DOCSLIB.ORG

Proceedings of the 18Th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proceedings of the 18Th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar University of Washington Stefan Müller (Editor) 2011 CSLI Publications http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/HPSG/2011 The papers are published under a CC-BY license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Contents 1 Editor’s Note 4 I Contributions to the Main Conference 5 Katya Alahverdzhieva, Alex Lascarides: An HPSG Approach to Synchronous Speech and Deixis 6 Douglas Ball: Morphology in the ‘Wrong’ Place: The Curious Case of Coast Tsimshian Connectives 25 Joshua Crowgey, Emily M. Bender: Analyzing Interacting Phenomena: Word Order and Negation in Basque 46 Michael Hahn: Null Conjuncts and Bound Pronouns in Arabic 60 Akio Hasegawa, Jean-Pierre Koenig: Focus particles, secondary mean- ings, and Lexical Resource Semantics: The case of Japanese shika 81 Jong-Bok Kim, Peter Sells: The English Binominal NP Construction: A Construction-Based Perspective 102 Hans-Ulrich Krieger, Bernd Kiefer: Converting CCGs into Typed Feature Structure Grammars 109 Robert Levine: Linearization and its discontents 126 Janna Lipenkova: Reanalysis of semantically required dependents as com- plements in the Chinese ba-construction 147 Stefan Müller, Bjarne Ørsnes: Positional Expletives in Danish, German, and Yiddish 167 Ivan A. Sag, Joanna Nykiel: Remarks on Sluicing 188 Juliette Thuilier: Case Suffixes and Postpositions in Hungarian 209 Heike Walker: Adjuncts and the HPSG Binding Theory 227 Andrew C. Wetta: A Construction-based Cross-linguistic Analysis of V2 Word Order 248 II Contributions to the Workshop 269 2 Anne Bjerre: Topic and focus in local subject extractions in Danish 270 Kordula De Kuthy, Detmar Meurers: Integrating GIVENness into a struc- tured meaning approach in HPSG 289 Jong-Bok Kim: Floating Numeral Classifiers in Korean: A Thematic- Structure Perspective 302 Caitlin Light: The information structure of subject extraposition in Early New High German 314 Jean-Marie Marandin: Subject Inversion in French. The Limits of Infor- mation Structure 327 Sanghoun Song, Emily M. Bender: Using Information Structure to Im- prove Transfer-based MT 348 Jon Stevens: Information Structure as Parallel Tree Building 369 3 1 Editor’s Note The 18th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (2011) was held at the University of Washington. The conference featured 2 invited talks and 16 papers, and 1 poster selected by the program committee (Anne Abeillé, Doug Arnold, Emily M. Bender, Philippe Blache, Olivier Bonami, Robert Borsley, Gosse Bouma, Rui Chaves, Berthold Crysmann (chair), Dan Flickinger, Danièle Godard, Lars Hellan, Anke Holler, Jong-Bok Kim, Jean-Pierre Koenig, Valia Kordoni, Anna Kupsc, Robert Levine, Rob Malouf, Nurit Melnik, Philip Miller, Stefan Müller, Gerald Penn, Adam Przepi- orkowski, Frank Richter, Ivan Sag, Manfred Sailer, Jesse Tseng, Frank Van Eynde, Gert Webelhuth, Stephen Wechsler, Shuichi Yatabe). A workshop about Information Structure and Formal Grammar was attached to the conference. It featured one invited talk and 8 papers and a poster, se- lected by the program committee of this workshop (Felix Bildhauer Daniel Büring Berthold Crysmann (chair) Kordula De Kuthy Elisabet Engdahl Claire Gardent Jonathan Ginzburg Tracy Holloway King Manfred Krifka Jean-Marie Marandin Laura Michaelis Stefan Müller Irina Nikolaeva Patrizia Paggio Arndt Riester Mats Rooth Mark Steedman Malte Zimmermann). We want to thank the respective program committees for putting this nice pro- gram together. Thanks go to Emily M. Bender (chair), Joshua Crowgey, Michael Goodman, Varya Gracheva, Prescott Klassen, Naoko Komoto, Clarissa Surek-Clark, Emily Silgard, Sanghoun Song, Lisa Tittle, and David Wax, who were in charge of local arrangements. As in the past years the contributions to the conference proceedings are based on the five page abstract that was reviewed by the respective program committees, but there is no additional reviewing of the longer contribution to the proceedings. To ensure easy access and fast publication we have chosen an electronic format. The proceedings include all the papers except those by Olivier Bonami, Rui Chaves, Anna Gazdik, Tibor Kiss, Mats Rooth, and Thomas Wasow and David Clausen. 4 Part I Contributions to the Main Conference An HPSG Approach to Synchronous Speech and Deixis Katya Alahverdzhieva Alex Lascarides University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar University of Washington Stefan Müller (Editor) 2011 CSLI Publications pages 6–24 http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/HPSG/2011 Alahverdzhieva, Katya, & Lascarides, Alex. 2011. An HPSG Approach to Syn- chronous Speech and Deixis. In Müller, Stefan (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, University of Washington, 6–24. