Representaciones Del Reino De Gales Y De Los Galeses En Los Romans De Chrétien De Troyes*

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Representaciones Del Reino De Gales Y De Los Galeses En Los Romans De Chrétien De Troyes* Medievalia 44, 2012 1 REPRESENTACIONES DEL REINO DE GALES Y DE LOS GALESES EN LOS ROMANS DE CHRÉTIEN DE TROYES* Luciana Cordo Russo Universidad de Buenos Aires Galois sont tuit par nature/plus fol que vestes an pasture topos literario. Nuestro propósito será rastrear estas (Le Conte du Graal, pp. 241-242.) imágenes de Gales y de los galeses en los cinco ro- mans de Chrétien de Troyes: Erec et Enide (c.1170), Esta representación de los galeses es poderosa en Cligès (c.1176), Le Chevalier de la Charrette ou Le la primera parte de Le conte du graal, la historia de Roman de Lancelot, Le Chevalier au Lion (escrito en Perceval li Galois y evidencia, de hecho, la transfor- forma simultánea al anterior entre 1177 y 1181) y Le 1 mación de un estereotipo cultural, configurado por Conte du Graal (c.1182-1190). La percepción de las 2 autores pro-anglonormandos de la época, en un diferencias culturales entre los anglonormandos y los pueblos de origen celta se acentuó en los siglos xii * Una versión preliminar de este trabajo fue presentada en las xxiv Jornadas Nacionales de Literatura Francesa y Francófona, y xiii con la política expansionista de los primeros, Buenos Aires, mayo de 2011. Agradezco todos los comentarios mediante campañas militares y asentamientos per- de los presentes. manentes. Esta interacción fue históricamente repre- 1 “Los galeses son todos por naturaleza más tontos que las bes- sentada como la lucha entre civilización y barbarie tias que pastan”. Cito por verso siguiendo las ediciones señaladas (Gillingham, “beginnings”). Sin embargo, en los re- en la bibliografía de acuerdo, cuando fuese necesario, con las si- guientes abreviaciones: Er. para Erec et Enide, Cl. para Cligès, L. latos franceses esta figura no es totalmente uniforme. para Le Chevalier de la Charrette, Yv. para Le Chevalier au Lion Chrétien opera, por lo menos, dos desplazamientos: y P. para Le Conte du Graal. Todas las traducciones al español por un lado, el uso “literario” de esta imagen con fi- son mías. nes risibles y, por otro lado, la aparición de actitudes 2 Prefiero usar el término “anglonormandos” para referirme a la elite de origen normando que participó en la conquista de las contrarias o ambiguas que se relacionan con el origen islas británicas (a partir de 1066), liderada por Guillermo, duque “celta” —particularmente galés— de su matriz na- de Normandía, asentándose allí pero continuando con el uso del rrativa y de sus personajes, y la tensión que genera francés —o su variedad anglonormanda— en la corte. La visión este estereotipo cultural con las imágenes sociales. tradicional se refiere a ellos como “ingleses” a partir de 1204, cuando Juan de Inglaterra perdió Normandía, momento en que la elite gobernante comenzó a pensarse a sí misma evocando un J. Gillingham otorga al elemento francés en la conformación de pasado anglosajón. Confrontar, sin embargo, la importancia que la identidad inglesa (“beginnings”). 2 Medievalia 44, 2012 Con esto en mente, luego de analizar las aparicio- Por último, en dos oportunidades designa el lugar en nes de Gales y de sus habitantes, los atributos que se el que se instaló la corte de Arturo. Estos espacios, les otorgan y su vinculación con el mundo artúrico que se incluyen dentro de la categoría con significa- en los romans de Chrétien de Troyes, comentaremos do tradicional, están situados muchas veces dentro brevemente cómo son recibidos en tres textos galeses del territorio británico: “Caradigant” (Er. 28, actual medievales. Aberteifi); “Cardoeil en Gales” (Yv. 7, P. 334, Carlis- le); Disnadaron “an Gales” (P. 2751);3 Carlion sobre el río Usk (P. 3985, actual Caerleon). En cambio, en Representaciones del espacio galés Cligès Arturo se mueve por distintas ciudades de In- glaterra y en Lancelot el espacio incluye también el La topografía del roman courtois es muchas veces, si reino de Logres (Lloegyr en galés) que se opone al mí- no generalmente, vaga e indeterminada. Este carácter tico de Gorres (Pickens, “Arthurian Time”). Por úl- está subrayado por la ambigüedad del término Bretag- timo, el paso de Valdone (P. 298) donde trabajan los ne, que obligó a autores posteriores a distinguir entre segadores de las tierras de la madre de Perceval ha la Pequeña y la Gran Bretaña. Al mismo tiempo, pa- sido identificado como el paso montañoso de Snow- rece preciso distinguir entre una geografía histórica, don, en pleno Gales (Nitze y Williams, Arthurian realista o tradicional, que busca asociar personajes o names), mientras que la Gaste Forest, donde ambos situaciones con lugares significativos, y una geogra- viven, constituye, sin dudas, un espacio aislado ubi- fía maravillosa, que se propone todo lo contrario: cado dentro de Gales pero fuera del universo artúrico desrealizar el