Missives to Mythlore
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THE NAMES of OLD-ENGLISH MINT-TOWNS: THEIR ORIGINAL FORM and MEANING and THEIR EPIGRAPHICAL CORRUPTION—Continued
THE NAMES OF OLD-ENGLISH MINT-TOWNS: THEIR ORIGINAL FORM AND MEANING AND THEIR EPIGRAPHICAL CORRUPTION—Continued. BY ALFRED ANSCOMBE, F.R.HIST.SOC. II. THE NAMES OF OLD-ENGLISH MINT-TOWNS WHICH OCCUR IN THE SAXON CHRONICLES. CHAPTER II (L—Z). 45. Leicester. of Ligera ceastre " 917, K. The peace is broken by Danes — -ere- D ; -ra- B ; -re- C. " set Ligra ceastre' 918, C. The Lady Ethelfleda gets peaceful possession of the burg Legra-, B ; Ligran-, D. " Ligora ceaster " 942, ft. One of the Five Burghs of the Danes. -era-, B, C ; -ere- D. " jet Legra ceastre 943, D. Siege laid by King Edmund. The syllables -ora, -era, are worn fragments of wara, the gen. pi. of warn. This word has been explained already; v. 26, Canterbury, Part II, vol. ix, pp. 107, 108. Ligora.-then equals Ligwara-ceaster, i.e., the city of the Lig-waru. For the falling out of w Worcester (<Wiog- ora-ceaster) Canterbury (< Cant wara burh) and Nidarium (gen. pi. ; < Niduarium) may be compared. The distinction between the Old-English forms of Leicester and Chester lies in the presence or absence of the letter r. The meaning of #Ligwaru, the Ligfolk, has not yet been deter- mined owing- to the fact that Old-English scholars have not consulted o o their Welsh fellow-workers. In old romance the name for the central Naes of Old-English Mint-towns in the Saxon Chronicles. parts of England south of the Humber and Mersey is " Logres." This is Logre with the addition of the Norman-French 5 of the nominative case. -
Bristol: a City Divided? Ethnic Minority Disadvantage in Education and Employment
Intelligence for a multi-ethnic Britain January 2017 Bristol: a city divided? Ethnic Minority disadvantage in Education and Employment Summary This Briefing draws on data from the 2001 and 2011 Figure 1. Population 2001 and 2011. Censuses and workshop discussions of academic researchers, community representatives and service providers, to identify 2011 patterns and drivers of ethnic inequalities in Bristol, and potential solutions. The main findings are: 2001 • Ethnic minorities in Bristol experience greater disadvantage than in England and Wales as a whole in 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% education and employment and this is particularly so for White British Indian Black African Black African people. White Irish Pakistani Black Caribbean Gypsy or Irish Traveller Bangladeshi Other Black • There was a decrease in the proportion of young people White other Chinese Arab with no educational qualifications in Bristol, for all ethnic Mixed Other Asian Any other groups, between 2001 and 2011. • Black African young people are persistently disadvantaged Source: Census 2001 & 2011 in education compared to their White peers. • Addressing educational inequalities requires attention Ethnic minorities in Bristol experience greater disadvantage to: the unrepresentativeness of the curriculum, lack of than the national average in education and employment, diversity in teaching staff and school leadership and poor as shown in Tables 1 and 2. In Education, ethnic minorities engagement with parents. in England and Wales on average have higher proportions • Bristol was ranked 55th for employment inequality with qualifications than White British people but this is between White British and ethnic minorities. not the case in Bristol, and inequality for the Black African • People from Black African (19%), Other (15%) and Black Caribbean (12.7%) groups had persistently high levels of Measuring Local Ethnic Inequalities unemployment. -
The End of Celtic Britain and Ireland. Saxons, Scots and Norsemen
THE GREATNESS AND DECLINE OF THE CELTS CHAPTER III THE END OF CELTIC BRITAIN AND IRELAND. SAXONS, SCOTS, AND NORSEMEN I THE GERMANIC INVASIONS THE historians lay the blame of bringing the Saxons into Britain on Vortigern, [Lloyd, CCCCXXXVIII, 79. Cf. A. W. W. Evans, "Les Saxons dans l'Excidium Britanniæ", in LVI, 1916, p. 322. Cf. R.C., 1917 - 1919, p. 283; F.Lot, "Hangist, Horsa, Vortigern, et la conquête de la Gde.-Bretagne par les Saxons," in CLXXIX.] who is said to have called them in to help him against the Picts in 449. Once again we see the Celts playing the weak man’s game of putting yourself in the hands of one enemy to save yourself from another. According to the story, Vortigern married a daughter of Hengist and gave him the isle of Thanet and the Kentish coast in exchange, and the alliance between Vortigern and the Saxons came to an end when the latter treacherously massacred a number of Britons at a banquet. Vortigern fled to Wales, to the Ordovices, whose country was then called Venedotia (Gwynedd). They were ruled by a line of warlike princes who had their capita1 at Aberffraw in Anglesey. These kings of Gwynedd, trained by uninterrupted fighting against the Irish and the Picts, seem to have taken on the work of the Dukes of the Britains after Ambrosius or Arthur, and to have been regarded as kings in Britain as a whole. [Lloyd, op. cit., p. 102.] It was apparently at this time that the name of Cymry, which became the national name of the Britons, came to prevail. -
Part II. the State of Epidemic, Epizootic, and Epiphytic Disease In
