Spanish Grammar

iv PR EFA CE.

Index contains a full reference-list to all verbs that deviate in any way

- ( save orthographically) from the three leading model verbs . T he exercises are prepared with exclusive refere nce to the topic

he are ur o sel sim le those n th v er s ein n . H ence t o e b in ha d y p p y p , b g even co nﬁned almost entirely to a direct drill o n the various forms of

reat variet of re resentative verbs . M oreov er the are all laced a g y p , y p

f he b k where the will no im ede referen e h at the end o t oo , y t p c to t e

i r grammar or disturb its method cal p esentation .

F r the eneﬁt of those interested each cha ter is intr uced o b , p od

arentheticall and in a wa not to obstruct the re ular stud of the p y, y g y

ramm r a brief sketch of the relation between Latin an d S anish g a , by p as regards the subject therein treated . T he encouragement attending

’ the introduction of such a method into the author s French grammar

i r s has l d h m t a o t it o n a educed cale als here . e o d p , , o

T he author is indebted for guidance and for various illustrative m examples to other grammars . A o ng these should be mentioned

’ especially the grammar of the S panish A cademy (Gram dtzm de la len ua caste/la nd the well -known works of Foerster and Wi ers g ), gg ,

’ and Kn s l r n f ni h r m r S ecial th n app e abo ate a d use ul S pa s G am a . p a ks

are due n d l nd P r f r w . n f r n a g adly exte ed to o esso Ed S . Joy es o ge er ous aid in m r han n r t n P r fess r F Kr h f o e t o e es c a d to o o . . oe pe , C o

H ob ken f r h l ful i t n in the readin of the r fs o o e ass s a ce o . , p g p o

A . H E . . U N IVER S IT Y o r N E B A S KA 1 8 1 R , 9 .

W T he pro n unciatio n described in this edition is in acco rdance with the rinci les lai d down b a trained C as tilian ho n tici n of no e to p p y p e a t (cf. p of T he stude nt referrin the so m h t r o n p . p g ew a simple pr un ciatio n pre vailin in former S an ish de endencies enerall ma at o nce dismiss th g p p g y, y e little intricacies of the rules for b, v, d, in accordance with 1 2.

H E 1 . A . . . , 190

S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

P AGE.

I. V P ro n o un s .

H isto ry

P ersonals an d R eﬁexives

P ossessives

D emonstrativ es

Interrogatives

R elatives

Indeﬁnites

I V I. V e rb s.

H istory Conjugatio ns Principal P arts R egular Verbs

A ma r t me r - - a a rti r 1 . rtho r hi l h . , , p , 3 34 O g ap ca c anges 34 35 P honetical variati on s 35- 39 [f em u r-class 36 ; “ M i r-class 37 ; [ adv -class 37 i — / m£r-class Irregular Verbs

- - - enera l descri tion 0 R ef r list 0 . D efecti ve verbs G p 39 4 . e ence 4 44 44- 45

P eriphrasti c Verb-Phrases

- P eri hrastic a ti ves assiv . ro ressives 6. p c 45 . p es 45 46 p g 4 R eﬂexive or R ecipro cal Verbs

V III. In d e clin abl e s .

A dv erbs

Prepositions Co njuncti ons

Interjections .

xx . A rticl e s .

D eﬁnite A rticle 5 1 53 m - Iio ati . mi i n d c use 51 53 O ss o 53 . Indeﬁnite A rticle 53- 54

x . N ouns .

D irect object with d P repositi onal construction C ON T EN T S . vii

XI. A d iv j ect e s .

P osition

II N u e r X . m al s

I. XII P ro n o un s .

P ossessives

D emonstratives

Interrogatives and R elatives

Indeﬁnites

XIV . V e rb s .

A greement

Indi cative T enses

P resent 68 . Im erfect 6 P reterit F uture p 9. 69 .

70.

- Ind d t . D e nden 1 ns e en en o e t . T e es p 7 p 7 73 74.

Inﬁnitive

u - Without r o i o - A s no n . e s ti n . With re osition 74 75 p p 75 p p 75 77 . — - A s verb 77 78.

Gerund

XV . In d e clinabl e s .

A dve bs S un dry r . N egation Conjunctions

t o f e n te nc e XV I. A rran ge m en S VERS IFICA TION — — R h thm 8 . S llabic N umber 8 8 . R h nan e y 5 y 5 7 yme, A sso c - S tr h Blank Verse 87 88. op es and P oems 88 . S PA NIS H Worms m EN GLISH Exxm rsas S PA NISH -ENGLISH Vocasvm v ENGLISH -SPAN ISH Vocasum av INDEX

H E SPAN I E T S H LAN GUAG .

PA N IH P o rtu uese Fre nch Ialian R hoeto - R o manic S S , g , , t ,

so uthern S witz e rland and R u manian no rthe rn T urke ( ) , ( y ) , c o nstitute a ro u o f lan u a e ich hav in s run g p g g s wh , g p g m i e fro o u lar Latin are c alle d m n o r R omanic . . p p , R o a ce (

' R o man o r N eo- Latzn N ew- Latin

Fro m the time that Ibe ria was c o nque re d by the R o m ans 206— 2 B and made a R o m an ro v ince ul ar . C . o ( 5 ) p , p p Latin gradu ally su pplante d the native Ibe rian and C e lt ibe rian diale c ts the Bas u e ho wev e r in art surv iv in to ( q , p g the re se nt da Onl abo u t o ne hu ndre d wo rds c hie ﬂ p y) . y , y

B o ani e . : u a as ue have fo u nd the ir wa int S sh . q , y p , g g ij ’ ’ ’

ebble modor m dro wsine ss a z uz a shar hu n er. p , , g p g

The c o n u e st b the Visi o ths in the be innin o f the q y g , g g

ﬁfth ce ntu r o f o ur e ra b ro u ht the Teutonic s e e c h into y , g p

ai Fo r a o i ri ale and in o fﬁc ial u se ev e n S n . sh r ime v d p t t t , su lante d he R a i io m In the b e inn in o f the pp t o m n d . g g

is e d It has se ve nth c e ntu r ho wev e r its in ﬂu e nce v an h . y , , b e que athe d to the S p an ish langu age ne arly fo u r hu ndre d ’ ’ wo rds e : uerm war es m e skiff bo at ba nco , . g . g , g if , , ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ be nc o o l e llow rico ric h h norte no rth u a l a o b s . , , g ( ) y , , ’ ’ roba r ro b ro a c lo th ro b e e tc , p , , . The c o nqu e st o f the large r p o rtio n o f S p ain by the M o o rs ( 7 1 and the ir do minio n the re during c e ntu rie s 2 TH E SPA N ISH LAN GUA GE.

u ntil 1 2 2 had a et re ate r inﬂ u e nc e 9 , y g o n the S panish lan

u a e whic h n o w c o ntains n e arl twic e o rds o g g , y as m any w f

in as o f T e o n ic T he Ar bic o ri ut . se wo r s fo r the mo st a g d ,

art name s o f e x te rnal o b e cts and te c hn ic al te rms c an p j , o ften be re c o gniz e d by the ir in itial al ( the A rabic arti

’ ‘ ’ ’ cle Ex am le s are : al cal a e u d e a l e ra al ebra ) . p j g , g b g , ’ ’ ’ ’ al oa on c o tto n a l mena tu rre t a l cci z a r c astle a lmana g , , , ’ ’ ’ ' ’ a a au ctio n al az a ra no ise a cezte o il u l a no a ce r , g , , f ’ ’ c tain, lza sta to , e t . A mo ng m any S panish diale cts dev e lo pe d fro m the

e arl R o m anic s e e c h in S ain the C stil i fav o re d b y p p , a an, y

o litic al c irc u mstanc e s e arlie st assu me d lite rar fo rm in p , y (

the six te e nth c e ntu r an d re o nde ratin o sitio n It y) p p g p .

thu s radu all a ro ach e d the rank o f a n atio nal lan u a e g y pp g g . In the six te e nth c e ntu ry its d ev e lo pme nt into m o de rn

ani h was in the m ain c o m le te d Few c han e s e S s . x ce t p p g , p

in idio ms and s ntax hav e sinc e the n be e n m ade I y , . ts inﬂ ue n c e during that c e ntu ry re ache d far b ey o nd the

b o rde rs o f S ain the Castilian be in the n like the Fre nc h p , g ,

o f the sev e nte e nth an d e i hte e nth c e ntu rie s lar e l the g , g y

lan ua e o f o lite Eu ro e It is n o w the o fﬁc ia a a g g p p . l l ngu ge

o f the natio n and also the lan u a e o f c u ltu re e x c e t in , g g , p

C atalo n ia N av arre and the Bas ue ro v in ce s B the , , q p . y

c o n ue sts o f S ain in the N e w o rld it has also with sli ht q p W , g

diale ctic v ariatio ns be c o m e the c u ltu re d idi o ar e , o m f a l g

r f e ric a p a t o A m .

A side fro m its Ibe rian v u l ar Latin T e u o ni c and , g , t

a ic ele me nts the Castilian ha e e n ri A r b , s b e n c he d, like

the r Eu ro e an lan u a e s b a c o nstant inﬂ ux o f fo r i o p g g , y e gn iall Gree k and La in o rds e s e c t . w , p y SPANISH GRAMMAR.

E l e m en ta ry S o u n d s a n d A c cen t.

I H T O R Y T e se ist rical notes int n ed sim l for the more [ IS . h h o , e d p y ambitio us cl assical student who may wish to have some idea o f the main laws

overnin t volution o f L tin into anish n ecessaril ive but the briefest g g he e a Sp , y g hi ts o f these laws which in art are o f a ver intricate or recondite nature . n , p y The honetic relations indi cated below a l to mo st words brou ht into S ain p , pp y g p W r im directl b the R m s and not chan ed b false anal o . o ds rted y y o an , g y gy po ater em nl m r r l im rfectl l shared in th o y o e o ess pe y.

A . The Latin ccent ositio n usuall rem ined unch n ed in A c c e nt . a p y a a g

nish It is then to be o bse rved that nouns etc . surviv ed in the ir accusati ve Spa . , , r m r m not h ir n ve f rm : L. o rn a em no t a o S a or. ( t e ominati ) o ( ) ; p.

V w A lread o ular Latin mer e d i 12 with 2 5 a as t Z B. o e ls . y p p g , , ; , wi h ,

- v a Later we o bserve : 1 . A ccen t am ok l Z; and droppe d penults ( sa e ) . on y

' 2 b a ed o ntaneousl viz to i t n o a b ut an vo wel save 2 z? , , n chang sp y, . , , ; y ( , ) was

t b n uen ed b nei hbo rin alatal k di htho n al i ap to e i ﬂ c y a g g p ( , g, g, p g e o r lab l or 1 Thus : Bnear a alatal e i a Z 5 e i a 5 n = ia . p , , ; , ( ) ; , ear u

0 a l = o z A ccentless vowel : these we re usuall unchan ed exce t rtl . . y g ( p pa y by palatal inﬂuence as above ; and diphthongal e i y ) but ﬁn al -e was

lost exce f r consonant rou or b o . , pt a te g p ,

C. C on s o n an ts . These were o ften lost o r chan ed. Thus : 1 S i n le g . g consona nts 5 d were lo st be fo r di htho n al e i an , , g e p g d o ften be twee n ls fin l -m w l s i ll vowe a as o t or n mo o s . n urd ; , ( n y ) ; s s betwee n vowe ls be

me sonant o ften It or = ° initial 3 os be for ca e a surd . T wo ; f ; j , . 2 consonants were fre ue ntl ce to n some f m h q y re du d o e, o the t en merging into a new sound such as initial 11 Io r medial dz z ii x but rl m r n r rd] ( , , , j , , , ) ; , , ,

LP H A E h s s B T . ani us th a e t 2. A S p s e e m wri ten letters as

En lish with the addition of 5 i . e n with tilde Lat. g , . ( titul a r sign M R 4 S PAN ISH GR A M A .

al si ns into the al habet while k N OTE. Ck and IIare inserted as speci g p , and 10 in forei n words are o mitted in its enumeration . The let , used only g , ters of the be in S anish : ( 1 be cc cite de e e e o alpha t are named p , , , , , , f , g , ba ck i ota ele eIIe eme o e eﬁe o e on ere en te u re e n i: x , , j , , , , n , , , p , , , , , , , q ( )

ri e a eda Ire we Jodie y g g , z , )

The die resis is lace d o v e r a to deno te that it 3 . ( p

' is no t m ute be fo re e and z

A T he acc e nt to ne - e m hasis o f S anish 4 , CCENT . ( p ) p wo rds which m a re st o n an s llable is e ithe r le ft n , y y y , u m arke d o r de no te d b an acc e nt- mark he n nu , y W marke d it rests

a . On the enult if the wo rd ends in a vowel di hthon and p , ( p g hth n inclusive : 1 0 o r in — — n whic h f r th m trip o g ) s, ( o e ost part

e in ﬂec tional endin s added to words in a vowel cum cam s ar g ) ,

’ o a ma s a ma n ar/en a - trza a nte -oa ts o t i n - a m , , , j , p , p o eta ,

’ ’ al - w en a but a ra hic Si n : aese - o eo not a di hthon g ( g p g 9) ( p g, ’ - - 1 0 . o dose as aes e a n . ) , ,

th ﬁnal s llable if it ends in ano ther consonan t t o. On e y , han

—3 — n bein then counted as a consonant err r , (y g ) o ,

T he acc ent- m ark is u se d : 5 ,

‘ ’ ' ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ a . On a few monos llables viz 1 . d to e and d u or 2 y , , , ( ) ; . the ’ ’ u ien en d] reteri : u z ? di Interro atives ne . ts a htho n : re g o , g , ; 3 p f ( p g fi , ’’ or e som h mon did etc . . the m e m hatic o f e o ms : ae he i a r , ; 4 p y I( ) g ve i ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ' of ; él he el the ; m z me mi my ; mas more w as but ; sz ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ fl n ‘ ‘ fl ron es : si if sé Iknow : so re . ro tzi o re . . th u : tu t p ; y ; p hy , etc.

- b On a tonic i . e. accented end s llable terminatin in a vowel di h n . ( ) y g ( p tho g and tri hthon inclusive or in - s — n a mé a ma ré contendrd Ben - u t p g ) , , , , j ,

' a ca ri -czé a veri - 'ud a més a demds bu rldn a ma rdn a des ués , g f , , , ; jp , ’ mi -Ildn a ra -bién a morti a -d n et diss llabic when it foll , p y ( y ows the

bu a u n di hthon al when recedin it . verb ; t , p g , p g )

n a tonic en ult wh en the word e nds in another consonant than - c. O p n

drmol an el a Zrez H uerta ] Li etor. m , g , t/ , ELEM EN T Y A R SOUN D S A N D A CCENT . 5

J. On tonic i or a of diss llabies and tris bi s Show at the are not y ylla c , to th y

' ' ' - - di hthon s and tri hthon s 10 ra -zz ba ni ] dz o a re-tr tend a ten t a ir p g p g ( ) , , , , , , ' b a t-a s o-zdo but re ret-do w ere a is but a ra i i n : , ; g ( h g ph c s g '

e . On an tonic s llable r edin n : re o re i men o zera mor y y p ec g the pe ult gvd , g ,

’ ﬁero-e oe diss llabic d dw tda ( y ) ; . ’

: On the D emonstratives este i n and a ree] m s or fem . sin o r j , g ( a s. , g. when used witho ut their noun or emphatically ; and on Interrogative pronouns ' an d adverbs u ienes ed o coma etc ; g y .

. On 3610 onl adv to dis in i i o g y ( ) , t gu sh t fr m solo alone

- a. On members of a com ound and ad ectives be fore ntente that sho uld p , j , ' have the accent-mark if o n - s-rn used al e : déei nto sépti nto eorte ente. A ccente d verb-forms retain theirown accent-mark before appended pronouns ; an d the are accented accordin to if e accen t recedes the enult cése y g e. , th p p ﬁ

for at re vi dse re vler dé lo dd elos r Ja mie me 105 ( f ) , g , se , ndorn ( fo )

N OTE. The rinci les of accentuati on have varied from time to tim and p p e, the above s stem rescribe b the S anis A cad m 1 888 is ado ted o nl y , p d y p h e y, , p y in re cent ublications lder texts e t lar el i n use will ordi naril have no p . O (y g y ) y acce nt on ox tones ﬂectional — n - s nor some n onic i u o f diss l y in unin , , , , o t , y iabics and trisyllabics while they do accent paroxytones o f words i n unin

- — ﬂe cti onal n , s.

S YLLA BIC A T IO 6 . N .

a A sin le co nsonant or co nso nant-di ra h oil 11 rr and . g g p ( , , ) also a mute with a li uid 1 r belon to the followin vowel : q ( , ) , g g

° — é - 1 a -Ia -me- a li e- l m ea - le e- ro ~ >a -dre [ta -bla r de-o f ct , d , e , I, p r , 1 , ; ,

- - de se o 1 0 . c ) .

Otherwise o ne consonant goes with the prec eding vowel

e - ta r nu - o S however nev er combines with a followin s , es tr . , , g

- c onsonant : obs euro.

’ i hth n s are not se arated : a—frta a- ua one-no e. D p o g p p , g , ,

N on 1 . X usually divides into N . N ora a Compounds usually divide according to their elements : dos-es s 5 S PA N ISH GR A M MA R

P ron un ci a ti on .

T he pro nunciation of S pan ish v aries much in die rent lo cal

iti T he f ll in ru l f r th ure a s ilia n r ri f i es . o ow g es o e p C t a e a b e d ’ est for ractical n eeds of the esse n tials of D r A rau o s of T O g , p , . j , ” ledo R echerches sur la hon éti ue e s a nole in P hon etische , p q p g ,

S tudien III t For ari i n in i h m ri 2 e c . v at o s S an s A e cf 1 , , p ca . .

Y S anish words have a s llabic uan tit natur 7 . QU A N T IT . p y q y

ar in ac co rdin to the number of so unds in each s llable ally v y g g y ,

l - ntit in the c lassic al sense thou h the acc ented but no v o we qua y , g

' ’ ’ ‘ - I d s llable e . naezon zn rta a is a t to be vowel o f an en y ( . g , p

ro trac ted and all the vowels of a ro arox tone e . . slightly p , p p y ( g

regu lo ) are apt to be Shortened .

Y T he u alit o r u tte ra nc e o f the v ario us 8 . QU A LIT . q y

ill e d e sc ribe d be lo w alphabetic al S igns w b .

T he S im le v o we ls all utte red LS . 9 . S IM P LE VO WE p ,

a io n ma e ac h v ar sli htl fro m w ith a distinct e nunc i t , y y g y

b ut the se S li ht v ariatio ns are de te r the ir standard so u nd , g

hi in ause s to be mine d by to o many c o mplex and s ft g c

de r sho rt rac tic al ru le s . T he standard v o wel b ro u ght u n , p qu alitie s are :

’ ’ ’ h Webste r s a Fre nc h a in a rt a ma ; a a in English a ( , p ) la mo a ma r ( 5 7 d .

’ rn ré re n lo he without lide Fr. é leelze te e . e in t y, g ( ) , , g

’ ’ ’ e ibis uszl . z in piqu , f

' oore eo m é han in no Fr. o rt Ge r. rolle n ; Open er 0 t ( p , ) p

7 0.

’ l r Fr on u n o vi rtua ; Ié uo e . II u in rule ( . ) g

n mere ra hical si n betwe n or unless marked ii , is sile t a g p g ) g 11, ( e ’ - a r ttr oozr . uerra uisa ueda r ui nto. But gi ) t and e, g , g ; o , q

A R TICLES . II

Y i no articl e n anish the Latin demon T at n had s. I [l7 . H IS O R . L Sp — tive ille in its ac ve fo ll u m i ll m ill d l . illos i llas all stra cusati rms i , a , u ; p , ( save ille with proclitic tone-change) an d the numeral unum unam) ca m e o be used as de n e a in i l res ctivel Th earlier form of t fi it nd defin te arfi c es pe y. e ill am was ello or (by proclisis)

18 . D EFIN IT E A RT IC LE.

fem. ne ut.

the la o r el not a ol ( , e ) la la: [as

I h n e a El for a . B eu o l on alwa s r lac d he . y p y c e y ep e t fem

e la befo re a vowel It N ow ol is thus r uire onl be inin or . eq d y

fore diss lla oie nouns with initial tonic 11 ha thou h it ma be y , ( g y — used also be fore su h ol s llabic nouns . Thus : a ua c p y y ) a! g (f. ) ’ ‘ ’ ‘ t e water ol na more f the hun er In or al ci nima ‘ the h ; ( . ) g ’ ’ l ao a f ‘ h bee a ta s a ‘ . ierr f. so u ; Ia ej ( ) t e ; Ia l (adj . ) ( ) the ’ high Sierra.

v erb o r artici l e used as abstract nou n 6. Lo determines an adjective, ad , p p ’ ’ buen o h e od d s th e rest bu t el otro the o ther. Io t go , Io ema

‘ ’ ‘ ’ I9 . C O N T R A C T IO N . 00 of and d to combine with el into do! and (IIrespectively delpadre of the father a l pa dre ‘ ’ to the father.

20. l N D EFIN IT E A RT IC LE.

m . asc fem.

Sin . m m o r a n cf. 1 . a o ne a and or a n : Cf. 1 . a g ( § 5 ) , ( § 5 ) Plural unos some

E CIS E III EX R . I2 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

2L H I T - [ S O R Y . The six Latin case forms were early in the singular

reduced to two o ne for th e no minative an e f r the obli ue e Fin all , d o n o q cas s. y

the latter or o ne made in an i h i l n n h l al ( alogy w t t) prevai ed alo e . I t e p ur h t e accusative form su lanted all the others . The Latin v pp ac c us ati e fo rm ,

as t if i n the other obli ue case -forms in the sin ular and as survi vin yp y g q g , g

alo ne in the lural ma h e n be call e d the o ri in o f the sin ular and l ural p , y t g g p

noun -f ms in ni h r m a mores a m r or or a s e . . L a m e l : S . o a m es. Sp : g , . a , p . p , The - re are o nl so me scatte re d re mnants o f other distinct case forms e . . y ( g ,

di os fro m the nom . deus u ev es from the e nit. oa is A s Latin mas j g j , culines and feminines the o nl en ers survivin in anish ende in —a s ( y g d g Sp ) d ,

- os - es in the accusative lural - s b ecame the re ular l ural S i n in , p , (o) g p g anish Sp .

Latin neu e f r he m r became m ulines : L . cor us t rs o t ost pa t asc p Sp.

cu er o everal lurals ho wev er b false analo were treate d as sin p S p , , y gy, ’ - ‘ ular feminines in a L oli a S . li o a f. leaf or collectivel g . f p j , , ( y, ‘ ’ h L a ota marri e n u tials. Even in o t er res ects the . S . ooda f. a p , , g , p p regular relation be twe en Latin and Spanish ge nde rs has been somewhat

t be dis ur d . )

22. IN FL T N S an ish no u ns like En lish distin EC IO . p , g ,

u ish be twe e n a si n n a l fo rm But the hav e g g ul a r a d pl ur . y

no S e c ial c ase - fo rm no t e v en like En lish a o sse s p ( , g , p

S iv e ) .

P l u ra l F orm a ti o n .

23 . S IM P LE N O U N S N o u ns e ndin in an ato nic vowe l . g

sav e o r in 2 add to the sin u lar o the r no u ns ( y ) , , 3 g ; , es

el a mi o the fri n l los a mi o g e d p . g s

la ea sa the ho use las ea sa s

el pie the foo t [as pies N O N U S . 1 3

cl ra 6 the ru l los m 6i i by p . os el rey the king los reyos la flor the flower las flo res

la nacion the nation las na ci ones

Fi i f re I a — el ue the u e N OTE. nal z s written c be o 4 : (§ 3 ) j z j dg lo:

- s —es —ez lik E a . N ouns in atonic i e XC EP T IO N S . , , (

m ure a la crisis el ueves S é ncltez etc . and so e L tin words , j , , ) p ‘ '

like el de cit etc . are unchan ed in the lural . ( ﬁ , ) g p

— — 6 ome nouns in d and 6 a d ma md so d la ndd etc. add s not . S (p p , , f , , ) ,

s in e , the plural .

c d an mi ord e in t lural lores mi lores . Lor d l ar he p , .

d a rdcter and ré i men are n the lural with the accen t shifted forwar . C g i p , d, ca ra ct res re i menes e , g .

26 . C O N N U N S If the ﬁrst m e mbe r o f a M P O U D O . co m o u nd is an ad ectiv e b o th m e mbe rs take the lural p j , p

S i n : entillzombre e ntle m an entil /combre th g g g g es s . O

' ' e rwise o nl the last : erroca m l ailr a y f r o d ﬂrroca m l es .

If the last m e mbe r is alre ad a lural it re m ains u n y p ,

‘ ‘ ch an e d : corta l umas e n - knife lit c ut l g p p ( . p .

the same .

o i also 6i o da l o ‘ n b man l n o da onl no N t ce (j ) g o l e p . y s lgo ( y as un) or kida lgos.

2 V ari d m i l u ral m no have 6 . e e ani n g in S ngul ar an d P . S o e uns in the lural in a o n i sual sense a e nin o f kin re p , dditi to the r u , also n w mea g d d

nature . Thus

M asculi ne name f e ma in l include bo h sexe z — nz a . s o p rsons y p ural t s / o ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ son l so ns children a dr fath e r l fathers are nts nerma n o , p . , ; p e , p . , p ’ ’ brother l. bro thers brother 3 and re kin l . kin s kin , p , ( ) y g, p g , g ’ an een d qu . I R 4 S PA N IS H GR A M M A .

— ’ 6. A s ni n dia da l da s pecial mea ng is added to the ordi ary y, p . y , ’ name -da corte co urt l co urts l e islative assembl a nteo o ﬁeld y , p . , g y j ’ lass l - ﬁeld lasses s ectacles etc . g , p . g , p

E E CIS E IV X R .

27 . G N D R S anish no u ns are e ithe r masculi ne o r E E . p

emi ni ne f .

M ascul ine are

a . N o uns denoting male beings el nom6re the man ’ eaoallo h h t e o rse .

6 N o ns ot i l h n the en in . u n mp ying distinctio n o f sex w e y d

— - - — ‘ 1 . 0 ma o f Greek ori in o r a tone v owel el li6ro the , g , book cl oro the gold el poema the po em el idioma the ’ lan ua cl so h ‘ f o g ge fci t e sofa el pie the o t.

’ ’ ‘ ’ Exce ted : la ma no the hand la na o the shi la ? the faith la trioé p , , p, 1 , ’ the tribe .

’ ’ — — - — — 2 . r I 3 el dolo r the ain cl sol the sun el ci r6ol , , j , p , , ’ ’ ’ the tree el relo the wat h el mes the month cl maru's , j c , , ’ the T ues a d y.

’ ’ ’ Exce ted : la or the ower la la bor ‘ the labor la sa l the salt la p ﬂ ﬂ , , , ’ ’ ’ ’ mi el the hone la col h b e la l i s the lil la tos the cou h. y, t e ca bag , y, g

Feminines are

’ a N la mu er ‘ he woman la . ouns denotin emale in s t gf be g j , ‘ ’ oaca the c ow .

N m l n istin n of x when the en in 6. ouns no t i p yi g d ctio s se y d

- — — — — I. a sav e tho se in ma fro m Greek ia um6ro la casa ( ) , , ’ ’ ‘ ‘ h la séri ‘ he serie la the house el 1 8 . a a ua t e water e t s , ( ) g , , IL servidu m6re the servants ( CO ) .

’ ’ ’ Exce te d e el cometa ‘ the comet el la neta the lanet p d : el i a th day, , p p , ’ el ma a h p t e map.

16 PA N I H M S S GR A M A R .

‘ - - - — 6. B suﬂixin in like manner ina osa isa a llo cock a lli y g , , g g na ‘ h ’ en béroe hero heroi na heroine a ba d abbo t aba desa abbess ; ’ ’ oeta oet : oetisa oet p p p p ess.

- — — c. B chan in tor dor i nto Lat trix a ctor y g g , friz ( . ) actor a ctriz ’ actress em era dor em eror em eratriz em p p p press.

— 2 . U n re l ate d when not derived from the same no un kombre man

’ mu er woman ca ba llo horse e u a m e j y g ar .

I ° — . d e n i al t c ca ma ra da m . orf. comrade com atri ota m o r f. 3 ( ) p ( . ) coun r m n ’ t a ar/en m . or f o n n or ma u ma wo n . y j ( . ) y g

EXER CIS E V.