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. Abstract The use of hand gestures to point at objects and individuals, or to nav- igate through landmarks on a virtually created map is ubiquitous in face- to-face conversation. We take this observation as a starting point, and we demonstrate that deictic gestures can be analysed on a par with speech by using standard methods from constraint-based grammars such as HPSG. In particular, we use the form of the deictic signal, the form of the speech signal (including its prosodic marking) and their relative temporal performance to derive an integrated multimodal tree that maps to an integrated multimodal meaning. The integration process is constrained via construction rules that rule out ill-formed input. These rules are driven from an empirical corporal study which sheds light on the interaction between speech and deictic ges- ture. 1 Introduction The use of deixis is highly pervasive in everyday communication. Through defi- nite referring expressions, pronouns and pointing gestures with the head and hand, people exploit the context of the communicative event in their communicative ac- tions, and likewise interlocutors exploit this to derive an interpretation of those actions. This paper provides a formal account of deictic (pointing) gestures per- formed by the hand (from now on called deixis) and it demonstrates that standard methods from formal linguistics—namely constraint-based grammars and compo- sitional semantics—can capture the various semantic relations between speech and deixis, and also the range of pragmatic use of deixis. To illustrate the distinct se- mantic relations and the distinct pragmatic uses, consider utterances (1) and (2).1 (1) And a as she [N said], it’s an environmentally friendly uh material . The speaker extends Right Hand (RH) with palm open up towards the other participant. (2) I [PN enter] :::my :::::::::::::[N apartment] RH and Left Hand (LH) are in centre, palms are open vertically, finger tips point forward; along with “enter” they move briskly downwards. The different ways the pointing hand is engaged in the communicative event to denote the speech content gives rise to distinct interpretations of deixis: the gesture in (1) can be interpreted as demarcating the spatial location of a concrete participant salient in the communicative situation, or also as pointing at an abstract object—here, the utterance introduced by the previous speaker, located at some 1In the utterance transcription, the speech signal that occurs at the same time as the expressive part of the gesture, the so called stroke, is underlined with a straight line, and the signal that temporally co-occurs with the hold after the stroke is underlined with a curved line. The pitch accented words are shown in square brackets with the accent type in the left corner: PN (pre-nuclear), NN (non-nuclear) and N (nuclear). 7 specific spatiotemporal coordinates. In comparison, the deixis in (2) can locate an object that is physically absent from the communicative situation—an apartment or an apartment entrance door—by placing it on a virtually created map. This gesture can also identify the abstract event of entering the apartment door. In the gesture community, the use of deixis to point at physically present individuals vs. individ- uals absent from the communicative event is what sets apart concrete deixis from abstract deixis (McNeill, 2005). This distinction is essential since it has effects on the speech-deixis integration, as we discuss in Section 3.1 and Section 5. With this in mind, the Logical Forms (LFs) contributed by (1) and (2) reflect the distinct gesture denotations, as well as the distinct relations between speech and deixis. We begin with the formalisation of multimodal utterance (1), with its two possible interpretations exhibited in (3a) and (3b). (3) a. π1 : ∃m(material(m) ∧ environmentally-friendly(m)) π2 : ∃s, g(she(s) ∧ said(e0,s,π1) ∧ loc(g,x,v(~px)) ∧ Identity(s,x)) ′ b. π1 : ∃m(material(m) ∧ environmentally-friendly(m)) ′ ′ ′ π2 : ∃s, g(she(s) ∧ said(e0,s,π1) ∧ classify(g,π1, v( ~ps)) ′ ∧Acceptance(π1, g)) To fit the current research in the broader context of formal semantics of gesture (Lascarides and Stone, 2009), (3a) and (3b) make use of the language of Seg- mented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT, Asher and Lascarides (2003)) for interpreting gesture. Of course, the same information can be expressed in any other model of the semantic/pragmatic interface. Following Lascarides and Stone (2009), we use the predicates loc and classify to represent the literal and metaphor- ical deixis use; for instance, loc(g,x,v(~px)) states that the deictic gesture g intro- duces an individual x at the physical location v(~px) which is the proximal space projected from the tips of the fingers in the direction of the participant.2 In com- ′ parison, classify(g,π1, v( ~ps)) conveys the metaphorical deictic use to point at an ′ abstract object, namely, the utterance denoted by π1 “contained” in the spatial co- ordinates v( ~ps)). Finally, distinct semantic relations can be inferred between the speech content and these two alternative gesture contents: we state that an Identity relation holds between the referents s and x in (3a). Thus the gesture physically lo- cates the referent of “she” in physical space.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
    Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Draft comments welcome! Stefan Müller Bjarne Ørsnes [email protected] [email protected] Institut für Deutsche und Niederländische Philologie Fachbereich Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Friday 12th October, 2012 For Friederike ix Danish Danish is a North-Germanic language and belongs to the continental Scandinavian languages. Preface Its closest siblings are Norwegian (Bokmål) and Swedish. It is the official language of Denmark and also of the Faroe Islands (besides Faroese). It used to be an official language in Iceland, Greenland and the Virgin Islands. In Greenland Danish is still widely used in the administration. The aim of this book is twofold: First we want to provide a precise description of a large frag- Danish is spoken by approximately 5 million people in Denmark, but it is also spoken by mem- ment of the Danish language that is useful for readers regardless of the linguistic framework bers of the Danish minority in the region of Southern Schleswig and by groups in Greenland, they work in. This fragment comprises not only core phenomena such as constituent order and Norway and Sweden. Of course, there are also Danish-speaking immigrant groups all over the passivizating, but to a large extent also a number of less-studied phenomena which we believe world. to be of interest, not only for the description of Danish (and other mainland Scandinavian lan- Danish is an SVO-language like English, but it differs from English in being a V2-language guages), but also for comparative work in general.
    [Show full text]
  • Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
    <DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthographies in Grammar Books
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 July 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0565.v1 Tomislav Stojanov, [email protected], [email protected] Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistic Republike Austrije 16, 10.000 Zagreb, Croatia Orthographies in Grammar Books – Antiquity and Humanism Summary This paper researches the as yet unstudied topic of orthographic content in antique, medieval, and Renaissance grammar books in European languages, as part of a wider research of the origin of orthographic standards in European languages. As a central place for teachings about language, grammar books contained orthographic instructions from the very beginning, and such practice continued also in later periods. Understanding the function, content, and orthographic forms in the past provides for a better description of the nature of the orthographic standard in the present. The evolution of grammatographic practice clearly shows the continuity of development of orthographic content from a constituent of grammar studies through the littera unit gradually to an independent unit, then into annexed orthographic sections, and later into separate orthographic manuals. 5 antique, 22 Latin, and 17 vernacular grammars were analyzed, describing 19 European languages. The research methodology is based on distinguishing orthographic content in the narrower sense (grapheme to meaning) from the broader sense (grapheme to phoneme). In this way, the function of orthographic description was established separately from the study of spelling. As for the traditional description of orthographic content in the broader sense in old grammar books, it is shown that orthographic content can also be studied within the grammatographic framework of a specific period, similar to the description of morphology or syntax.
