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An EAPCI Expert Consensus Document on Ischaemia with Non European Heart Journal (2020) 0, 1–21 SPECIAL ARTICLE doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa503 Coronary artery disease An EAPCI Expert Consensus Document on Ischaemia with Non-Obstructive Coronary Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa503/5867624 by guest on 15 July 2020 Arteries in Collaboration with European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology & Microcirculation Endorsed by Coronary Vasomotor Disorders International Study Group Vijay Kunadian (UK, Document Chair)1*†, Alaide Chieffo (Italy, Document Co-Chair)2†, Paolo G. Camici(Italy)3, Colin Berry (UK)4, Javier Escaned (Spain)5, Angela H. E. M. Maas (Netherlands)6, Eva Prescott(Denmark)7, Nicole Karam (France)8, Yolande Appelman (Netherlands)9, Chiara Fraccaro (Italy)10, Gill Louise Buchanan(UK)11, Stephane Manzo-Silberman(France)12, Rasha Al-Lamee (UK)13, Evelyn Regar (Germany)14, Alexandra Lansky (USA, UK)15,16, J. Dawn Abbott (USA)17, Lina Badimon (Spain)18, Dirk J. Duncker (Netherlands)19, Roxana Mehran (USA)20, Davide Capodanno(Italy)21, and Andreas Baumbach 22,23(UK, USA) 1Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University and Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, M4:146 4th Floor William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; 2IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; 3Vita Salute University and San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; 4British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; 5Hospital Clinico San Carlos IDISSC, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; 6Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 7Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; 8European Hospital Georges Pompidou (Cardiology Department), Paris University and Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (INSERMU970), Paris, France; 9Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; 10Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Science and Public Health, Padova, Italy; 11North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Cumbria, UK; 12Department of Cardiology, Lariboisie`re Hospital Paris University, Paris, France; 13National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; 14Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; 15Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; 16Bart’s Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK; 17Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; 18Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, IR-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, CiberCV, Barcelona, Spain; 19Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; 20Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA; 21CardioThoracic-Vascular and Transplant Department, A.O.U. ‘Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele’, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; 22Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London and Barts Heart Centre, London, UK; and 23Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Received 3 February 2020; editorial decision 29 May 2020; accepted 1 June 2020 * Corresponding author. Tel: þ44 (0) 191 208 5797, Email: [email protected] † The first two authors contributed equally to this document. The article has been co-published with permission in the European Heart Journal and EuroIntervention. All rights reserved. VC 2020 the Author(s). These articles are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal’s style. Either citation can be used when citing this article. 2 V. Kunadian et al. This consensus document, a summary of the views of an expert panel organized by the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI), appraises the importance of ischaemia with non-obstructive cor- onary arteries (INOCA). Angina pectoris affects approximately 112 million people globally. Up to 70% of patients undergoing invasive angiography do not have obstructive coronary artery disease, more common in women than in men, and a large proportion have INOCA as a cause of their symptoms. INOCA patients present with a wide spec- trum of symptoms and signs that are often misdiagnosed as non-cardiac leading to under-diagnosis/investigation and under-treatment. INOCA can result from heterogeneous mechanism including coronary vasospasm and microvascular dysfunction and is not a benign condition. Compared to asymptomatic individuals, INOCA is associated with increased Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa503/5867624 by guest on 15 July 2020 incidence of cardiovascular events, repeated hospital admissions, as well as impaired quality of life and associated increased health care costs. This consensus document provides a definition of INOCA and guidance to the commu- nity on the diagnostic approach and management of INOCA based on existing evidence from research and best available clinical practice; noting gaps in knowledge and potential areas for further investigation. ................................................................................................................................................................................................... Graphical Abstract Ischaemia with non obstrucve coronary arteries (INOCA) Coronary Microvascular dysfuncon (CMD)/Vasospasc angina (VSA) Step 1: Paent evaluaon Step 2: Non-invasive evaluaon Funconal Imaging evaluaon ± Coronary CT Angiography Non-invasive Non-invasive Step 1: Invasive Coronary angiography Step 2: FCA guidewire and Adenosine test Invasive Invasive evaluaon Step 3: FCA Vasoreacvity (ACH test) Epicardial Microvascular Microvascular Vasospasc Angina And Epicardial Angina Vasospasc Angina INOCA ENDOTYPES Management of INOCA 1. Lifestyle factors 2. Risk factor management 3. Ananginal medicaons ................................................................................................................................................................................................... Abbreviations . CFR = Coronary flow reserve . CFVR = Coronary flow velocity reserve ACEis = Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors . CMD = Coronary microvascular dysfunction . ACH = Acetylcholine . CVD = cardiovascular disease ARB = Angiotensin receptor blockade . COVADIS = Coronary Vasomotor Disorders International Study 0 . ATP = Adenosine-5 -triphosphate . EAPCI = European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular BP = blood pressure . Interventions . CABG = Coronary artery bypass surgery . EECP = Enhanced external counterpulsation CAD = Coronary artery disease . ESC = European Society of Cardiology . CCS = Chronic coronary syndrome . FCA = Invasive functional coronary angiography CCTA = Coronary computed tomographic angiography . FFR = Fractional flow reserve Ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries 3 . GTN = Glyceryl trinitrate . However, these conditions are rarely correctly diagnosed and, there- HMR = Hyperaemic myocardial velocity resistance . fore, no tailored therapy is prescribed for these patients. As a conse- . hsCRP = high-sensitive C reactive protein . quence, these patients continue to experience recurrent angina with IHD = Ischaemic heart disease . impaired quality of life, leading to repeated hospitalizations, unneces- . IMR = Index of microcirculatory resistance . sary coronary angiography and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in INOCA = Ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries . the short- and long term.5,6 This consensus document provides a def- . MI = Myocardial infarction . inition of ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) MVA = Microvascular angina . and guidance to the clinical community on the diagnostic approach . Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa503/5867624 by guest on 15 July 2020 PET = Positron emission tomography . and management of INOCA based on existing evidence and best cur- . SDAIC = Scientific Documents and Initiatives Committee . rent practices. In addition, having a universal definition of INOCA and WISE = Women’s Ischaemia Syndrome Evaluation . identifying gaps in knowledge will serve to encourage research to im- . prove outcomes for this patient population. Discussion of angina . caused by CMD in the context of cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic, . Preamble . dilated), myocarditis, aortic stenosis, infiltrative diseases of the heart, . percutaneous/surgical interventions, and other possible mechanisms7 . This consensus document, a summary of the views of an expert panel . (Figure 1) such as inflammation, systemic inflammatory or autoimmune organized by the European Association of Percutaneous . disease (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), platelet/coagulation disorders, pri- . Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI), appraises the importance of is- . mary metabolic abnormalities, as well as by myocardial bridging, is be- chaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA). This . yond the scope of this consensus document. A failure to diagnose . document is put together in collaboration with the European Society . epicardial CAD in a patient with documented angina/ischaemia
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