REPOKT ON EPIDEMICS, 18G1-2. 393 Part II. The State of Epidemic, Epizootic, and Epiphytic Disease in Great Britain, in 1861-62. By J. N. RADCLIFFE, M.R.C.S. The following Report refers to the twelve months ending November the 31st, 1862. In respect of epidemics, this Report is necessarily based on the different returns of the Registrars-General of England and Scotland, published during the period to which it relates. The information contained in these returns on outbreaks of epidemic disease, at the time of, or soon after, their occurrence, is very imperfect. No other source of information, however, exists, or if existing, is accessible. I propose to bring the different facts on epi- demics together in one connected view. The history thus formed will fall far short of what a scientific annual record of epidemic diseases should be; but the first step towards a more perfect history must be the systematic collation of exist- ing materials. It is necessary to remark that, in the subsequent report, I have, as a rule, substituted the term continued fever for the word typhus, so commonly made use of in the reports of local registrars, unless there is other evidence that the dis- ease referred to was typhus properly so-called. In the old nosological arrangement of the Registrar-General of England (still in use in Scotland, although rejected in this country), " typhus" is used as a synonym of continued fever. In the new arrangement adopted here, consistently with nosological " " more recent researches, the terms typhus", typhoid", and " relapsing" are made use of in place of the common designa- tion of continued fever; but in the official instructions to medical men for the registration of deaths, typhus is still directed to be used as the generic term of continued fever. -
The Emergence of the Cumbrian Kingdom
The emergence and transformation of medieval Cumbria The Cumbrian kingdom is one of the more shadowy polities of early medieval northern Britain.1 Our understanding of the kingdom’s history is hampered by the patchiness of the source material, and the few texts that shed light on the region have proved difficult to interpret. A particular point of debate is the interpretation of the terms ‘Strathclyde’ and ‘Cumbria’, a matter that has periodically drawn comment since the 1960s. Some scholars propose that the terms were applied interchangeably to the same polity, which stretched from Clydesdale to the Lake District. Others argue that the terms applied to different territories: Strathclyde was focused on the Clyde Valley whereas Cumbria/Cumberland was located to the south of the Solway. The debate has significant implications for our understanding of the extent of the kingdom(s) of Strathclyde/Cumbria, which in turn affects our understanding of politics across tenth- and eleventh-century northern Britain. It is therefore worth revisiting the matter in this article, and I shall put forward an interpretation that escapes from the dichotomy that has influenced earlier scholarship. I shall argue that the polities known as ‘Strathclyde’ and ‘Cumbria’ were connected but not entirely synonymous: one evolved into the other. In my view, this terminological development was prompted by the expansion of the kingdom of Strathclyde beyond Clydesdale. This reassessment is timely because scholars have recently been considering the evolution of Cumbrian identity across a much longer time-period. In 1974 the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland were joined to Lancashire-North-of the-Sands and part of the West Riding of Yorkshire to create the larger county of Cumbria. -
A Welsh Classical Dictionary
A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY DACHUN, saint of Bodmin. See s.n. Credan. He has been wrongly identified with an Irish saint Dagan in LBS II.281, 285. G.H.Doble seems to have been misled in the same way (The Saints of Cornwall, IV. 156). DAGAN or DANOG, abbot of Llancarfan. He appears as Danoc in one of the ‘Llancarfan Charters’ appended to the Life of St.Cadog (§62 in VSB p.130). Here he is a clerical witness with Sulien (presumably abbot) and king Morgan [ab Athrwys]. He appears as abbot of Llancarfan in five charters in the Book of Llandaf, where he is called Danoc abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 179c), and Dagan(us) abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 158, 175, 186b, 195). In these five charters he is contemporary with bishop Berthwyn and Ithel ap Morgan, king of Glywysing. He succeeded Sulien as abbot and was succeeded by Paul. See Trans.Cym., 1948 pp.291-2, (but ignore the dates), and compare Wendy Davies, LlCh p.55 where Danog and Dagan are distinguished. Wendy Davies dates the BLD charters c.A.D.722 to 740 (ibid., pp.102 - 114). DALLDAF ail CUNIN COF. (Legendary). He is included in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’ as one of the warriors of Arthur's Court: Dalldaf eil Kimin Cof (WM 460, RM 106). In a triad (TYP no.73) he is called Dalldaf eil Cunyn Cof, one of the ‘Three Peers’ of Arthur's Court. In another triad (TYP no.41) we are told that Fferlas (Grey Fetlock), the horse of Dalldaf eil Cunin Cof, was one of the ‘Three Lovers' Horses’ (or perhaps ‘Beloved Horses’). -
In England, Scotland, and Wales: Texts, Purpose, Context, 1138-1530