espacio. En este marco, es importante (Pickens, “Arthurian Time”). que la Isla de Bretaña que recupera Chrétien —vía Historia Regum Britanniae— sea el antiguo territorio habitado por los britones, esto es, los galeses y córni- Construcciones de “lo galés” cos, hasta el siglo vi, y que se extiende desde el canal en Chrétien de Troyes de la Mancha hasta el estuario del Clyde. Todos los reinos ubicados en este espacio están bajo el dominio El término “galois” aparece dieciocho veces en los de Arturo, rey de reyes. El reino de Gales es uno de textos trabajados. Como adjetivo referido a objetos ellos; presenta ocho ocurrencias significativas en los adquiere la forma “galesche” y determina, sea la cua- textos que nos interesan. En primer lugar, cuatro lo lidad de las millas (Er. 5361, Yv. 192) sea la tienda de definen como una tierra sometida que tiene valor de la doncella en Le Conte du Graal (“loiges galesches” premio o recompensa, dada la posibilidad de ser cedi- 650). Como adjetivo referido a personas, precedido da, cuyos hombres y recursos están a disposición del por el artículo definido o sustantivado, la mayor can- rey: en Erec, Arturo envía caballeros de alto rango de tidad de testimonios, nueve en total, se encuentran Gales a la coronación del héroe protagonista (6642); en este último. En todos los casos se trata de distin- en Cligès, Arturo promete a Alejandro el mejor rei- guir una etnia de costumbres distintas, y en algunas no galés cuando termine la guerra (1452-3; 2327) y envía hombres de allí para ayudarlo (1447). En se- 3 El argumento de Nitze y Williams es convincente: se trataría gundo lugar, dos menciones corresponden a costum- de Dinas d’Aron, una fortaleza dedicada a San Aaron, patrón de bres particulares del territorio: en la descripción de la Caerlion sobre el Usk, es decir, en definitiva, la misma Caerlion. vestimenta de Perceval (2751) y en el juramento de Los autores además observan la mención al culto del santo en el lais Yonec de Marie de France (Arthurian names). Obsérvese que Arturo por David, santo patrono de Gales (P. 4115). “dinas” significa ciudad en galés. Medievalia 44, 2012 3 oportunidades adquiere un matiz despectivo. En su Perceval, “li vaslez” (111,184), se encuentra por pri- excelente artículo sobre el modo de vida de los gale- mera vez con los “chevaliers” de la corte de Arturo, ses visto por sus contemporáneos, el historiador galés quienes se refieren a él como “trop soz” (198), “cil Robert Rees Davies repasa todos los aspectos “repro- Galois” (233) y reconocen con claridad que “Ne set bables” de sus costumbres: país lejano, inaccesible, mie totes les lois” (234). La vestimenta parece haber de clima inhóspito, no parece extraño que desarro- sido un rasgo muy peculiar de los galeses, que per- llara una clase de hombres salvajes, como da cuenta mitía reconocerlos fácilmente. Perceval parte de su el autor de la Gesta Stephani: “Gales es una tierra de hogar vistiendo: bosque y de pastura [...] nodriza de un tipo de hom- bre bestial [...]”.4 Los galeses eran rústicos, vivían dis- de chenevaz grosse chemise persos en el campo; su economía estaba retrasada; su et braies feites a la guise vestimenta era demasiado escasa para el gusto de la de Gales, ou l’an fet ansanble civilización; sus prácticas matrimoniales y familiares braies et chauces, ce me sanble; et si ot cote et chaperon y escandalosas, en particular la concepción del matri- de cuir de cerf clos anviron monio como contrato y la subsiguiente posibilidad (497-502)8 de divorcio, las reglas de herencia y la continuación de la práctica del fosterage, es decir, la crianza de los O se dice que “A la maniere et a la guise/de Galois hijos en otra familia. Todo esto, claro está, derivaba fu apareillez” (“A la manera y forma/ de los galeses en que la estructura social galesa, su código de valores fue aparejado” 600-601) ropas que, como comenta y las características de su economía eran profunda- el narrador, eran “sote[s]” (1419). La característica mente diferentes (Davies, “Buchedd a moes”). Per- 5 más llamativa de los galeses consistía en la ausencia ceval li Galois, el único héroe de Chrétien en portar de calzado, que generaba mucha extrañeza entre los un gentilicio como nombre, presenta todos los rasgos franceses (Davies, “Buchedd a moes”, 160). Por todo atribuidos a un galés, es decir, en este contexto, a un 6 esto lo reconoce la doncella de la tienda y puede afir- bárbaro, desde su apariencia y sus prácticas guerre- mar que era “vaslet galois [...]/enuieus et vilain et sot” ras, hasta sus cualidades morales y religiosas (aunque (“joven galés [...], fastidioso, rústico y tonto”, 789- conviene observar que estas últimas también se re- 790), y justamente por esto no lo reconoce luego el lacionan con la necedad e ignorancia de Perceval al 7 Orguilleus de la Lande, que busca “uns vaslez galois” respecto .) El choque de culturas tiene lugar cuando (3832) y encuentra a un Perceval transformado.
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