35 U A I ani h l ke I i LIFY N G S U FF E . S s i al an i . Q IX S p ( t ) s pe cu liarly rich in so me what fre e ly u sed su fﬁx es se rv ing to m o dif the e ne ral se nse o f the no u n as e s e c iall to y g , p y m ake it au mentativ e in an o rdinar se nse o r in a de re g ( y , p

c iativ e se nse as im l in c o arse ne ss r , p y g o diminutiv e

im l in smallne ss nic e t weakness wo hle sness etc rt s . ( p y g , y , , , ) ca The se m o v able su ﬂi x es nno t, howev e r, b e u sed at ran d m and m u ch familiarit with the lan u a e is re u ire d o , y g g q

m r e rl A S a rule the o c c u r le ss fre o handle the o . t p p y , y qu e ntly in grav e and se rio us langu age than in o rdinary

u rse and li hte r c o m o sitio n disc o g p . The m o st impo rtant o f the se qu alify ing su fﬁx e s are

v e b e lo w It is to b e o bserve d that in addin the m to a gi n . g no u n ﬁnal ato nic v owe ls are lo st hombre bambr- bn and , ( , ) , that c o nso nants may C hange o rtho graphic ally ac c o rd I ing to § 3 .

- 1 A u mentatives etc . all co ntainin the tone vowel o a or g ( ) g ,

— — — - h a are : u t au m . o r az o ao o , o o o ( g , — A ll with a fe minine in — a ac co rdin voil a , g to $4 0

1 8 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

A dj e c ti v e s .

T Y Th La in ad e ctives have be [8 7 . H IS O R e t j en treated in Spanish in the main like the no uns T hey have th ere only o n e disti nct fo rm

fo r u r an tw rs . The in e ac h n m b e , d o ge n d e mascul e may be used as a - — — ne uter absolute with lo. M o st ad ectiv es chi e those in o ou a n fo rm j ( ﬂy , , ) theirfemin i ne ih - a whil e the others like man in ad e iv , y Lat j ct es, are alike in

masculin e a nd feminine .

The d e gre e s o f c o m p ari s o n are expressed by the aid o f independent ‘ ’ ‘ bs mds more men os less Lat m a s m i adv er . i n us . fe ( , g , ) A w Lati n

’

com aratives hav e surviv ed i n S anish e . . L . m eli or or S m or p p ( g , pg p . ej ,

oor The Latin su erlative endin — issi m us is in the form of - isi m p ) . p g o quite l e d in makin abso lute su erlatives fre e y us g p . ]

I FL T N S an ish ad e ctiv e s u nlike En lish N O . 3 8 . EC I p j , g ,

av e a diffe re nt fo rm fo r the the in l r and the h s gu a pl ural ,

and o fte n fo r the mascul ine and feminine. Like no u ns,

h a e no s e c ial c ase - e ndin they v p g .

A FO M A T IO N A d e ctiv e s fo rm the ir lu 3 9 . P LUR L R . j p ral in a m a nne r analo go us with th at o f no u ns

‘ a o o d l bu en os buena ci cil e as f bueu . s bu eno . ( ) g p , ( ) f y s a la di fci ciles ba l a di wo rthle s b es .

A d e ctiv e s fo rm the ir 40. FEM IN IN E FO R M A T IO N . j

— a r re main unchan ed acco rdin to the fo l fe m inine in , o g , g lo wing ru le s

a ll a c tives in - and al so those i n - eto — ofo Chan e . A dje o, , , g ’ - — — heir n ow l into a . 6aeno f. buena ra ndote bi is t e d v e , g gg h,

ra ndot g a .

6 A d e tives in — an - n - ar c om aratives exc e ted ant . j c , o , ( p p ) , . A D ECTIVES J . 19

al so proper adjectives ( formed from proper names) not ending ’ in - a -e — i add - a in the feminine — burlén ro i h ba r u s f. , , , , g , ' ’ ' ’ lon a tra id o r treac herous tra id ora es a hol S anish s , p p , e

‘ ' ’ a nola ra ncés Frenc h ra ncesa . p f , f

c the r ad ectives are alike in the masculine a . O j nd feminine

m . ra nde In . o r f. reat ooen . o rf o un me or m o r f g , , g j , y g j , . . , ‘ aci m . o r f. eas eliz m o better l . r f. ha f , , y f , , ppy etc .

1 ati . A bout certain abbrevi ation of e 4 . A p o c op on s adj ctives in sen

e noes cf. 1 . a . t , § 5

A d e ctiv es fo rm the ir de re e s o f 42 . C O M P A R IS O N . j g re lativ e c o mpariso n in the fo llo wing manne r

’ the comparative by plac ing the indeclinable mas mo re ( or ‘ ‘ ’ menos less before the o sitive — 6la nco white mcis me p , ( ’ nos) bla nco ‘ whiter ( less white ) the superl ative by plac ing the de ﬁnite article ( whic h may be replac ed by the atonic possessive ) before the co mparative ’ h r m e m e tc . m bla nco t e o tc hi el o r i ds . w test. ( , ) ( y, )

Irre u la r Certain ad ectives more c omm nl g . j o y use a s nthetic co m arative fo rm directl fro m Latin takin el y p ( y ) , g

o re it in the s erla ive as usual . The are bef up t , y

a! ma or ood j bueno g ' el mas bueno] rare a! pear Ina/o bad el més mah ] rare 9! ma or reat y grands g ’ el mas gra nde

’ pequeiio small

a! superior alto high ’ cl mas alto

’ baj o ‘ low cl mds baj o 20 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

a or an men or a lie to e n also mean older an N OTE. M y d , pp d p rso s, d ’ ‘ un er yo g .

A bso lute su erlatives 44 . A BS O LUT E S U P ER LA T IVE. p ( like m o st true v e ry tru e are rathe r free ly fo rmed by addin he e in —i ima i iv e The o sitive the n t nd s to the o s t . g g p p , b e sides lo sing its end- v owel and Changing o rtho graphically ac co rdin to 1 a re du ce s to nic ie no to e o — bueno g § 3 . , , , , , bonisimo rare l 6 timo ma l o malisimo rare l ésimo ( y p ) , ( y p ) bl a nco bl a n - i i imo i im util ut l s . , qa s a; ,

N OT E I A d ectiv es in —ro —r add —ri mo instead of - isi ma to . j , e, usually ’ ' ' i - rr e ‘ the Lat n stem in er misero wretched, mise imo ; cel bre famous

’ celeberri mo .

N OT E 2 . The abso ute tive be ex ressed as in En lish l superla may also p ; g , b the aid of various adv erbs ma basta nte su ma men te ha sta n o mds y ( y , , , ,

E N OT 3 . R arely a noun may also receive the absol ute superlative suﬁix : ’ itor senorisi mo ver ﬁne entl e man x , y g .

‘ ’ 45 . T A is ex re sse d b ne. Do ho wev e r is use d H N p y o , , fo r gue be fo re nu m e rals in an afﬁrm ativ e clau se ; and do lo ue o r im er onal ve rbs — T hu s mci s a l to ua u na q be f e p s , q casa highe r than a ho use mci s de dice casas m o re than ’ o uses mds a l o de lo ue a rece hi he r than it se e ms te n h t q p g .

Y The same au mentative FFIXES . 46 . QU A LIF IN G S U g and diminutive su ﬁi x e s that may be attache d to no u ns are also use d to m o dify the o rdinary se nse o f ’ — i ri ca l m v e r we alth ricote adje ctiv e s z ri co r ch c y y , ’ ' retentio us ri c- a cII-ao e x ce e din l rich ric h and p , g y ’ ’ ' ‘ ‘ at ra ndon b ulk he av ra nd - iII-do rath g ra nde gre ; g y , y , g ’ ’ ’ i n uevo new n ueveoito brand new malo e r bigg sh ; , ; ’ ‘ ’ l mal ailin e tc . ill, ma ico, l/Io g,

EXER CIS E VII. N U M ER A LS . 2 I

The e v [4 7 . H IS T O RY. d ri ation of the Spanish numerals from the

Latin is uite obvi ous hrou ho ut P rime bein re laced b ri mero is now q t g . , g p y p , ’ used in sense o f ﬁrst most excellent or as n un , , ( o )

A list o f the nume rals tho u h ro e rl be lo n in 48 . , g p p y g g to the dictio nar is in acc o rdance with e ne ral usa e y , g g

iv e n be l g ow .

2 1 vei n te y u n o ‘ 22 vei n te dos et y , c. 30 trei n ta 40 cu a ren ta 50 ci n cu enta

70 setm ta

80 ocﬁen ta

90 m anta 100 ci en l o ( rim :

100 ci ento ( y ) u n o 500 qu i n i en tos 1000 mi l

102 ci ento dos etc sei sci en tos 100 1 mil u m) etc. (y ) , . (y ) , 3 200 dosci en tos 00 s t ci ntos 2000 dos mil e tc 7 e e e , . 300 tresci en tos 800 ochoci entos milldn

c tr n tos tos etc 400 ua oci e 900 noaeci en .

II. Ordi n a l s .

' 1 primero 4 cua rto 7 septi mo 5 qu i nto 8 octa ve 3 tercero 6 sex to 9 n ov en o ( non o)

I D ies ; re is may be written also dicc lsei s and so like wise other combinations with j

and c t . 1 . (dxe rkie te , e c ) up to 00

3 fo D or and tres be re ciento may be also do tram The ordinary units trot , m t” .

t are also used se ratel be ore eientos . e c. pa y f 22 P S A N ISH GR A M M A R .

’ ’ d c m 10 e i e 1 7 dét ime sif ti me 40 cua dragesime ' ' 1 1 u n deci me 18 di ci me octa ve 50 gu i m u agesi me 1 2 duodécimo 1 9 di ci me n on e 60 sex agési me 1 3 di ci me terci e 20 v ig'ési me 70 setuagési me ( o r sept ' ’ ' 14 déci me m a rte 2 1 v igesi maprime 80 ectegesi me déci me u i nte 22 ési mo se d n a ési m 1 v u n e e c . 0 no o 5 q ig g , t 9 g

’ ' 1 6 deci me sa le 30 trigésime - cesime) 100 centési me

O ca rdi nal s m m and multi le s o f 49 . IN FLEC T lO N . f p

- eiento os i t f e t are re a e d as d c e m d sc en c . t t es i nt . o . ( , , as , , ) a e ti s re a ll re ated s ad ectiv e s d c v e s Tbe a mal a t a . j . ni j

— N OT l mi ll e re as ure o uns i n l . miles mille n es etc. E M i , en , tc . a p n p , ,

‘ T ens o f hundreds must be ex ressed b mi l mi l seis ten hun 5 0, p y y ’ dred and six.

N o'r i i masculine : descim t i l eset f eset s n M l s os ( rm) m p as ( .) p a ( coin)

H alf ‘ i I as a noun or in calc atio n but m dia 5 ] s a mitad ( ul , un media) , e as an adjectiv e l a mita d de mis bi en es o n e half o f my goods rm a hora ’ medi a an ho ur and a half y .

Both is ambes - oa s Ies dos l ess o ften entrambos ambos d 5 2, ) , , — dos H e v iste d a mbes, or d a mbes d dos Ihave seen both

EXER CISE VIII.

P ro n o u n s .

H IS TORY . M ost o f the ro nouns have been reduced like nouns [5 3 . p , n ad ectiv es to o n case -form Exce te are the erso als w ich have a d j , e . p d p n , h

o r the thir erso nal o nl th r disti nct case -form tw o ( d p y) e e s.

n the o her hand th e erso nal and ossessive rono uns hav e develo ed O t , p p p p

two distinct fo rms acco rdin as in ordinar use the are i havin the , g , y , y ton c ( g ’ ’ ’ - ‘ to ne acce nt o r i roclitic . Thus mi me esetres we mi e mine ) aton c ( p ) , n , , ’ ’ ’ ni b me me os e mi m o are to c, ut , n w , y, at nic. PR ON OUN S . 2 3 ,

A mon less obvi us derivations a be entioned here : S . o L. e o eo g o m y m p y g ( , i6) ; 68 8 ipse aqua! ﬁa t ille quiet) qu em alguien aliguem

al a li n ed n atus viz . iteme na ta viz res l ga g ; nadie ( ) nada ( . ) fu ana sa ta n e cada quot ; sendos si ngu les ; alguno a li c-mm s;

- - nin u o n ee a us i i e cu al a S an . ub un tive g n n quiera ( n qu n p s j c 3d sing. ‘ ’ ma wish u i en - u i era w om o u lease i m l ow La met y ( q q h y p m s o t. ljﬁsi m us ] .

P ers on a l s (reﬂex i v e s i n c l u si v e).

The e rso nals are e ithe r 5 4 . p

a fr m h . tonic when as se arated o t e verb b a re osition o r , p ( y p p other words o r em hatic the have a tone -ac c ent r ) p , y ; o

i nl in cl s e. aton c when as used o o e connecti n , y o with a verb, the o rdinaril lo se thei tone -acc ent in its favo r y y r .

i a . Ton c. e. A tonic.

A ccusative . D ative l . m e me , to me

to thee t h , o t ee It o r lo him le to him

la her lo to her

10 it to it

so reﬂexive

nos(otros) we nos us, to us

ou as ou to ou vos(otros) y y , y h m les them to them silos t ey .

s m to them alias theyf . la the

so re ﬂexive

— The nominatives e tu etc ma be used directl before a v e rb N OT E 1 . y , , . y y

t in En lish b ut as a rule o nl whe n em hatic . Cf. S ntax. ( as I e c. g ) , y p y

N OT 2 . ” are now use d fo r n osotros vesetres o nl i n solemn E 08 , we , y

autho ritative or reverential st le A nd cf 6 ( ) y . . 5 . — N OT . The accus. m la 10 are use d uite o tio nall lo re ter b for E 3 . , q p y ( a l

erso ns . For the dat i . le l as are also found less oo d la las. p ) . , ( g ) , M M A R 24 SPA N ISH GR A .

— ote the accent-mark o f mi tit to disti n uish them from the N OTE 4. N , , g

ossessives mi tn of si as m ared with si if and o f 51 as com ared with p , co p p

the deﬁnite article el .

m h ts with m s on Lat. cu wit contrac i ti i followed 5 5 . C ( ) , ,

- — b the sufﬁx e a remnant o f Lat. ca m in mcca m into conmi y g ( ) go, ’ i c nsi o with me e tc . cm tgo, o g ,

l nstsdes a c ntrac ti n of uestr mereed 5 5 li sted ( p . ) o o v a our rac e is the customar fo rm of address like En lish y g y , g ’ u. Ta and ves as sin . l vesetros denote in tim yo g ( p . ) ac y or ’ c lass su eriorit ves also contem t or ou in literar st le p y ( p ; y y y ) .

tted b o ri in of the d erson is alwa s so construed : usted (ﬁ , y g 3 p , y ‘ h li ‘ h I i e in ou ave t. our r c as n wr tin i tim ( 3 s g. ) y ( y g a e g t i V W V is usuall abbrev ated to . o r Vd . or l . . or ds. y ( , p ( , in words a r e with its im lied nd r Qualify g g e p ge e .

5 7 . P O S lT IO N O F T H A h ato n i s ordi E T O N IC S . T e c ' n aril cf 2 reced n - o rm unle ss this is a . 1 0 e t e f y ( ) p a e s , ’ o sitiv e im e rativ e ° — ﬂ e e ‘ he he ars m e p p o y . H e Io da ’ ‘ e iv e s it to me ‘ h g . To 103 no da do Ihave giv e n the m ’ hee to t .

But they are appended witho ut hyphe n to a po sitive im

e rativ e o r sub u nctiv e use d as su c h and to inﬁniti p ( j ) , v es

and e ru nds T he se v e rb - fo rms the n alwa r in g . y s eta the ir ’ ’ o ne Th us — 5 e he ar m e a t . mo . Vi ne vermo verla y ( , e tc h c m t h . e a e o se e me e r a dem l iv in ) ( , o o g g ’ it me to .

Of two atonic personals the dative prec edes the accu sative whether befo r a re flexive so h , e o r fter the verb . The , ow ’ l - ever a wa s c ome rs da he ives it to me . D o , y s fi t. flo Io g ’ i ff r h m u molo g ve it to me Os Ios efrezce Io e t e to yo . 80

‘ ’ el ida lit it for ets i lf o me Ifor et. mo v ( . g tse t g

26 S P A N IS H GR A M M A R .

Y ur is i ordin olite address ex ressed 5 3 . o , y ours n ary p p

b sn ol sn o or b do nstod ol do ustod S u lu ma o r y , ( ) y , y , p ’ lnma Y u T n a o r Ton a la . n o a f. La p do 7 o r pe . g l suy a ( ) g do ’ ’ Ihave u s sta lu m s i o . . E a o hi e n s urs 7 o r . T s . y p do 7 p y

A bout the use of bet/z fo rms cf ntax 1 2 , . Sy § 3.

EXE CIS E R X.

D e m on s tra ti v es .

T r a i r w h 64 . he de m o nst ativ e s , which re use d w th o it o ut the irno un ( and may be acc ented ac co rding to 5 f) are :

M asc N eut. M eanin . g.

ostos ostas

a u / a uoll a a uolle sing. q a g q

l a uolles a nollas p . q g ! sing. a

l 10s p .

n d n do into l l . 5 5 . El combi es with a d a , do

m in with ro into ' —a — os -as 5 5 . Esta, osa co b e ot osfotl o , ) ,

—a - os — as osotro , ) .

EXER CIS E XL P R ON OUN S . 27

The inte rro ativ es all hav in - 5 7 . g ( g the acce nt mark) are :

m wh se ul on l . ud nos : who m ? do n ion of who ? o ? q , p q ( ) o ,

wh wh u or ad . (106: at? at (a) ! [s bst. j ] ' ‘ al l ourilos : which ? what redicate with be ou , p . (p ’ l o s ou s wh e hieﬂ befo re 05 0 f. oﬁ a . é o f. a : os ? C 1 ( y ) , p y ( y ) y ‘ ’ sor be .

The relativ es all witho u t ac c e nt- mark are 5 8 . ( )

uian l . uienos : who o f e rso ns q , p q j p

ha c f. no te u l . oo : who which t t q a, p g , , ( ) les la l l . les la s cua : who w a! f. cua hich ( ) , p ( ) ,

cu o f. on a l . ou es f. oa as whose of which y ( y ) , p y ( y ) ,

N OT . after re ositio n ver rarel refers to ersons E Qua p p y y p .

— ‘ 5 9 . e ual lo uo. l. o cua/ which is a neuter referrin , q g to so mething said before : diolte lo oa a l sa lio saying whic h he ’ went o ut. to ua means that whic h what os o u sé I q , l q a t ’ t Iknow is wlza .

CISE XI EXER I.

In d oﬂn i tos .

7 0. The inde ﬁnite s are

— ’ a . N ouns al uian invar. somebod al a invar. some g ( ) y, g ( ) ’ ar an usual l no with no thing nadio ( inv . ) ybody y body (

befo re the verb if na d o follows it nada invar. an thin , i ) ( ) y g ; ’ dio n u l u ion e usually nothing (like na ) ; qw o q iora (p . g s 28 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

- uiere whoever whichever whatever l ulano f. a z ufano g ) , , ( ) ’ f - a so an so ( . ) d .

— ‘ - i in eac h iarto f. a 5 . A d eCt ves cada var. ever c j ( ) y, ( , — — — ’ l . os a s c ertain sondos f. a s eac h a a reein with p , ) ( ) , g g the f llowin n o g oun .

’ - - - ‘ o. N ouns or ad ectives uno f. a l . os a s a l j ( , p , ) , p . m - — - ‘ a h l ta los so e f a l s s t er l . otro . . o a n o ta ( , p , ) ( ) (p )

- - - such eual l . m ales as al uno f. a l . es a s ( p ) g ( , p , ) so m n m — — s - a s no o ne e o e so e an nin uno f. a l . e , , y g ( , p , ) , none no with no befo re the ve rb when ni n u ne follows it , ( g ) ;

- - - " fodo f. a l . os a s who le all ever aual uiora , ( , p , ) , , y q

- - l . oa a la uiora an ou lease mo f. a i . o s ( p se ) y (y p ) mis ( , p , ’ ’ —as self after same before ver us l after its no un ) ( ) , ( ) , y ( y )

IS E I EXER C X II.

I IS T R Y The followin are the main relations between the [7 . H O . g Latin and the Spanish v erb

. The fo La in n u ations are in S anish reduced a . C o nju ga ﬂo ne ur t co j g p ‘’ - — — - - - — to three vi z 1 . in ar Lat. a ro Zro 2 . r Lat. oro oro S . ooor , [ , ] ; a [ , ( p

— — - — osoi ro i ro . i n ir Lat. i ro Lat. ), ] ; 3 [ ,

V o i s . The Latin as si v is re laced b a eri hrastic assiv e 5 . c e p e p y p p p ,

e uxiliar s s a r h e verb formed by th a y or or o t and t e past participle of th used. verbs have ti e n D ep o n e n t assumed ac v e ndi gs.

- c. T ns e s . The Latin fu tu r is exchan ed for a com ou nd future fo rm e e g p ,

' made b the i nﬁnitive no Ihave o ll etc . e a ma r a ma r no Isha y ( ) .g. ) ’ love . So likewise a S anish c on is fo - p d iti on al rmed by the aid of i a , an

Before a noun o tionall anal w p y g icr ( pl . ou a losgn ior VER B 2 S . 9

’ abbreviatio n o f Iza oia had e a ma ri a a ma r ia ‘ Ishould love . g. ) .

T h tin e f t Wi th e o ther La t nses remain ou h in art with altered u nc io n . , th g p

— - re ard to th eir formatio n b rve Lat. a oa m i ooa m im f. g may e obse d : , ( p )

- - — - i s b etc im f. S . ab Lat. a sem etc . lu su . S . asa . p a, a ; ( p p . j ) p ( p

Lat a i m - b sub . . vo r e tc erf. sub . S . a r etc . fut su . Lat. j ) ( ) , . ( p j ) p o ( . j )

- a ve ra m etc . . e tc o n ete t o f ri r r c d . A co m se h as ( ) Sp a a . ( pl pe p ti c compound te nses with the auxiliary lza oor ( rare ly tenor) have been dev elo ed i p n Spanish .

d . V e rb al N o un s . The Latin s u i n i ost So also the arti ci l e s p e s l . p p

n ot endi n in — tus sav e a ew non-ve b si u i n to dnranto utu re g ( f r al forms as g o , f , odnea n de ox nr u nde , p g , f o. P rs o n ec ll the loss o e al En di n gs . H ere is to be no tice d esp ia y

- - m e a ma L . a ma ﬁnal . . . a mem S . a m nd i t a ma t : S . ( g L p o) a ( ) ( L. p

- - v it S . a nte and o f in ti s L a ma ti s a mdis . p ) ; t ( . Sp . )

r u l r F irre ari ie o f anish v erbs are caused fl Ireg a orms . The gul t s Sp

es eciall : a . b a han e o f e whe n to nic into i us ii and whe n p y y c g , e s ( ) , — ato ni c into i d d rma mos b . b u Lat. ormi e d rme dermi a mes u , ; Sp. ua y

------a chan e mostl o f L. res. i e oe i a ea in to in an al o with g y p ) , go, gga ( gy

e . di o . di e L voni S . von o o. b a chan e o f the re t. roo t r g g , L c ) . o p g ; y g p vowel to t u f ﬁ -n i lzao i oo or i in nalo u ( hro gh inﬂuence o nal L. u S p ) , ( a gy

' '

with old v ido L. di L v én i S . v in e and o f x to L. di xi S . di e , vi ) . , p ; j p j ;

d. con o f e i f n fu nd cond . o ften with an by a traction th inﬁn tive orm i the t. a , ' ’ ’ - tt ndant inse f d sa re . saor e . ten ro : S . ton r a e rtio n o L, pa Sp L a p d

With re ar t thei ene ral use S anish verbs like 7 2. g d o r g , p ,

En lish are e it e Tr nsitive o r Intransitive . These ma g , h r a y again in special uses be R efl exive o r Impersonal .

T h con u at on o f a verb involv es as also in En lish a 7 3 . e j g i , g ,

ist tio mber and P erson . Fo r d inc n of Voice , M ood , Tense, N u their fo rmation and meaning the student is re ferred directly to the aradi elow p gms b .

' S an ish v e rbs are div ide d into 7 4 . C O N JU GA H O N S . p th re e co n u atio ns ac co r in o he e ndin o f the ir inﬁn j g , d g t t g itiv e , which is as fo llows

VER B S . 3 I

P ri nc ipal D erive d P a rts

im . ind . a m fu n a ma r m r a t. i d con in a a p , ba . , a d d . , ia

' Inﬁn . tomia tomora tomorla

' pa rtia pa rti ra pa rti ria

im ub a m f m . s . ass ut. sub . a r co n d sub a m p j , j , a a j . , ara

P reterit te miese temiera tomial 'a pa rtisse pa rtiara pa rtiera

a mando

Gerun d temiendo periphras tic progressive forms ( 90 pa rtiendo

Partic . e ri hrastic activ e and assiv e forms 0 p p p (9 A .

A S seen above the 2 d and d con u ation form heir eri , 3 j g t d ved tenses rec isel alik p y e .

N OTE In roo - han in verb the r t . t c g g s p e erit derivatives are made from the

3 d si n . o f the re rit g p te .

1 . R e g u l a r Verb s .

In le arnin the v e rbs care fu ll distin u ish the ro o t 7 7 . g , y g

e m e tc fro m l o r t la e r e n hi b e im ta t . . ndi s wi l ( ) g . T p n

I ma lo e 2 m f a a r v . ta er e r . artir art , , 3 p , p

P resen t Grou p .

P ES E T I ICA TIV'E R N ND .

I m- e - r - s. u tam e pa t e Ilo ve ( do lov e) Ifear (do fear) Ipart (do part) 2 um - a s tam- os

3 um- a tam- o part- o

- A s a hel to the be inner the tone vo wel cf. is ere mar W th h p g , ( 4, 5) h ked i m

t e and the endin se arated from he root b a h hen . yp , g p t y yp 2 P 3 S A N IS H GR A MMA R .

l I a m- mes p . a

- 2 a m di s a i di tom-di s ( ph.) 3 um- a n tom- on part-on

s I - - . um e tam a parta ‘ I ma love etc. I ma art ( y) , ( y) p um - os part- as um-o part- a a m- omos pa rt amos ' a m- ois pa rt- dis um- on part-a n

2 m-a l e - r - s. u ov i ism o fear ! pa t o part I

l 2 a m r - p . ad ( 78 ) a m ad

m am a I ICA E ND TIV .

- - s. I nm a d a rt 5a a i ( 5 . ) p ( 5 . ) Il ov e d ( did love) Ifeare d ( did fear) Iparted (did part) a nt - al as tom- l as

a m- aba tom- la

a m- doa mos tomia mes

a m- aea is tom- iais

a m-aoa n tomia n

FUT U E I I AT VE R ND C I . s I a ma r-6 a r r- . p ti é Ishall (will) love Ishall (will) fear Ishall (will) part

2 a ma r- (is

3 a ma r- d tomor- d pa rti r- d

I a ma r- omos a rti r-amos pl. p

' 2 a ma r- 61s t a rti r-dis

3 a ma r- tin p a rti r-dn

u t variousl rendered in En lish a rdin t t S ubj nc ive y g , cco g o he context.

I R M R 34 S PA N S H G A M A .

l I a m remes a rt- zaremos p . é p 2 a m- arois pa rt iarois 3 a m- aren pa rt- iaren

CONDIT IONA L SUBJUN CTIVE

I a m- ra tom- i ra a rt- i ra s. a a p a

Isho uld would could Ishould etc . fear? Isho uld etc . ( , ) ( ) ( ) ’ l ov e

2 a m- aras pa rt- iaras 3 a m- ara pa rtiara

' l I m- r m s a rt- ra mos p . a é a e p i a 2 a m- ara is pa rtiara is 3 a m- ara n pa rtiara n

Gerund

a m-a nde lovin tom-ionde fearin a rt-iande artin , g , g p , p g

a -a de lo d tem-ide fe ared a rt-ide arted m , ve , p , p

’ N OT E Interro ative forms are made in the same wa the auxiliar do . g y, y being unexpressed : {l a a ma do es he love her?

