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Polityka Papieska W XX Wieku Fundacja im. Karlheinza Deschnera przedstawia... Karlheinz Deschner Polityka papieska w XX wieku tom 2 9 Rozdzia 5 Pius XII (1939-1958) „Pappartiens tout entier au Saint-Siege" (Nale%& cay do Stolicy Apostolskiej). Eugenio Pacelli 19171 „Wszystko to musiao przecie% mie+ jaki, sens!" Pius XII wkrótce po zakoczeniu II Wojny wiatowej do Josefa Mullera (zwanego „Ochsensepp")2 „...przecie% jego polityka chwilami wygl/daa tak, jakby Stany Zjednoczone coraz bardziej przejmoway funkcj& ,redniowiecznego cesarstwa, jakby uwa%a USA za ,wieckie rami& Ko,cioa, podczas gdy papie% odgrywa rol& kurata polowego aliantów." Peter Nichols3 „Pius XII by przeciw «pokojowi za wszelk/ cen&»; skrajny pacyfizm uwa%a nie tylko za niedorzeczny, ale i nios/cy ogólne zagro%enie... Tote% Pius XII nawet broni ABC nie pot&pia jako takich i bezwarunkowo, jakkolwiek domaga si& ich powszechnej redukcji. W obronie koniecznej te% uwa%a je za moralnie dozwolone." Robert Leiber, S.J.4 „Zadanie byo ci&%kie, ale Pius XII ,wietnie si& z nim upora. W tych czasach brutalnej przemocy, nienawi,ci i mordu Ko,ció tylko zyska na szacunku, zaufaniu i mo%liwo,ciach dziaania." Robert Leiber, S.J.5 „Za jego pontyfikatu jeszcze bardziej wzrós autorytet moralny papiestwa w ,wiecie niekatolickim i niechrze,cija@skim." Lexikon fur Theologie und Kirche, 19636 10 „Wyrobi sobie przyzwyczajenie, które pod koniec jego %ycia stao si& niemal obsesj/, aby w miar& mo%no,ci pozyskiwa+ swe audytorium i wywiera+ na nie wpyw w ten sposób, %e przejawia gruntown/ wiedz& w tej wa,nie specjalno,ci, któr/ zajmowao si& to akurat audytorium. Tak np. je%eli przyjmowa grup& dentystów, musia im opowiedzie+ co, o najnowszych metodach borowania z&bów; je%eli wita nafciarzy, mówi o innych znów metodach borowania i o technikach bada@ sejsmograficznych, grawimetrycznych i magnetycznych. Je,li mia do czynienia z rzeDnikami, to poprzedniej nocy studiowa w gminnej rzeDni najnowocze,niejsze metody u,miercania zwierz/t..." Corrado Pallenberg7 Eugenio Pacelli, nie b&d/cy arystokrat/ z urodzenia, ale b&d/cy nim z gestów, z zachowania, pochodzi z rodziny, której czonkowie byli od pokole@ Romani di Roma, Rzymianami z Rzymu, zwi/zanej od dawna z Rzymem i jeszcze du%ej z Watykanem, szczególnie z jego finansami. Pradziadek papie%a, Marcantonio Pacelli, urodzony 1804 w Orano w prowincji Viterbo, dosta si& dzi&ki swemu wujowi, kardynaowi Caterini, do zarz/du watyka@skiego8. Najpierw by szefem resortu finansów za Grzegorza XVI, tego „Ojca Mwi&tego", który szczu swoj/ tajn/ policj& i soldatesk& na Wochów, brutalnie tumi wszelkie przejawy liberalne i pot&pia wolno,+ sumienia jako „ob&d" (deliramentum) (tom I, str. 21). W roku 1848 pradziadek Eugenia Pacellego uciek z Piusem IX przed rewolucj/ do Gaety, po powrocie za,, mianowany czonkiem Trybunau Dziesi&ciu, oczyszcza Rzym z rewolucjonistów9. W roku 1851 zosta papieskim podsekretarzem stanu do spraw wewn&trznych, w 1861 zao%y watyka@sk/ gazet& Osservatore Romano10. Mia dwóch synów, którymi byli Ernesto i ojciec Piusa XII Filippo Pacelli, prokurator, adwokat Mwi&tej Roty i radca miejski Rzymu11. Jego %ona Virginia Graziosi daa mu dwie córki, Giusepp& i Elisabett&, oraz dwóch synów, którymi byli Francesco, ojciec synnych i osawionych bratanków papieskich, Carla, Marcantonia i Giulia Pacellich (str. 215 i nast.) oraz Eugenia, podobno ubóstwianego przez pobo%n/ matk&12. 