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A Concurrent Programming Environment for the I486 A Concurrent Programming Environment for the i486 Antônio A. Fröhlich, Hélder Savietto, Luciano Piccoli & Rafael B. Ávila Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Departamento de Informática e de Estatística 88.049.970 - Florianópolis - SC - BRASIL Tel.: +55 48 231-9543 Fax: +55 48 231-9770 E-mail: [email protected] strategies are described; at last, the perspectives for the environment as well as authors’ personal conclusions ABSTRACT are presented. This paper describes a concurrent programming envi- ronment for the Intel's 486 processor family. The envi- 2. THE I486 MICROPROCESSOR ronment uses the processor's advanced features, like memory management, multitasking and protection, to Intel’s i486 [7][8] is a versatile CISC microprocessor supply the application level with a compact and secure that can operate in three modes: real, virtual and pro- execution environment. tected. When operating in real mode, the processor Regarding process management, the environment sup- behaves as an ordinary 8086, except by the speed. In ports multitasking, multithreading and dynamic priority this mode, memory is organized in fixed-size segments scheduling. The memory management strategy is based of 64 Kbytes each, there are no protection mechanisms, on paging, which is used to map the available physical neither multitask support. memory into logical segments for the applications. Co- The virtual mode is an intermediate level between real operation among processes can then be achieved and protected modes. When in this mode, protection and through shared memory and semaphores. multitasking resources are available, but the instruction set and memory address translation still the same as in the 8086. This mode can be used to support several 1. INTRODUCTION virtual machines, each one equivalent to a real 8086. Since IBM has chosen Intel’s 8086 as the main proces- Protected mode is the one that makes available all proc- sor for its personal computer line, this family of micro- essor’s resources. This operating mode enables protec- processors has been widely used. Nowadays, most per- tion, multitasking and memory management. For mem- sonal computers are equipped with such processor. The ory management, two schemes are available: segmenta- 80x86 microprocessor family has evolved to include tion and segmentation + paging (it is really segmenta- several new resources, such as memory management tion plus paging, not paged segmentation). In this mode, unit, multitasking support and protection mechanisms. memory segments have variable sizes in bytes or in However, few operating systems make use of this ad- pages, while pages are 4 Kbytes, fixed-size elements. vanced resources. Regarding protection, this mode makes available four privilege levels that can be used to enforce memory and This paper describes a concurrent programming envi- CPU access restrictions. It is also available some support ronment for PCs based on the 486 family of microproc- for multitasking, with automatic context switch. essor: i386, i486, Pentium and Pentium Pro. The main advanced resources available in the processor are used to provide a secure, efficient and compact programming 3. THE ENVIRONMENT STRUCTURE environment for applications. The proposed program- ming environment is extremely versatile, what makes The proposed environment is comprised of four mod- possible for it to support the development of an operat- ules: process management, memory management, syn- ing system or to directly support applications. Besides, chronization and I/O support. Over these modules lies its reduced size code allows it to be stored in ROM, thus an interface layer that presents internal objects to appli- serving as support for dedicated systems. cation, enforcing protection. Environment internal ob- This paper is organized as follow: at first, the i486 mi- jects are: logical memory segments, tasks, threads, croprocessor and the environment structures are pre- semaphores, interruption handlers and I/O ports. sented; next, process, memory and I/O management There are to basic way the environment can be used: to Scheduling support an operating system or to support applications. The environment schedules threads independently of Once the environment supplies only basic abstractions, which task they belong to. That is, threads of a single it is possible to develop a complete operating system task concur for CPU time in equality to other tasks' over it without any restriction. By the other hand, the threads. environment is complete enough to support some spe- cific applications. Figure 1 illustrates the environment The scheduling policy adopted by the environment is, structure. theoretically, dynamic priority. Nevertheless, there are some ways to influence scheduling, even from outside the environment. When a thread is created, its creator Application Application thread can define a range of priorities for it. When it is then scheduled, a timer is set to restrict its execution Operating System time to a certain limit. Every time the thread leaves the CPU, its priority is recomputed based on the portion of I n t e r f a c e the time-slice it has used, and then adjusted to the inter- val defined for it. Process Memory Synch. I / O H A R D W A R E This policy is similar to that adopted in UNIX operating system [3]. Such a policy has been proved to be efficient Figure 1: The environment structure. for interactive systems, as long as it benefits I/O bound process. The main difference is the existence of a prior- ity interval, which yields to other specific policies, once 4. PROCESS MANAGEMENT the creator thread can redefine it anytime. By doing so, the environment supports the implementation of a user The process manager developed for this programming level scheduler. environment had efficiency and flexibility as its main goals. In order to be efficient, it supports multitasking, Process Synchronization multithreading and dynamic priority scheduling. In order to be flexible, it abdicates from most abstractions Aiming for cooperative processing, the environment usually found in conventional systems, such as process supplies mechanism for communication and synchroni- hierarchy, ownership and grouping. These characteris- zation. Process communication is achieved by shared tics will be depicted next. memory, which is described in the next section, while process synchronization is achieved by semaphores. Process Semaphores can be used to synchronize threads of a single task or they can be shared among tasks to syn- Aiming for the most effective use of architecture’s re- chronize its threads. The environment implementation sources, the environment supports processes as combi- of semaphore conforms to Dijikstra definitions [2], i. e., nations of tasks and threads [1][10], where tasks are there are only two atomic valid operations on sema- passive entities, comprised of protected memory seg- phores: P and V. The atomicity of these operations is ments for code and global data; and threads are active achieved through i486’s XCHG instruction, that atomi- entities that eventually execute some task’s code. Each cally manipulates two memory positions. thread has its own context and stack, thus, a single task may present several concurrent threads. Besides sup- porting multithread, the environment also supports the coexistence of multiples tasks. Figure 2 presents the 5. MEMORY MANAGEMENT environment process model. The memory management scheme most commonly Legend available in multitasking systems is paging. However, as stated before, i486 microprocessor does not support pure Task paging and a more complex scheme is required to make Thread the segmentation transparent to applications. Actually, Instruction pointer only two flat (entire address space) i486 segments are Process (multithread) (monothread) defined and shared by all applications: one for code and one for data. These segments have no meaning to the Figure 2: The environment process model. environment or to applications, they are defined just to satisfy the processor. Once this flat segmentation model is established, paging can be used to implement logical paged segments for applications. Protection is then achieved through control bits associated to each logical segment that enable or 8. FURTHER IMPLEMENTATIONS disable writing and enable or disable user level opera- tions. Moreover, any logical segment can be expanded The proposed environment has been developed with or shrunk, but stack segments are auto-expandable, i. e., extra care about portability. It has been written almost when a stack overflow is detected, a new page is allo- completely in C and the i486 dependent code has been cated to the segment. Similarly, when a stack page be- isolated from the rest of the code, what makes possible comes free, it is automatically released. for environment to migrate to other platforms, perhaps POWERPC or SPARC. Cooperation among threads of a single task is easily achieved by the shared data segment. Threads of distinct At present, a version to be used in automation as sup- tasks can cooperate by sharing some of its logical seg- port for dedicated hardware it is being developed. This ments. Threads can also use semaphores to avoid unde- integral functionality version is expected to fit in a 64 sired interference. Kbytes ROM. Besides this project, the research group is working in the consolidation of communication mecha- nism to be incorporated into the environment. Shared Memory Shared memory is managed in the environment by mapping the same logical segment on
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