- - u n 2 l im rat Final and o f I l . r. s b . d . e . 7 8 . s d ( p p j a p p )

- a e lost f re the a ended ob ec t ronouns nos es : e . . r be o pp j p , g a méme nes ( fo r a memos—nes ) ‘ let us love eac h o ther vé me nes ‘ ’ ‘ ( fo r va mes- nes ) le t us go ; a ma os ( for a mad—os ) love ( ye )

n ano the r I F c e n cf o e or ac t . h 5 . . Yet we say ides i d-es) go ( y o)

A few verbs have besides their re ular artici le also an earlier 7 9 , , g p p ,

irre ular rare in com o unds commo n as Th ren der ake ron g ( p , us p t p ‘ ’ dide o r praso ; rempor break : re mp ide or rota ; i nj eri r ( or i ngeri r ) ’ ’ ‘ insert raft i n oride or i n orte o ri mi r ‘ o r ss e ri mide o , g j j p pp e p r opreso ’ su ri mi r su re su ri mi do or p pp ss p supraso.

In writin o ut the 8 0. O RT H O G R A P H IC A L C H A N G ES g v e rb - fo rms the o rtho graphic al metho ds whic h se rv e to

1 A fter conditional words etc. o tionall with the im sub . 1 . , p y m. j 54 V R B E S . 35

de no te the ir pro pe r pro nu nc iatio n mu st be c arefu lly o b se rv e d c f h ( . T u s :

‘ toear touch re in t c s. d . e e e c r t . es . sub . to ue etc p p j q . a e r a a e etc . a e e etc p g p y p g p y . ll ea er c o ec t ce e ce os etc . g j , g veneer c o n uer en e q v z , vences etc .

oler smell [ mole no 8 etc ( , 4 ) .

lli bo il r t in - bu e . d in . r . s bu ild for bu ll ii im sub . p 3 g ( ) , p. j

bu ll se fo r bu ll-iese e tc e ( ) .

' ii - a i r el re t. ind. sin . ané fo r a n ie etc g y p p 3 g g ( g ) . ’ - l read re t s. lo é rar e rr : re s. I I eer p . 3 y ; er p y er/ o ( 3

[8 1 Verbs in -cer o r -eir after vow el change c into i a f a e i e in r nst z fore . . es. in 2 0 e d o I be d . I sin , 3 , , p g. , i r h Ex acer e rn an n es. u throu out. . n b o d p s bj . g b

r a éis na . emos n c c n es ind . naz e naces nace nac e p a , , , ,

sub na na s n n s n z dis n j . z ca , z ca , az ca ; az ca mo , a a , az ca n

The re st e ular without ch n e r g , a g .

e ted r : cecer m c r mecer which re ul rl h Exc p a e e pe e , , g a y c ange

c in t 2 a 0 whil ka c r t m nd n e it in ' f o , ; e e wi h c o po u s cha g to g (c .

M ost o f the verbs that change c into so c o me from Latin verbs with

he inchoati se e t ve e . . na z e Lat. na er cen e e Lat ce n e etc. ; g c sc ; z c . g sc ,

EXE C IS ES XIV V R X .

- - 8 4 . S T EM VA R YIN G VER B C LA S S ES . T hree v e rb c lasse s c han e the m atic e e o e of the ir e nult to is o r i g , ( , p ) ( ) , no o r u whe n to nic and two o f the m also artl to i a ( ) ; p y , whe n ato nic A fo u rth Class c han e s radic al n to u be fo re a . g y v owe l ex c i Thu s namin e ac h c lass b its ke - v e rb e pt . ( g y y ) - — T he matic usu all radi Cl ass . A . The First or pens ar ( y ie as i i whe n o n c . e in m re s e t . c al o 0 bec o e . ) , p (y , , h e — Ex th e singular and 3d plural o f t e thr e p re se nts .

VER BS . 39

’ exce t be l o ar iiir ar ue whose diaere sis is dro ed, p So a s g g , pp - - i ia etc. m f. ind . ar r . I r s ind . a r u e etc , fo re tonic i : P e . g y , p g

ExER CISE XVI.

r e r b s 2 . Irr eg u l a V .

- w i arran ed into 8 5 . Twe nty nine ve rb s h ch cannot be g

wi h ide ntic l v ariatio ns thro u ho ut are desc ribe d gro u ps t a g ,

a l r belo w s irregu a .

6 . c o mmo n v ariatio ns which are 8 Waiv ing so me less ,

le arne d with the aradi ms the more eneral irre u be st p g , g g l arities — o cc urring singly o r to gethe r may be brie ﬂy su mm e d u as fo llo ws obs p ( . 7 7)

P r I. esent ind . an ( d subj. )

a . T he roo t is extended b or after vowel i befo re 0 a y g ( ) g ,

- - - cf. 1 . e . . tenor ton e ca or : ca ( 7 f ) g , ; g ig o .

H ere belon ener ton er v alor acer bacer ba -e asi r sa li r g g) p , , , y , ( g ) ; , ,

veni r deci r di -e i caer tra er ai r , ( g ) ; g) , ; .

- - 6. The endin I sin or . is exten e s s e . g g d d by 1 : e . g. y

H ere belon : da r esta r sor i r ve g , , , ( y ) . Im 2 . erativ e : v p Final owel is lost : toner : ten .

H ere belon : l o r ta o ener ton er a cer sa li r ven i r deci r di . g , p , , y ; , , ( )

. Future an on w u l 3 d C di tional Ind . ( al ays fo rmed analogo s y) the vowel of the enult is l st an p o , d in some case s also d inserted ; ’ ’ ’ ’ - - - - e . sa ber sab r o ia toner : ton dr e g. , ; , ia .

H ere be lon lo : caeor eder erer sa r li a ber na cer deci r g ( ss) , p , qu , be ; ,

d en er toner v a lor sa li r v e i r p , , , n .

P ret rit : ra ical a e o ec m r en with m 4 . e d , , , b o e u o i, oft so e

a en n n - han c f an a sin t c ona d . e tt da o s nt c e 1 . d I n nd g ( . 7 f ) , 3 g

- - - - - in a tonic e . Ita l or : lz e o h e e oth wi h e o . u u b t , g ( 3 ,

ton a doc-i r : di -o d -e ic ) f ( 3 ry ) . S P A N I H A R 4o S GRA M M .

H e re belo n with u : andar m esta r ostnvo cater ca o lacer g ( ) W ), ( ) ; ( p ), p l n e edor u de onor uso sa e sco toner trove ith na (p g ), p (p ) , p (p ), b r ( pe), ( ) (w i )

cor nice u eror u ise i r z ni r vi no . add : tr tra e ( ), g (g ) ; dec (dj o), ve ( ) aer ( j ,

- dnc r - du 7 1 f i j o) .

r i m ri mi r ﬁa cor P arti ci l e irre . o f aeri r enori r deci r escribi , , 5 . p g , , , , p

the irre u lar verbs as ro u ed acc o rdin to 8 7 . S T U D Y g g p , g

u nifo rm irre ularitie s be lo w re fe rrin fo r e ac h v e rb to the g , ( g

m e re l al habe tic al list Co m o u nd v e rbs fo llo w y p , p

im n e h bse rv e the s le u l ss o t e rwise stated O . p , . 5 7 7

— I P res . with i cae r a cer a si r eir c ontra c t. . ( )g , y , , ,

a t a lor sali r Irre . P rot. traer contrac t. F . ) v , , g ) , ir nacer docir see d . P rot ener tenor ven F a t. an irre . g p , , , , ,

also placer.

EXE CIS E VII R X .

2 . P res . in : irre . Fret. da r ostar te 1 (+ g ) , ; ( nses of diff ren ri s e t o in or i r. g ) ,

. P res. otherwise irre . P a rt . vor 3 g ) ; contrac t.

F u t. and i rre . P rot. odor noror hater sa a g ) p g , ber c t er.

- . P ret . alone irr . a da dn e n r ci r. 4 ( ) g ,

P arti c. alone irr . d ef i r n e e orir escribi r im ri mi r. 5 ( ) g , , , p

ExER CIS E XVIIL

- 88 . R EFER EN C E LIS T o r T H E IR R EGU LA R VER as

fo rms no t iv en e rfe c tl re ular ( g , p y g )

rt. aoiorte Abrir Open Pa .

Indar o Pret. a ndnvo a nd a s a vi n ndave e c . unde v g , , , t ( thro u h th r rou d g e p et. g p 3

A nda r go (without implied purpose ) wal k i r go (with implied aim o r ur ose : e a nda r des acio ‘ p p ) . g. p walk slowly i r c l teatro go ’ to the theatre.

VER BS . 45

’ d . selor be accustom es ed has : Pres. ind . suole, suolos, suole ; se lom , sol ois,

m elon Im f i nd . seli a et p . c .

c f. EXER CIS ES , 5 87 .

- 90. P ER IP H RA S T IC VER B P H S S anish like R A ES . p ,

En lish m ake s a se t o f e ri hrastic active assiv e and g , p p , p ,

r v e r - hr x iliarie s an prog essiv e b p ases by the aid o f au . S p

ish ho wev e r use s mo re v e rb s as aux iliaries than En lish , , g .

Th u s

A P eriphrastic A ctive-Phrases are made by plac ing the re

uired fo rms o f [l abor 8 8 have o r tenor 8 8 hold have q ( ) ( ) , fo re the artici l f h main r invariable afte r ha bor be p p e o t e v e b, ,

t a ree in wi h h a t t er While Iza bor is the bu g g t t e objec t f er on .

ordin r auxiliar tenor ma be used to ex ress the v erb- ac t ay y, y p as d eno ting possession or present C ondition : lo lza a ma de ‘ he has lov ed her tione oscrita la ca rta he has ( now) writte n the ’ letter. Ex

I PR ES ENT INDICATIVE.

li e a ma de s I ton e escrito - a - os - as I . g , , Ihave loved Ihave (now) written

’ - a - os - a s has a ma de 2 tim es escri to , , lza 3 ti eno

li emos I tonomos

' li a béi s 2 tonois

Ira n 3 tienen

and so on (conjugate thro ugh)

P s iv Phr ses are made in like wa b the aid of sar E . a s e a y y ’ 8 8 ‘ be o r ac tor 88 ‘ be less o ften uoda r sta be ( ) , ( ) ( g , y, h r ici l e of the main v erb whic h a rees with the sub and t e pa t p , g S or denotes ermanenc e o f condition osta r as ueda r icot. p ; ( g ) R M M A R 46 S PA N ISH G A .

' ac c idental o r transitory c ondition : es a ma ao he is loved esté ' ’ ’ a zta da he is a ta ueaa n sa tzl eclzos the are satisﬁe g s gi ted 5 q gf y d. Ex .

VE P R ESEN T INDICATI .

l . 0

' ' ’ ' I say a ma a o - a ) estoy Zlega a o -a ) quea o sa tzsfed w - a Iam l oved Iam arrived Iam satisﬁe d

' ' ’ 2 ere: a maao - a ) esté s llega ao - a ) queaas sa tzlrfeclzo - a ) ( C t 3 8 5 ( S td ( gueda ( 6

l . l l . p p . p ’ ' ’ 1 romor a ma aos - a s) esta mos llega aos - a s) qued a mos sa tiqfeclzos ( m ) ’ queaa zs ’ queaa n

and so o n (conjugate thro ugh)

N OT E — The iv i in ni h v e o f en exchan ed for th r . pass e s Spa s ry t g e e ﬂexive

f 1 ntax c . 39, Sy .

’ l n e c P r i hr Iam ovi t . are C . ogress v e P ases g ) made in ’ ’ ’ ’ like wa b the aid o f ostar be o r uezza r sta be zr o y y ( q y, , g , ’ a nda r o and some o ther le ss co mmon verbs and the inva g , ) ri ’ est r m tc l run f th main v r Ex . o o e lza ab e ge d o e e b . y ( y . ) bla mzo

Iam speaking and so o n .

EFLEXIVE r R EC IP R O C A L) VER BS . T he c o n u 9 1 . R ( o j

tio n o f re ﬂ e x iv e v e rbs is as in En lish o b se rv in ga g , g that the re ﬂ e x iv e ro no u ns me to so nos 03 so re ce de o r p ( , , ; , , ) p b ac c o rd n o Inf w e v e r i t . fo llo th g 5 7 . a la ba rse p raise ’ ’ l in a la bo ala ba s f : P e s d . m o ne s se r . a to so a la ba etc , , , . ;

’

e ri hrast he a la ba ao etc . p p . me

’ ’ N OTE I. So me v erbs are exclusivel re exive m a rse com lain a y ﬂ ( g y p , rre ’ ’ en tzrse re t Intransitives o ften chan e meanin as re p pen , g g ﬂe xiv e ’ dormi r slee dormi rse o to slee mori r die mari n e be d i n ( p g p y g, A D VER B S . 47

M any verbs that are reflexive in Span ish are not reflexive in English ’ ’ ’ ' ’ a le ra rse re oi ce a rre en tz rse re e nt dzs usta rse be dis l ease d etc . ( g j , p p , g p , ) n d v a the re exi e co nstru ction o ften re laces the assive cf. 1 S ntax . fl p p ( 37, y )

— r v o re ro cals N OTE 2 . The eﬂexi e pron uns are i n plural also used as cip ’ os a la ba mos We raise us or e e In this use the ma be N p ( ) ach oth r. y y

s tren en ed b el u n o al otro gth y .

N euter ﬂ xiv wi and erso nal dative tc are often re e es th so p ( mo e . )

‘ ‘ used : e . . u me te le n o: etc i u ra lit. it ﬁ ures itse lf to m e the e him us g ( , , . )fg g ( , , ‘ i I m a ne s a borrece h . e . h i i le e is h t ou he we e tc . e ab o d ( , , ) g rre ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ se me di ce Iam to ld ; re 1! tra té he was treate d ; ( 4 al ) re 1: ma té he ’ was kill e d colocé l i w lace d se e t as p .

IX Exnna sns X . , XX

III V .

In d e cl i n a bl eo .

H IS T O R Y . M an Latin in de clinables have survived in S anish [93 , y p

e . . L . ban e : S . bi n ma le : cu m tra m : M an ( g p e ma! con tras) . y o th ers we re lost N ew fo rmatio ns w re m d he o f ne u r v . e a e by t use te adjecti es

minal c -f s a alto tom rano n o ase orm L . d e S . hacia hras es d mom/do ( , p ) , ( f p ) , p ( ,

do ri sa a! través do and co m o unds L [ we hora S . al mra S d ca sa p , ) , p ( . p p.

T he fo rmatio n f nd a v rbs b uﬂi x - acaso) . o compo u d e y the s men to ( by o rigi n the ablativ e o f mm : in se nse o f ‘ manne r has co me to be abo ut as co mm o n in Spanish as the fo rmatio n o f adverbs in — 1y in English ( sw era men te

- L sw am man ta . S o me adverbs en d in a late ara o ic o ri inall . ) , p g g s, g y l ide nti cal with the ural si n o f no uns a ntes L . a n en ton ces L ex tu nc p g ( te ; : .

’ ’ ds r u zz d L u zs sa i t qu i z o g . g p

A d v e rb s .

‘ ’ A dv e rbs are e ithe r : a like bier: we ll ma 94 . . S ingl e , ! ’ ’ ’ ’ b adl l ue o re se ntl a ca so e rc hanc e alto alo ud y , g p y , p , , ’ ' em o r s like (i t pm n a e arly ; b. Adv erbial phrase men ua o ’ ' ’ ’ o fte n d e rim in haste d e ol e su dde nl (3 l a l z 'em , p , g p y , jg ’ su e rﬁc iall p y . 8 4 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

A mong commo n ( but more or less idiomatic) adverbial phrases ‘ ’ ’ ’ ma be noted : 6 ci e as blindl d esca e ‘ in haste d atas on all fo urs y g y, p , g , ’ ’ d men u do o ften a sof a : bli ndl d n n a ‘ o e her — todo no i h , y, t g t con tw t ’ ’ ’ ’ standin con li erez a su erficiall — do di a b da do ol e suddenl g, g p y ; y y, g p y, ' ‘ ’ ' ‘ ’ ' ‘ ’ ' ao bee/to in fact trul do m olae erfectl ae ri sa in haste ao r , y, p y, p , p onto ‘ ’ ’ ’ ' ' ’ uickl do rodi llas o n o ne s kne es -en n fin all en se m ao at o n c e q y, fi y, g , ’ ’ en cu eros nake d — or a lto ov er or czerto certainl or su u esto o f p , p y, p p ’ ’ co cla ra ‘ manifestl d 1a l z ara su erficiall a l con ta do ‘ i urse 6 l a y, g p y, n

’ ‘ ’ cash a l u n o imm ediatel — Ia cto instantl en lo sn cesi o' o he nce , p t y en o y, — ’ ’ forward or l mds at ost or lo mon o: at least. p o m , p

C m rison . A dv r ar c m like ad ec tives 96 . o pa e bs e o pared j ut c Irre lar are b omparatives usually serve also as superlatives. gu

POS IT . CO PA S P E L . absol . M R. U R ( ) macho muc h (Io ) mds o r muohisimo poco little mono: orpoqnlsimo

bl on well ma or rather j

poor or ma lisimo mal badly mas ma l ]

- 97 . A dverbs in monto denotin manner ma be fo rme , g , y d fro m most adjec tives by adding that sufﬁx to their fe minine fo rm

’ ’ sa rero severe sovera men to sev erely fa czl easy facilmente ’ asil reciente rec e nt ret ientemente r c l e y e ent y.

llo c ot e r — m en te oc curs N OT E. If tw o o r m o re m o dal adve rbs fo w e a h h ,

o nly in the last : i n teri or y ex teri ormente in te rn ally and e xtern ally set/era ’ ro ta ‘ e r l but ustl pe j us men te sev e y j y.

ecti ves as A dv erbs . M an ad ec tives are in S an 98 . Adj y j p

h use ir l as a v r uch ar ish ( as so me in Englis ) d d ec t y d e bs. S e ’ ‘ ’ ’ t alou d oa o low oa ra to c hea t a ro a l ro a l o , j , p, f ’ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ lse out o f tune mncbo muc h v er oco little ronto fa , , , y, p , p

’ n solo o nl e tc . soo , y

om e o f these ad ecti v es also fo rm adverbs i n — men te at times N OTE . S j ,

‘ anin : oa o low ui etl ba a men te in a low or sim le with changed me g j , q y j p ’ manner.

o M M s S PA N IS H GR A A R .

A mong commo n ( but more o r less idiomati c) conjunctional ’ ’ hrases m a be n oted : d m en as unl ess bi en u a altho u h coma p y qua , q g , ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ u i era u a ‘ howev er can u a therefore can l a ] u e ro vide d that a’a q q , q , q p ,

’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ m a nara mado u a ‘ so th t da do u a in case that dasde u a sin ce ( ) q a , q , q , ’ ‘ mi entra s u a ‘ while ar mds man os u a howeve r much uas q , p ( ) q p ’ su u sta u a sin c ( p e ) q e .

‘ 104 . Y and assumes its olde r fo rm 6 before a wo rd with initial i o r Iti and 6 or is a befo re o Ita ma lo 6 i m puro bad and impure ma dre é Itij a mother and daughter

' ‘ ’ aiez u onaa ten o r elev en .

’ In te n e oti o n s .

’ a in l like ‘ Th inter ections are eithe r : . S e alt oh l 105 . e j g , ’ ’ ’ ‘ a i s it / ‘ tr a r o ‘ ’ ea 1 c me l a s an e l a a m a / e ad a naa . o , p g , g ‘ c ome 1 or Interjecti onal phrases like par D ias ! ‘ heavens ’ a ! a sesi no I ‘ murder naaio de mi 1 ‘ sill me l oora or a y , p ( y) ‘ da mi ! alas for me 1 e tc .

E CI E I EX R S XX . Y N T A X S .

In ge ne ral o nly su c h m o des o f c o nstru ctio n as diffe r fro m th e English are h e re no tic e d u nde r the he ad o f

n tax S y .

S an ish diffe rs fro m H E D EFIN IT E A R T IC LE. 106 . T p E n glish in the u se o f th e de ﬁn ite artic le c hie ﬂy in the f llo win re ards o g g .

S p anish re qu ire s the artic le

‘ 1 Befo re all noun s u sed in a eneric sense so that in en . g ( g ’ ’ ’ al all ev er ma be understoo d . This rule ma affec t er , , y y ) y

c co llec tive no uns and nouns o f material in the sin ular abstra t o r g , and any noun in the plural

’ La oiaa as brave . Life is sho rt .

El oro as mas preaioso qua Ia Go ld is mo re precious than

0 silve r.

Los aa oa ll os son zi tiles . H orse s are useful .

T o deno te time and season 2 .

’ o cl ck r A t on o . a viz . o a e A la u n ( lz ) . ' ’

It s two o c l c k. S on l as a os . i o

d saoa do H e will c o me o n atur a r S d . Vand a/ . y

l r ma ara In the s rin . E n a p i o . p g

S YN T A X. S3

r the def. o s u the o tional use of the def. article fo 8 . A bo t p p

v o 1 2 . se ssi e , f. 4

S panish o mits the artic le

I With appositi onal and modiﬁed predicativ e nouns

’ on u i ote ohra aal i n morta l n uixo te he w k o h D Q j , D o Q , t o r f t e

Cer a es mmo rtal v nt . i C .

' Lona res ca ita l da In la tarra Lo n o n the ca ital o f En lan . d d , p g , p g . ’ E s a i hz da u n t onae . She is the dau hter o f an earl j g . ’ ’ [ a neaasidaa as ma al ra oa la N ec essity is the mother o f ln ’ i n ent ion ve ntio n v . .

f r n m r u a rlos uin 2 . Be o e u e al s when sed s titles Ca q to ’ ‘ l e ifth Char es th F .

‘ ’ In v ario us co nve ntio nal e . d s . a u i n a o n he co er 3 ph rase s : g . q t rn ; ’ ‘ ’ ’ d ra z on aa at the rate o f ten ar i n ten t i ‘ ; on have the i ntentio n, intend ; ’ tan er costu mbre have the habit ; etc .

The inde ﬁn i e a ic le 109 . T H E IN D EFIN IT E A RT IC LE. t rt is o m itte d in S p anish

B fo re re nouns de notin what a erson is o I. e di cativ e is p g p , r made

r i n n o e a s frie d i a eral . S n a n as g ne l . H s ge

' ’ la ao ha ol i r a ea o so a bec o me a s e . S e h h h . H e s d

2 A fte r n with nouns e notin such c onditio ns as ‘ hun . te or d g ’ ’ hi wh n a e r thirst etc . o r some ualit c e ﬂ e u liﬁed g , , , q y ( y q )

T n a m ra sad a un r thi st a o h h I m h r . g ( ) . g y ( y)

ou a hav a i e Tan o an e to I e a oo d e t t . g ( ) p ti . ( g ) pp

ana bu n o Ti a t ara z on . H e has a g od heart

. A fter vario us indefinites otro tal t iarta ta nto sam ante 3 ( , , , , e/ , ém ’ nz ero aa etc . , )

’ ro a r n h r a A n h r t m 0t la . Ot a vaz . A ot e d ot e i e . , y S PAN IS H GR A M M A R 54 .

Ta l dla . Tal noaha. Suc h a da . Suc h a ni ht y g . d sn ca uda H P ardib gra n pa rta a l . e lo st a large part o f his ca ital p .

' a ra H e S afue si n deai r p lab . went away without sayi ng

a wo rd.

' A fte r an exclamator u 4 . y q a j Qua harmoso pa isaj e What a ﬁne landscape

ike the deﬁnite article before a osition n 5 . L , pp al ouns

’

Calderon oata dra ma tiao . Calderon a dramatic oe , p , p t.

EXE CISE II R XX .

N ou n s .

WIT H d ‘ Pe rso nal 1 10. D IR EC T OBJEC T

— S p anish differs fro m English as fro m o the r language s i ge ne rally in o fte n u sin g the pre po sitio n t b e fo re a di rect object ( no u n o r to n ic pro no un ) de no ting a pe rso n o r e rso ni hin o r fo r c e rtain distinc io ns ﬁed t t . p g,

T is u se o f d is inde e d lar e l o tio nal b ut the fo h , , g y p ; l

win e ral ru le U nless the v erb o v e rn al o lo g is th gene . g s s a dativ e u se d with a dire ct o b e ct de no tin , j g

’ ha a a d l i in bein . A fter tenar ve ve rbs o f mak . inite v ef g g [ , ’ in a ointin or a numeral a however is not used g, pp g, , ]

b. a in t ated as a li n bei n Exc e tions as deﬁnite th g re vi g g . [ p above d , a j

a. a erson or thin enerall whe 4 serv o i p g g y, n es t d stingui sh between ob ect and sub ec t o r redicate ob c j j p je t. A X SYNT . 5 5

’ ‘ hus In o ther cases ( Imperso nal accu satives ) o mit d . T

D irect obje ct with d D irect obje ct witho ut d :

a .

A mo uiero su ma dre I P re aro su ma dre d su adre ( q ) é . ﬁ p love her mother refer her mo ther . Ip

to her father.

usao d k h u sao a n ri a a I see t e B e a d . B aI ri o . ( ) o Ise ek a

servant. servan t {I quién busaa s 7 Whom do Basra (quiero) a n médiao qua u k se erto Ise ek an ex yo se e a exp .

pert do cto r.

H anra adre l ma dre H onra ras adre madre . Thou aIp y 6 a . p y H onor thy father and mo shalt hono r ( thy) father and ther th m ther ( y) o .

A ma s bua a m dr anes una uen madre ou e Ii b a . Th d ta n a . Thou

h r lov e t th m t er hast a o od mothe . s y good o . g

br s I s e Vao sa s om e . e six ao na d a see nobod . i h N o v ti i . I y

men .

d a mi os ombre Iknow H e aonvi a do algu nos g . Conozao d esta h .

Ihav e invited a few friends this man .

a erros H e calls us N os ll ma p . a Cer a ntes Iread . [ e 6 v . C o s d g .

do a n t aballa. H e N os dat. E nsilla osi na nte a le ( ) d R . S dd

gives us a horse . R osinante .

ma de enda la a a El hombre d na a ma a la A ( ﬁ ) 6 p tri . ig ( ) d A worth man loves H e love s ( defends) his virtu . y

countr virtue . y .

R et om ansa n mé t The Lean al lib o un libro The p al ri o . y r ( ) y

rewar m rit read the a book. d e . ( )

S YN T A X . 59

a T he recede their noun when the . y p y denote a quality whic h as a m atte r o f c ourse or by compliment belo ngs to it and is no t the refo re emphasiz ed ; and also by eupho ny when they are short m and denote c o mon qualities.

T he foll ow their noun when the n b . y y de ote an emphasiz ed quality distinguishing it fro m o ther objec ts o f the kind ( as e spe iall whe n the denote colo r fo rm na tio nali c t etc . o r y y , , y, , when i they are partic ples) .

E l vasto or la vasta 1 The wide sea . a . ( 3 )

ma r.

L as bollas a rtas . The ﬁne arts.

’ E l briI/anto y vonoadoracara The c onqueror s brilliant and

del can a zlstadar. vic torious steel blade q ) .

re oso . A swe et re t Un dulco p s .

n a mi o . M oo d frien M i bua g y g d .

b . Tan o u na rosa blan a Ihave a whi g o . te rose .

Tan o u na mesa r on Ihave a roun l g ad da . d tab e .

El idio ma os aﬁol . The S anish lan ua e p p g g .

(In ército vonoido. A van uished arm ej q y.

It is an im ossible thin p g.

E Some ad e ctives have a differe nt meanin accordin as N OT . j g g they pre ’ ow ir noun : . bu en a n acha cede or foll the e . g good night : n ache bu ena ‘ Christmas eve gra n ca ballo splendi d horse ca ba lla gra nde big horse n uav a libro n ew different) bo ok libro n u ev a new book ci arta casa ’ ’ ‘ a certai n thing : casa ci arta certain sure) thing ; pabra a u tar ‘ poor ’ ’ o less or itiable author a utar abra oor indi ent author w rth p ) p p g ) .

IS E III EXERC XX .

T S Y N A X. 63

’ ‘ resta mo deci r it remains for me to say lisonj eamo I ’ ﬂ atte r myself ; an d that two ato nic s rarely precede the v e rb u nle ss the direct ob e t is o f the d rso n , j c 3 pe .

A G R EEM EN T . h 121 . T e p o sse ssiv e s agree in gende r and nu mbe r with the o bject po ssessed

mi a mi o mi a mi o su madre g ; s g s ; y la mi a .

i e c — The to nic o ssessi M a t . ve s mi a etc wi h 122. p . ( t ut rticl e are u se d c hie : a af e r n un in e e o a ) ﬂy . t o s o f d t r ’ ’ tio n re c e de d b ‘ ‘ minate c o nstru c a S o me b. ( p y , , afte r impe rso nal no u ns in de ﬁnite c o nstructio n ( preceded as redi atives ith by at c . p c w the v e rb b e

m o fri i mio . A en f m n n a d o i e . a . (i g

s a mi os u o . m fri n f s Uno g s y s So e e ds o hi .