Victoria Shirley The Galfridian Tradition(s) in England, Scotland, and Wales: Texts, Purpose, Context, 1138-1530 A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Literature Cardiff University 2017 i Abstract This thesis examines the responses to and rewritings of the Historia regum Britanniae in England, Scotland, and Wales between 1138 and 1530, and argues that the continued production of the text was directly related to the erasure of its author, Geoffrey of Monmouth. In contrast to earlier studies, which focus on single national or linguistic traditions, this thesis analyses different translations and adaptations of the Historia in a comparative methodology that demonstrates the connections, contrasts and continuities between the various national traditions. Chapter One assesses Geoffrey’s reputation and the critical reception of the Historia between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, arguing that the text came to be regarded as an authoritative account of British history at the same time as its author’s credibility was challenged. Chapter Two analyses how Geoffrey’s genealogical model of British history came to be rewritten as it was resituated within different narratives of English, Scottish, and Welsh history. Chapter Three demonstrates how the Historia’s description of the island Britain was adapted by later writers to construct geographical landscapes that emphasised the disunity of the island and subverted Geoffrey’s vision of insular unity. Chapter Four identifies how the letters between Britain and Rome in the Historia use argumentative rhetoric, myths of descent, and the discourse of freedom to establish the importance of political, national, or geographical independence. Chapter Five analyses how the relationships between the Arthur and his immediate kin group were used to challenge Geoffrey’s narrative of British history and emphasise problems of legitimacy, inheritance, and succession. -
Representaciones Del Reino De Gales Y De Los Galeses En Los Romans De Chrétien De Troyes*
Medievalia 44, 2012 1 REPRESENTACIONES DEL REINO DE GALES Y DE LOS GALESES EN LOS ROMANS DE CHRÉTIEN DE TROYES* Luciana Cordo Russo Universidad de Buenos Aires Galois sont tuit par nature/plus fol que vestes an pasture topos literario. Nuestro propósito será rastrear estas (Le Conte du Graal, pp. 241-242.) imágenes de Gales y de los galeses en los cinco ro- mans de Chrétien de Troyes: Erec et Enide (c.1170), Esta representación de los galeses es poderosa en Cligès (c.1176), Le Chevalier de la Charrette ou Le la primera parte de Le conte du graal, la historia de Roman de Lancelot, Le Chevalier au Lion (escrito en Perceval li Galois y evidencia, de hecho, la transfor- forma simultánea al anterior entre 1177 y 1181) y Le 1 mación de un estereotipo cultural, configurado por Conte du Graal (c.1182-1190). La percepción de las 2 autores pro-anglonormandos de la época, en un diferencias culturales entre los anglonormandos y los pueblos de origen celta se acentuó en los siglos xii * Una versión preliminar de este trabajo fue presentada en las xxiv Jornadas Nacionales de Literatura Francesa y Francófona, y xiii con la política expansionista de los primeros, Buenos Aires, mayo de 2011. Agradezco todos los comentarios mediante campañas militares y asentamientos per- de los presentes. manentes. Esta interacción fue históricamente repre- 1 “Los galeses son todos por naturaleza más tontos que las bes- sentada como la lucha entre civilización y barbarie tias que pastan”. Cito por verso siguiendo las ediciones señaladas (Gillingham, “beginnings”). Sin embargo, en los re- en la bibliografía de acuerdo, cuando fuese necesario, con las si- guientes abreviaciones: Er. -
Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race by Thomas William Rolleston
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race by Thomas William Rolleston This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race Author: Thomas William Rolleston Release Date: October 16, 2010 [Ebook 34081] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE CELTIC RACE*** MYTHS & LEGENDS OF THE CELTIC RACE Queen Maev T. W. ROLLESTON MYTHS & LEGENDS OF THE CELTIC RACE CONSTABLE - LONDON [8] British edition published by Constable and Company Limited, London First published 1911 by George G. Harrap & Co., London [9] PREFACE The Past may be forgotten, but it never dies. The elements which in the most remote times have entered into a nation's composition endure through all its history, and help to mould that history, and to stamp the character and genius of the people. The examination, therefore, of these elements, and the recognition, as far as possible, of the part they have actually contributed to the warp and weft of a nation's life, must be a matter of no small interest and importance to those who realise that the present is the child of the past, and the future of the present; who will not regard themselves, their kinsfolk, and their fellow-citizens as mere transitory phantoms, hurrying from darkness into darkness, but who know that, in them, a vast historic stream of national life is passing from its distant and mysterious origin towards a future which is largely conditioned by all the past wanderings of that human stream, but which is also, in no small degree, what they, by their courage, their patriotism, their knowledge, and their understanding, choose to make it. -
Origin Op the Names Given to the Counties In