    [Show full text]
  • Officer Selection (La S´Election Des Officiers)
    RTO-TR-034 AC/323(HFM-023)TP/26 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION RTO-TR-034 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION BP 25, 7 RUE ANCELLE, F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX, FRANCE RTO TECHNICAL REPORT 34 Officer Selection (la S´election des officiers) Final Report of the RTO Human Factors and Medicine Panel (HFM) Research and Study Group 31 on Officer Selection. Published May 2001 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover 7KLVSDJHKDVEHHQGHOLEHUDWHO\OHIWEODQN 3DJHLQWHQWLRQQHOOHPHQWEODQFKH RTO-TR-034 AC/323(HFM-023)TP/26 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION BP 25, 7 RUE ANCELLE, F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX, FRANCE RTO TECHNICAL REPORT 34 Officer Selection (la S´election des officiers) Final Report of the RTO Human Factors and Medicine Panel (HFM) Research and Study Group 31 on Officer Selection. Authors/Co-authors: F. J. LESCREVE (BE) (RSG Chairman) J. ARABIAN (US), M. BAILEY (UK), W. BIRKE (GE), S. LAGACHE (FR), L. MCFARLANE (UK), S. MEINCKE (DE), B. SCHREURS (BE), B. THOMPSON (UK), H. M. VISSER (NE), D. WOYCHESHIN (CA) The Research and Technology Organization (RTO) of NATO RTO is the single focus in NATO for Defence Research and Technology activities. Its mission is to conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange. The objective is to support the development and effective use of national defence research and technology and to meet the military needs of the Alliance, to maintain a technological lead, and to provide advice to NATO and national decision makers. The RTO performs its mission with the support of an extensive network of national experts.
    [Show full text]
  • Proto-Ong-Be (PDF)
    PROTO-ONG-BE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 2018 By Yen-ling Chen Dissertation Committee: Lyle Campbell, Chairperson Weera Ostapirat Rory Turnbull Bradley McDonnell Shana Brown Keywords: Ong-Be, Reconstruction, Lingao, Hainan, Kra-Dai Copyright © 2018 by Yen-ling Chen ii 知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也。 “Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.” iii Acknowlegements First of all, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Lyle Campbell, the chair of my dissertation and the historical linguist and typologist in my department for his substantive comments. I am always amazed by his ability to ask mind-stimulating questions, and I thank him for allowing me to be part of the Endangered Languages Catalogue (ELCat) team. I feel thankful to Dr. Shana Brown for bringing historical studies on minorities in China to my attention, and for her support as the university representative on my committee. Special thanks go to Dr. Rory Turnbull for his constructive comments and for encouraging a diversity of point of views in his class, and to Dr. Bradley McDonnell for his helpful suggestions. I sincerely thank Dr. Weera Ostapirat for his time and patience in dealing with me and responding to all my questions, and for pointing me to the directions that I should be looking at. My reconstruction would not be as readable as it is today without his insightful feedback. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Alexis Michaud.
    [Show full text]
  • When Grammar Can't Be Trusted
    Department of Language and Culture (ISK) When grammar can’t be trusted - Valency and semantic categories in North Sámi syntactic analysis and error detection — Linda Wiechetek A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor – December 2017 When grammar can’t be trusted - Valency and semantic categories in North Sámi syntactic analysis and error detection Linda Wiechetek A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor Department of Language and Culture (ISK) December 2017 Für meine Eltern & buot sámegiela oahpahalliide Contents I Beginning 3 1 Introduction 7 2 Background and methodology 13 2.1 Theoretical background: Valency theory . 14 2.1.1 Syntactic valency . 16 2.1.1.1 Obligatoriness . 17 2.1.1.2 Syntactic tests . 19 2.1.2 Selection restrictions and semantic prototypes . 21 2.1.3 Semantic valency . 23 2.1.3.1 Semantic roles vs. syntactic functions . 24 2.1.3.2 Semantic roles vs. referential semantics . 25 2.1.4 Semantic verb classes . 25 2.1.5 Criteria for potential governors . 27 2.2 Valency theory in Sámi research . 28 2.2.1 Case and valency . 28 2.2.2 Rection and valency . 30 2.2.3 Transitivity and valency . 32 2.2.4 Syntactic valency . 34 2.2.5 Governors . 35 2.2.6 Selection restrictions . 36 2.2.7 Semantic valency . 38 2.3 Human-readable and machine-readable valency resources . 42 2.3.1 Human-readable valency resources . 42 2.3.2 Machine-readable valency resources . 43 2.4 Methodology and framework . 46 2.4.1 Methodology . 46 2.4.2 Framework . 50 2.4.2.1 The Constraint Grammar formalism .