E l dasao mia. M desire . b . y

s H is virtues. La s vi rtude suy as . M a hi aba llo as T s horse is thine . C . E sta c y

ﬁ lo as ai meri to . M ine is the merit.

— Imi etc are us the v rb ‘ be to em hasiz e dis N OTE I. E a . ed after e p tinc

‘ ti on z — E sta pl u ma as mia This pen is mine but E sta pl u ma es la mia ’ ‘ n the o ther is min e Thi s pen ( ot ) .

In dire ct address mi a is used with a sin le noun but mi or mi a N OT E 2 . g , with a no un determined by an adje ctiv e o r parti ciple a m igo mia mi ’ r id m i o ‘ n querida a migo or que a a g mio my dear frie d .

EXP LET IV C O N S T R U C T IO N . 123 . E Fo r e mphasis o r

i ion so or s substitute al 1 2 m a be e x lained dist n ct ( it , 4) y p ' aft r its n oun b do 6! alla alla alias alias Ustea Ustedes e y ( , ; , ; , , accordin g to se n se )

- S o libro do 6/ alla alias as H is her their book. ( , , ). ( , )

u Y our e n bo o k . S u pl ma (libro) do 7 . p ( ) S PA N IS H GR A M M A R 64 .

F N T E RT I F . 124 . D E I I A C LE O R P o s s es s wes Wh e re

no ambi u it w o u ld arise the ato n ic o sse ssiv e m a b e g y , p y

e b he e ﬁni e ar i le Es e c iall c o mmo n is r plac e d y t d t t c . p y this whe re all ambigu ity is av o ide d by u sing a re ﬂ e x iv e

dativ e be fo re the v e rb

ma l hi A a l a a H e ov e s s countr . a p tri . y

ma m han li t he han r I cut . t t co té l no . d d ”8 ( da . ) a y ( f r m self o y ) .

So corte} la ma no . H e cut his hand .

u a ntes H e took o ﬂ his loves. So q itb Ios gu . g

ll e e he ir n o u n B 12 . E ta os o a uel u sua re c d t . 5 s , , q y p y

e m hasis the m a be lace d afte r the ir no u n whic h the n p y y p , — has the de ﬁn ite artic le Esta hombre or El hombre esta.

‘ ‘ Esta osa are sometimes used after an in in sense o f here 126 , , , ' ’ ’ — there ci u da d f. cit o r la z a f. market bein understood E n esta ( , , y p , , g ) ’ n o hay n ov eda d There is nothing n ew here .

fe r to a c o m le te H E N EUT ER S esta etc . re 127 . T ( ) p

‘ u ht t also se rv e s to de no te with ua ho w tho g . o ( q )

Esta as ciarta . That is c ertain .

as tra casa That is another thin . [ so o . g

l ere Ihave seen how muc h ou lov e a ui . H e vista Io qua V. q y

her.

E n oso se conoca Io tontos qua By this may be seen how stupid

o ou are . s is . y

66 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

i de nin introduc in so methin necessar to deﬁne o r qua s ﬁ g, g g y complete a thought which would be meaningless without it

mbre tra ba a as eliz . The man wh works is ha E l ho quo j f o ppy.

' N a hay dihgancia huma na qua There is no human diligence

uada su ceder but ma suc ceed . no p . y

‘ The e l mi ht b ummariz e d en i w en s ru es g e s th is : use qu i , ai cua h who

whi ch can be chan e d to and he it otherwise ua the former ( ) g ( q , with

co mma, the latter without.

EXPLET IVE CON S TR CTIO . A fter a relative ob ect a er 13 0, U N j p sonal pronoun may be used expletively in the same case : Ll a ma d n u ’ a mi o al ua o ha blb H e summo ned a friend to whom he s oke . g , q I p

is o fte n use d adve rbiall in se nse o f o m 13 1 . l lgo y s e

’ ‘ ’ — E sto a l o a i u cho Iam so m ewhat ailin what : y g m g .

‘ ’ a ia nada me an an bo d an thin whe n u se 13 2. N d , y y , y g d

n a ne atio n i u i e in v lv i w tho t no . e in se nte nc e s in o g g ( . x

and ue stio ns o f a eal afte r v e rbs o f warn c lam ato ries q pp ,

‘ ’ in etc and afte r si n witho ut a ntes ith g . , , W

‘ ‘ no they me an no t anybo dy no t anything T his mean ing they also hav e e lliptica lly with

n the re ce de the v e rb o r are use d witho o ut no whe y p , ut b v e r .

' [ Como nega rla d el nada H ow can you refuse him any thing 1

dasa da daci rla d nadia . Beware how ou tell it to an Gud r V. y y

body. W e adi . ithout assistance of an bod S i n ay uda d n a y y.

Il a ha vanido nadia. N ha me obod s c o . ' y Nadia ha vania o

H e ate nothin . ”a comici nada . g S N TA X Y . 67

er e Inowise f a Yo d temo la mu t . e r death na a .

e sta d d Ihave seen n h i na i . No v a obody.

H a venido a l u ien 7 Nadia. H as an bod come N ob g g y y ody . What does he sa P N y othing.

‘ ’ Fulano do tai means so and so used alone . 13 3 . ,

134 . 0tno c anno t be re ce ded like o the r In En lish p , g , ’ b an otro ca a io ano the r ho rse A r y b i . l ot o d ia m e ans ’ ’ ’ th e n e x t da L os otros o the rs e n l the h . o t e rs y , ( g y) .

‘ ’ . To! with a recedin nu m e ans a certain It 13 5 p g .

‘ ’ ’ ’ m a e rve also to e m hasiz e si e s no ‘ no ué ‘ h y s p y , , q ow ? ’ S i ta i ‘ Y e s g Qui ta i H ow are y o u ?

’ a i cua i means such as so so ret well . T , , p ty

13 6 . Nin una whic h c o ntains itse lf a ne ativ e Lat g , g ( . n ac- u n us re u ire s nev e rthe less like nadie no whe n i ) , q , , t f lows a v e rb ith a n o u its si i i l . n o t o n s afte r o W p it.

ha e Ninguno v nido . N o one has come . No ha venido ninguno. n hi o Ihave n Chil wha ta o o d teve r . No g j ninguno. ( )

In a sentence involving a negation without no it means any

k na d e C f 1 but al u no i h just li e i ( . 3 2 ) g s t en prefer able with a noun : S i n qua ninguno venga Without anybody ’ ’ l Wi u S i n duda a na tho t an doubt. coming. gu y

’ o ut de te rm inativ e me an ‘ e r 13 7 . Todo with s ev y ; with “ the article o r o sse ssiv e ‘ the wh o le all the p , , tada

‘ ’ ‘ ’ ci udad e e cit toda la ci udad the who le c it v ry y ; y .

EXE CIS E IV R XX . 68 S P I H M M R AN S GR A A .

XIV .

V e r b s .

138 . A GR EEM EN T . Ve rbs a re e as in En lish i n g , g ,

nu mbe r and e rso n with the ir sub e ct o r with the ir sub p j ,

‘ j e cts c o lle c tiv e ly ( whe n thus c o nside re d ) E l a ma ali as

a ma n ai a dre l a a dr a ma p y m e n .

N OTE. Sin ular colle ctives re uire the sin ar exce t when followe g q gul , p d by a plural adjunct expressed or understood :

La en te la di . P e o le sa so g ce p y . d M u lti tu d a n i nos i i . M an ildr n e v n oron y ch e cam .

13 9 . V IC ani h O E. S p s diﬂe rs fro m English c hie ﬂy by a v e ry fre que nt u se o f the refl exi ve c o nstru ctio n inste ad o f the passiv e o r so m e o the r c o nstru ctio n — se dice ‘ it is

‘ ’ said se ma ang a na Iam de ce iv e d ; a qui se habi a E s

' ’ pa izol S panish is spo ke n he re ; ai libro se p ublica ‘ th e ’ i blishe d e c A nd c f 2 a nd Ex e rc ise XIX k s u t . b o o . p ; § 9 , .

D ES . 140. M O S panish diﬂe rs fro m English by a fro

ue nt u se o f the S ub unctiv e mo de as de sc ribe d in 1 8 e tc q j , 4 .

14 1 . IN D IC A T IVE T EN S ES . With re fe re nce to tim e the indicativ e te nse s are u sed in S panish in the main a s

in En lis T he fo llowin IS to be o bse rv e d : g h . g

The S impl e P resent expresses a present condition con tinued from the past ; an d the P eriphrastic ofte n replac es a

r te rit s e c iall fo r un s ec iﬁed ast or wh n the resu lt of the p e ( e p y p p , e ac t is ye t felt)

Ihave been livin here a ear Have a n a no qua vi vo a qui . g y li It is a ear that Iliv e ( t. y

here ) .

It is a we ek sinc e Ihav e seen Naoo ocho dia s que no la voo.

him . 6 SYN TA X . 9

' g Cudn to tiempo ba ca qua osta H ow long hav e yo u be en here ? a qu i 7

u u Ihav e been here a lon time . Nac o m cho qua ostoy a q i . g

a r T he arriv ed esterda . Nan Ilogado ( o r iiega ron ) y a . y y y

The Imperfect ( simple ) is espec ially the descriptive tense denotin inc o m leted or c urso r state o r ac tion in the , g p y past

i cua ndo entré as writin when he n ere Iw e t . [ scrib a . g d

ndo an Lo n res Wh Iwas in n on Iuse Cua ostaba d iba en Lo d , d

o he hea r ca da dta a i tea tr . to go to t t t e every a d y.

OT E Exce tion all it is used for a conditio n al to den o te ce rtain N . p y ty

i v i n i era a ar i If h e had come est r a he wo ul ve S y mar a . y e d y d ha

died.

The pe riphrastic imperfect ( ‘ pluperfec t denote s an ac tio n c o mpleted with referenc e to a subsequent or simultaneo us

actio n

Lo habi a Ioido cua ndo antrb. Ihad read it when he ente red .

The P reterit ( simple ) rela tes a past oc currence lete in itself without referenc e to the c o ndition arisin from c omp , g

It is the tense o f historical narration . it.

r a mi a mi o . Yesterda Isaw m frien Aya vi g y y d . C ristaba i Coli n descubrib a Christopher Co lumbus discov

A marica . ered A merica .

’ T he pe riphrastic preterit past anterio r ) is distin guished fro m the periphrastic imperfec t by being usually intro

duc ed b so me c on unction o f time cua ndo des ués ua iue o y j ( , p q , g

ua q ,

W I a Cua ndo lo hube laido an tra. hen h d read it he entered .

S YN T A X . 7 1

The D e n ent ub unc i u r 15 0. pe d S j tive s used in s bo dinate c onjunc tional or relativ e clauses to qualify the no tion o f their

v e rb - hrase with re ferenc e t a r e in x i no p o p ec d g e press o n as I. t

real iz d but sim l ille f ar e w d e ed doubted su osed etc . ( p y , , , pp , ) II a o r . as c usin emoti on sur rise o so rrow a roval blame g ( p , j y, , pp , ,

e tc . o r III as admitte d with m n l c ) . e ta reserve ( be ing subje t to e rro r

T hese three divisions are further desc ribed below

The su b u n cti ve o u n rea liz ed or u n certa i n com [ 15 1 . l j f piation is u se d

a Wi h n ua aft v r . t the co njunc tio q e r e bs and phrases express

in in an aﬁ rmativ e or ne ative wa a will wish ho e c o m g g y ( , p , man re uest e c o r he ir o o sites as ea fo r in d t . t f r bidd , q , , pp , g,

n n i n x e tati n rmi sion e c it o li a i te t o e c o e s t . or necess b ( p , p , ) y ( g tion ro riet etc , p p y, . ) l Qu i a r o ( asparo ) qua su a mi Iwish ( hope ) his friend may

o c me . g venga . o N o e sp a rt a que me la dl/oso Idid not expect him to tell me

dos e as so twic e . v c .

T a m a que no hay a racibido la Ifear he has not rec e iv ed the

lette r. ca rta .

H e o r e re it to be one n d ua se d d d . M a a q hi ciena . C o nj ur o ta qua me digas la I entreat thee to tell me the

truth .

C u i d a (prohibe) qua nadie ia T ake c are that nobody inter a ru ts Forbid an one to torrump . p ( y in e rru t pt) .

Ic onse nt his c omin o n s i a n to a ua v n a . to C q e g g.

u Imust write a . E s n a c s a ri o q a oscriba . E s h o ra qua prosigamos nues It is time we should continue

our ourne . tro ca mi no . j y

It is ro er that he shoul o it o d d . C o n v i e n a que l hago . p p

1 w the sub un ctive in heav t e Governing ords spaced, j y yp .

S YN TA X . 7 5

15 8 . The inﬁnitive ma be used like other nouns directl y , , y i i A in n o r with a prepos t on . s E glish it often takes a prepo sition ’ ( the inﬁnitive sign ) even as object o r predicative but it does

no as su c t etails below. t bje . D

T H E D IR EC T IN FIN IT IVE is u se d as subje ct ; u su ally as pre dic ativ e o r dire ct o bj e ct ( e x c e ptio ns in 1 60) an d afte r serv i rse d na rse and im e rso nal e x r , ig p p e ssio ns

Deci r ha cer son dos casas . Sa in and doin are two thin y y g g gs. ' E l c omenz ar as a manudo mds T o begin is o ften harder than

d cil ua al a a a to c om le te . ifi q o b r. p

as T o will is to be able Whe Gunner podor. ( re the re is a will there is a wa y) .

o onviene ha rlo . It is not wise to o i N c oo d t.

M e sarta facii aonquistar su It would be easy for me to

oraz c n . c o n uer her hea c q rt.

Ide te rmined to set out . V I a a . aiit should be la t se Celebra ri veric . g d o e you

there .

i n ronto . H e nte ds to s n P iensa parti r p go oo . ish s k wi e con elia . Iw to ea th h D es o ho b/o r p e r.

l n r S tr v a s e V. entrar. P ease e te .

It is nec essa E s manestar ven a rse . r to take reven e g y g .

i refer th direct inﬁnitive n ot as in En li h a erun N O TE. V r a r e s d a , p , , g , g

ia La az a h bl . M a v venir. g a ar

T H E P R EP O S IT IO N A L IN FIN IT IVE is e ithe r A .

he r r o B u e in e e n e n l n o t w d d t . de e nde nt o o ds r . s d p , p y

With the e endent inﬁnitive re ositio ns are used as A . d p p p follows

’ I denotin ‘ sourc e c ause means is used after nouns . do ( g , , ) o r adjective s usually taking da and afte r many verbs denoting ac on or se aration ti , p

S YN T A X . 7 7

mos a l ho mbre We eat t f Coma ara satisfacor . o satis o ur hun er p y g . Iam about to de art p .

’ 6 . denotes motive result or with asta r so o n t b n par , , o ( e do e)

T ra ba a or confundir d su can H e labors to confuse his adversar j p y.

tra ri a.

L a s u v a s astdn or madurar. The ra es will soon ri en p g p p .

B Without an overnin word the inﬁni iv . y g g t e with a prepo sitiou usually correspo nds in English to a gerund o r a noun with

a r si n Es ec iall is to b note th u p epo tio . p y e d e se o f al (a al ) to introduc e a statement o f time o r c irc umstanc e ; and o f can in

sense o f b in with a erund o r for a un ue to in y, g , q , troduc e a c onc essio n

ve esta . n seein is l l r O g th . In s l a / r asi . eakin h l n b o p g t us. m Wh h l l sonar la tro ata . en t e trum et was so n e p p u d d.

l m o del di a . A t the break o f a l ro p r d y. n e larar se aximia dai B confessin e esca e Co d c , y g h p d tor

m tur . to r anto . e

‘ Con ser ta n a naguo ia ha n Though he is so old they have a se him d s d b . postaq a o . p y

u is used idiomaticall with an i nﬁnitive after taner h b r [ 16 ] Q e y , a a ’ a a te Ihav e so methin to s eak to o abo u a T ng qua hablar g p y u t. H y qua ’ N o ha toner pa ci en ci a Patience is necessary. y que decir It is needless ’ to say.

n n i e as verb Iﬁ it v .

ni ive ma be followed b a su Th inﬁ t b ec t. 162. e y y j It is then

n n lish rende red b a ersonal v e rb or a n un usually i E g y p , o .

A S I n h a a . e tere t e r A l antra r y o an ai w gbn d c . nta r When the da dawned a A l dispu oIdia . y ( t the dawn of a d y.

rra . H e died at the Close o f M u rid a l conclui rse Ia gua the war. 8 S PAN IS H GR A M M A R 7 .

1 . T he inﬁnitive ma as in En lish be c onstrued with a 63 y, g ,

re ic ate o r o p d bjec t.

The active inﬁnitive is sometimes to be ren dered as a assive 164 , p ’ llev a ron d c a r ‘ to La Le oig They took him to b e hanged ( lit.

' m u arta dq a tu edu ca ciAn si n con clu i r D eath l eaves thy e ducation un co m ’ l e p ted .

’ The inﬁnitive is so metimes used i n exclamatio n Ca ila r . 165 ,

‘ ’ ’ ’ H ush ! N o correr ‘ D o n t run ! i r i rs d uire at [ / D ig a Inq .

GER UN D

The e ru n is alwa i ariable I is u se d with d s nv . t 166 . g y ’ i o u ‘ in It is o f e n to be re nde re d in En lish o r w th t an . t g

‘ b in b while and the e ru nd in - i n o r e lse b y , y , g g , y

d a e rso n al v e rb whe n as an . , p

a e das id b a in this h went awa . (E n) di ciendo est s p i . S y g e y Haci enda esta muestra su ca ri In do ing this he shows his

C harity. Estando comiendo oimos g rita r While we were) eating we

a rma heard a c all to arms. i a .

E n tanianda di naro an al bol When o ne has mo ney in his

il se asta si n m e a ocket it is freel s ent. si o is ri . , g p y p

T he erun i freel used with asta r i r a nda r con 167 . g d s y , , ,

nua r ( ro se ui r ueda r to denote ro ression ti , p ) g , q p g

ll endo It is rainin . E sté ovi . g

ba n reun endo The were atherin . S e i i . y g g

u a a nd It kee s on snowin . Conti n nav o . p g

u H e n in e s eakin . S ig id ha bla ndo . co t u d p g

EXE CIS E XXV R . SYN TA X . 79

PA ST PA R TICIP LE .

a ar ic i In The st t le is inv ariable afte r haber. 168 . p p p o th e r c ase s it agre e s with the no u n qu aliﬁe d

E lla ha comido h ha n . S e s eate .

a s hamos a la ba do W h v i h m [ . e a e ra sed t e p .

E l l a as a ma d he i l a . S s ove d .

i a s d m h h E i ha i o a ada . S e as been loved .

L o s s o l d a d o s esté n anc d T h l i ar v i . e so d ers e van uishe os q d .

Tan o c m ra d dos l b r o s Ihave ht o i . bo u two bo oks li g p as g ( t. Ihold two books bou ht g ) .

' La gzta na ilava roba dos ( o r ha T he gipsy has stole n two c hil

robado ) dos n i no s . dren (llcva has with her

Con may or cordia lida d da l a With greater c o rdiality than he

m d a d h ua tra ia ra a it a . ad ex ected q p p . E i i a se presenté apoy a da an al She came fo rward leaning o n ’ bra z o da su a dre her fa h m . t e r s ar p .

T he ast artic i le ma be used abso lutel with a n un 169 . p p p y y o o r pro noun to deno te time and c irc umstanc e

D icho esto resenta al ra el With these wo rds lit hi . t s , p y ( said the king presented

the a r p pe .

Conclutdo esta na ocio se das When this ne o tia o n h g , g ti ad be en i idia. c o ncluded he went awa p y .

uch a construction ma be em hasiz ed b the use N O TE. S y p y o f a prepo ' ’ si ou o f ime Do do firmada la a z A fter eace wa si ned ti t spues p p s g . Antes ’ n iv n do dada la arde n Be fore the o rder had be e g e .

fo r is with the artici le o en t 17 0. Para p p ft o be re ndered by to be ﬁt or intended fo r E stas p rovidencia s n o ’ son a ra ro uastas These measures are not to be ro o sed p p p p p .

Y TA 8 S N X . 3

D u d o que el ray ie haya nunc a Idoubt whether the king has him e v e I seen .

S i n q n a daga nunca lo qua Without his ever saying what

hin a a he t ks. pi ns .

m be used l onasticall o em hasiz e n u n ca or ar N OTE. Jamds ay p e y t p p ’ r a ha r o ‘ ev er h Ido i F or (pa a ) si empre Nunca jamds i é y N s all t. ’ a da r d s a I ll r r re this M a ha siempre j amda ma ccor é e e t sha fo eve member . ' ’ H le f m e orev er dq ado pa ra siempre j amds e has t f .

T as little is e uivalent to neither before a verb and [ I ampoco q , ’ to ‘ either after a negative Ta mpoca qu i ara esa li bro or No qu i aro esa li bro ta mpoco ‘ N e ither do Iwish that bo ok or Ido not wish that book ’ — eith er u i ara sta li bro 7 a. Esa 7 Tam N either N o . . g Q V. e N poco ( )

r m 18 3 . Para, mas sino. P a a and as introduce a sen

te nc e . Al l three are used adversativel but sino onl in an y, y afﬁrmative clause emphasiz ing by c ontrast a preceding negatio n

N o as ri co ero es bueno . H e is not rich but he is ood . , p , g

N o lo di o an broma in ma Ido not sa it estin l but in g , s o y y j g y,

ll a a e rnestness.

I XV .

A rra n g e m e n t of th e S en ten ce .

T he arran e me nt o f the se nte nc e is in ani 184 . g S p sh

v e r free and lar e l de e nde nt o n p m hasis and e y , g y p p u

ho n p y .

1 T o the mo re deﬁnite rules alre ad ive n unde r 8 5 . y g ( o f P r no u ns e ctiv es c ma the he ad o A d et . be adde , j , ) y d

he re P I GR A M A R 84 S A N S H M .

T H E S U BJEC T - N O U N follows its verb in ques tions unless introduced b an inte rro ative ronoun in o ta ( y g p ) , p

i o r im er tive hrases n t introduced ua It ma t v e p a p o by q . y o tionall be laced after the verb also in ther nt nc p y p o se e es.

Thus

5 Cuando piensa pa rti r tu When does thy father expect padre 7 to depart

' [But g Qua vapor ha iiega do 7 Whic h steamer has arrived Quiera Di as 1 God grant Séaie la tierra lave M ay the ground be light ov er him

a rande r T he u il le El discipulo p ( o p p arns. Aprende a!

The verb and its ob ect unless extended and the j ( ) , membe rs o f a periphrastic verb - phrase are rarely separated : gS a ban su laccibn ios disci D o the pupils know their puios 7 lesso n {H a pa rtido tu harma no 7 H as thy brother departed ?

E E I X RC SE XXVI. VERSlFlC A TlO N .

T he main fe ature s o f S anish v e rsiﬁcatio n are 18 8 . p tho se e x laine d be low p .

H Y The rh th m o f the S anish v e rse is 18 9 . R T H M . y p dete rmine d no t by a re gu late d se quenc e o f ac c e ntual be ats o r ro so ial uantitie s b ut mainl as in Fre nch p d q , , y , by the ﬁx e d syll abic number o f c o rrespo nding v e rse line s as de sc ribed in 1 and the fre h rm n o f the ir , 90 , e a o y stru cture .

N OT E — The anish verse thou h not sub t to that re ular nd . Sp , g jec g a sus tained rhythmical pulsation which is characteristic in a very different way

o f classical n ermanic o etr ordinaril su ests however rev a d G p y, y gg , , a p ail i n l iambic o r tro haic movem ent whi ch at imes m even be uite r g y c , t ay q p o n ounced The rosodial si niﬁcance o f each ve -lin re he . p g rse e usually quires t ir ﬁn l wo r n al rhe tori cal tone The of e a ds to have a atur . turn th poetical phrase is o f co urse in ani as in other ton ues in va Sp sh, g , rious respects distinguished fro m that of ros p e .

Y L B E Each ve rse - line mus 190. N U M BER O F S L A L S . t c o ntain a de ﬁnite nu mbe r o f sy llables acc o rding to the stru ctu re o f the v erse M e etin v o wel- o u n be we e n . g s ds t wo rds are u sually u tte red as diphtho ngs and c o unte d as f rmin n able de otro dea t o 2 ll o o s ll r s . ua ha g e y ( l , y ; q ile nt Ex uaa 1 s ll h be in s . q , y . , g )

T ar an tra u n a s ma tas P | | l ,

S e i da de e rros |gu | p l , 85

VER S IFICA T ION . 87 named according to the number of syllables contained in the leading

wi h unac cented ﬁnal : e . t g .

N o dzgv qu a ha da querar 7

ar carz a la u a a ra c p q g de e, 8 ﬁ o cto bic sylla . ara Ci n ti a ma a rac p , , p a

ua artd carca da ca ar q .

The H Y M S S O N A N N K R S E. 19 1 . R E. A C E. A N D BLA VE ve rse - line s may b e harmo niz e d with e ach o the r in v ario us

co mbinatio ns b the u se o f rh me o r es eciall in o lde r y y , p y

o e tr as nance acc o rdance o f the ir last to ne - vo we ls p y , so (

n l Bl k lines are also c o mmo n e s e c all in c o m o . an i y) , p y binatio n with rh med o r asso nate d y . Ex

a e . R hym

N a digo qua ha de qu erer

ar uerz a la ua a red p f q g aca,

ara Ci n ti a m a r p , , a p oce

u a estd carca d ca q e or.

b. A ssonance

T u peia y tus qiitas M e gu sta n an v erdad

' M e gu sta n tus meyiila s

D e n i ev e d y e coral .

c nd rh . Blank verse a yme

’ E s a ii a E s a rza a ma d r 1 p , p a pa t i a mia p atri a de l as va li en tes qu a ai la rgo oprobi o de tu faz barra ran I

cu a ndo tu a fecta de mi acha sai a f p g , mi ca n ta r a ba tida

' se u itasa an ai aiva d l ai p p e vida .

l v r nan c an d. B ank e se , asso e, d rhyme

D u lce ma dre mia

' u i e q n n o llora ré,

EXERCISES .

EXER I ES C S . 95

‘ ai drbal the tree la ﬁ ar the ﬂower

‘ ’ ’ ru bi the ruby parla th e pearl

‘ ’ ’ ba n co the bench silla ‘ the chair

ferroca rril the railro ad asta ci 6n ‘ the station

‘ ' en ti lhombre the entl eman seitoro the lad es married g g , y ( p . ) squire

senor the entleman in a dr g ( d . senori ta the yo ung lady ‘ sir a ma n ( they) love son are ( inherently) ; astd n are ( accidentally) ’ ha Ihave ( auxiliary) ; tango Ihave po ssess) ' ‘ ta mbian also ti an an ( they) have v ista see n

' N o with f art ma have a or a n ri sense 1 . uns the de . . y d e ﬁn i te ge e c

’ as it is use d las n i rzas the children o r childre n ac cording .

b n s l i n mna son ta mbzcn 1 . Los nino son uc o . S la s s s s ( p g ) , y

- T r r u arla f m 2 . an o lib o a a bl . buan a as e . s c t s r s s g y , es y p

s e a s ma no A m d las ina esté n a u L o i l . o n i . 3 . p s y s 4 . s ; q

' m nin é u s r l la L os ra two ea s est n a i 6 . Lo a bo s 5 . y os ( g ) q . os y

ar son las niizos da la na turalez a . S enor he ﬂ es 7 ,

- rr ca r l 8 Los n lc hombra del ra . vista las fa o ri os . . ge ti s s y

li l n l Ihave ens and I lov e tt e o s a d a so littl irls 2 . I b y e g . p

I have n re n ﬂ r nd Ihave ﬂowers. a e r. . see t es a d owe s a p p 3 ,

T he kin an h u e n e ss n o wa s have rubies 4 . g d t e q e ( xpre i tw y ) l ‘ little irl and ear s. . I hav han n f t 6 . Good s p 5 e ds a d ee . g

er l h nc d r W love ﬂowers. en a l a a . a t. are earls. . omen (g y , ef ) p 7 ’ T h m n s a r ar h r 8 . e e a p pe s e e .

