Russia Or Soviet Union?

The former Foreign Affairs Minister of Denmark, Ole Bjorn Kraft, celebrated his 85th birthday December 17, 1978. ABN expresses its gratitude to this great anticommunist fighter, and extends its wishes for his continued active role in the cause for freedom of the subjugated nations in the Soviet Russian empire.

Verlagspostamt: Miinchen 2 January - February 1979 Vol. XXX. No. 1 CONTENTS: Josyf Cardinal Slipyj, Patriarch Defend the Church . 4 Major General John K. Singlaub, Ret., (USA) Peace Through Strength...... 7 Final Communique of the 12th Pre-Conference WACL Executive Board Meeting 12 The Stelson Report The Selling-out of a Trusted Friend & Ally . 15 Nadia Svitlychna Allowed to Emigrate . 18 Frank E. Sysyn Russia or Soviet Union?...... 21 Edward Mezvinsky “Spark Will Not Die” 24 Igor Sinyavin For Russia Without Colonies...... 27 2nd Kyiv Bulletin Reaches United States . 32 Lithuanian Prisoners of Conscience in USSR 34 Lew Shan-sky Why Is Ukraine Blacked Out in the US? . 37 Lev E. Dobriansky Cambodia, Ukraine and Moscow’s Policy of Hunger...... 43 Lew Shan-sky The Teaching of “Holocaust” ...... 44

Æ M M compomm Publishers: Press Bureau of the Antibol­ Annual subscription: shevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) 12 Dollars in USA, and the equivalent of 12 Zeppelinstr. 67, 8 Munich 80 Dollars in all other countries. Remittances Editorial Staff: Board of Editors. to Deutsche Bank, Munich, Filiale Deposi­ Editor-in-Chief: Mrs. Slava Stetsko, M. A. tenkasse, Neuhauser Str. 6, Account, No. Articles signed with name or pseudonym 30/261 35 (ABN) do not necessarily reflect the Editor’s o- pinion, but that of the author. Manuscripts Herausgeber: Presse-Büro des Antibolsche­ sent in unrequested cannot be returned in wistischen Blocks der Nationen (ABN), case of non-publication unless postage is Schriftleitung: Redaktionskollegium. enclosed. Verantw. Redakteur Frau Slava Stetzko. It is not our practice Zeppelinstraße 67/0, 8000 München 80, to pay for contributed materials Telefon: 48 25 32 Reproduction permitted but only Druck: eGmbH “Cicero”, München. with indication of source (ABN-Corr.). Zeppelinstraße 67, 8000 München 80 On the 35th Anniversary of ABN A STATEMENT OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE At the height of Ukraine’s war against nations subjugated by Nazi Germany, Nazi Germany and Communist Russia, and encouraging them to join forces with the on the initiative of the High Command of newly-established anti-imperialist front of the embattled Ukrainian Insurgent Army growing universal significance. It further (UPA), a conference of nations subjugated appealed to the western democracies to by the two totalitarian states was called in provide the nations subjugated by both order to establish the general guidelines for imperialistic states with all necessary assi­ a common struggle directed at the over­ stance and support, rather than give it throw of both empires. mostly to the Russian imperialists — for The conference took place on November only an alliance with the subjugated na­ 21-22, 1943, in the region of Zhytomyr, tions could lead to a victory over BOTH Ukraine. The representatives of the in­ imperialist aggressors, assure their over­ surgent armed forces of Ukraine, Georgia, throw and guarantee a just and lasting Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Turkestan (Uzbeks, peace through the establishment of national Tajiks, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Turkmen), independent states. Northern Caucasus, Armenia and other After 35 years, it is clear how realistic peoples, established a committe of subjuga­ and farsighted the main strategic policy of ted nations for the co-ordination of their the First Conference of the Subjugated national liberation struggle against Russian Nations of Eastern Europe and Russian and German imperialism, and for the re­ dominated parts of Asia was. The concept establishment of their independent states. of all-national revolutions of the subjugat­ The committee was headed by a leading ed peoples as the sole road to liberation, Ukrainian nationalist and revolutionary. is the only realistic solution, and also an Military units of the subjugated nations alternative to a nuclear holocaust. were formed within the framework of the The creation of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). They of Nations (ABN) was an event of histo­ fought on Ukrainian territory against the rical and universal importance. Its ideas, common enemy, although the strategic activities and proposed forms of action are reason for their formation was their the only means of liberation of the sub­ eventual transfer to their own home terri­ jugated nation, and of delivering the still tories. The strategy developed by all con­ free world from the communist Russian cerned called for a revolutionary armed onslaught. struggle by their respective national in­ Today, patriots in Ukraine constantly surgent armies in their own countries. The emphasize the importance of such a com­ political strategy and goals of the liber­ mon front in their appeals. They value a ation struggle were also agreed upon. As common front of the subjugated nations in a result, the anti-imperialist front of the their struggle for liberation incomparably revolutionary liberation forces began to more than that segement of the emigration unfold. which places its hopes on the intervention The committee of subjugated nations, of outside forces. In 35 years, ABN, with conscious of its historical duties and res­ its ideas and scope of activities, gained ponsibilities, issued an appeal to the other world-wide importance. The World Anti-