11 Introit Przyszy papie%, urodzony 2 marca 1876 jako typowy potomek pomniejszych „czarnych patrycjuszów" i z pocz/tku ksztacony prywatnie, zanim poszed do publicznego gimnazjum, zosta w 1899 roku wy,wi&cony na ksi&dza przez viceregente (zast&pc&) rzymskiego wikariusza kardynalskiego. Popierany przez kardynaa Vincenzo Vannutellego (p. Indeks do t. I), bliskiego przyjaciela jego ojca, po uko@czeniu studiów prawniczych w 1904 r. wst/pi jako minutant i tajny szambelan papieski do Kongregacji dla Specjalnych Spraw Ko,cielnych, z której sekretarzem Pietro Gasparrim przygotowywa te% kodyfikacj& prawa kanonicznego. W roku 1911 Pacelli otrzyma godno,+ sotto-segretario (podsekretarza), w 1912 pro-segretao (zast&pcy sekretarza), w 1914 sekretarza Kongregacji, w 1917 nuncjusza w Monachium: wydarzenie zaliczane do najwa%niejszych dat w katolicyzmie niemieckim XX wieku13. Kiedy w sierpniu 1925 r. Pacelli wyje%d%a z Bawarii, wygosi mow& po%egnaln/; nie jest to bynajmniej arcydzieo literackie tych czasów, ale ,wietnie nadaje si& dla charakterystyki jego stylu i chyba te% jego samego. „Kiedy %egnam si& z Monachium, miastem wspaniaych dzie jego ducha artystycznego i %ywej wiary... pozdrawiam wzruszonym sercem cay lud bawarski, który sta si& dla mnie w minionych latach drug/ ojczyzn/. Drug/ ojczyzn/, której zieleniej/ce niwy i ciche lasy, której wyniose góry i b&kitne jeziora, której ko,cióki górskie i katedry, której pastwiska górskie i zamki jeszcze raz przepywaj/ mi przed oczyma, nim wezm& kij w&drowny, aby w innym miejscu peni+ swój urz/d. A razem z tym krajem pozdrawiam we wdzi&cznym po%egnaniu lud bawarski, ten lud, który musi polubi+ ka%dy, komu dane byo popatrze+ mu nie tylko w oczy, ale i w dusz&, ten lud o charakterze tak mocnym i niewzruszonym jak jego turnie górskie, o uczuciu tak g&bokim jak b&kitne wody jego jezior."14 („Ekscelencja" nie przeoczy bowiem, jak to kongenialnie uzupenia jego towarzyszka %ycia Pasqualina Lehnert, „mimo wszystko... równie% i wspaniao,ci natury. Cieszyy go przepyszne kwiaty, gadatliwy strumyczek, chy%a wiewiórka, przyjazne krowy, kolorowe motyle i nie przeoczy te% bynajmniej maych pastuszków, strzeg/cych trzód.. ,"15) Drogi %yciowe Piusa XI i Piusa XII, niemal%e rówie,ników, cz&sto si& krzy%oway. Obaj za czasów I Wojny Mwiatowej pracowali w Watykanie. Powracaj/c zim/ 1920/21 roku z Warszawy, 12 Ratti odwiedzi w Monachium swojego koleg& Pacellego16 i chyba ich jednakowa ocena sytuacji ,wiatowej odegraa nie najmniejsz/ rol& w fakcie, %e 7 lutego 1930 r. papie% wa,nie zasu%onemu nuncjuszowi powierzy urz/d sekretarza stanu. Pius XI by coraz bardziej przychylny swemu „veramente carissime e mai tanto caro come ora Cardinale Segretario die Stato" i poczyta sobie wreszcie za „najwi&ksz/ ask&" w %yciu, %e go ma u swojego boku. „Gdyby papie% dzi, umar, jutro pojawiby si& inny, bo Ko,ció trwa nadal. Gdyby jednak zmar kardyna Pacelli, byoby to du%o wi&kszym nieszcz&,ciem, bo taki jest tylko jeden."17 Tak oto Pius Jedenasty bez ustanku lansowa nast&puj/cego po nim Dwunastego; chcia go mie+ za nast&pc&, i ów nast/pi po nim „prawie jakby dziedziczny ksi/%&". „Wysyam go w podró%e — powiedzia kiedy,, czyni/c aluzj& do wyjazdów swego ulubie@ca do Ameryki Poudniowej i Pónocnej (1934 i 1936), do Francji (1935 