V. Ge n d e r of N ou n s .

’ P ut the deﬁnite artic le befo re hombre man mu ar , j ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ‘ wo man caball o ho rse a u mare libro book carro ‘ hill , , y g a , , , ’ ’ ’ ’ silla ‘ C hair ca é co ﬂee a ua ‘ wate r sa d so fa idi ma , f , g , j , o ‘ ’ ’ ’ ’ idiom dra ma ra a d o ain rtud virtue na cion , d m , ol r p , vi , R A M M A R 96 SPA N ISH G .

’ ' ’ ’ ' ’ ' ’ natio n lzaerta a ‘ libert a eezdn de e d es oeze s ec ies , y, , p p , ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ muelzea u mare ‘ thro n ma na ‘ hand n aa shi ala da g, , p, y,

’ ‘ ’ ma a a 0 1 la nes o n a ma nz a na a le - tre e era m . M d ﬁ p ( 3 ) y, pp , p ’ ’ ’ ’ ear nu z nut E tna Etna P ortu a l Po rtu al E s a ﬁa p , a , , g g , p ’ Spain .

u a l i i u i we s . VI. Q fy n g S ﬂ

‘ m el ﬁambr ( a e1t) on the big man la muj erae/l a the bad wo an

a arez u la mu eran a the lar e woman [t m e ’ j g the small man ' ’ komareezll a 2 m uj erezlla the hussy ’ m u elza e/za ‘ the boy m u elza elza th e girl ’ ' ’ m u elza e/zzllo the little boy m u elza e/zzlla the little girl

’ ’ ﬁerma m ta the littl e brothe r ﬁerma m ta ‘ the little sister

' ‘ n a rz an n a rzz f n o se the baca the mo uth g ( , . , big n ose bacaad the big mo uth ’ ‘ pi eeez u e m a n eezta the little hand the mac foot ’ ‘ ’ lo (pi e) m a n eezlla the index (W )

' ’ a rbol zto the little tree floreezta ‘ th e littl e flowe r ’ usi l the un m uske d a l m da e t u fi a la a u fi . r f g , p (p , , gg

usila z o th e musket-sho — bl h er-thrust f t, ow t e dagg ’ ’ bastan the cane m a z o cane -ra ba ston a c - , p da the ane rap ’ l m -let-a z a - la istola isto Jete di . 6 istol oun p p , , , ( 3 ) p w d

‘ ’ Ize Ihave onl auxil . lta s tho hast ﬁa h e she it has ( y ) u ( , ) ’ tan o Ihav e h ld ‘ ‘ has g ( o ) ti en es tho u hast ti an e he ( etc . ) ’ [ta bla Is eak a s ‘ ala he etc s eaks p babl tho u spe akest ko ( . ) p

’ ’ - - - ‘ a u el f lla l ll l s l s his her. . . as la s ha u . su g ( , p , ) t t ; ( p ) ,

‘ Il a not is lac d b fo v e , p e e re th e rb .

' ' ' ' 1 E l hamar m r la . h a ﬁ aa on ( a a ohon) tim e a n fuszla z a y zw a pu a . ’ ' ala ae erm 2 . H a l h a de a s e a ma ne mfo l lzerma n . Tim l oi ta y ifas . 3 ’ ' ’ la mu lz i a e a e / . a mere /I e z H a a ael na ae u l ho . i la 4 . la mgon a e d o / a uella mue a r 6 . S u 5 . Tim e q lz e za ( muelza alziI/a ) la ﬂa ecita

' muelza elza tiane a n zstal a p e t z o .

’ r The i i r . man i h l 2 i li l ro the b t e tt e o fa h r . H s tt e b g s l b y s t e . has a ist l - ho o hi f o t. . I o s t f. sentenc e 6 abov e in en s o t p ( , ) ( ) 3

E ER C IS ES X . 99

cientos n oventa dos . 6 . La mnelza elza es la rimera el mn y p , y elza elza el n nta o i .

I. H is aunt has four so ns and two dau ht ers. 2 h g . T e day has 2 ho urs an d the hour 60 minu tes. 4 3 . T here are four seasons in h t e ear. . 1 8 1 1 2 . T h r y 4 9 5 5 5 . e ﬁ st and the third hour 3 the twelfth month . A da and a half o ne h l 6 . y ; ( ) a f ( o f) the day

IX . P e rs on a l P ro n o u n s .

‘ ’ ' ‘ ‘ a mar to love dal to ive uerer to wi sh want like ( ) ( ) g q ( ) , ; , ’ Pres . Ind l ove d b efo re e rso n , ( p )

am a Ilove da I ive n i ra wish e y g o e I ( tc . ) am a s thou lovest da s tho u givest on i eres ‘ th o u wishest ’ ’ ma ‘ e h i ‘ ‘ ’ a h s e t l oves da he e tc . ives n i re h t sh , , ( ) g o e e ( e c . ) wi es Imperat ‘ ’ am a love ! da give 1 on i ere ‘ wish !

u am a r i th o to burn var see grae as, anks con . li ke a ma r ; y ] ‘ ’ tra ba ism a lf. j ar to Work m , se

Obse rve ac co rdin t , g o 59

i to him to her to it so ( for la) la t ( , ) a 8 8 ( u a a

1 or f etc . se les) la : it to them ( 11. . )

’ i o ‘ ‘ I. A S aniard calls ever ob ect whether liv n r n ot he o r she X p y j , g , , ‘ ’ never it which he f r ad ectives hrases or in oin tin to thin s ( uses only o j , p , p g g

Izim vi z t b without namin them H e will sa : Ihave . he o ok li ar viz . g ) . y ( , ) , ( , h the o wer them las or la s vi z . the bo oks t e ﬂ ) , ( , , ,

2 . The meanin f he o n i dat rono un m a be made mo re distinct or g o t at c . p y emphatic by using also ( as is freque ntly don e) the tonic form with d after the

verb o r be fore the tonic unless a ende d . Thus for le dat. da which , a ( pp ) , ( ) y , ’ mi ht me an I ive m or her it ou ma b e use d accordin to the in g g hi ( , , y ) y , g ’ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ tende d sense l e da d l him if ella her if ell o it if Usted ou o r y [ , , , y

l l d S o like wise me da d mi etc . d l e ay , y , ‘ (listed fo r o u is not o ften o mitte d in address. 3 . y

a aa a era el lza bla . A re a él n c ssar 1 . tr e e ? 2 . Yo j , p ( y , y ) Le

aton ac u II0 a ma dma/a I la dat d i e othe r c on . c s . a v ( , ) ; ( ( (g

E ER C IS E 0 X S . 1 3

' I. U se al de Ustan or rather more e le antl sn da sted for ( , g y, U ) ’ o u r wheneve r n mi b n v e nd ur en tan o y s ght e u clear : Iha his paper a yo p , g

sn a al In r sn l u ma de p p , y ( o ) p V.

I. M un cle c ares for her su d e ducati on . 2 H is S ister has lost y pport an .

he r son and her dau hte r. . he has not tak en he r h at but ours . . R e g 3 S , y 4

e t o ur lesso n children ! R e e at our lesso n S ir ! 6. Charles is an ac p a y , 5 . p y ,

u nta nc o f min . ou ur ir Ihav e o ur ane ai e e . D o h ve o c e ? N s c . q 7 y a y an o , , y

. M friend an d m br the rs av S o k n f u The chestnut ho rse is 8 y y o h e p e o yo . 9. ’ I m o ‘ o e r a hi s 10. t is fault that Idid n t o me have n ot c m este d . . y c ( ) y y

1 1 . N o it is m fault and not o urs. 1 2 . H e is a nei hbo r o f o urs , y , y g ’ an d o f the M exi can minister s minister 1 M bro ther has co m e to ask 3 . y ‘ ’ o u for to ask ou da t a b k f his 1 . The have s oken o f o ur y ( y , ) oo o . 4 y p

frie n n f 1 . She h tol o u tha the houses are hers and not d a d o yo urs. 5 as d y t

the irs .

T H A N KS .

M a aha s o r mil or m nehisim a s M an ver man thanks. ( , ) y ( y y)

ra e a s g i .

L da f dar ive ra ei a s I n a res. o . tha k ou y ( p , g g y .

n edo d V. mu a ra deeido. m m u h o bli ed to o u Q y g Ia c g y .

A radezeo mu eha al a v or n e m e Iam v er th nkful for the fav o r ou g f o V. y a y

ha t e. do me .

mu eortés a ld n en m lido ol E s V. . Yo u are v er kind ite c ourteo us y (g , p ) y (p , ) . ' ‘ ’ ’ ‘ o ha de n a ha the r is n n t Y u re N y o . ( y e ) D on t me ti o i . o a welcome .

XI D e m n tra ti v s . o s e .

‘ m neho much m uy ve ry pobre poor

id e a r le o r ad art. aee e r s m a a s ee s. (p ) p pp ,

Esta hombre es mds nerta ne 2 f o 68 9 . . E sta casa es mds

' ra nde ne bs uel/a as mueha mds a a ra nde. E stos libros g o , q g 3 . s on m ores ne a néllos . . H a bla do a n ell as ca sa s bla neas ei o o 4 o . 5 ﬁ ngo este libro y e/ de mi p obre a migo esto's libros y las de

mis obres a mi os . 6 . A ua! mn ehaehillo es m n n u b e a. H a p g q y 7 . 5

' leido 7 8 £ a reee im V. s ta . 3 0 osi e ble. A uel/a n p p 9. q o es sn ’ o in i n Io A néllo no es sn o in i p b . . o p on H R A M M A R 1 04 S PA N IS G .

This bo is oo rer than th t n e this irl is rettier tha n I. y p a o g p

2 T h n k f n . ese e s are e tt r than thos . . Is a o that o e . p b e e 3 pe ’ ’ my book and of my brother s that o f my bro ther ) of my ’ ’ m u n f ncle f m ﬂ n m r . H as house a d o y s ; o y owers a d y siste s. 4

l re d thi Th t do s n t m you r unc e a s ? 5 . a e o see no t seems to

me probable .

m b n ture esto Iam i n so a ncide tall . y Ia ( y ) , y ( y) ‘ ‘ ’ ha fo r ha there there is there are it is m i ra d cf re asa r x y ( y , , , ( . p , )

‘ ‘ ’ be hold ! lo ! v ista se en .

n d d I m t 1 This cit i which on e a . 2 . Tha cit in which ou 2 r . y ( ) y y ) a e

T hat cit in which o ur uncle is. . Those wo me n are his cousins but 3 . y y 4 , I are a dd it n ot. . have receive d these letters this m rn n 6 This these ( ) 5 o i g . . ’ ‘ ’ ’ entleman s name is entl em an cal s himself Charles and that lad s g ( g l ) , y

. H ave o u see n this ? It i v n m is M ar . s er re tt . H as o ur a e y 7 y y p y 8 . y h ? That is n t much on u rothe r read t at . o f c se ence . Behol th b 9 o q 10. d ese

autiful tree s ! 1 1 . Lo on l o ft mo untains. 1 2 T o m th be , y y . e at ’ l ‘ o m e tan an d 1 e ms im o ssib e t . . The re is a b in se p ( , 3 ig man that m There are hirt da s in this o nth . se 1 . t hou . 4 y y

WEAT H ER .

‘ ué ti em o ha ce m akes-it What kind o f weath r is t g Q p ( e i .

a e m bnen ti em o It is ve r ﬁn e w r. H a ny p . y e athe

e a l ti m o It i a e m e . s b ad weather H p . I H a ee m n eha sol . t is ve r sunn y y.

H a ee mn eho ea lor ri o It is ver warm o d (f ) . y ( c l ) . ha v i a to a r It i ve w n H a ee mne n o r i e . s r i d ( ) y y.

Ll n av a estd llov iendo trn en a n i ev e It rains is rai ni n it thun ( ) ; ; ; ( g) ; ders,

ra n i za . sno ws it is hailin g ; g .

t XII. In te rr o g a i v e s a n d R e l a ti v e s .

- el eorreo the post 0fﬁce ) . la ca rta the letter ‘ al di a the day la j aoho the date ‘ ’ ’ ’ di o Isa di ces thou sa est di ce he sa s di eha ‘ said tol g y, y , y , d.

1 ue is es eciall use d fo r a re uired continuation n . Q p y q ; o ian and al ana l chieﬂy where the pre vio us tho ught is co mplete in itse lf ( also after a lo ng

r to distin uish ender and numbe r . clause , o g g )

I R A 1 06 S PA N S H G M M A R .

n Which m n v e o u see n ? Who Wh m h ve se n a . 1 at e a o u e ? 2 . ha . y y 3

r Whic h nes i t ou What is the date of our lette ? . o has sa d that o y ? 4 . y 5

w h o f o ur ks have u so l 6 Who Which are the ladi es hic y boo yo d ? . ( )

Who is v c ome T o whom has th e stran er s oken ? 8. se book that ha e ? 7. g p ‘ is ex ress two w a s . The bo who has ust o ne out com letes to th ? ( p y ) . 9 y j g ( p l I k the 10 The adies whom two wa s ou have seen. 1 1 . see go . ( y ) y

m an whom ou se ek 1 2. This is the m to whom ou owe o ur da : a rt. y . an y y ( y )

f Y o w m I eek Ihave se e n the li e 1 u are the man ho two wa s s . . . 3. ( y ) 14

little owers that ou have seen 1 . The fathe r whose children ars. o . ﬂ y . 5 (p n) ‘ ’ o u hav e se en ex ress whose two w a s . 1 6 It is difﬁcul t to determin e y ( p y ) .

w h i i r. 1 What sava e hic nd i nterro o f the two ha s oken better. . a ( g. ) p 7 g lio n ! 1 The criminals are c ond mned w e a eneral n o 8. e , hich caus s g se sati n.

WEAT H ER con ti n ued ( ) .

a e a ti em o mu va ria ble It is ver ch eable we ather E a n p y . y ang .

In H a ae In na or ala ri da d de na . t is moo nli ht ( ) I g .

It is fo mist ggy ( y) .

H a hn meda a It is m y i da p.

a m vo t i ver dus . H y naho pol . I s y ty

It is sto rm y.

M e a reae ne llavard fut It looks to me as if it were oin to p o ( ) . g g ‘ ’ rain ( that it will rain )

XIII. In d eﬂn i te s .

‘ ’ deci r in t sa sa i n di ré Ishall sa si n without ( ) y, y g y

1 Al uie n ta da este libro . 2 . Tiene V. al a bneno or . g g g ( ne a 7 ha bla r habla de a lgn na aasa b n ) 3 . Nadia ( o No nadi e )

ie a u al h m rez nelo . n re na . . Il tan o a o b . ” di a nad o 4 o o e 5 g a . ’

l dir a n ien nier . 6 S in deair nada . . N o o e a . 8 . Un senor . 7 o o h fu/ano . Dada or n e e v ista es bla naa . Io . n iero . 9 ﬁ o Q

iii l as mnaha ah r libros. II Tienen v os send libros oi e tos ( ) os ,

S e la di rt a V. otro dia . 1 . l l unas da las aasas de ne 1 2 . 3 g o

or sais ana rtos . I ha blas tianan ai nao b 4 . ”inguno da sns

s n 1 . Tan o dos ma nz a nas n nieren nin a migos e ta a o i . 5 g o o guna

n aren ni n n n I6 . Lo di rt a todo disa da las dos no o i g as . ipnlo EXER CISES 1 07

d o ah aos dili entes 1 D a me na libro oval iligente d tod s los i g . 7

l n r l bros. 1 8 E l mi mo hombre qui era ; a lgn nos ana eso ie ( a ) i . s .

s m smos a mi os . 1 9 . 1112 i g

Ih no thin . . IS hall not m thin o d. 2 . ave I. Ihave so e g g o g 3

sa an thin . Ishall not sa it to an od to an bo d whom y y g 4. y yb y ; y y

oever H k wi h u n n h n N has s . i d . e s ea s t t sa a t i . 6 obo 5 p o y g y g . y see n two wa s the li le bo ve r tree in the arden is ( y ) tt y . 7 . E y g n m n H r ree 8 . S o e ﬂow r ar whi n o m are ot. . e e g . e s e te a d s e 9 are the ens Ido no t wan t = wish them Ihave o thers ( ) p , ( ) , .

1 0 . The fou ir h c h ﬂ w in their n d 1 1 r ls av e ea a o r ha . The g e .

same da the same n i ht. 1 2 M ve r bro thers. y ; g . y y

‘ vao Ise e vo I o am oin am about y g ( g g, )

‘ 1 A ra as adv erb somewhat rathe r . g , , , ’ 2 N o n a da as adv erb not at all b no me ans. . ( ) , , , y

n i an n i era is o ften followe d b n e 3 . Q o y o .

1 . Some bo d has se e n it nobo d has se en it tw o w a s Ihav e n y ; y ( y ) . 2. e se

m on do t Iha se nobo d tw o wa s . D o e e ve en . o e e k so me so ( . y ( y ) 3 y u s

in I mebo d . I the irl doin n hin fu th ? N o sir seek so . s a t use l ? g , , y 4 g g y g

Yo e r th r in uisitive . 6. So me one o f m friends has the bo o k 5 . u ar a e q y .

N o n is certain o f the hou r o f his deat Iam oin to see so me o f 7 . o e h. 8 . g g

m b I s n but Ido not find an hin hors Is e no od 10. am ee ki t . y es. 9. e y. g, y g

1 1 Who has m ens ? N o bo d . N o bo d has them two w a s . 1 2 . This . y p y y ( y )

unha irl sa s nothin to an bod . 1 H e s eaks without an S nt ppy g y g y y 3 . p y ( y .

1 6 re arati o n 1 . Th t m an has om e here witho ut seein an 3 ) p p . 4 a c g ybody.

1 She do es not advance at all in her studies still she has som e a 5 . ; 1 5 )

m ical talent. 1 6 H ave o u ano ther ho rs e other ho rses so me other ho rses us . y , , ?

1 Ihave to o o ut at an time . 1 8 Bu an bo oks ! 1 . A n foo d is 7. g y . y y 9 y

r h n r Wh v i be sea h o o fo r him who a a n ian is u 20. oe er t e has g d (p o ) g y. ( )

heaho wro n i n n i t it done ( ) g in saying ( ﬁ ) .

WEAT H ER co ( nti n ued) .

d d ros It is in U n av a nta our down cf. e . p g ( H emos ten ido n n a ua cero We have had a sho e r g . w .

La s n nbes se disi a n . The clouds are dis e in p p rs g. The weather is clearin u g p.

I1 2 S P A N IS H GR A M M A R .

H a T en em as n oti ai a s i m orta n tes. The re is im o rtan n y ) p p t ews.

S e habla de n arra . The r o g e is talk f war.

E s n na m a la n oti ai a . That is bad news. .

S on n oti ai a s si n u la res ara la s a aatas That is sin ular n ews ut the rs g , p g g , b pape

da a n c m o a l a n ta si a . ive fre e ran t the an o p f g ge o f cy.

XVI. R e g u l a r Ve r b s w i th P h o n e ti c C h a n g e s .

A P E SA VE BS . . N R R

’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ tanta r j try roga r ask m over mo ve tembla r tremble forz a r fo rce aoaer cook

‘ ’ nag a r de ny pardar lo se taraer ‘ twi st ’ ’ arra r err be mistake n anten dar un derstan d afar ‘ sm ell , ’ v ala r ﬂy E R BS S T I VE . 8 . N R

‘ ’ ’ ’ m en ti r x ‘ lie te ll lies ar n i r raise u B. m ori r di e . g p (84 . ) con sen ti r ‘ co nsent dormi r sle e p

PE I VE B S . C. D R R

’ gamir gro an serv ir serv e aani r gird

H I VE B D . S U R R . atri bu i r as cribe a rg ii i r argue

n n a nta mos tan ta ti mble ti mblen am r I. Ti to ti t te a t bl a , e , ; ; , a ; a ai .

- 2 . .N ia a ne ais ni e ue ne uemos nie uen ne ué na b g , g ; g g ; g ; g , g . r m . Yerro ar a erre os erren erra ri a . . Vualo 3 y , ; y ; 4 ,

a lemos ola d la se ola mos v la n v el vo v vo . R a n v , ue u , , 5 e ag

- o é a é F rz o ra rz a rue ue r n ro r . 6 . ue ua a ua orae . g ; g , g , f f f ’

. P i rda s i rda n an ti nnes en tendi a . 8 . M uave m ven 7 e , p e e ; , ue m a mo i mo se Cuez - o au - as a -a uev ; v ; vie . 9 . ao uaz

r mos toraieren 1 aoa a n aoaib r o to a . 0 la i ; tua z , z ; . [ ma

les le olemos oléis u lan . II. M an tis m nten Ima , Ima , , , h e , ie

' ' m nta m n a mos manti min tia mintieron men ti re mi n tiera ia , i t , ,

aonsien ta aonsi ntiese I2 . Yer o 80 o r ” o er ue o r i r u e ; . o ( ) g , y g g , '

uen o r ir u en er ni ir nio . 1 re er n imos ar u is er . M oo g , g , y g g ; g , g 3 ,

ra mos mori a n marl murib murieron m riend muaren ; mu ; , , u o

6 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R 1 1 .

’ 1 D o ou wish me t h I with snb . ou o a ra look for her? . y o t at j ) go t t (p )

2. Yo u will do me a reat favo r an d shall be much obli e d to o u ISh all g , I g y

k o he bo than it to u Brin me so u and roast bee f. T ell t y 3 . g p 4. y ‘ ’ to that he w ith su b w ake m e at six o clock in the mo rnin . . o hn ( j . ) g 5 J ,

at v u d n Ih v i n W h ha e o o e wi th m ha . a ut t u o the t ble h w y y t? 6 e p p a . 7 . y

did no t our fri end co me est rda ? 8 Bec use he has heard that o ur child y y e y . a y

is sick but he will c ome t -m rrow I u th t he will come to -mo rro w ; o o . 9. do bt a , be cause Ido no t think he goe s out o n ( omit) S un days

10. M iss N . do o u know th t entle man 1 N o sir Ido not know him , y a g ? 1 . , , ;

but m y sister kn o him 1 2 . P e rmit me to introduce him to o u 1 . M i ws . y . 3 ss

' N Ihav the n or o n a aa l eit r on hi i . e ho t i tro duce to ou M r. . e S o D P l S , y ( ) p . ‘ ’ 1 I le elebro m a o de kn o 1 . Sir am ased a n ho t ow u. . D o o u he ar 4 , p ( ) ( ) y 5 y

I ar n an d s e ar no h n . 1 . M the no ise ? 1 6. he nothi d m frien s al o h t i an g, y g 7 y m v nd n b hi en h e e rs a e ear no t in 1 8 . The co sta le c u ht the t ef as a a y t h h g. a g he o ut f the ho u T ll m i o o o a me 2 I came o se . 1 . e e S r d u want t ? 0. l 9 , , y p y ’ - hav e told ou will t morrow . 2 1 D o n t fall ove r th a y I pay yo u o . t

sto ne ! 22. The child will sure l fall if ou d n t h ld him b the han d y y o o o y .

WA LKIN G.

[ l a tenemos n n bnen dia va mos d a sea r. This is a ﬁne da le t us take alk y , p y, a w .

Vo d da r n n aseo n i are V. ven i r Iam o in to take a walk will o y p , 7 o g g , y u ” aon m igo a go with me ? 7 A dan de i remos 7 Whe re shall we go ?

Va mos d da r n na v n elta or las ra das Le t us take a turn in th ﬁel e ds. p p .

e sta aa mi a r sa an a nda dor Ilike t w alk Iam k M n n bn . o a ood wal e r g , y , g .

A tra vasemos la aa lla ar a n i Let us cro ss the street here p o . .

o va a ta n de risa D not o so fast N y V. p . o g .

a m d asa a t hom e t is l olv os a ne as ta rde . Le us o i ate . V , o y g ,

- 2 . XVIII. Irr e g u l a r Ve rbs , 87 , 5

1 . D a asto so vo . 2 . D i esté he two si ve y , y , y , y , , ( , d dies d n s three . D a r e a . . E tuve estuviera esta ré ( 3 , , 4 , , .

. S ea ni two mean . sido nera n two V 6 . 7 ve 5 , f ( ) , f ( , ,

vaa vio. . niso n aria n nisiese . 8 . Va a i rdn u eseis two , 7 Q , o , o y , , f ( P nede nde n . odrd siera . Io . H a a hnba hubiese 9 , p , p , p y , , , ’ habre hamos . 1 1 . S a ba sn a su iera sabrd 2 . 1 . A ndn a , , p , p , ve, n d n

iero na v n. I . o ne a an e an o. 1 . A biarta anbierto esa 3 Q p , o p , p , p 4 , , rito .

I1 8 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

1 D o ou know that th ose stran ers have arrived to -da 2 did no . y g y ? . I t know it but the se rvant has told m e so it Give m m i an , ) . 3. e so e c gars d

m t hes v l d iv e If I ‘ so e ma c Iha e a re a n them to o u. . n w hat . 4 . y g y 5 k e ( t ou o uld n o o out t e venin Iw uld come 6 Co m I o t w t his o . e shall n o y g g, . , g

o far Iknow P ru w fo rmerl colo n o f n out s as . e as a ai 8. The ki n . 7 y y Sp . g and the ueen two wa s made the stran er enter the alace H atred q ( y ) g p . 9. and l ve 0 1 o stro n mo tives o f human acts an will o 1 7 , ) are tw g , d ever be so .

1 D o o u know D octo r A . ? 1 1 . Yes sir Ikno w him an d Iknow that he 0. y , , ,

is ver skillful h sician 1 2 . H as M r A . writte n to ou ut sub ect la st ? a y p y . . y (p j ) t en m u Iho e h i 1 N o sir he has not wri t e et b t e w ll write me soo n . 3 . , , y , p

f hould to M adrid wo uld ou o wi th m e ? 1 Idou wheth e r 14. I Is go , y g 5 . bt ’ bl b o o with u 1 6 Y ou m ‘ I s n ce shall be a e can su . t o . . ust t i e I , j ) g y go ( s ’ s t at to co nsult a ood do ctor there is none he re. 1 . Tell m e ary h , g , 7 ,

wh did no t that soldier come esterda ? 1 8. H e could not come bec ause y y y ,

s n da uard 1 So me o ne told me h e has done nothin fo r he wa o ( ) g . 9. g

harles . 20. That omit is n ot true . H e did all he co ul d do fo r a frien d C ( ) . ’ 2 1 D on t ut an thin more mats here all these thin s do no t et into the . p y g ( ) ; g g ‘ ll ’ h l k 2 2 . P ut as much into it Put a as it will o d 2 . Le t trun . ( ) 3 Wh t o this mean us go and take a walk ! 24 . a d es ?

T IN G P R TEST IN G. D OUB , O

o esté a n i vaaa do 7 N o se an a na 3 N V. o 7 g A re you no t mistaken ?

V. 7

H obla da vera s g V. 7 D o you speak seriously?

T an o d an lta d an araerla. I nd hard t b e i g iﬁ ﬁ it o eliev t. '

o sea varaa d wa er it is not true . A pnesto on e n , I g

e sea osible Ido ubt if it can be so . D ndo on p .

i o ne si es n n haaho. Isa it is it is a fact. D g o , y , s no m n ai erta It is but to o certain E so n o es i y . .

verda It is true as Ilive Como say one as d. .

r XIX . P e r i p h r a s ti c Ve b s .

n t be se arated from the artici l e : ha ha bla da The auxiliary m ust o p p p 7 V. 7

ha ha blado 7 not 7 V.

vi ta d tn a dre ma dre . 2 . Si ne ta has dado este 1 . He s p ( ) o a o nna ma nz a na dl mnah libro 4 mi harma no. 3 . ll amas d d a

P A N IS H GR A M M A R 1 20 S .

have no t et arrived . . Iwould hav e iven them th ho rse y 9 g e , if

the h d im . sn b k d m e f r a as e o t. y ( p f. ) i

tan er as auxiliar de no tes o sse ssi o n ha ve osse ss hold hav e i n hand y p p , , ) .