Origin of the Names Given to the Counties in Pennsylvania 37 ORIGIN OP THE NAMES GIVEN TO THE COUNTIES IN PENNSYLVANIA James McKirdy Proper names, i.e., names given to particular persons or places or things constitute one of the greatest savers of time and labor ever invented by man. An interesting experiment might be made by way of testing this. Let anyone try to converse on general topics for a period of, say, five miutes, without using a proper name, but substi- tuting for each proper name an adequate description of the person or thing or place that would otherwise have been identified by such particular name. This use of proper names is an inborn tendency of humans, as is shown by the fact that all races, be they low or high in intelligence, resort to this means of identification. While the study of surnames is full of interest and affords a curious insight into human nature, the study of place names is far more instructive. As an insect of by- gone ages is preserved in the bit of amber, so a great deal of the history of peoples and communities) is concealed in many, if not most, names of places. Worn and rounded and polished, like the round stones of a river bed or the shingle of a beach, they have been greatly changed in most instances from the original rugged form. An intensive, exhaustive study of a single place name, such as Indiana, the name of one of our States and the name of one of Pennsylvania's counties, would include a study of many peoples from the original Aryan invaders of the peninsula of Hindustan down thru the story of the Mohammedan con- quests to the great explorations of the fifteenth century. -
Celtic Britain
1 arfg Fitam ©0 © © © © ©©© © © © © © © 00 « G XT © 8 i imiL ii II I IWtv,-.,, iM » © © © © © ©H HWIW© llk< © © J.Rhjsffi..H. © I EARLY BRITAIN, CELTIC BRITAIN. BY J. RHYS, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon/). Honorary LL.D. (Edin.). Honorary D.Litt. (Wales). FROFESSOR OF CELTIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD J PRINCIPAL OF JESUS COLLEGE, AND LATE FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY. WITH TWO MAPS, AND WOODCUTS OF COIliS, FOURTH EDITION. FUBLISHED UNDER THE D.RECTION OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE COMMITTEE. LONDON: SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. ; 43, queen victoria street, e.c. \ Brighton: 129, north street. New York : EDWIN S. GORHAM. iqoP, HA 1^0 I "l C>9 |X)VE AND MALCOMSON, LIMITED, PRINTERS, 4 AND 5, DEAN STREET, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. These are the days of little books, and when the author was asked to add one to their number, he accepted the invitation with the jaunty simplicity of an inexperienced hand, thinking that it could not give him much trouble to expand or otherwise modify the account given of early Britain in larger works ; but closer acquaintance with them soon convinced him of the folly of such a plan— he had to study the subject for himself or leave it alone. In trying to do the former he probably read enough to have enabled him to write a larger work than this ; but he would be ashamed to confess how long it has occupied him. As a student of language, he is well aware that no severer judgment could be passed on his essay in writing history than that it should be found to be as bad as the etymologies made by historians are wont to be ; but so essential is the study of Celtic names to the elucidation of the early history of Britain that the risk is thought worth incurring. -
The History of England A. F. Pollard
The History of England A study in political evolution A. F. Pollard, M.A., Litt.D. CONTENTS Chapter. I. The Foundations of England, 55 B.C.–A.D. 1066 II. The Submergence of England, 1066–1272 III. Emergence of the English People, 1272–1485 IV. The Progress of Nationalism, 1485–1603 V. The Struggle for Self-government, 1603–1815 VI. The Expansion of England, 1603–1815 VII. The Industrial Revolution VIII. A Century of Empire, 1815–1911 IX. English Democracy Chronological Table Bibliography Chapter I The Foundations of England 55 B.C.–A.D. 1066 "Ah, well," an American visitor is said to have soliloquized on the site of the battle of Hastings, "it is but a little island, and it has often been conquered." We have in these few pages to trace the evolution of a great empire, which has often conquered others, out of the little island which was often conquered itself. The mere incidents of this growth, which satisfied the childlike curiosity of earlier generations, hardly appeal to a public which is learning to look upon historical narrative not as a simple story, but as an interpretation of human development, and upon historical fact as the complex resultant of character and conditions; and introspective readers will look less for a list of facts and dates marking the milestones on this national march than for suggestions to explain the formation of the army, the spirit of its leaders and its men, the progress made, and the obstacles overcome. No solution of the problems presented by history will be complete until the knowledge of man is perfect; but we cannot approach the threshold of understanding without realizing that our national achievement has been the outcome of singular powers of assimilation, of adaptation to changing circumstances, and of elasticity of system.