Albert Schulz As a Cultural Mediator Between the Literary Fields of Nineteenth Century Wales and Germany
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY King Arthur and the privy councillor : Albert Schulz as a cultural mediator between the literary fields of nineteenth century Wales and Germany Gruber, Edith Award date: 2014 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 King Arthur and the Privy Councillor: Albert Schulz as a Cultural Mediator Between the Literary Fields of Nineteenth Century Wales and Germany Edith Gruber Bangor University Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) King Arthur and the Privy Councillor: Albert Schulz as a Cultural Mediator Between the Literary Fields of Nineteenth Century Wales and Germany Edith Gruber Abstract This thesis presents Albert Schulz, a lawyer and autodidact scholar, who won the first prize at the 1840 Abergavenny Eisteddfod with his Essay on the Influence of Welsh Traditions on the Literature of France, Germany, and Scandinavia. It was subsequently published in Britain in 1841 and was widely reviewed in literary journals. Its German edition, entitled Die Arthursage und die Mährchen des rothen Buchs von Hergest (1842), comprised the first translations into German of Welsh tales, the Mabinogion. At the time, Schulz was well-known among scholars in Wales and Germany, but today, he and his works are mostly forgotten, yet the memory of his essay survives in footnotes. This thesis has three main aims. First, the circumstances which allowed a German lawyer to enter the Welsh literary field were examined, in particular his cultural and educational background and his literary and philosophical influences, placing him in the Late Romantic period. The analysis of the essay confirmed this, as Schulz adapted Herderian and Schlegelian concepts of a common European literary heritage to the appraisal of the peripheral Welsh literary field. Secondly, the external factors for Schulz’ rise within the literary fields were taken into account, using Bourdieu’s theory of cultural production and the laws governing it. Research has shown that he was a part of a transnational scholarly network connecting Germany and Wales. He entertained correspondence with prominent figures in the literary fields such as the Karl Lachmann, the Brothers Grimm and Thomas Stephens. Thirdly, his membership in these networks enabled Schulz to become a cultural mediator, transmitting literary and cultural knowledge across linguistic and national borders with his essay and translations. While there was considerable interest in Celticism and the Celtic languages in Germany, Wales and its literature had not yet been the subject of scholarly research prior to Schulz’ efforts. Therefore, his work placed Wales on the literary map of Europe alongside the established literary traditions of France, Germany and Scandinavia. i Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... i Contents.............................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... iii Declaration and Consent ................................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction and rationale .......................................................................................................... 1 2. Cultural and historical context ................................................................................................. 24 3. Theoretical framework: Schulz as a player in the German and Welsh literary fields .............. 57 4. Schulz’ winning essay: a Herderian-Schlegelian entry in the Welsh field............................... 92 5. Reception of the essay in the British field .............................................................................. 139 6. Schulz’ essay in German translation: The German field ........................................................ 171 7. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 212 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 219 Bibliography of Albert Schulz (San-Marte) ........................................................................... 219 Primary sources ...................................................................................................................... 220 Secondary Sources ................................................................................................................. 223 Online sources ........................................................................................................................ 229 ii Acknowledgements Now that I have completed my thesis I would like to thank all those people who have supported me on this journey. First and foremost, I have been truly indebted in the preparation of this thesis to my supervisor, Professor Carol Tully, whose patience and kindness, as well as her academic experience, have been invaluable to me. I would like to show my gratitude to the staff of the School of Modern Languages for their support. It has been a pleasure to work with you and long may it continue. Rwy’n ddiolchgar iawn i Ganolfan Addysg Uwch Cyfrwng Cymraeg am dderbyn y cyfle i gyflawni’r ymchwil hwn. My thanks are also due to the supervisor of my M.A. dissertation at the University of Helsinki, Professor Andrew Chesterman, who encouraged me to continue as a post-graduate student. The informal support and encouragement of many friends have been indispensable, and I would like to thank in particular - Dr Menna Wyn, diolch o galon am dy gyfeillgarwch a chefnogaeth, - Elwyn Hughes, the staff of Lifelong Learning and Canolfan Bedwyr and my fellow Welsh learners of Côr dros y Bont for helping me to learn Welsh, - And the members of the Middle Welsh reading group in Helsinki who were a true inspiration. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents, my grandmother and my sister who supported me in any possible way. iii Declaration and Consent Details of the Work I hereby agree to deposit the following item in the digital repository maintained by Bangor University and/or in any other repository authorized for use by Bangor University. Author Name: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Title: ………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………. Supervisor/Department: .................................................................................................................. Funding body (if any): ........................................................................................................................ Qualification/Degree obtained: ………………………………………………………………………. This item is a product of my own research endeavours and is covered by the agreement below in which the item is referred to as “the Work”. It is identical in content to that deposited in the Library, subject to point 4 below. Non-exclusive Rights Rights granted to the digital repository through this agreement are entirely non-exclusive. I am free to publish the Work in its present version or future versions elsewhere. I agree that Bangor University may electronically store, copy or translate the Work to any approved medium or format for the purpose of future preservation and accessibility. Bangor University is not under any obligation to reproduce or display the Work in the same formats or resolutions in which it was originally deposited. Bangor University Digital Repository I understand that work deposited in the digital repository will be accessible to a wide variety of people and institutions, including automated agents and search engines via the World Wide Web. I understand that once the Work is deposited, the item and its metadata may be incorporated into public access catalogues or services, national databases of electronic theses and dissertations such as the British Library’s EThOS or any service provided by the National Library of Wales. I understand that the Work may be made available via the National Library of Wales Online Electronic Theses Service under the declared terms and conditions of use (http://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=4676). I agree that as part of this service the National Library of Wales may electronically store, copy or convert the Work to any approved medium or format for the purpose of future preservation and accessibility. The National Library of Wales is not under any obligation to reproduce or display the Work in the same formats or resolutions in which it was originally