1 . H ave o u be e n in S ain ? 2. N o sir Ihav e neve r be en in S ain b y p , , p , ut

I have alwa s wishe d to see that interestin c ountr A S oo y g y. 3 . s n as the

ue sts ad ke n he e n W a w o h ta t ir s ats the ba uet be an . h t ul d g , q g 4 . yo u h av e

do ne i f o u had en in m l ce Iw o uld h v aid ha I be a ? . a e s t t sho ul , y y p 5 d n e ver ‘ ’ e rmit it wh Idi ell h ave said to t e m . 6 . That is at d t h . The w oo p ( ) 7 . l o f

S i i mu h t ft r avu A do h Kin o f w a n s c so u h a e . 8 . Gust s l us S eden p g p , g , w as

kille d in the battle o f Liitz en the 6th o f N o v embe r 1 6 2 This ch , , 3 . 9. apte r h x 0 f M I r. w as no t b n e l ain e to u our m te 1 . Le re n o t i ee p d s by as r. o e o bl ge d to start for M adrid this eve ni n Iwo uld in v ite him to the art 1 1 Wh g, p y. . e n

o ur tran slatio ns are will b e ﬁn ish e d the w ill b e co rrec te d b the teache r , y y . ‘ ’ 2 M c m ani wh w h be e n w o un e has ie d 1 . o o n o as as d d d . 1 Ih v y p ( ) 3. a e

c o un ted the m o ne bu Ido n o t have the m o n e co u nte h t d I . ll y, y . 4 Is a ha v e

o k nished - rr a - the w r ﬁ to m o ow , but IS hall n ot h ve ﬁnishe d the wo rk to m o r

‘ ’ r w 1 Idid not want have n ot wishe d to se ll him t e ui o . 5 . ( ) h s t which I

hav e bo u ht. T his illu mi ate d . 1 . T he we re u se asta r g 1 6. hou s e is n o t n 7 y ( ) ’ maz e is e ttin o es bein tire a ed to h ar s 1 8 . T his al o u e the new . di g g g g g )

some .

FEELIN GS .

‘ M a a le ro m naho da la di aha de V. Iam v er lad o f our o od fo rtu n e g y g y g . ' elebro m isimo al snaeso ae Ire o i e re atl at o ur u C nah V. j c g y y s ccess.

N o v en dré a lo si en to m naho . H e will n o t co me and Iam ve r , y , y so rr y.

a da ear an ear esto desaan sa It is e ttin wo rse and w o rse nd V p p , y y g g , a I

la do. am disco nsolate .

Ic are nothin abo ut i a da m a an ello t. N se e v . g ’ l d Icare no t str w A o se m a da n n b e o. a a .

r I ann o v rco m m N o n ado v olv e de m i a sombro. c t o e e asto nishm e n t p y .

’ ' H a ae de n n a n a n n al e a nta. Y o u are makin a m o u ntain f V. p lg f g o a

- m ole hill .

XX . R eﬂe x i v e (o r R e c i p r o c a l ) Ve r bs .

ﬂexives are o ften re n dered as assive s. 1 . R e p

2 The re exiv e ro no un ma be a ended to a e rso nal v e rb-fo rm be . ﬂ p y pp p

n in n sente nce or used alone cf. S ut. gin g a y , ( y

I2 2 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

hour do r rnin Iam accustom d to you rise in (pa ) the mo g? 4 . e rise between S ix an d seven but esterda Irose at ﬁv e and to y y ,

morrow Ishall also t u at ﬁve . Your friend makes fun of ge p . 5 ’ m . You ar mi e n n t li v t h v e 6 . e stak ; I do o be e e tha ) e e er

makes fun of an bod . The kin s looked u on themselves as y y 7 . g p

h h da abov e su eri r t t law. 8 . T kin t we e re p o o e e gs ( . ) r

rded r e l T a as abo e th aw. . hat will easil be don e . g ( eﬂ. ) v 9 y

‘

1 . Please be seated H ave the kindness to seat 2 . Y our ser

’ vant has m de m take in omit ivi n me this book . ohn wh don t a a is ( ) g g . 3 J , y w I d e m Wh n ou as our hands have al re a wash d han ds. e will y h y ? 4. y y 5 . o - o What o d m k 6 We shall on bo ard to morr w. . y u go o n bo ar e bar . g 7 8 M name is Charles F is your name H ow do you call . y .

The a tain ordered the soldiers to kee awa from the road. 1 0. A ri se ! 9. c p p y

1 1 I is n o t et time to et u . 1 2 . Fo rtunatel his fe ars were not realiz e d . . t y g p y

1 It is said that the fo rces o f A uinaldo have revo lte d . 1 . It is well 3 . g 4 t traito r 1 In this wa time will be ained an d wo rk known hat he is a . 5 . y g ‘ ’ v 1 6 In German eo le seem to live it a ears that it lives itse lf sa ed; . y p p ( pp )

nl f r war 1 . The ramids we re built b slav es. 1 8. The trunk was o y o . 7 py y

searched.

OR D ER IN G CLOT H ES .

’ ho oe ta m I do n t want re ad -made clothin N a on i ero ropa haehn 7 V. y g ; bién de en aa rgo 7 do yo u also make to o rde r?

I t ou to take m m easure . i a m tome las medida s. wan Qn ar one e V. y y Qu i ero on e me haga n na aasa aa y n n Iwant you to make me a dress-coat

aés an d a air of ants of this o tch pa r de pa nta lon es de este pa na esao . p p Sc

clo th.

r l dba do si a lta Iwant the suit S aturda witho ut fail . Qn i aro la opa a s n f . y, d to osada ma nde S end m suit to th e hotel an d se nd M dndeme la ropa p , y y ,

a mi smo ti em o o ur bill at the same time . sn an en ta l p . y i i uits m e v r well Wh ed m u bi Cna nto Th s su t s e . at E sta traj e m e on a y an . g y

as sn v alor 7 is it worth

II I. In d e c l i n a b l e s .

ist he a manud . . Vi no endré tem ra na lne o . 2 . Le v 6 o I. V p , g 3 ’ mnaho mnahi e . Lo sien to fee re re t simo. de golp . 4 l g ,

1 26 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R .

1 2 . M r. F. is a aniard and so ldier. 1 M brothe r S and writes Sp a 3. y peaks

nish. H o w A t how m d o se ll th ut e A t fort nts Spa 14 . uch o y u e b t r? y ce

1 Is our maste ni ir he i o und. . r a S a ard ? N o s s an A merican a p 5 y p , , .

1 6 This man has a oo d heart. . g

One o f the last kings o f Spain whom the fortune o f war arms had de

rived o f v ario us considerable fort nev ertheless received from the re er p s, g at ” art o f his courtiers the title o f Great. H is reatness said a S aniard p g , p , is ‘ like that o f ditches whic h ro make themselv es bi er in ro rti o n o , g w ( gg p po t ’ d th e rt wh ch is remove d fr m them whi h th rem ve m m ( e ) e a h i o c ey o fro the , da t. )

ID IOM S .

Con mil a mores.

D a r ar sn n esto ar santa do . Take fo rant p p (p ) r g ed.

D a r en al bla nao. H it the mark.

ai r a a d n a en sns ba rba s T ell on so m thin D e lg n . e e g to his face .

e a r an bla n ao. P over unn D j ass oticed.

’

ndas la s bn rla s or aha n za s a a rte est ide . D a p . J as

E n n n aerra r a bri r de o os. In the twi nklin f e y j g o an ey .

n aen darsa en ablara . l i nto n E F y a passio . ’ E rra r al ti ra. M iss one s aim .

’ E sta r d sns a n ahas. Be at one s ease .

H a bla r d bn lto a l ai re . S e ak at random idl ( ) p ( y) . ’ ma r d rito herido Call with all one s mi ht Lla g . g .

XXIII. A dj e cti v es a n d N ou n s .

1 She related that the N az arenes loved their Go d their kin their aren . , g, p ts,

nd brothers and sisters on e word 2 . Ilove libe rt d w a their v v ( ) y, an ould die a l r Wh m for it Isent a servant and Isent ette . . o are ou lookin for . 3 . , 4 y g ‘ What are ou l oki n for? Iam l ok ( who m do yo u y o g 5 . o ing fo r

Iam lo kin fo r m horse . Iam lookin for m m ousin . o bo o k 6 y c g y g y . . I rs H e tells us t t have a ho rse and Ido not want you . 7 . ha he has routed two

hundre d nemi I re fer the brave man to the war . . A ll the t e es. 8 . p y 9 eachers

n ive 1 0. The kin has e praise this diligent and atte t boy. g alr ady appointe d

the min st 1 1 . Iwill ive ever thin to him who whom saves su b i ers. g y g v ( j .) man hi dau r 1 2 . Le t us not abando n this to s miser ! 1 . T he t my ghte . y 3 wri

- - in desk nd the chair are new. 1 . The writin desks and the chairs are n w g a 4 g e .

1 Who h iven me these fra rant o wers ? 16 . H e is a oor and unf 5 . as g g ﬂ p ortu 1 nl were attacked b th se sa In t man . . S udde the o va e di n na e 7 y y y g a s. 1 8 . I

I2 8 S PA N IS H GR A M MA R

mmissions ere ret ver useful t me . 1 . H e ave use car ar me some co w (p . ) y o 9 g ( g ) , is c n I i self t n 1 . N obo d o which erf rmed . H e umble s h m o o bod . 2 p o 20. h y y

ten ted ith his fate . 22. A c w ertai n friend of his said, Lo ve ne ver com ” mi hiz o a o ardl 2 . Ev tted ( ) c w y act. 3 ery impo rtant wo rk re quires eﬁ o rt and pers eve rance . ’ midst of e reat crisis of the Seven Years War one of Frederick In ( the ) th g , ’ the Gre at s soldiers dese rte d on the eve o f a battle. The deserter was seiz ed

’ ‘ u t fo e Kin d m r l t and bro h be re th who e e hi Sha . ( They seiz ed, e c. ) g g, y p y ” Wh d ou thou leav e me ? asked Frederick. Sire answered y di y , ‘ r “ ur ffairs are taki n such a bad turn o so b adl him the dese rte , yo a g ( g y “ ” ‘ o ht it w tim! to uit them . Well said the kin to him that Ith ug as q , g ( w v r until to -m rrow and if the do not then take a better turn re main, ho e e , o , y , ” we will des ert together.

SA VIN GS .

ta rde e n nn ca . Better late than neve r M ds val e on .

l ca lla otor a . S ile nce ives co nse nt. E one , g g

rra aa li ante ba ti r de re ente. Strike while the iro n is t A l hi e , p ho .

on a mar se a a . ne ood turn rv o her A mar c p g O g des e es an t .

da ova a can sn a r a . Birds o f a feather oc o r Co j p q ﬂ k t gethe . h a N m ok de n o se ha ce nm sale . o e without ﬁre . D on f g , ma fi a Wh i d ha a na ha . ere there is a w ll there a D an e y g y is way. o There m n D e la ma na d to baca despa reae 1a s pa . is a y a slip be twixt cup and

XXV. Verb s .

I - When shall ou de art ? shall de art to da . 2 . H ow lon have ou 1 . y p p y g y i Ih ve been here ear an I been in A mer ca ? a a y ; d have been here once be fore ,

Wher did ou le rn o ur ni Il o . e a S a sh ? earned i in i n . ﬁve years ag 3. y y p t Spa

- have not written to da to m com anio n but I did write last week. 4. I y y p ,

reeks considere d all the ther nati ns ari W The G o o as barb ans. 6. hat time 5 . i r babl I ma : n t thr I e is i I s o t be . ee . wrot om e d t? t p y ( y f ) 7 . e s ight ays nt h t Iwo ul c me o . t a d ome . 8 M a th d ago ( so ag , f ) . y e heavens an the

n els r The e O Lo rd ! . Iur ed him to a g p aise , 9 g abstain from such an unde r 1 D o ou wish me to Sin ‘ I takin 0. that sin littl e 1 1 n g. y g ( g a ? . It is eces r l I t he n efort we ise e ar . 1 2 work no sary tha c h y . w that Imay have ﬁnished

- e fore to mo rro w . 1 . Ido ubt that what the hav said b 3 y e is true , and that he

is uilt at all . 1 . If our friend were not obli ed to star g y 4 y g t for M adrid, IWoul d

0 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R 1 3 . been spoken ( rot ) in the peninsula by the diﬂerent rac es which have estab

lishe d themselves there .

The l anguage spo ken in Spai n in the most remote times was the Ib erian o r

B s u L in later came t th en r l lan ua o f the co un tr which a q e. at o be e g e a g ge y,

uc f o ths chan ed the Latin prod ed many o the classic Latin writers. The G g

fo fter man centuri came the A rabian in uence . The n the harmon rms. A y es ﬂ y n u n n n t rev A t an th e and so oro sness of the M ussulma to gue bega o p ail . ( ) i e o f the ex lsi n f e it can be id th t two lan ua es were t m pu o o th M oo rs, sa a g g s ken h — f N o which was Latin mixed with po by t e Christians that o the rth,

Gothic and Bas ue d that o f the South which was Lati n mixed with q ; an , A r bic n m o f th s o on es roduced a last a . The combinatio and ixture e e tw t gu p t the Castili r a h e me an o Sp nis (th modern na ) .

con ti n ue d S AVIN GS ( ) ,

br sto n o ha dis nta e is no dis utin abo ut taste. S a e gu y p . Th re p g

A n i an madrn a D i as lo a nda . l s e who hel themse lves o g y God he p thos p .

on da n eras ha s coma v i eres. R o e do as the R omans do . D f A t m ,

a r d b i h me La c ida i en ordenada ampiaza par Charity beg ns at o .

n n a mismo.

ds va le bien ca lla r ne m al ha bla r e er t sil ent than to s eak ill. M o . B tt o be p ' ' ’ ’ bra de cam n n obra de n i n ‘a n Ever bo d s business is nobod s O , g . y y y

business.

la hecho echo What is done cannot be un do ne . A p .

i an a br s mbra s i nas c H e who sows brambles rea s tho rns. Qn oj o si e e p age. p PA N ISH - ENGLISH V l . S OCA BULA RY.

The nder of sex nouns as well as of masculines in -o and f min in - ge , e es in a , is omi tted . F or racti cal more than et molo i al r ons an a m t has be n mad p y g c eas , tte p e e to conn ect, as far as

i le anish words with s m hin familiar to th stud t In m n eas b S o et e en . a f , p g y m es the connec wi h En li na - vi n he k Wh i tion t sh co tes is sel e de t and t re ore not mar ed . er t i g g f , f e s less i kin k n hi i s d of M A L L C A P IT A LS Wh r n n str g , i s p enoted by the use S . e e o cog ate mean ing is

v l d L . Latin . gi en , brief etymo ogical hints are suggeste [ ]

bserve that 11 0 com as inde endent letters a ter a l n . O ch . , e p f , ,

u sustain ar ag antar , be .

- - a u a L . c a n needle . e g j [ ], j rito, L o A T small ho le 6 [ . t ; . .

aband nar aban don . a m . air. o , p e, ,

L i s- r V h . b va ria e A l n r reac . abigarrar [ , RY], a ca z a - — v arie ate . al dea A n villa e . na v il g [ ], g dea , l r r l abo ar A VOCA T E . OP E . a e i l co unt ass . g , D [ N g g ( y ) ’ - f. E a ri n t le ar L. al a cer lad cf. E a eri re c . e e a r . abrir [L. p , p ], g [ , g ,

h l a lle o re o ice re b e l LL . a broli nm t ist e thorn . r . ad . abrojo [ ], , g ], j ; ﬂ g

ca u t head m lete “ m o ’ L. co acabar [ p , p , g , j Y ‘ h mi n A leman German . e n d ﬁnis d hav e ust. al o , ; o, j [

' - L m d ca sa erchance al uien . a li s so m eb o d . acasa [ ], p g [ q ], y

' - r d cerca abo ut o L . ali u ot] ad . ali u z ace ca [ ], ; g [ q , j q d], ' - so m ethin . m L r r C LEA o lish . t uno . a li acla a , R , p g g , g , [ ’ ‘ ’ m acco m animent m s so m e nno so m e aco paﬁamiento, p , g , , ,

at e n dan e o n e so me an . t c . , , y

lha a fr e wel . acre m . acre . a . , , j [ j lim nou rish mats mo reo v er. a entar . adan he [ ], , r rim adorn L i u af i r L . a ata e t a m . a n ma so l. e ta [ ﬁ ( ) l a [ ],

shav e L a l tm hi h . alto [ . ], g . Ifo r — be GR A T Efu . id L a l tm ris e . c o l . agradecer, , i z a [ ],

G Ef l L zll a c th ere . R A T u . 8 115 [ . ],

- a u L . a na water. cero S ho w ama Bas u e mo ther mistre g a [ o ], , [ q , ss .

- l t lo er. e o r a na n i ev e . s ee . amar v e . niev , g , f , , PA N IS H -EN GLIS H VOCA B LA R Y I32 S U .

’

menazad ra E A C I G. a o L. r b r Y r ab hen cf. F . ie ES , M N N [(f aye [ ],

- - ami a L . a min es friend r o te da . g , g [ ], y m a ma mas er a o t . L. a d u 1/a re h el [ ], ay uda: [ , j ] p . ancho A P LE bro ad , M , ; d sus {ha s

at ease.

andar P o . [ ], g

ante b efo r - - e . revio us i dance . B LL . ba lar l m . A . p , o, ,

— - tes de before . befo re b bas ha as ha if z a w . ( ), t a ja, (p )

- - P A CE m . v eil . ba ar o down . L . ba ssus , j , g jo [ ],

alto L. a m mm ear. lo [ ], y w. a k a ar a . to PA l u en ch balance. p g [ y q , balanza, extin ui sh tisf E H sa . B C . g ; y banco, N

a enas L. erm PA I hardl fr. C ele chea p [ p , N], y. barato [ ], p.

a ostar P OS T la a b et a r L . Cf. En . ba rb eard w e b . p , ; y , g . barbs [ , g ],

- - a rend r cf. E. a renti l n h e ce earn . baa tante e ou . r p [ pp ], , g ta ’ ‘ a uel L. l uc this {li e t hat Cf. E . q [ baston [ . m , c ane .

tha - - - t . ada a z cane ra . , o, p

ui L . a d hi h r a e to e e here . L. b b t BA T T E ba a taere ea . q [ tir [ ], , R - — — Ar bol L. 60r m . tree. boli baﬁl m . tru nk . [ ], , to, ,

small tree . L bzb drink beber [ . ere], .

ar iiir ar ue . Bel ian be . g , g lga, g r in harl ui a l e u e n . ll BEA U tiful . q , q he o, arr l LE arran m n l e o e e t. L bene el . g , RU , g bien [ . ], w

arre entir re t re ent. b White i n in the bu lls p , ﬁ , p lanoo, ;

- - ass do a sa r L. a ssa re fr. a r dere e e [ ( , , y .

bu rn r - - o as ted. ro as t ef m l d a be . bla e b az o n ed. , sonado,

' in assassin ases o . L . bl ztu am , bl edo [ m], wild aranth ;

f L. si c thus as ue as so o n as . . straw [ ], ; q , ﬁg .

' L - - - sir . c d sczscer s a e earch ras L . bueea mou th . bi [ , g p, bo ca [ ], caz a , g

ho ld. m u h o t .

a m ak o n - so bro . t E . sombre dread bOlﬂ P S E . sill small u rse [ g ], , , UR o, ( ) p . am m n L az e e t. . bon u s rett . bonito [ ], p y

L a r f . l s tar . ta e asten Cf. E . bra z i er ive coal [ p brass [ ], .

' tr m‘ r L atra esar a s c o ss . bra ecbzu E. v [ ] braz o [ . m, Cf. em

- G m - atre ver er . a n streben ST R IVE B A CE arm . [ , R ],

t b f - a r e o rward dare . id Gr. roo t bri be stro n fo rc e ], eﬂ, ; v 0, brio [ g], ; b l o d. v alo r. t b atribu at ri u te . altho u h L u o d ir bon s o . , [ g . bueno [ . ], g aun L a d-1 mm e t no - lk at r m w. ue bul bu ando . [ ], y , q , to, 6

I S PA N IS H -EN GLIS H VOC A BU LA R Y 34 .

- - cor re mail . L. cu rrere run c, rer [ ], .

D . r L . cu rtu s C T c ut oo tar [ , UR ], .

cortés Co U R T EOU s o lite . dar L . da re ive loo k u o n , (p ) [ ], g ; A, p . hi n oosa t . debe ak . to E r . debt o e m TY . , g [ ], w ; ., DU m C S T costu bre O . decir L . dicere , f , U M [ say.

L - - - creer . credere beli eve . de ar dc I or leav let [ ], j [ g ], e, . l ejar cmz ado crusader. le a r iv e u i v e , [ j ], g p ; g .

- cuadro S A E icture . de artir L. di s a rti re discou rs e , QU R ; p p [ p ], ,

' L WH h o cual . ua l zs ic h [ g ], , w ;

which what ? — uiera deaconcertar discon cert co nfuse qu ier(a) [q , , , . S in Pr r derr mar de Gr ” ob . of uere a . M o r 3 g. es S ubj . q , [ , , p u ou r s ill yo u ma y any (yo u p ; p .

d L. de d lease an soe ver. esde ex e fro m ue p ), y [ , ; q , in e u n L . u W H s c . c a do [ q a nd o], EN.

- - d ES I E cuan toe L . ua nto as mu ch. esear . [ q ] toe, , D R

as man des-em- eﬂar redeem fu l y. p , cuarto A T room ﬁl . , QU R ER ; . - - cuatr L . ua tuor FO des en frenado reuo unbridl ed . o [ q ], UR. [f ], d -ha undo et ri brir COVE . os cer d . cu , R , ; g

ll L col u f des ués ues after afterwards cue o . l m c En . COLlar . [ , . g , p [p ], ,

neckband n dia m . da . eck. , , y cuen acco U N T bill di-cha fo r beu—di cba ‘ well ta, , . [ , - — o od luck ha iness — P cuer da CO stri n . deci little . cho art , RD, g ta, g ( pp ) [ Of deci r said m sa in ], ; . , y g (ex r io n cuern L . corn u H O ess . o [ ], RN . p )

bod diestramente D EXT ER Oll S l . cuer C O P . po, y ; R US , y

- diﬂi cult ifi il . curs L . ra re m d c [ , . , CUR A T E ,

arish riest difunto defunct. (p p ) . ,

- - curi osidad Z cu rio sit dili encla dili ence. ente dili , j , y. g , g g , en t cu o L . cu us W H ose u . y [ j ], ; c yo, g ’

dinero L . deua rzus mo n e . whose [ ], y di u i n de utatio n p tac o , p .

i ir direct. dir g , CH .

cernir discern . dis , chanz a oke e st . u il i i l i d sc e . j (j ) disc pulo, p p , p chico Bas u e m s all m . IS CO S E o n [ q ; , discurrir, D UR ; c trive small bo lad : chica little y ( ) ; j ( ), (plan)

disfraz dis intens . a rsa BA [ , , f , RC E], chino Chinese . dis ise mask , gu , . S PA N IS H -EN GLI H VOC S A BU LA R Y . ISS

be l tak - dis us arse dis eased. e n . ak to E a g t , p gaﬂo [ . . g me], in uir disti n uish dec eit dist g , g . . i i distribu o r d str buidor t . Enri ue H enr . , q , y

- dividi r divide . en end L i n tem1er u n er , t er [ . c], d

d ler L . dolere feel ai n . stand in en d o [ ], p ; t .

’ ‘ - don L. domzu us lord don once en ern ti eru o T E ER so ft n [ , ( t ecer[ , ND ], e ; bl ti l n no e t e o Sir . re Z be mo ved , w ) j , .

L de u h n d nde . n de w e ce h r ente EN T I E. o [ , w e e . ro, R ‘ d rad L. a u ra t old ild en L. i n tu ne T H E o o [ a, g g ed. tonees [ , ], N .

- — dormir slee . en trar E T E . re L . i nte r be p , N R t [ ],

- - - mo n e L. duo s T wo L duo twee n a . do [ ], . ce [ ; g

' czm T wEl eu- L s nd - de ], ve. viar [ . e . viado, n d u O BT . se t e t . dudar, D U ; p y - mistak due L . domi u u l r e uivo r e r t mi ﬁo [ s] o d. q ca , ; a , be s - taken . uf e uivocal em q voco, q (

er uir ER ECT raise u g , , p.

L a cta r th ro errar err miss . echar [ . j e] w. , ;

exec fo rm escena scene . r ute er . ejecuta , , p ,

i exercise escocés S cotch . ejerc cio, . ,

- - 01 L. file that the . 61 he lla escri bano scribe notar . b L [ ], ; , ; e , , , y ir [ .

she ll it. scri bere write . ; e o, ],

ele ir elect. escuchar L. a uscul ta re . r g , [ c f F .

em ada embass . l cou tcr hear. baj , y ],

emba ad r embassador. ese L. se self that h j o , [ u , , t e same .

ak to E bar embar es anol S anish . embargo [ . . ], go p , p

edim e n es ina L . i no S P I E h p nt : sin everthe p [ v , N ], thorn.

less estacion ST A T IO seaso n . , N ; .

estar L. sta re ST A nd [ , ], be .

- - L. i u ce ta r in este L. is te T H IS . empez ar [ p e], beg . [ ], L i n in en . . estornin ST A R lin . [ ], o, g encarecer co ro raise the estud iantina student a t [ , , ( dj . f ) . i Of — r ce . diar S T . p , UDY

en r ar C H A R GE ask. excla r exclaim ca g , , ma , .

- encender L. re kindle I CEN S E. exi ir EXA CT re uire [ ], ; N g , , q .

cima ci ma Go u o n o v er. exone exonerate fr en [ , , p ; rar, , ee . e n m e n r co unter eet ﬁnd . ex an ex e nd nco t ar, ( ) p der, p .

- f rm feeble sick. en e o x n ExPO S E . uesto ex osed. , , e po er, p , p eu- ailar deceive re be mis extender extend ex g , ; ﬂ, , ; ecute. S P A N IS H -EN GLIS H V A B Y 1 36 OC U LA R .

astar WA S T E. g , a cat : on g ta, 5 all fours .

il eas . fac , y

- - fakir m . fakir Oriental ascetic . en ta eo le. en tl , , ( ) g , p p tilhombre, g e

- fall ecer FA IL die . man . i crowd . ; t o, fe FA rrH . eronim H iero n mu s o erome . , G , y (J )

- — - fe cha date L . actus n GI cho ita o PS v . , , [ f , g , na,

FA CT . rado L. ratus leas ure g [ g ], p .

feliz ha . racias L. th , ppy g [ anks .

- - too L. oetus ak. to E. etid u l . ramear hail . L ra nd o [ f ; f ], g y g , ao [ . g ],

- ferrocarril erro iron ca rril hail sto rm . f , , , ( )

- - CA T m . railro ad. ri to cr . r L. ui d ta re cr ( R , g , y ta [ g ], y

ak o . r r u o ut mo r t E e ce o d . cla . ﬂero [ . ﬁ ], p ( )

feast. rueso thick C OS S . ﬁesta , g , ; R

l rm . guerra [O d Ge werra ], WA R .

- — end : at len th . taste like be lease d . ﬁn, al g gus tar, ; ; p to ’ - F W - l - r LO E . litt e ower. L. 4 10 taste G ST cf. G ST no , R recita, ﬂ [ , , U , dis U ],

el l erte no t ver stro n taste leasure. fortez u o [ﬁ ], y g. ; p

r fo rce . forz a ,

n Frenchman. fra cés,

ia France . Franc , L -r haber [ . e], have . L r mem bridl e ein . b L. n . re ha lar abula ri talk ak . to fre o [ f ], ( ) [ f , ; E .

F ES H coo l . abl e s eak. fresco, R ( ) f ], p

- - fri co ld FR rGID . Ila oer L. a cere make do . o, ( ) [ f ], , cien

L. ocus ﬁre . da work do ne business esta te fuego [ f ], , , .

L o tzs stro n . fuerte [ . f r ], g

fr. so and so used n ear. fulano : , ( e su ch a o ne l ﬁn i n stead of a nam ), . hal ar d.

- A n E . un . ha L u til . fusi l [ak. to . m , g sta [ ],

— - la musket shot. ha bu there is are . z o, y [ y ], ( ) art Of er made do n hecho [p . l a c ], , e ;

m . act FEA T FA CT . , ( ) ; G. - - e broken o u nded. h rido, ; w rir [L ‘ ette news a er . eri re S trike brea k wou nd. gaceta , ( p p ) f , ;

- — i allantr . hen na sister. little S galantera , g y nu nita ister , , . ‘ ’ — ‘ ’ ‘ roo t a eat in L. a uca L. em a r gana [ g , g , no [ g m , ge man ; fu ll

- eatin house a etite desire . bro ther u g pp , . [bea tiful

a e l . arrafa ak. to E. ca r ], bo tt e hermoso well FOR M E g [ f D],

1 S PA N IS H -EN GL H V A B LA R Y 38 IS OC U .

‘ madru ar L. m tu ta da i n u to ll M I UT L. m sma E g [ , wn rise menudo [ ], ( N ) earl ic i t ant a e co ntri v re eatedl . y ; p ; e. a p y

meri to rious . meritorio,

L. nu ns m . O T H . mes [ ], , M N

L. mesa [ mensa ], table .

M Ix . mez clar,

- CO M N order L. i n i nter ea in th mandar, M A D, . mi entras [ ], e

man rin mandarin C hinese & mean while u while . da , ( 0 q e, mil tho mil [L . l e], usand.

