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Spanish Grammar

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Spanish Grammar iv PR EFA CE. Index contains a full reference-list to all verbs that deviate in any way - ( save orthographically) from the three leading model verbs . T he exercises are prepared with exclusive refere nce to the topic he are ur o sel sim le those n th v er s ein n . H ence t o e b in ha d y p p y p , b g even co nfined almost entirely to a direct drill o n the various forms of reat variet of re resentative verbs . M oreov er the are all laced a g y p , y p f he b k where the will no im ede referen e h at the end o t oo , y t p c to t e i r grammar or disturb its method cal p esentation . F r the enefit of those interested each cha ter is intr uced o b , p od arentheticall and in a wa not to obstruct the re ular stud of the p y, y g y ramm r a brief sketch of the relation between Latin an d S anish g a , by p as regards the subject therein treated . T he encouragement attending ’ the introduction of such a method into the author s French grammar i r s has l d h m t a o t it o n a educed cale als here . e o d p , , o T he author is indebted for guidance and for various illustrative m examples to other grammars . A o ng these should be mentioned ’ especially the grammar of the S panish A cademy (Gram dtzm de la len ua caste/la nd the well -known works of Foerster and Wi ers g ), gg , ’ and Kn s l r n f ni h r m r S ecial th n app e abo ate a d use ul S pa s G am a . p a ks are due n d l nd P r f r w . n f r n a g adly exte ed to o esso Ed S . Joy es o ge er ous aid in m r han n r t n P r fess r F Kr h f o e t o e es c a d to o o . oe pe , C o H ob ken f r h l ful i t n in the readin of the r fs o o e ass s a ce o . , p g p o A . H E . U N IVER S IT Y o r N E B A S KA 1 8 1 R , 9 . W T he pro n unciatio n described in this edition is in acco rdance with the rinci les lai d down b a trained C as tilian ho n tici n of no e to p p y p e a t (cf. p of T he stude nt referrin the so m h t r o n p . p g ew a simple pr un ciatio n pre vailin in former S an ish de endencies enerall ma at o nce dismiss th g p p g y, y e little intricacies of the rules for b, v, d, in accordance with 1 2. H E 1 . A . , 190 S PA N IS H GR A M M A R . P AGE. I. V P ro n o un s . H isto ry P ersonals an d R efiexives P ossessives D emonstrativ es Interrogatives R elatives Indefinites I V I. V e rb s. H istory Conjugatio ns Principal P arts R egular Verbs A ma r t me r - - a a rti r 1 . rtho r hi l h . , , p , 3 34 O g ap ca c anges 34 35 P honetical variati on s 35- 39 [f em u r-class 36 ; “ M i r-class 37 ; [ adv -class 37 i — / m£r-class Irregular Verbs - - - enera l descri tion 0 R ef r list 0 . D efecti ve verbs G p 39 4 . e ence 4 44 44- 45 P eriphrasti c Verb-Phrases - P eri hrastic a ti ves assiv . ro ressives 6. p c 45 . p es 45 46 p g 4 R eflexive or R ecipro cal Verbs V III. In d e clin abl e s . A dv erbs Prepositions Co njuncti ons Interjections . xx . A rticl e s . D efinite A rticle 5 1 53 m - Iio ati . mi i n d c use 51 53 O ss o 53 . Indefinite A rticle 53- 54 x . N ouns . D irect object with d P repositi onal construction C ON T EN T S . vii XI. A d iv j ect e s . P osition II N u e r X . m al s I. XII P ro n o un s . P ossessives D emonstratives Interrogatives and R elatives Indefinites XIV . V e rb s . A greement Indi cative T enses P resent 68 . Im erfect 6 P reterit F uture p 9. 69 . 70. - Ind d t . D e nden 1 ns e en en o e t . T e es p 7 p 7 73 74. Infinitive u - Without r o i o - A s no n . e s ti n . With re osition 74 75 p p 75 p p 75 77 . — - A s verb 77 78. Gerund XV . In d e clinabl e s . A dve bs S un dry r . N egation Conjunctions t o f e n te nc e XV I. A rran ge m en S VERS IFICA TION — — R h thm 8 . S llabic N umber 8 8 . R h nan e y 5 y 5 7 yme, A sso c - S tr h Blank Verse 87 88. op es and P oems 88 . S PA NIS H Worms m EN GLISH Exxm rsas S PA NISH -ENGLISH Vocasvm v ENGLISH -SPAN ISH Vocasum av INDEX H E SPAN I E T S H LAN GUAG . PA N IH P o rtu uese Fre nch Ialian R hoeto - R o manic S S , g , , t , so uthern S witz e rland and R u manian no rthe rn T urke ( ) , ( y ) , c o nstitute a ro u o f lan u a e ich hav in s run g p g g s wh , g p g m i e fro o u lar Latin are c alle d m n o r R omanic . p p , R o a ce ( ' R o man o r N eo- Latzn N ew- Latin Fro m the time that Ibe ria was c o nque re d by the R o m ans 206— 2 B and made a R o m an ro v ince ul ar . C . o ( 5 ) p , p p Latin gradu ally su pplante d the native Ibe rian and C e lt ibe rian diale c ts the Bas u e ho wev e r in art surv iv in to ( q , p g the re se nt da Onl abo u t o ne hu ndre d wo rds c hie fl p y) . y , y B o ani e . : u a as ue have fo u nd the ir wa int S sh . q , y p , g g ij ’ ’ ’ ebble modor m dro wsine ss a z uz a shar hu n er. p , , g p g The c o n u e st b the Visi o ths in the be innin o f the q y g , g g fifth ce ntu r o f o ur e ra b ro u ht the Teutonic s e e c h into y , g p ai Fo r a o i ri ale and in o ffic ial u se ev e n S n . sh r ime v d p t t t , su lante d he R a i io m In the b e inn in o f the pp t o m n d . g g is e d It has se ve nth c e ntu r ho wev e r its in flu e nce v an h . y , , b e que athe d to the S p an ish langu age ne arly fo u r hu ndre d ’ ’ wo rds e : uerm war es m e skiff bo at ba nco , . g . g , g if , , ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ be nc o o l e llow rico ric h h norte no rth u a l a o b s . , , g ( ) y , , ’ ’ roba r ro b ro a c lo th ro b e e tc , p , , . The c o nqu e st o f the large r p o rtio n o f S p ain by the M o o rs ( 7 1 and the ir do minio n the re during c e ntu rie s 2 TH E SPA N ISH LAN GUA GE. u ntil 1 2 2 had a et re ate r infl u e nc e 9 , y g o n the S panish lan u a e whic h n o w c o ntains n e arl twic e o rds o g g , y as m any w f in as o f T e o n ic T he Ar bic o ri ut . se wo r s fo r the mo st a g d , art name s o f e x te rnal o b e cts and te c hn ic al te rms c an p j , o ften be re c o gniz e d by the ir in itial al ( the A rabic arti ’ ‘ ’ ’ cle Ex am le s are : al cal a e u d e a l e ra al ebra ) .
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