i 1937) oraz do Budapesztu (1938), którym towarzyszyy gównie triumfalne honory i bankiety pa@stwowe — aby poznawa ,wiat i aby ,wiat jego poznawa... B&dzie z niego wyborny papie%."18 1 marca 1939 r. Pacelli przyst/pi do konklawe bez w/tpienia jako faworyt. Ale o,wiadczy skromnie (przypomnijmy sobie wcze,niejsze przypadki: t. I, str. 34 i nast. oraz 86 i nast.) tym, którzy ju% z góry mu gratulowali: „To zbytek %yczliwo,ci, ale prosz& wzi/+ pod uwag&, %e nigdy jeszcze sekretarz stanu nie zosta wybrany na papie%a"19, co tak samo nie byo prawd/, jak mnóstwo innych rzeczy, które Pacelli wygadywa. Spakowa te% walizki, kaza wyprz/tn/+ „cae mieszkanie" i zaatwi sobie bilety na urlop w Szwajcarii. „Czy Wasze paszporty s/ w porz/dku?... Mój jest ju% gotów."20 A potem sta si& tym, czego spodziewaa si& wi&kszo,+, ale naj%aroczniej chyba on sam; bodaj%e w najkrótszym konklawe od 1623 roku, jako pierwszy Rzymianin od 1721 i pierwszy sekretarz stanu od 1775 roku21. M&ka niepewno,ci zako@czya si& ju% po jednym dniu, 2 marca, w dzie@ urodzin Pacellego. W trzecim gosowaniu uzyska konieczn/ wi&kszo,+ dwóch trzecich; przybra imi& Pius XII, dewiz/ swego pontyfikatu uczyni: „Pokój to dzieo sprawiedliwo,ci" (Opus Justitiae Pax), jako herb wybra sobie go&bia z oliwn/ ga/zk/ pokoju i 10 marca mianowa sekretarzem stanu neapolita@czyka Luigi Maglione, wymuskanego, bywaego w ,wiecie i pal/cego jednego papierosa za drugim, który od 1918 do 1926 roku by nuncjuszem w Bernie, do 1935 nuncjuszem w Pary%u. (Mimo 13 %e zdarzya si& „causa", w której Pacelli odmówi beatyfikacji, gdy% delikwent „za du%o pali. Nie mog& go beatyfikowa+."22) Od ,mierci za, Maglionego 22 sierpnia 1944 r. Pius XII, co jest bezprzykadne w dziejach Ko,cioa, a% do ,mierci swej rz/dzi bez sekretarza stanu, opieraj/c si& tylko na kierownikach swej najpot&%niejszej wadzy, Tardinim i Montinim, póDniejszym Pawle VI23. 12 marca po uroczystej mszy papieskiej Pacelli zosta ukoronowany w katedrze ,w. Piotra — przy czym wydawao si&, „jakby ,ci/gn/ Boga na ziemi&" (Pas/ualina) — na balkonie nad gównym wej,ciem. Stao si& to z powodu „setek tysi&cy", dla których zabrako miejsca w katedrze. Aktu dokona kardyna Caccia Dominioni, wygaszaj/c znacz/ce zdanie: „Przyjmij t& ozdobion/ potrójn/ koron/ tiar& i wiedz, %e jeste, ojcem ksi/%/t i królów, rz/dc/ kr&gu ziemskiego..." (patrem principum et regum, rectorem orbis in terra)24: sowa, a% nadto wyraDnie odzwierciedlaj/ce roszczenia papiestwa do wadzy nad ,wiatem, jakie ju% na wst&pie spotkali,my u Leona XIII (t. I, str. 35 i nast.). Prasa ,wiatowa za, po wyborze i koronacji Eugenia znowu natychmiast uchwycia to, co istotne. Wychwalaa jego „wysok/, nieruchom/ lecz gibk/, wysmuk/ i szczup/ posta+, jego wytworne, blade i prze,wiecaj/ce oblicze i hieratyczne spojrzenie czarnych oczu, byszcz/cych jak diamenty zza okularów; promiennego w biaej sutannie i sztywnego pod tiar/ niczym pos/g z marmuru, z arystokratyczn/ doni/ i dDwi&cznym gosem"25. Lecz nie zapomniano te% o jego walorach moralnych: sia charakteru, nieust&pliwy, niezmordowany, czysto,+ obyczajów, pobo%no,+; ani o talentach duchowych: bystra inteligencja, niezwyka sprawno,+ pami&ci, rozlega uczono,+, znajomo,+ ,wiata, wysoce wyksztacony, wymowny26: wystarczy, znamy to wszystko z poprzednich wyniesie@ do godno,ci papieskiej (t.
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