- - m -t- li ttle h L. e i su m self same . ma nacite , nocilla , and. mismo [ p ], ; m m manif nifest declare sa . m ode mann er. estar, a , ( y) odo, , ma n h L us l and l tiresome . mano [ . ], f , . mo esto,

- m fr. kr t M ILL . an a S ans . roo mo nth lin t ca [ , mo o,

- ch urn butter. u ll bu tte nar m . monarch. q i a, r mo ca, ,

m O KE . ono, M N Y

- i r. a P ers name manz a na [ . ], apple . L a nus h n maﬁa [ . m , a d], skill.

L. ma n morn manana [ e], ing.

mari sa bu tterﬂ . S how de M ON ST R A T E. po y mostrar, ; mar ues mar uis . mover mo ve . q , q , ‘ r ui M oor m L. mustus fresh bo . mar oq , . ozo [ , 1 , y L ma c more mas [ . gi ] .

— - . mas ker littl b . bo mi scara, f , ; mask. chill o, e o y cho y .

L. ma cta r kill. L. mul tus much. matar [ c], macho [ ], m r reater. u L. mulier wo an. mayo , g m jer [ ],

L - m . d us l me e ; to me mundo [ . ], wor d.

- — — measu re L . ﬁ ﬂ ak . to mucb o ver me dida , . dir [ ] , muy [ ], y .

- M EA su re . middlin d.ianameute, g to l rabl ( e y) .

- r L . meli or better. bet mejo [ ], ar,

ter im ro ve . r L. m a n fo r na sci be born ( p ) nace [ ], .

m ri memo r . n l natio nal . me o a, y nacio a , ‘ ’ L. n a ta bo rn S C . res L . n us mo menear [ ma , han d], ve . nada [ , , ' ’ L. mi n ist ﬂ u m ne an thin us l no thin menester [ e m], . , y g ; ( y ) g ; no thin n thin t Oﬂi ce . nada no t an o . cessi y ; , y g ( g)

- ‘ - L mi n ue re diminish nadie Old na di L . na ti l . Of tu s men guar [ . , [ ( , p , ’ - deca fail fall Oﬁ . L. mi an bod u s l nobo d y, ( ) os [ y y; ( y ) y ;

n u s less leas t. no nadie no t an bod n o ], , , y y (

L m lie . mentir [ . ] , S PA N IS H -EN GLIS H VOCA BU LA R Y . I39

- nariz L. ris t OS E . os e sho [ ], f , N t ntar, w. nehlina n iebl a mist. otor ar A U T H OR iz e [ ], g , ; execute. — neclo L . no sci us i no ran t sill . otro L . al ter an o ther [ ], g y [ ], ( ) .

' ne ar de N Y . ove a L. oms EWE sh g , j [ ], ; eep.

n er bl negro [L. ig ] ac k.

P . nevar [nim ], sno w.

’

ie e L. m vi s t sno . n v w L . ater T H [ ], f , padre [ p ], FA ER . nin un L . w e u n u s PA Y g o [ ], N O ON E. pager, .

- - ui i a do P Child . nu . a aro L . a sser S arr w , [ ], (f , ) p j [ p , p o bird.

no L . non no not. ala r ak. to E . a role or [ ], ; p b a [ p ] w d .

- - — nobl ez a nobilit . a n L . n is m . bread . undor , y p [ ], , o,

he L. IGH T . baker Roc [ N .

- nos we . r s e . i L. a n nus aki n to En ot o , w pa o [ p , g.

notar no te no tice. a ne clo th iece of clo th , , p ], (p ) . L n o ur nuestro [ . stcr], o (s) .

L nor/em nin . nueve . e l m . a er s S ho w [ ], pape , , p p ﬁg , .

- n L . n or/us N EW d f uevo . L. er a o r to . [ ], para [ p ], ; bi6n

L. n u n u a m ne r a i s a n e ra b en e m . : felic i n unca [ g ], v . [p ], tatio ;

co mpliment.

- L. rc re are sto . parar [ , p p ], p

L . a u t o r. L. ar e ual lik . 6 [ ], parejo [ p , q e

obi s o bisho . P aris . p , p P aris,

- - L. obra l . of o us work. PA R so n riest. [ p p ] par roco, , p roquia,

r occu . P A R IS H . ocupa , py

- - L octo EI H T walk . m . u blic ocho [ . ], G . pa eear, seo, , p f n e Oﬁ end o e d r, .

ﬂ sh e herd as tor. f O er. o recer, pastor, p ; p L breas t c u ra e L. a u di re h . ectus o oir [ ], ear. pecho [ p ], ; g ;

L . ocul us EY atienc e . ojo [ ], E. p - la Cf. Fr. [mule wave . l edir L. etere ask. o [ ], eads , p [ p ],

m o iedra st ne . sur e . i di . f o g pedrec ta [ p ],

o . m L. m cu l u m m . da n er. L . lere ak to odor s ell r oler [ , ], . pelig o [ p ], , g

- - ol i dar for et. do OBLIVIO . eno L . u as old awn. v , g , N p [ n ], ( ) p

ounce ueﬂo smal l. onz a, peq

- lo L. re se . Cf. Fr. or u eil rid . r orgullo [ g ], p e pe der [ ],

' - L. ia idleness . L a u ru m old . r n t oro [ . ], g pe e z a [ n ],

L rsus bear idle . oso [ . u ], . so, 1 0 S PA N IS H -EN GLIS H VOCA B Y 4 U LA R .

0113 earl: m ri ero L. m us P , P p [ ], ﬁrst.

- - er mitir ermit. ml ao ermis rinci P R I p , p , p p pe, NCE.

ero L. er li ne but. riaa L. ressus res sed l p [ p ], p [ p , p ce erity

erro do . p g de in haste .

erteueoer ertain belo n . rocurar tr . p , p ( g) p , y - e sado heav . sar L. ensa re ron P R OM PT p , y [ p ], p to, ; soon. — wei h . ao wei ht. ronunciar utter re t g , g p , , pea . - — i car P EC K. co bill . ro osi sui p , , p p to : a tably. — ie L. es m . FOOT . oez uelo ueblo P EOP LE villa e cit p [ p ], , , p , ; g ; y.

little foo t. uerta L. orta ate p [ p ], g ; door.

k sto ne . iedra L . etra roc uss L. ost p [ p ; p [ p ], then.

L. i mentu m e er. imi nta ul a L. u e P p e [ p g ] p pp p g [ p l x], LEA .

- - intar PA I T . un ta PO I T head . POI T p , N p , N ( ) to, N :

r m . P LEA su re . l imm place , , a ediately. - ment. - lo flir ak. to E . l ai nt la u fial no m . r p [ p ], p [ ], , dagge . flalada

- ilv er P LA T E. d sil - la s tea o da rth L . p ; , gge rust. do [ pugnus]

vered . ﬁst.

luma en. n d . p , p p pila, war

bre POOR . po ,

aucus little . poco [L. p ],

. - be ble Q o L. otere a pode r [p p . p ],

- w ll . n . mento P o ER fu u WH ca tosa ue L. i O that than u ( ) , y q [ q ], ; ; ; q e,

ro t P UT R If . who podrir, ( y)

l olice L. po icia, p . quebrar[ crepare], break.

l L. ul vi s dust owder. u L. uietus u iet rem po vo [ p ], , p q edar[ q , q ai n,

- L re u t. be. poner [ . ], p

b throu h L - r L . er FOR . ue a . uerela com laint. po [ p ], ; y ; g q j [ q ], p r,

- - ue beca u se . u6 wh ? co m lai n . q , q , y p

- - inn ho tel . sar L. a usa u mar L. crema re cf. En . cre po sada , , [ p q e [ g

re ose lod e . ma te bu rn. re], p , g ], i - L. ratum akin to P R A Ir e u L. ua re i h lik prado [ p ], q e ter [ q ere ], w s ; e ; - meado w lawn : El P ra do ublic want love. wished lo ved ; , p ; rido, ; ;

n h r in M ad rid. dear square (li ed wit t ees) .

- P R ICE. so recio u s. uien L. u i na m WH O ui precio, , p q [ q ], ; q en,

- - k. S L. er couture as who ? ui r uiera . in . preguntar [ p ] , q e a [q , 3 g ‘ r d relate . P res . S u b . of uerer ou ma p ela o, p j q y y

n resent. wish whoe ver. prese tar, p ’ - L. ui n d im FIFT EE L. rimus ﬁrst oer ui nce ec . primavera [ p , , , q [ q ], N

rin . ak. to E. uit take S p g quitar [ q ], away.

S PA N IS H -EN GLI H VOC A B LA R Y 1 42 S U .

se a S O P . traba Cf. Fr. tra va iller r p , U jar [ ], wo k.

raer L . l ra bere R A G R A W t [ ], D (D ) .

abb re . f su o his h r its n v O e L. ber a ra e tra e draw Cf. Ge rm [ y ], , , ; t j [ , ; . ’ o u r fo r his h their. ac kt s ono rs Tr uit a arel . y ( ) ; ], ( pp ) — L e ise m unt raise . T R EA subir . r r o ra T . [ ], , ; t tar,

- u l so le . L. t a e a, través [ ra ns versus] inclination ;

ufrir S P P E . across e , U R a .

su o L. suus his hers its ou rs treoe L. tredecim T IR T EEN y [ ], , , ; y [ ], H . ’ fo r his hono rs theirs. en T R A I ( ), tr , N . EE tree TH R .

L tona r T H N der tronar [ . e], U .

T . tu T H OU. — ‘ ai L . talis such so as ué i thron t [ ], , , ; aq turba g. ho do o u do ? w ur T urk. y t co,

m bién L . ta m benc also. utear tu T H O sa tho u to t [ ], t [ ], U ( y ).

late e venin . tarde, ; g

fr cu . ta z a [ . p

theater. teatro,

em l T EM BLE. i n] T IM I . t b ar, R [ ( D) u b IO4) . - = temer L. timerc fear. oso fear nu u no 1 . a . [ ], , (§ 5 ) tem st sto m tem estad . e r . unit u nite . p , f , p , , — ‘ m n neus L . tera u r i L u m ON E a h . te pra o ( p , t me uno [ . ], ; ( )

earl soo n . u se y ; nso, . L - nere hold hav v uestra m e d o u toner [ . ], , e. Usted [ rcc ], y your

- e L. re tr . h no r 6 t ntar [ ], y o 5 5 .

es e testam ent will. t tam nto, , - aunt — r w as l i . o G . unc e t a, [ ], .

V. tem ws tim tiempo [L. p ], e.

rra L. terra land . for tie [ ], V. , Ueted (5

- - - ar ak. to En . tea r draw. l r be worth be valid : ti r [ g ], to, va e , ; valgame — S an Of horses ﬁrin aim. Dios l bless me a valiant p ; g ; ! li nte, ,

T O CH brave stron . tocar, U . ; g

- via nevertheless et vano v ain . to davia [ ], (y ). ,

- d o L. iotas whole all ever . variado v aried v arie ated . [ ], ; ; y , ; g

l erar to le rate endure . veces l . o f vez . to , , , p

ei nte L . m i n ti twent . tomar p], take . v [ p ] y

L. car twist. n r VA IS H . torcer [ quere], ve ee , NQU

- - - L s ll VEN . T OA T . . to t tor der L . re se tos tada, S tar [ ( ven [ ], ( D)

rere bu rn T OA S T T oR R Ef . L ven i re com , ( y) venir [ . ], e.

- l l ENG LISH SPAN ISH VOCABULARY. .

l l n nder f S anish masculines in -o A rtic es , numera s a d pronouns are o mitte d . The ge o p , - - l i in e minines in a and sex word is not i ven . anish co nates of ess evident aﬁ n t are f , g Sp g y If t is do ne S M A L L CA P S and bri e et m o lo ieal hin ts are added for unrelate d words . tha , f y g - al read in the S anish En li sh Vocabular re erence is made thus I. y p g y , f [ ]

in nombrar nominar. appo t, ,

- — i de A rabia arabe . A ra bian, b c, ,

bandon abando nar. son L . su nt estan L . sta n t . a , are, [ ]; [ ]

ab e sobre a . su erior. ov , ; dj p

abstain absten erse I. I . e levan tarse L. lev a re raise . , ] aris , [ , ] — accustom be cd acostumbrar. rm braz o I. , , a , [ ]

- ac ua in ance CON oc D O cer rm e ército L. ex erci ta s . q t , ; , a y , j [ ]

act accion know . rrive lle ar I . , , f [ ] a , g [ ]

adornment adom o . r ur A rturo . , A th , I cuanto when cu n advance adelantar L . a nte be fore . com o a , [ , ] as, [ ] ; ; ( )

ﬂ asun o L a s m a air t u ere ume . , [ . , ass ]

f r de es L . ost de . a te , pu [ p ] a 1 go: 77 alarmed alarmado , . all w admitir o ermitir. e asesinar. , , p assassinat , alread a I . ase urar. y , y [ ] assure, g als también I o . atacar. , [ ] attack, alw s si m r a e e L . sem cr . in al canz ar A L . y , p [ p ] atta , [ ] ama z e asombrar sombr a shade . i atentivo . , [ , ] attent v e, ambas mb sador e a ado r. a ri u e atribuir. , j tt b t , A meri can am ri o e can . u tia I. , a nt, [ ] an el an el m . a ted f i EVIT A R . g , g , [ ] avo d,

an r e nfe dado ak. to E i n atu g y , [ . f answ er res o n , p der.

- a ear P A ECE . p p , R R

m I - a le anz ana m mal o I. l m l . pp , [ ] an bad, [ ] y , a

a l a lic ar. b ban uets m . pp y , p anquet, q ,

EN GLIS H - S PA N IS H VOC A B LA R Y 1 46 U .

ho ra u e n r la dar la en b na e artir. co g atu te, d part, p

en ti ara buena I a. de enden de e n dencia [ , , ] p cy , p , f .

I. con uer vencer e riv riv ar. q , [ ] d p e, p - conse uence consecuen ci a. able desert desertar. ar desertor. q , [ , ,

- nsi er c onsiderar. a l consi er sire ESEAR . co d , b e, d de , D nstable al uacil A n co . e des rec ar. , g [ ] d spise, p i consult co nsultar. d rmi n determine , ete e, r. e e conten di al cont nt d to. dial ec to . , ect, e c on continu , tinuar.

conversation conversacion die mo rir. , , j : , i n iﬁeren d fere t . cook, COCER . d t, e

i difi l . d mcult, ci

corr corre ir. di est IGE IR . ect, g g , D R

contar dili ence dili encia. count, . g , g

un r ais m m o dili ent dili ente a licado . co t y , p , . ca p . go g , g ; p

e ir al cam dine comer Ci . EA T . th po . , [ ]

a e c ora e m direct diri i r. cour g , j , . , g — court corte : ier cortesano disarran e deso rde nar. , , j , . g , mo dis r o in ri ima discern ce nir. c us r L. , p , p [ m us]. ,

cowardl co barde a co discover descu brir. y , ct, bardia. ,

criminal reo L reus . dis leased : be dis ust e . , [ . ] p g ars

cri si crisis ! is osi n dis osicion . s, , j d p tio , p , f

cus m co stumbre m is in uish distin uir. to , , . d t g , g

i urb desasose ar s s d st , g [ o ega r (sub

D . siccare dr u c , y p alm] .

- da er u ti al I ditch fo so L . ossu m . rn . gg , p [ ] , thrust, pu , [ f ] d ﬁalada. c r octo r médi o . do to , ; c

- at dollar S . duro L . rus h r dare revirse Cf. atrevi o a d , [ d I]. , ( p ) [ , ]

- o M ex . eso s I . dark sc uro . ar e h , ( ) p ( ) , w ig ]

da e fech I . door uerta. t , a [ ] , p

dia m. doubt dudar. day , , , dear caro I uerido I , [ ] q [ ]. I dea mu erte drink bebe r . th, , f . , [ ] I de . debt deuda L . debita dut ber nt , [ ] . y , [ ],

deca men uar I . y , g [ ] [nan - I - de ceit e n aﬁo . ce v n , g [ ] i e, e ga defect defecto ear ore a L. au ricula di nt . Of , . , j [ (

de tar I . la dar. tem ran o y , early , p [ ]

den ne ar. tierra. y , g earth , GLI H - S PAN IS H VOCA BU LA R Y 1 EN S . 47

- - fi cil. e il facilmente. ea sy , y , ea c o mer L . cu m edere EAT . favor favor m . t, [ , ] , , e I n e ducacion : fear t mer v . te mor m. educatio , , j , [ ], ,

huev o L. ovu m . feather luma. egg, [ ] , p ad e sfuerz o . feel se ntir. ort, , - llen Ele na. few al unos ocos Cf. ca . E , , g ; p [ ]

embarcar. ﬁckl eness li erez a. embark, , g

- emba ado r. final fin al . l finalmente en fin . embassador, j , y , , e enemi o . find hallar nemy , g ,

men cita ak. to E. cite . ﬁnish acabar I terminar. engage t, [ ] , [ ];

- - n I In laterra. lish i n lés. ﬂatter liso ear . Eng land, g , g , j [ ]

er entrar venir en . ﬂower FLO l little ﬂore cita. ent , , , R, f

tertulia o ri . clubs ﬂ vo lar. entertainment, [ g , y , reading T ertullian]

- - f co mida mer I. cillo conﬁar. ood . entrust, , , ] o i I m i t i ual v . i ualar. . foot e . little eci o equal , g ; , g [g , p [ ], p ,

- - errar andante da r cf. for or L . ro ara I : cf. Erere. err, . a nt, , , p [ p ]; p [ ] I ﬁn n es ab h establecer. XX e ri t. t lis , , p

imable estimable . force fuerz a v . forz ar. est , , ;

' Eur Euro a. for et olvidar L . abli v isci ope, p g , [ ]

vis era L ves ero f rm forma. eve, p [ . p ]. o ,

eni tarde . a i de la tarde. fort laz a lace ev ng, , f d , , p p I r- e fortuna fate suerte er amas . e cada . fo tun L. ev , j ev ry , [ ] , ; ( ) [

- i evidente sors tunatel or fortuna. ev dent, . ] y , p

e ci o r n Oloroso aler I. e i er ci . fra a t xerc se, j g , [ , ]

ex end ex ender. p , p

ex licar Frederick Federico . explain, p . ,

ex resar. fre uent tr. frecuentar. express, p q , , - x ex ulsion ﬁ end ami o e~ e pul sion, p , j : . g . s

O o I ear v burla : make of burlarse de . e m. o fun ye, j [ ], ; j , . , ,

G. F. e GA N AR . gam, ‘ fail declinar delin uir be ure rden ardin m . , , q ( D ga , j , fai te : LICI ate uerta. th , , j [ g , p

L. co ere . fall caer L. ca dcre . a er co er , [ ] g th , g [ g ]

F P ac eneral eneral. anny , e . g , g ca all o nor I far le os. entl eman b er se , j g , , [ ] ; ’ fa suerte : us l nobleman entilhombre . te, , j ( y ) g

f dre . enuine verdadero L. verus true . ather, pa g , [ , ] 1 8 EN G I - P Y 4 L S H S AN IS H VOCA BULA R .

m - Ger an alemén. n A lemania. h dolor de bez a I , y , eadache, ca [ ] in e et to cab r L . ca e” hold con hear o f: I. g , [ p , , , [ ] in n n ta be co tai ed ear Co Raz on L . cor m . ; ] h t, [ ],

ird ceﬁir L. ci n rre h e cielo L. cml u m . g , [ g J eav n, [ ]

irl muchacha M i ld niﬁa hea esado . g , ( ) vy , p

li e mnchachilla h f en del ante . ttl . ence orth , a

i e dar I . hol tenet . g v , [ ] d,

lad be ale rarse I h m casa e n casa. g ; g [ ] . o e, ; at

- o andar o . L. a ma{ta re L . hones l honradamente . g , p p [ ( t y ,

ir acos hon r honor m . to bed, o , ,

tarse L. carta rib side . u horse caballo o . L . Jae . [ , , ] o t, , [p p ] I God D ios L . dew m. ir h el fonda osada . , [ ], [sal . ot , p [ ]

old oro I . hour n orm. g , [ ] , ood buen o I house casa g , [ ]. , - os i hablador como L. ua modo . l n ? g s ping, . how, [ q ] o g — — o h odo . i otico c ua n o tiem o hace e er toda G t , g c, g . t p v , GR D o vi I rateful A A Ecido . human . a . g , human, [ [ ]

rea ness randez a. h b e humillar. g t , g um l ,

- reek rie o . hambre L. u mes . be G , g g hun ger, [ f ], f — reen verde. tener hambre . g , gry ,

roan emir I. hun caz ar CH A S g , g [ ] t, E

ful nocivo L . w ere hurt . hurt , [ , ]

u cul ble . g ilty , pa

un fusil I m . Iberi ibero . g , [ ], an,

us a u A dol hus Gustavo A dolfo . i i m idioma m . G t v s p , d o , ,

if si . ,

- - i i n orante . e i norar. gnorant, g , g

hair cabellos l . L. ca illos. ut m aLU M b , , p [ p (f , ill u inate, i ﬁ urarse hall sala. ima n . , g e, g

ha amon L . umbo hoof le m. m, j [ g , , g], han mano I : li ma imme i el lue o I. d, [ ], j ttle d at y , g [ ]

- fectame nte . ha feliz . necita cilla. im erfectl im er ppy , [ , p y , p

a en as I ca i L. i m im o rtante . har l s uas . i n d y , p [ ]; [ q ] porta t, p harm n a monia el rmonioso im s le im osible . o y , r , a . po sib , p

ha sombrero sombra shade . in en order to ara . t, ( , ) , , p odio inclina ion in cli nacion hatred, . t , , f

ha tener I a ux . r : indeed de veras. ve, [ ]; habe [I] ,

acabar I de Indian indio. just, [ ] . ,

1 0 H - PAN ISH VO A B R Y 5 EN GLIS S C ULA .

ministro . necessar neces ario reciso m minister, y , , p ; e

I. inu e minuto . nester m t , [ ] mise mi seri a. M d necesita r n . menester I m. ry , , , [ ],

en I iven name nei h vecino L . viez s orita with bor uus . miss, [ ] ( g ) g , [ ]

mision : doﬁa I . nev ertheless sin embar o I. mission, , j [ [ ] , g [ ]

- en ﬂar news no ti cia . aceta . mistaken ; be ga se [I]; , paper, g

e uivocarse errar next roximo . q ; . make a , p

n arse ni ht noche I . e gaﬁ . g , [ ], f mis r se ﬁor I in S don be noise ruido I. te , [ ]; p. ( , [ ]

ore ive n nam L domi north no rte m . f g e ; . n ate) ; , , do n I senor n wh n both n n ariz . ( e the give ose, [ ]

an famil n or a U . d mne are ex r now ah a L . ti ar H O R y p es ed) . , [ , ] mi r ss ma st e , estra.

0. - mi x mnz cu m. m ez la , ture, c . m moderno odern . ob decer. , obey , e

M onda lunes L . l am a mo on m . e ob eto . y , [ , ], obj ct, j mone dinero I. li obli ar r y , [ ] ob ge, g ; p ecisar. month mes I m . ff n ofen , [ ], o e d, der.

M oor M oro. m oﬁcial . , e eer, ma mor s L . ma i s vie o . e u ld I , [ g ] o , j [ ] mortal mo rtal . once u na vez I , , [ ] .

e abrir I . Op n, [ ] motive mo ti vo . orde nar. , order,

m m nte . ountain o m sierra. rd o rdi n n e . , , , o inarily , ariame t mourn llo rar L. l orare wee ori inal o ri inal m , [ p , p] g , g , . mouth boca I. bi bocaz a. u h deber I , [ ] g o g t, [ ].

so bre I . over, [ ]

we de r . o , be [I] m I m h ucho . uc , [ ]

mu i l musical . s ca , musul mano M us man . sul n na . , pain, mu deber I e r n st s ecesario . ala al acio , [ ], p ce, p , cas tillo .

a el m . paper, p p ,

name nombre L. m m m . n erdo nar. , [ ], pardo , p ’ i n nacion. arents adres fathers nat o , p , p , 5

io nacional ark ar u e m . nat nal , p , p q ,

- nature n aturalez a. art arte tertulia. , p , p , f . ty ,

z arene naz areno . s ar. N a , pas , pas E NGLIS H -S PAN IS H V A Y OCABUL R .

r raza. ace, railroad ferro carril I , [ ], m

raise u er uir L. eri ere erect p , g [ g , ].

rarel ram ve z I . y , [ ] rather antes ‘ befo re , ( reach alcanz ar I , [ ] . le er read, [I].

re liz realiz ar. a e,

i lastima L. ola r tlemia . recei re cibir aco er L p ty , [ p ] ve, ; g [ .

ce lu ar L . locus . re d mirar L. pla , g [ ] gar , [

ale rars I. rejoice, g e [ ] rela oontar ‘ t e te, ( ortal m porch, p , .

ost oﬁ ce correo I. m ue I p ( ) , [ ] re ains, q dar [ ] re cu r o I remembrance, e d [ ].

roam . overt rem e remo to . p y , ot ,

ower otencia. uitar I . p , p remove, q [ ]

alabar L . la uda re . praise, [ ]

refer re terit . r n arre e ntirse. p , p epe t, p

re aration re m cién I. uire rec ued " p p , p p J [ ] req ! l

- - rett bonito L. m us ood lindo resulto . resolver p y, [ , g ], re solute, solve, ,

r revalecer. olver p evail , p i ntr. res se.

revent revenir. res eto p , p respect, p .

robabl e robable. descanso ro m a tire I . p , p rest, [ n , ]

roduce roducir. vo lver. p , p return,

mise rometer. r ro sublevar L. leva e rai se . p , p revolt , [ , ]

- rico r ricac ho . n rich , . ve y ess,

rudence rudencia. ridiculoso . ri uez p , p ridiculous, [ q a

ri derecho L . di rectus cf. be . ght, [ ];

u il disci ulo . levantarse L. mare lift . p p , p rise , [ , ] I ut oner . camino Celt . p , p [ ] road, [ ]

- ramid iramide f I . py , p , roast bee , asada [ ]

r ladron L . Ia tro . robbe , [ ] 0. I burlon . . roguish, [ ]

u reins I room cuarto I a osento osa r q een, [ ]. , [ ]; p [p

abando nar. rout tr. den otar. quit, , 2 EN GLIS H - S PAN IS H VOCA B LA R Y I5 U .

. son us lo so noro . S oro ness,

sava e salva e m. s n ronto . ak to E. rom t g , j , oo , p [ . p p ] sav e S ALVA R ahorrar n , ; sorry ; be se tir. ir I sa dec . s im I . y , [ ] oul , a a [ ] — ma condisci ulo . la. school te u so a. , p ; f so p, p

sun. south, esta i n I season c o : ain Es afia. , [ ], j S p , p uesto v sent r I — seat . a . aniard Es afiol. ish es afiol . , p ; [ ] S p , p , p see ver I . hablar , [ ] speak,

see buscar I rim v I . k . f er edir. s ri n a era , [ ] a t , p p g, p [ ] seem arec r , p e [I].

seiz e co er I . salir I. , g [ ] start , [ ]

s ect esco e r oo e I . i n estacion 3 el , g [ g n ] stat o , , [

ll vender I . anta H elena. se , [ ] S t . H el ena, S n n I env I mbién I se d ma dar iar . ta . , [ ], [ ] still , [ ]

- ser vant criado erea r cre ate ser ston iedra I . , [ , ]; e, p [ ]

- vidor. ve servir r estran ero , . strange , j , shar l severament calle I . p y , e . street, [ ] f

shine lucir. fuerte o tente valiente . , strong, ; p ;

short e ueli o I . d estudiar u . estudi o . , p q [ ] stu y , ; , I sh w mostrar lle ar . o , . succeed, g [ ]

' shun huir L. ere . suddenl SUBl ramente de re e nte , [ ﬁg ] y , ; p

e nfermo re orts sudden . sick, . [L. p , ] si h emir I sufrir adecer g , g [ ]. suﬁer, , p . I silence silencio . ui tra e . , s t, j [ ]

I Lord . sin cantar I. verano . g, [ ] summer, [ ] [ ] 1 ir 8 3 13011 ex res mor domin o L . domi n us s , ( p . e S unday , g [ ,

caballero more e u a lit mantenimiento . ( q y ) support,

ﬁ i mente . sir sa oa. c erta e, surely ,

sister hermana I . uecia. sword , [ ] little S weden, S [ ]

' skil ful habil L. Jrs . es ada L . s a t/ta s attl e , [ ] sword, p [ p , p ,

- sl esclavo va. ave, , T O slee do rmir p, .

s chico ue I mesa I . mall e fio . , p q [ ] table, [ ]

sm oler I. sastre L. sa rtor sa rd re ell , [ ] tailor, [ ( , so much tan . k tomar l eave des e ( ) , ta e, , p s ldi r soldad dar un aseo . o e , o . ditse . a walk, p

son hi o I. talento m. , j [ ] talent, ,

EN GLI H - PAN I B R Y S S SH VOCA U LA .

whoever uien uiera r mundo . , q q wo ld,

' wholl enteram ente . un herir L. erzre strike . y , wo d, [ f , ]

or ué or - i r r — wh ? ue . e escrib r L . so ioe e . y p q [p q ] writ , [ ] sr,

i - wind v ento . ri o . esc tor. escritori , ing desk, wi ne vi no . h cer mal , wrong : do a . uerer wish , q

dentro L. de i ntro . withi n, [ ]

- sin L . n e . without, [ ]

aﬁo I . om m u er I . bad mu e ear w an, j [ ] j y , [ ]

m u eracha. s erda a er L . ab [tori . rona ; large j ye t y, y [ ] in embar I sun or aim l lana L. et s o woo , [ ] y , g [ ];

alabra I . . b . I . word, p [ ] 5 ) [ ]

traba ar I u . trabs o obra. work, j [ ]; , i ,

A D D END A .

formerl o tra v ez . lease sirvase I. y , p , [ ]

n no 1 2 1 6 r s ro sa. o) (99: 3 : 3 ) o e , n no — a so rea t tanto ot, (99, g )

P aris. P aris, D EX IN .

n to ara ra h A ll ve rbs sim le or com ound that deviate in an wa R efere ces are p g p s. , p p , y y, h l are n ume ted Com m o g m pkrkally 80 from t e three regu ar mode l verbs (5 e ra . p on en t parts of compound verbs are here separated by a hyphen when the simple verb occurs

also alone.

