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Chapter 18 Notes Chapter 26 Class Notes Who Influenced China? • Outsiders came from a vast network of roads & sea lanes – Merchants from the south – Missionaries from India – Nomads from the north Chinese Influence • China influenced Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Mongolia, Tibet, & Southeast Asia Strong Dynasty establishes peace and prosperity; it is said to have the Mandate of Heaven. New dynasty gains In time, the dynasty power, restores declines and peace and order, and becomes corrupt; claims to have taxes are raised; Mandate of Heaven. power weakens. Dynastic Cycle Dynasty is in China Disasters such as overthrown through floods, famines, rebellion and peasant revolts, and bloodshed; new invasions occur. dynasty emerges. Old dynasty is seen as losing Mandate of Heaven; rebellion is justified. The Ming Dynasty Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number of eunuchs to maintain control Early Ming China • Hungwu’s son Yung-lo continues to improve China – Moved capital back to Peking – Restored civil service examination system – Encouraged trade with Japan, Southeast Asia, & India • Zeng Ho – Led a massive naval expedition to India, the Persian Gulf, & East Africa Ming Society & Culture in the 16th Century • European visitors were impressed with Ming China – Courtesy & respect for the law – Bustling markets, paved roads, examination system – Justice • The best governed country in the world • The Ming artistic achievement – Their greatest artistic achievement was porcelain Silk Production Silk Paintings Problems with the Ming Dynasty • Ming Emperors build a welfare state – Emperors saw rich Mongols as foreigners & elite Chinese as traitors • They heavily taxed them to support poor Chinese peasants • Government corruption and inefficiency caused by powerful eunuchs Ming holds on to bad traditions • Excess of court eunuchs • Foot binding • Concubines • Widow suicides Economic & social events signaled the decline of the Ming • Coastal cities and trade disrupted by pirates, 1520s--1560s • Influx of foreign goods disrupted the economy and led to inflation • The population doubled to 150 million in less than 200 years – Unrest resulted in the cities – Famines and peasant rebellions during the 1630s and 1640s Military events also signaled the end of the Ming • Corruption, conservatism, and bureaucratic waste • Doubled in size by 1600 but poorly led & badly equipped • Manchu invaders with peasant support led to final Ming collapse, 1644 European Influence in China • Europeans influenced the Chinese through the port city of Macao – Portuguese ships & traders brought artillery, Jesuits, & Western ideas The Manchu Dynasty Replaces the Ming The Qing Dynasty • The Manchus (1644-1911), invaders from Manchuria to the northeast – Overwhelmed the Chinese forces; proclaimed the Qing dynasty, 1644 – Originally pastoral nomads, organized powerful military force – Captured Korea and Mongolia first, then China – Remained an ethnic elite; forbade intermarriage with Chinese • Kangxi (1661-1722) and his reign – Confucian scholar; effective, enlightened ruler – Conquered Taiwan; extended to Mongolia, central Asia, and Tibet • Qianlong (1736-1795) and his reign – A sophisticated and learned ruler, poet, and artist – Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal made vassal states of China – Under his rule, China was peaceful, prosperous, and powerful LETTER TO KING GEORGE III- 1793 Emperor Qian-long In the 15th century, the Chinese government withdrew from contact with the rest of the world. Eventually, China resumed limited trading with other countries. By the late 18th century it still traded with the West through one port in southeastern China. In 1793, Lord Macartney, an English nobleman, managed to gain an audience with the Chinese emperor Qian-long. Macartney brought a request from King George III for increased trade between Britain and China. Qian-long refused and gave his reasons in the following letter to the king. THINK THROUGH HISTORY: Recognizing Bias What is Emperor Qian-long’s view of the West? What clues in the letter reveal his attitude? You [George III], O King, live beyond the confines of many seas. Nevertheless, impelled by your humble desire to partake of the benefits of our civilization, you have dispatched a mission respectfully bearing your memorial. I have perused your memorial: the earnest terms in which it is couched reveal a respectful humility on your part which is highly praiseworthy. In consideration of the fact that your ambassador and his deputy have come a long way with your memorial and tribute, I have shown them high favor and have allowed them to be introduced into my presence. To manifest my indulgence, I have entertained them at a banquet and made them numerous gifts.