    [Show full text]
  • Officer Selection (Rto Hfm 023 – Rsg 31)
    OFFICER SELECTION (RTO HFM 023 – RSG 31) Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Executive summary .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: Current practice in the RSG countries............................................................................................... 5 Current practice of officer selection in Belgium...................................................................................... 6 Current practice of officer selection in Canada ......................................................................................10 Current practice of officer selection in Denmark....................................................................................15 Current practice of officer selection in France........................................................................................19 Current practice of officer selection in Germany....................................................................................21 Current practice of officer selection in The Netherlands.........................................................................25 Current practice of officer selection in the United Kingdom...................................................................28
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Grammar
    iv PR EFA CE. Index contains a full reference-list to all verbs that deviate in any way - ( save orthographically) from the three leading model verbs . T he exercises are prepared with exclusive refere nce to the topic he are ur o sel sim le those n th v er s ein n . H ence t o e b in ha d y p p y p , b g even co nfined almost entirely to a direct drill o n the various forms of reat variet of re resentative verbs . M oreov er the are all laced a g y p , y p f he b k where the will no im ede referen e h at the end o t oo , y t p c to t e i r grammar or disturb its method cal p esentation . F r the enefit of those interested each cha ter is intr uced o b , p od arentheticall and in a wa not to obstruct the re ular stud of the p y, y g y ramm r a brief sketch of the relation between Latin an d S anish g a , by p as regards the subject therein treated . T he encouragement attending ’ the introduction of such a method into the author s French grammar i r s has l d h m t a o t it o n a educed cale als here . e o d p , , o T he author is indebted for guidance and for various illustrative m examples to other grammars . A o ng these should be mentioned ’ especially the grammar of the S panish A cademy (Gram dtzm de la len ua caste/la nd the well -known works of Foerster and Wi ers g ), gg , ’ and Kn s l r n f ni h r m r S ecial th n app e abo ate a d use ul S pa s G am a .
    [Show full text]
  • Kinesthetic (Tactile) Learning Info Section 6 - Picking a Language Course Section 7 - Helpful Resources and Outro
    Click to visit Language Success Strategies for the Struggling Learner By Rob Hillman http://www.LearnALang.com/ Imagine, even if just for a minute, taking that dream vacation to a foreign country... The beautiful beaches of Mexico, the lush landscape and famous architecture of France, or the excitement of busy Downtown Tokyo... Imagine being able to effortlessly hold a conversation with a good friend in their native language... The way you could impress your friends, your co-workers, your family... Imagine reaping the benefits in every aspect of your life as you learn a new language. Now imagine it being easy... Okay, so that sounds a little hype-ish, doesn't it? But who said learning a language had to take up all your time, or cost you thousands of dollars in expensive schools? The good news is, it doesn't. With the information in this guide, you can be learning a new language in as little as 20-30 minutes a day. (and here's a hint, Pimsleur courses are NOT the right choice!) This course will be broken down into seven main sections, with each section covering a certain subtopic related to speed-learning languages. Here's the lowdown. Section 1 - Intro and General Overview Section 2 - A Colorful Dive into Grammar Section 3 - Auditory Learning Info Section 4 - Visual Learning Info Section 5 - Kinesthetic (Tactile) Learning Info Section 6 - Picking a Language Course Section 7 - Helpful Resources and Outro So without further adieu, I present you with... Section 1 - General Overview A Background on the Brain The brain is a very complex organ, and very little is known about it's functioning.
    [Show full text]
  • Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
    Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Stefan Müller and Bjarne Ørsnes DRAFTof October , , : Preface e aim of this book is twofold: First we want to provide a precise description of a large fragment of the Danish language that is useful for readers regardless of the linguistic framework they work in. is fragment comprises not only core phenomena such as constituent order and passivizating, but to a large extent also a number of less-studied phenomena which we believe to be of interest, not only for the description of Danish (and other mainland Scandinavian languages), but also for comparative work in general. It has been an important goal for us to base our analyses on comprehensive, empirically sound descriptions of the studied phenomena. For that reason we mainly use real data extracted from a corpus or from web-pages. e second aim of the book is to provide a fully formalized linguistic theory of the described fragment that is provably internally consistent and furthermore compatible with psycholinguistic theories and with insights about human language from language acquisition research. e linguistic theory will be worked out in the framework of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (Pollard & Sag , ), but readers who do not care about formal linguistics or this particular branch of formal linguistics do not have to worry: the book is organized in a way that makes it possible to read the descriptive parts of the respective chapters without reading the analysis parts. However, we think that dealing with the analyses will result in a beer understanding of the language facts, so it may be worthwile to read the analysis sections even for those who are new to HPSG.