— ” - - ro nunc ﬁnal a 607 n ensa r cl . 8 . a ora r en sa r cl . 8 . A . a p ., 9. p , 4 f p , 4

lost I a. A . A . re . as au e , 5 . ( g g g

“ - d with el 1 6 . a costa r cf. costa r. a o rendere d 1 . . , 9; 5 g , 77 r r- - l with dir t ob r1 0. a crecen ta ensa cl . a ora r ensa r c . 8 . ec j ., p , g p , 4

1 60 8 . a A wi th inﬁnit. , . A . 2 . 4 . .

- - ‘ a o n e a r cf. n e a r. a da sufﬁx . 1 . note . a u errzr defect. b g g , 35 g , , 89. .

' b a -decen ta r f decen ta r alborea r im ers a bol zr defe ct. 8 . . c . . . . a : , 9 , p , 89 .

- - a bri r irr art. 88 . a destra r ensa r cl . 8 a lebra r: ensa r cl . 8 . A . p , p , 4. p 4 .

- - (tosolver f solver. A a lenta r ensa r cl . 8 c . . p , 4.

- a d- e r f It ri r a o son a r cf. son a r. lz ri c . e . A .

- ad e hi o r — inde a os en er ten er 88 . ectiv s : st . a l a deriv . . f. t , j y, 37 g 53 , - abs tra er tra er 88 lur . fem . 0 a use 1 1 . , . p . , 39 , 7 . . , 3

’ ’ - — a bu ri ola r ensa r cl . 8 . 0 com atis. 2 . a m en deriv . p , 4 4 . p , 4 4 (g ., 53

as adv . 8 . a ree in def 0 a A . , 9 g . , 7 . . ’ - a ca ba r with de 1 60 A m t 1 1 2. osition a li u eora r: cf u ebra r , . . , p , g . q .

- idiom use 1 8 . 1 1 different sense a lmorz a r: en sa r CL 8 . , 7 3 ( p , 4.

a ca ecer im ers . a. 1 1 . note . A p . , 89 3 ) .

' - - a ea so 1 1 a dormzr cf. dormi r. a lo a r ensa r cL 8 7 . ng p , 4.

acce nt : histor 1 A a d u i ri r 8 A . note 2 y, . . q 4. A . ’ ’ ' - tone acc t . acc t a duczr cf. duoi r 88 habet : 2 , 4 , . alp . mark end o n v rb hi o . ad e s : st r . a lto com aris. . , 4 ( ) , 5 y, 93 p , 43

sin le and hrases a a necer im ers. a g p , 94. m p , 89. .

- on intern f 6 om aris . i n a obla r cf. mobla r. , 5 . , 7. c p ., 97 m ’ - - - a certa r ensa r cl 8 . A . men te ad ect s a m ola r ensa r cl . 8 : p ., 4 , 97 . j , p , 4.

- ° a oﬁo . sufﬁx r as 8 . n e ative . A , 35 . , 9 g , 99 .

- - - a clooa r cf. olooa r a dv erti r sen r d fn e , . ti cl . , 84 e w f Cf.

° - a eolla r . ensa r cl . 8 . A a da i p , 4 . n r rr. 88 . as a contecer im e - rs. 8 . a. a erra r ensa r cl . 8 auxil c . p , 9 f p , 4 . ,

- acorda r ensa r cl . 8 A a n t 1 r p , 4 . . e use r . ‘ - - A . re . as une a olla r cf IIa r t . b a nte deci r deci r 8 ( g f j . , 8. N D E 1 56 I X .

- - a ntes de use 1 1 1 . a sose a r cf. sose a r. bien uerer irr ue , g g q . q

' f asso nance : 1 8 . a n te v” i ” , 88 0 7

- - a r l a tender cf. ten der. bo th a a cen ta r ens c ex ressed 2 . p p p , 5

- - A a ten er in . ten or. ore a r ensa r cl 84 . . g p , 84 .

- - a colla r ensa r cl . a tenta r ta cf. len A per p , p .

r e ‘ m n a 8 . A . ta r . as atte t bue or buen 1 . c . 4 ; [ g p , 5

- a ern a r ensa r ol . 8 . a crime com ar . p p , 4 p is , 43.

a terzr : defect. . b ousea r A . , 89 . : with d, 1 10. 2 . ‘ ’ a orta r v fr u er a terra r lev el : ensa r p arri e ( .p p

‘ - to ort ensa r cl . c1 8 . A . re . as ter e ronunc . 1 1 or u p p ., 4 [ g p , . g , — 8 . Obs. orta r rif 1 . a. 80 or z 1 4 A . [ p y 3 , . , 3. a testa r c m ensa r c r re ra a. 80 ch n ar y b g ] p , . a ge to so

- a osta r bet ensa r cl . c1. 8 . A . re . as tes in verbs 8 1 p p , 4 [ g , . f re as ost men ti sa ber irr. 88 . [ g. p y ,

- a reta r ensa r cl . 8 . atonic ronoun : histor oa da p p , 4 p y, 53.

. cf. each ca er irr A . 53 . ., 88 .

- - - a roba r cf. roba r. a tra er tra er 88 . ca len ta r ensa r C p p , p L, 84.

- a uel dem r a tra vesa r cf. tra vesa r. A q . p ., 64 . .

- osition 1 2 . a tribu i r b u ff 0L 8 . D . ca ital letters : 1 6 p , 5 , 4 p .

- a u ello dem . r 6 a trona r cf. trona r. oa rdcter l . 2 d g p ., 4. p 4. . ﬂixes : use 1 2 au mentat. su Castilian : a e 2 , 7 . g 35 , p g .

- a ui 1 2 6 6 ce a r ensa r cl . 8 . q 7 . 3 : 4 g p , 4 A .

' ' - arabic elements : 1 2 a u n b cerzzr edi r cl . 8 . C . p . , . 5 . . p , 4

‘ ’ ’ ’ - - — a r rei r Izu zr a valenta r ensa r cl loss of z 1 . c 80 g cl 84. D . p , 3 , .

' - a rrea r d f t 8 A . cern er ensa r cl . 8 e e c ., 89. b . 4. p , 4.

- - a rrenda r: ensa r c 8 a v en i r v en i r 88 . A . p L, 4 . ,

- - A . a ven ta r cf. venta r. cerra r ensa r cL p , 84 .

- a rre en ti r sen ti r cl a ver onz a r ensa r cl . A . p ., g p ,

B 8 -cete : ﬂix 2 8 . . . A . su 4 4 , 35 . .

- — articles : histor 1 a z accent o f words in ob : ronun c 1 1 . for y, 7. , p .,

cf each . . d Lat. ct It C . 5 . , , 1 . .

' - - - d a ﬂ 1 . 1 . czco f x s accent . c z o su i . : su . 2 . , 5 . , , 3 35 ﬁ , 35

- ascen d r ensa r l n ote 6. ci ento or ci en 1 . b. e p c ., 84. , 4 5

- A a la r en sa r cl 8 . A . so p , 4

’ - - a senti r cf sen ti r a llo : suﬁi x . 2 . . . , 35

- a serra r cf. serra r 6 ronunc 1 1 for Lat. sufﬁx . 2 . . p ., ; , 35

- a si r : irr. 88 1 . C. ci menta r ensa r cl 8 , . p, p , 4,

- a sola r cf sola r oa o com aris. . A . . . j p , 43

' - - a solda r cf olda r asta r im ers. . a oi reu zr : l a i r CL . s . b p , 89 . , 84. D . a - r - r sona cf. sona r (also ban deci r deci , 88 .

bi en com atis. 6 p , 9 .

1 8 IN D E 5 X .

- - des a corda r cf. a corda r. deseorda r nsa r cl 8 r e . . desosa ensa r cl . , p 4 p , 84.

- - des a dverti r cf. a dver A . A . Pres h ueso 1 ( . , 3. ’ d - — esoorn a rs ensa r cl . 8 . b . re . as not dare p , 4 ) g .

- - des a erra r cf. a erra r de d r - . s a da r 88 . desov a r ensa r l f f , p c ., 84.

' - r - des a ora r : cf. a o a r des deezr c f. deci r 88 A Pres h uev o 1 j f ; , . . ( . , 3 .

- re . as redeem a des den ta r f n ta r b ( g c . de . ) .

' ' - - herita e des em edra r f m des edzr cf. odzr. g p c . e p p

- - des a len ta r cf. a len a r. des edra r ensa r cl t p p . 84.

- mo - des a ola r: cf. a mobla r. de A . s en corda r cf. en cor des-a nda r z a n d r 88 des- ensa r f ensa r a . da r c . . , . p p

- - - des a reta r cf a reta r. d des ee ensa r cl . p . p es engrosa r £ 18 p p ,

- des a roba r cf. roba r. rosa r 8 . A . p p g . 4

- - - - des a rren da r cf. a r des e r des erta r em u r cl 8 . u tende cf. tender. p f ” 4

- A des en terra r cf. en

- - l - des a senta r f sen ta r a es la cer cf. la cer c . . p p .

' - - - - des a szr : a si r 88 . des en v olv er cf r des le a r cf. le a r , . v ol ve . p g p g

' d -a - os r - l es s e a cf. sose a r. de servz r f a so re . g g c . serv i r. ( g ) des-a -ten der f ten der - des- obla r cf obla r c . . de erra r: en sa r cl 8 . . . sf p . , 4 p p

- - - des a ten ta r cf. ten ta r des on er cf. oner 88 . . A . p p ,

- - - - des a terra r cf. a terra r. de ooa r ensa r c des ro veer re . cf. sﬂ p l ., 84 . p g , d -a -tra r r r es e tra e , 88 . A . v e , 88 .

- - - des a tra vesa r cf. tra des a cer c r lt ka e , 88 .

' - - des la r Izela r des terar cf. ten zr. lte cf. .

' d s- - - de r r a r l e a ven t r ven i r 88 . dos rr r r ste ra ens c . 8 , ke a cf. berra . p 4.

' - - - des a ven ta r cf. ven ta r. des z m on er oner A . p p ,

' r - 8 d r f - descen de : ensa r cl . 8 . esti tu z l a i r ch 8 . p , 84. , 4

d -l r - A es ei edi r l . 8 . C . D . p c , 4 .

' ' ' ' - - d s eeri r c r desma rrz r de fect b . ti r r r e i cf., erzz . , . , 89. es to cer cf. to ce . ’' - - - des eo a r f co a r desmea zr edi r cl . 8 . des troca r troea r lg c . lg . p , 4 cf. .

' - - descolla r ensa r cl . 8 C . destru zr b u rr CL 8 D p , 4 . , 4. .

- - A . des mela r cf. mela r. des venta r cf. venta r.

’ - - ° - des comedzr f zlr des memora r nsa r cl . desv er o a r a N i c . oomed . e nz ens . p , g p

- = des com on er on er 8 . A . 8 . A p p , 4 4 .

’ 88 des-me tzr m r des- r . n cf. en ti . volver cf. v olv e .

' des-con certa r cf d - s r r tr r d - . con es oot u z : cf. obs u i . e ten er cf. tener, 88.

' certa r - r . des ozr ai , 88 .

' - - - des eon sen tzr cf. sen ti r desola r en sa r 1 88 . . p c .,

- - - es co la r . c f de l r f r d nso : cf on sola r. de solda r c . solda r. vo ve c . volve .

-t t r ' - d m r r- des on a c f. con ta r desola r ensa r cl . 8 . A . ez a ensa cl . . . 8 . p , 4 p , 4

- des con ven i r v en i r desolla r en sa r cl . 8 . A . , p , 4

88 . A . dia resis : . b . 1 . a 3 , 3 . IN D E X . 1 59

’ ' ‘ ’ - e f r en aenta r cf. denta r. o y and, 104.

' ' - - r o s ﬂix . a . en ora r ensa r cl 8 . d r l u i . u i yl u i cf. f a , 35 g p , 4

‘ el 1 1 . A . . 8 ; for la , 8 a.

- el mlo etc . : use 1 22. en rei r edi r cL 8 . D . B. , , g p , 4

' - - c 2 en rosa r ensa r cL 8 . di lu zr cf. l u i r. el ua l, 68, 1 9. g p , 4

’

d r im ers. il uv za : p , 89. a.

- ve ﬁ : elision : 1 enltesta r ensa r cL 8 . dimi nuti suf xes 35, 5 . p , 4

2 6 6 emoa ir defect. 8 b A . 35 ~ . 3 . 4 , 9. .

' em - en -mela r cf hthon s : 10 ve oestrr edi r cl . mela r dip g ; in rse, p , 84. . C en menda r a r- 1 86. 1 , 2. . pens cL,

- r 8 . A . emenda pensa r cl, 84. 4 en -r da r d A . o cf. ra a r.

o di scern i r sen ti r cl ” 84

o cl . 8 A A . , n te . , 4. .

di s-oon - en i r r est-sona r v cf. ven i , cf. sona r.

- 88 . est l nd r f e e c . tender.

- 8 . A . enterrar ensa r c 4 p L, 84.

84. A .

' - - di sentzr cf. senti r. A . entorta r ensa r l p c ., 84 .

- - dismi u i r a i r em orca r s ensa r cL 8 . n h CL, 84 . p p , 4 A .

' - D A . r . entre deci deezr, 88 .

- inﬁnit. 1 60 A en with , . . entre mori r cf. mori r.

r -a r i 4. ent e i a r, 88 .

- = dis a rvori r defect. 8 . entre oner o r p , 9 p p ne , 88 .

b .

diss llabic vowel com y ps. 10 in verse ; , 1 86. 1 , 2 .

- - di s ten der cf. tender. eu eloea r cf. eloca r.

- - e comenda r cf. comm u r B. 1 . e ga i r 84 . - fl a i r cl 8 . da r. - erra r : ensa r cl . 8 . A 4 p , 4 .

- D . ra r ensa r cl 8 en eont : . . erro 1 . p , 4 ( Pr. y 3 ' - ’ di vertzr senti r cL 8 . A . , 4 es init l for Lat. s, 1 . C .

B. - es ﬁnal : accen t.

- doler ensa r cl A . 1 60 A 1 . p , 84. A . es de . .

- - dormi r: senti r cl 8 . B. da nsa r cl 8 , 4 encor r pe , 4.

A . a.

- - a ensa r cl . 8 . scarmenta r ensa r encov r p , 4 e p cl .. — a i u 1 . B. chan e A . A , , , g 84. .

- to i e 1 2 ouberta r ensa r cl . ( i ) , 4. a, 8 ; or en p ,

“ ' to a 1 b 8 e r ‘ . A scribt . irr 8 , 4 , 4. 84. . ., 8 .

IN D E X. 1 63

- - - uebra r ensa r cl . 8 . re u i r cf u i r r . . re ueb a r cf. uebra r q p , 4 ﬂ ﬁ q q .

- - A . re b rz a r cf. orz a r. re u erer u erer 8 j f q q , 8 .

- ' - ueda r as auxil . 0 re e a r cf. re a r. re u eri r sen ti r cl g , 9 ﬁ g f g q 84,

B. re cf. ei r B ﬁ . .

- re a r ensa r cl . g p , 84 . A .

d, 1 10. 2 .

- - u i en u ien 6 68 re i menta r ensa r cl . re sembra r q , q 7, ; g p , cf. sembra r.

- use 1 2 . 8 . A . re senti r senti r , 9 4 , 84. B.

- - ui en u i er a 0. a. re i r edi r cL 8 C. re solver . cf. s lv g g ( ) 53, 7 g p , 4 o er.

- - re olda r ensa r cl . 8 . re solla r cf solla r g p , 4 . .

- r ronunc . 1 1 . A . re son a r p , cf. sona r. raer obso le e r -Ica c r r s- t con . e e ka cer 88 . e uebra r: cf. uebr r , ( j , q q a .

caer re-aeri r : cf heri r resti tu i r fl a i r- , . . cl. , 84 .

- - re a reta r cf. a reta r. p p re Iterv i r cf. herv i r. D .

re-ltolla r cf bolla r restre a r: ensa r- l . . g p c ., 84 .

-c le a a r - re a nt r cf. c lenta . re hu i r cf. b u i r. A .

- - - - re centa r: ensa r cl 8 . rei r edi r cl 8 . C re tembla r la r p , 4 p , 4 cf. temo .

- and cf. 1 . c re tener tener 88 ( 3 ) , .

- reci en use 1 . rela m a a r re tenta r cf r . , 74 p g . tenta

' '' - reci ro l v rb : 1 1 . 8 . a. re l eiti r cf. teit i r p ca e 9 , 9 9 .

- 2 . relati ves re torcer cf. torcer.

- - reclu i r b ati r l . . D 1 28 . re tosta r cf. tosta r. c , 84 .

r m a r - r r ra e end cc t ae t er, 88 .

- - re cola r cf. cola r. A retribu i r : h ei 84 . . r cl ., 84. recomenda r ensar-cl r -mola r f m la r D p . e c . o . .

A r - r l r 84 . . e molc cf. mo e .

- - - re com on cr oner re morder cf. morder. retr tra cr tra er . p p , o , 88

8 - - 8. re mover cf. mov er. re ven i r ven i r, 88 .

- - - a e constr i r f con ren di r edi r cl . . C . re venta r c f. venta r. u c . p , 84

-v r r stru i r. re e v e , 88 .

- - - r r sa r cl. 8 . re verter cf. verter. e conta r cf. contar renova n . pe 4 r - - r : e con v en i ven i r, 88 .

' - - - r r r ni r di r cl . 8 C . re vola r cf. vola r. ecorda ensa r cl . e e . p ., 84 p , 4

- and cf. 1 . c . re volca r cf. vol ca r. A . ( 3 )

- - - f d r l r ol ver. recosta r ensa r cl 8 . re edi r c . e i . re vo ve cf. v p ., 4 p p

- re ensa r cf. ensa r 8 . rh me : 1 8 . A . p p , 4 y 7

- oa r wi h a 1 1 redoler: ensa r cl . A A . ro t 0. 2 p , 84 . . , .

- - - re d r u c r re eti r edi r c1. 8 . C . roda r ensa r cl 8 . A . u ci d i , 88 . p p , 4 p , 4

- - r f le a r . r er . . r le a c . o 8 c . re eri r senti r cl . B e f , 84. p g p g 9

— - = - ner oner 88 . ro a r e a r l . . re exive : ron . 1 2 re o ns c 8 . A ﬂ p , 9 . p p , g p , 4

- f r verb 1 fo r as 1 . re roba r c . oba r . rom er . , 9 ; p s. , 39 p p p 79

’ D eath s moeern l anguage s eries.

S P AN IS H . ’ Edgren s Spani sh Grammar. Giv es all the grammar needed for correct and ln

din . . tellig ent rea g Clo th. 1 68 pages . 8o cts ’ i siti on . Ford s Exerci ses n S pani sh Compo . By D r. J D . M . Ford of H arvard

University . Cloth . 5 2 pag es . 30 cts . r ’ Yba ra s P racti cal M ethod in Spani sh . Forthose who wish to obtain a co mman d of the languag e without entering into its grammancal structure

1 es . R 3 9 pag etail price, Cuentos M odernos A ver css r inners with n . y eader for beg , notes a d voca bulary

b D r. F. D e H aan of r n awr ll e In ress . y B y Co ge. [ p ’ ’ Padre Isl a s Lesa e s Gil Bias Wi th no tes and r r d g . vocabula y by Pro fesso Ge des

r f r . 8 . and P rofesso Josselyn o Boston Unive sity Clo th . 25 pages

ri Esco i d A . P erez R im l r Histo etas g das e . With notes and voca bu a y by D r. I D e H aan of r n M awr ll e e. r a ation . F . B y Co g [ n p ep r First Spanish R eadi n M o dern S panish stories wi th notes and vocabulary by r take h l n d n ord ni ersit P rofesso M a 0 t e Le a S ta f U v y . ’ Alarcdn s El Capitdn Vsneno. With notes and vocabulary, by D r. Ford of

ni . H arvard U v ersity . Cloth. 1 7 2 pages . 50 cts ’ Valdés s os6 With notes b P ro essor D avidson of the Leland S tan ord J . y f f U ni

i th . 2 1 6 vers ty. Cl o pages . 80 cts . ' rvantes D on ui ote A sel ection wi n no n d v Ce Q . th intro duc tio , tes a ocabulary ,

l th. . n by P rofessor T of Col umbia Coll ege . C o 000 pag es [I prepa ra tion ’ eron s La Vi da es S ueiio Wi th intro duction and no t r fa sor Cal d . es by P o Lang , ni i In ion of Y al e U v ers ty . [ prepara t . ’ eron s 8 1 Alcalde ds Zalamea With introduction and n r Cald . o tes by P ofessor r ni I a a t M arcou of H arva d U v ersity . [ n prep r ion . ardos banos A coll ti n f S anish l ric l m li e d n d B Cu . ec o o p y a poetry, 00 p a edi ted by

. H ills . lo th. 1 o6 es . P rofessor E . C C pag ’ Locura S anti dad A dr m with intro d ti n Echegaray s 0 6 . a a uc o an d no tes by

r fessor Geddes and P rofessor oss el n of oston niv ers it l th . 1 P o J y B U y . C o 24 m ” e CIS .

ITA LIAN .

’ ram i G mar. G v es all the grammar needed by the ordmary

I ian . lo th. 1 2 student of tal C 3 pages . So eta. ’ Grandgent s Italian Com ti on . Furnishes supp lemen tary exercises to aeco m

an the Grammar oll owed b a course in mo re advanced com osition . p y , , y p Cloth . 1 03 pages. 60 013 .

Fi rst Italian R eadings. M odern Italian stories with no tes and vocabul ary for

inn ers in Ita li P rofessor o wen of the Ohio S tate Universit . 0 . beg an, by B y 9 cts ’ ’ ’ m . eradi d e l r ell o. Co ed Edited wi Gh el Testa s L oro O p y th notes by C . H .

s . 2 T hurber. Paper. 7 2 page 5 cts . ’ rd ni i era A co rned with intr n n tes and l r Go o s La Loeand . oductio , o vocabu a y by

f r . Professor Geddes and P ro u so osselyn of Boston University Cl oth . 1 22 pages . 40 cts . ’ ld 11 ri i dents r n Go oni s 0 Cu oso A cc . A comed with int oduction a d notes, by

D r Ford of H d niversi . loth. g6 es . 0 . arvar U ty C pag 3 cts .

’ Groth s Dani sh Grammar. Contains grammar enough for the ordinary purposes

f n 1 . o stude ts . Clo th . 60 pages

om l atal o ue M odern L a n ua e texts sent on re ues C p ete C g of g g q t. ’ b eatb e mobern l anguage s eries.

FR EN CH GR A n A R S A N D REA DER S .

’ u endlous French Grammar A da n gren o Co p . to the needs of h i nner and the advan ced tud beg s ent. 333 ’ h Grammar P art L For those who wi Edgn n a Frenc ’ sh to learn qui ckl n W a rd Fre ch. 35 cts. ’ r Com lete and l r Fraser and S qualr s French G ammar. p practica . Fo he d d stud nts ginners an a vanced e . ’ n f French r m Wi nu Grandgent s Esse ti al s o G a mar. th merous exercises

and illustrati ve sentences . ’ r nd ent s S hort French Grammar. P honetic hel i n ronunciatio G a g p p n .

w 60 cts. Exercises , see belo . ’ Gm d ent s French Lessons and Exer N g cises. ecessarily used with th e n o s r Fns u n R A A ’ S c G M M R . F i rst Yea r s Course for H i k ’ g S chools N a 1 F i rst Yea r s Cou rse or Colle es N o . . 1 . 1 cts. eac f g , 5 h . ’ ’ F i rst a r Grandgent s French Lessons and Exercises . Ye s Course f or ’ a mma r lmols . 2 S econd Yea r s Con rs Gr S e 5 cts . e for Gra mma r

nnals 0 cts. S e . 3 ’ Grsnd ent s M aterials for Fren h Five m l g c Co mon . ph ets based o n La P i e de ea n Ba rt a m{ere L ela sse BS i p J , , ege de Baf ﬁ n ’ ’ , c ‘ P e o L A bbe Con sta nti n res e i ve l . E ach 2 p , , p y , 1 cts. ’ gzn h Com tion. E lementar ro ressive and v Gru dgent s c y, p g ari ed l i ns with ull notes and vocabular 0 se ect o , y . 5 cts. ’ r e in S n m i With no Bouvet s Exe ci s s y tax and Co pos tion . tes and vocab

ular . cts y 75 . ’ Fren S b n iv H ood . A n i nducti ve treati wi ex Clarke s ch u ju ct se , th er

cises . 0 cts 5 . ‘ ' re h al xili With x r i in Kennequln s F nc nod A u aries . e e c ses composi ti on

d conversation. 0 cts an 5 . ' Kim ll s M aterials f Fren h B on ba or c Com tion. ased Colomba , fo r ’ ’ seco nd ear s work on La elle-N n rlr y rver a e, and also one on La ’ Tuli e N oi re for thi r ear s w rk p , d y o . E ach 1 2 cts. ’ ith xerci ses . 0 cts Starr s Hints on French tax. W e 3 . ' With no 2 H arcou s French R eview orcises . tes and vocabulary . 0 ' French b R eadin Be i ns with interlinear and ives in the Boughtsn s y g. g , g ourse of the book the whole of elementar r m with readi n c y g am ar, g nd v b matter, notes, a oca ulary . ’ Conv r n ucti on to Botchkh s s Ls P remierLivre do Francois . e sati onal i trod rench for oun u ils Boar Illu r t F , y g p p . ds . st ated. 79 3 c s. ' di n Fortu ne s Livre do Lecture at do Conversation. Comb Rea g, n wi h v bul r Conversation, a d Grammar, t oca a y. 90 cts. ' foll w h a o eadin Fontaine s Lectures Content” . C an o t e bove. C ntains R g,

onversation , and En glish E xercises ased on the text.

’ ‘ gu en s P rimar Fren Tr n tb b l no Lym and p t y ch a sla on Book. A n easy eg ni n reader wi th ver full notes vocabul r l h x g , y , a y, and Eng is e er ci ses based on the latter rt of the pa text . 6o cts . ’ Com lete and r d S uper e P reparatory French R eader. p g ade selecti ons of

i nteresti n French with notes and vocabular 0 cts. g , y . 7 o n s With notes vocabul r n lish “ i Fairy Tal es (J y e ) . , a y, and E g

i n th . c ses based o e text. 35 cts ' Dams s Elemen S cientific French R eader. Confined to S cientific French ith no vo l “ . tes and cabu ary. 40 cts. ’ - - Full uate Heath s French English and English French Dictionary . y adeq r or r wants fo the dina y of students. R etail price,