… As to your entreaty to send one of your nationals to be accredited to my Celestial Court1 and to be in control of your country’s trade with China, this request is contrary to all usage of my dynasty and cannot possibly be entertained.... If you assert that your reverence for our Celestial Dynasty fills you with a desire to acquire our civilization, our ceremonies and code of laws differ so completely from your own that even if your envoy were able to acquire the rudiments of our civilization, you could not possibly transplant our manners and customs to your alien soil. Therefore, however adept the envoy might become, nothing would be gained thereby. Swaying the wide world, I have but one aim in view, namely, to maintain a perfect governance and to fulfill the duties of the State: strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. Our dynasty’s majestic virtue has penetrated into every country under heaven, and kings of all nations have offered their costly tribute by land and sea. As your ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country’s manufactures. Source: Excerpt from China and Foreign Powers: An Historical Review of Their Relations, edited by Sir Frederick Whyte (London: Oxford University Press, 1927), p. 39. Letter to King George III 1. Celestial Court: Qian-long’s seat of government The son of heaven and the scholar-bureaucrats • Emperor considered "the son of heaven" • Heavenly powers and an obligation to maintain order on the earth • Privileged life, awesome authority, and paramount power • Governance of the empire fell to civil servants, called scholar-bureaucrats • Schooled in Confucian texts, calligraphy • Had to pass rigorous examinations with strict quotas The Examination System • Civil service exam intensely competitive; few chosen for government positions • Others could become local teachers or tutors • System created a meritocracy with best students running the country • Wealthy families had some advantages over poor families • Confucian curriculum fostered common values The History of Confucianism • By the end of the Zhou Dynasty (500BC), China was in chaos • Confucius was a scholar who lived during this time – Believed that creating a harmonious society was the only way to save China – Believed China could restore order by organizing around 5 basic relationships • Ruler and Subject • Father & Son • Husband & Wife • Older Brother & Younger Brother • Friend & Friend – In the first 4 relationships, the first should take care of and protect, the second should be loyal to – Children should practice Filial Piety • Respect for parents and elders • Duke of Lu appointed Confucius minister of Justice – Almost overnight crime disappeared • Tried to educate all government officials – Created a bureaucracy • trained civil servants or government officials • Teachings are considered an Ethical System – Foundation of Chinese government & Social Order The History of Buddhism • Around 560BC a Hindu Prince from Nepal named Siddhartha Guatama began to question why people suffer • At first Siddhartha believed that the only way to end suffering was to deprive himself of everything – He meditated under a fig tree for 7 weeks before coming up with The Four Noble Truths • Truth #1- Life is suffering • Truth #2- Suffering is caused by desire • Truth #3- The way to end suffering is to end desire • Truth #4- The way to end desire is to follow the Eightfold Path – Right Views- Right Resolve – Right Speech- Right Conduct – Right Livelihood- Right Effort – Right Mindfulness- Right Concentration • After this epiphany Siddhartha reached Enlightenment and became known as the Buddha – Buddha means Enlightened one – Enlightenment means wisdom • From then on, the Buddha preached to people that way to Nirvana was through his teachings – Nirvana is a release from suffering and pain (the same as Moksha in Hinduism) History of Neo-Confucianism • Although Buddhism did not last in India it flourished in China, Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia • Those societies were also using the Confucian ethical system • During the Song Dynasty, Chinese scholar Zhu Xi created Neo-Confucianism – Combined the moral, ethical, and political values of Confucianism with logic, discipline, and promise of an afterlife of Buddhism • Neo-Confucianism’s self-discipline and respect for authority appealed to Ming and Manchu Emperors who encouraged it to maintain stability in their country Japan: From Feudal Conflicts to the Tokugawa Shogunate
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