    [Show full text]
  • A Grammar of the Arabic Language V1 (1874) Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    A GRAMMAR OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE V1 (1874) PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Carl Paul Caspari | 370 pages | 10 Sep 2010 | Kessinger Publishing | 9781165987498 | English | Whitefish MT, United States A Grammar Of The Arabic Language V1 (1874) PDF Book Luke, edited from a Nitrian ms. Orange by T. Singular to Plural nouns v1 grammar singular to plurals. White by T. Platts carried on the tradition. Blanc, D - Gramatica Vascongada by F. Views Read Edit View history. Recent site activity. AS the Afghan Taliban and the government in Kabul try and reach a modus vivendi in Doha, it is essential that the Make interactive workbooks Video tutorial. El-Araby, no. Make interactive workbooks. Cyrille saint, ? Sharpe no. Green by T. A grammar of the Arabic language , University Press. Revised by W. Edited by AnandBot. Singular to Plural nouns v1 by mchiang Peterson, V - Danish Grammar by J. Fang, no. Blair, Tamakloe, H. The nation has reason to be grateful to the Hazaras for setting models of forbearance in the face of calamity. A Catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts preserved in the library of the University of Cambridge At the core of the textbook are dialogues that present students and teachers with examples of Arabic grammatical concepts and important cultural aspects, as well as related vocabulary. Latest Stories. Between and , the school was for year old pupils only, with the majority of entrants transferring from 3 local high schools. A Grammar Of The Arabic Language V1 (1874) Writer Apply to the whole worksheet. Present simple - Christmas edition by Happiness. During the last few decades of the last century, some of the most admirable works on Urdu grammar by a foreigner have definitely been two books by the Russian scholar Sonia Chernekova.
    [Show full text]
  • Vthe Sign Of
    The Sign of the PapersV in Honour of Sten Vikner Edited by Ken Ramshøj Christensen, Henrik Jørgensen & Johanna L. Wood 1 The Sign of the V Papers in Honour of Sten Vikner 2 3 The Sign of the V Papers in Honour of Sten Vikner Edited by Ken Ramshøj Christensen, Henrik Jørgensen & Johanna L. Wood Department of English School of Communication & Culture Aarhus University 2019 4 The Sign of the V – Papers in Honour of Sten Vikner Edited by Ken Ramshøj Christensen Henrik Jørgensen Johanna L. Wood © The authors & Aarhus University, 2019 Cover: Ken Ramshøj Christensen & Kirsten Lyshøj Lay-out: Kirsten Lyshøj Printed at AU-TRYK Aarhus University ISBN (print): 978-87-91134-05-0 ISBN (e-book): 978-87-7507-461-7 DOI: 10.7146/aul.348 5 Contents Foreword 9 Merete Anderssen, Artemis Alexiadou & Terje Lohndal Til en ung en kjekk en kar: Indefnite determiner spreading in Scandinavian and beyond 13 Torben Arboe The infuence of Scots, especially of Robert Burns, on Danish poets and authors 41 Merete Birkelund Litotes – an ironic or polyphonic fgure of speech? 63 Ocke-Schwen Bohn Language in the genes: Where’s the evidence? 77 Ken Ramshøj Christensen & Anne Mette Nyvad No escape from the island: On extraction from complement wh-clauses in English 95 Tanya Karoli Christensen Indirect threats as an illegal speech act 113 Guglielmo Cinque The different merge positions of the different types of relative clauses 131 Katrine Rosendal Ehlers, Sidsel Holm Rasmussen & Helle Kaalund Tornbo Om brugen af i og på før udvalgte komplementer 149 6 Susana S. Fernández & Hanne
    [Show full text]