------ 1 Scope of the Report ------------------------------------------------- 1 The CSCE Process in Crisis----------------------------------------- 2 Implementation Findings-_ ----------------------------------------- 5 Security In Europe_----------------------------------------------- 6 Human Rights--------------------------------------------------- 7 Economic and Scientific Cooperation------------------------------- 10 Human Contacts ------------------------- ----------------------- 11 Information -______________________ 18 Cultural and Educational Exchanges------------------------------- 14 CHAPTER TWO-SECURITY IN EUROPE: Introduction------------------------------------------------------- 16 Principles --------------------------------------------------------- 16 The Continued Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan------------------- 16 Imposition of Martial Law in Poland------------------------------- 18 Equal Rights and Self-Determination of Peoples-------------------- 20 Cooperation Among States---------------------------------------- 28 Fulfillment in Good Faith of Obligations Under International Law___ 23 Military Security--------------------------------------------------- 25 Implementation ------------------------------------------------- 25 Prior Notification of Major Military Maneuvers--------------------- 26 Prior Notification of Smaller Scale Maneuvers---------------------- 28 Exchange of Observers ------------------------------------- -- 29 Prior Notification of Major Military Movements…-------------------- 80 Exchange of Military Visitors------------------------------------- 30 Questions Relating to Disarmament-------------------------------- 81 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------- 82 CHAPTER THREE-HUMAN RIGHTS: Introduction-3----------------------------------------------------- 84 Hungary -3-------------------------------------------------------- 84 Civil and Political Rights ----------------------------------------- 85 Religious Rights ------------------------------------------------- 88 Ethnic Rights --------------------------------------------------- 40 Poland------------------------------------------------------------ 40 Introduction----------------------------------------------------- 40 The Renewal Period ----------------------------------------- _ 40 Martial Law -45------------------------------------------------ 45 Bulgaria ----------------------------------------------------- ---- 50 Political Rights -------------------------------------------------- 60 Religious Rights ------------------------------------------------- 51 Ethnic Rights -___________________________________________ 52 German Democratic Republic --------------------------------------- 52 Civil and Political Rights--_____________________________________ 52 Ethnic Rights --------------------------------------------------- 53 Social and Economic Rights------------- 6853 Religious Rights ------------------------------------------------- 54 Penalties by Extrajudicial Methods--__________________ 58 Penalties by Imprisonment---------------------------------------_ 58 (v) VI CHAPTER THREE-HUMAN RIGHTS:-Continued Page Romania--__ _____-_____-_-_____-59 Civil and Political Rights--__________________ 60 Religious Rights ------------------------------------------------- 62 Economic and Social Rights--------------------------------------- 65 Ethnic Rights-------------------------------------- 66 Romania and the CSCE Process----------------------------------- 69 Czechoslovakia ---------------------------------------------------- 69 Civil and Political Rights----------------------------------------- 70 Economic and Social Rights--------------------------------------- 74 Religious Rights------------------------------------------------- 74 Soviet Union -_____________________________ 76 Civil and Political Rights----------------------------------------- 76 Economic and Social Rights--------------------------------------- 92 Cultural and Ethnic Rights--------------------------------------- 97 Religious Rights ------------------------------------------------- 107 Punishment by Extrajudicial Methods------------------------------ 130 Penalties by Psychiatry------------------------------------------- 137 Penalties by Imprisonment---------------------------------_____ 143 CHAPTER FOUR-ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION: Introduction ------------------------------------------------------ 153 Economic Cooperation -____________________________________ 153 Eastern Compliance: Economic Cooperation ------------------------ 153 Multilateral Implementation _____________________________________ _ 158 Science and Technology -------------------------------------------- 159 Conclusion -___-__________________________________________________ 163 CHAPTER FIVE-HUMAN CONTACTS: Introduction ------------------------------------------------------ 164 Soviet Union -_____________________________________ 164 Family Reunification and Binational Marriages--------------------- 165 Family Visits, Travel and Tourism -------------------------------- 171 Religious Contacts -________________________________________ 173 Curtailment of International Telephone Service---------------------
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