1 Communist League (WACL) — with a centuries of common historical fate; it is membership of 75 nations and 25 interna­ a community of mutual state, cultural and tional organizations — even included the economic interests.” And in the preamble basic ideas of ABN in its constitution: to the new constitution of the USSR the 1) the idea of struggle for the disinte­ “Soviet people” has been described as a gration of the Communist Russian empire; “society of socialistic community relation­ ships, in which, on the basis of drawing 2) a demand for the re-establishment of near of all classes and social strata, judicial state independence of the nations subju­ and actual equality and brotherhood of gated within the said empire; and all nations and peoples, a new historical 3) the WACL Charter guarantees the community came into being.” In view of national liberation organizations of the the above, a question must be raised — peoples subjugated within the USSR and who borrowed from whom: the CC USSR the “satellite” countries a permanent re­ from the NTS or vice-versa? The im­ presentation on the WACL Executive perialistic souls always find one another. Board. The position of ABN is clear and in­ All this testifies to the fact that the re­ variable. ABN is the champion of the volutionary representations abroad of the subjugated nations, whose ancient cultures subjugated nations duly fulfill their tasks. have enriched humanity and its world cul­ The European Freedom Council also includ­ ture — which, in turn, cannot exist with­ ed the principles of ABN in its charter. out the national geniuses. In the face of The subjugated nations have joined, parti­ ruthless Russification, ABN raises the issue cularly through ABN and WACL, the of cultural creativity and freedom, because, battle of ideas and concepts about solutions should nations die, culture shall also die, to the world crisis, laying in its foundation and the dehumanization of life shall set in. the national principle as opposed to the Should nations disappear, the heroic con­ imperial one, national statehood as opposed ception of life shall also disappear, and to empire-building, the supremacy of spirit­ with it, man as a spiritual being. ual values over materialism and the heroic ABN is not an emigre formation of na­ outlook on life over egoism. tional communities in exile, because these In the subjugated countries, the ABN are only a part of their respective spiritual concept — nation versus empire — is organisms-nations. ABN is a community of paramount in their struggle against the at­ nations with deeply rooted state and cul­ tempts of the Russian imperialists and tural traditions, which fearlessly defends their henchmen to create a so-called their national essence. “Soviet people” — a nationally and cul­ ABN continues the struggle behind the turally amorphous society. In reality, Iron Curtain. Common fate, a common however, their intention is to enlarge the goal and common interests consolidated Russian nation at the expense of all others, those nations into a single front. Numerous who must be either Russified or extermi­ joint actions in and outside the concen­ nated. Not only the bolsheviks consider tration camps repeatedly justify the idea Russia a super-nation, but also the NTS. of ABN, as the only realistic road to li­ According to the programme of the NTS beration. ABN is not only an international “The Russian nation is a unique pheno­ organizational structure, but above all, it menon in its formation — it is a closely- is a beacon, a concept and a strategy of a knit family of peoples and nations, self- common liberation front that alone will conscious and historically united over lead to the final goal: the liberation of the 2 nations subjugated by Russia and Com­ Russia and bolshevism, and shall never munism. forsake its liberation ideal: the national The merits of ABN are unique. Thirty- revolutions leading up to the overthrow of five years of struggle is a unique contem­ the current Russian empire and the re-es­ porary phenomenon among the various tablishment of the national independent international organizations of peoples states within the confines of their historical subjugated by Soviet Russia and bolshevism and ethnographic boundaries. in general. The reason for such longevity It is an undeniable fact that ABN, is that ABN has always relied on the in­ through its varied work, became the herent strength of its member-nations, has symbol and a coordinating factor in the never been either financially nor political­ revolutionary activities of the subjugated ly dependent on extraneous sources of nations at home. On the universal level, assistance. Financial independence is the ABN became a symbol and champion of sole guarantor for an independent libera­ the anti-Russian and anti-communist front tion policy. Even now, there is no interna­ struggling for the overthrow of the current tional organization of states that has had Russian empire and the reconquest of state a longer active existence than ABN. Those independence of the subjugated nations ac­ international organizations of captive na­ cording to the principle of “Freedom for tions which were assisted financially by Nations — Freedom for the Individual!” extraneous sources disappeared from the Thirty-five years on the forefront of political horizon when their donors did the struggle against the most barbaric not need them any longer for their poli­ power on earth! There is no other such tical aims. international formation in the freedom- ABN is a singular sovereign force in loving world! the world arena, which shall never be sub­ • ABN now begins a new phase in its dued by terrorism or led astray by any struggle with the unfaltering faith in the extraneous material pressures. ABN serves victory of the nation over the empire, in only and exclusively the liberation cause the victory of freedom and independence of the nations subjugated by Communist over oppression and totalitarianism! Defend the Church Patriarch’s Open Letter to Government Leaders in the Free World Your Excellency, May I be permitted to present to Your Excellency the difficult situation of our Ukrainian Catholic Church in the Soviet Union. On the 7th of October 1977, in Belgrade, during the Conference on European security and cooperation, Msgr. Achille Silvestrini, Under­ secretary of the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church and the representative of the Apostolic See pronounced the following declaration: “There are also some serious open wounds that we would like, with a hope that we cannot abandon, to see put right and healed. It is the case, for the Catholic Church, of certain communities of faithful of the Eastern rite which in the past, had a flourishing religious life rich in centuries- old traditions and which, in the new juridico-political post-war regimes have lost the civil right to exist. This is all the more painful because it concerns specifically a central point of religious freedom, which is to profess a faith ‘according to the dictates of one’s own conscience’.” (L’Os- servatore Romano, English edition, N. 45 (502), November 10, 1977, p. 4). It was the general opinion of the observers that the statement of the representative of the Holy See referred primarily to the Ukrainian Catholic Church. In it he stressed that: 1. The Ukrainian Catholic Church has an ancient history and until recently was flourishing. 2. Today in the Soviet Union it is outlawed and as such does not have the right even to exist. 3. Its state is that of an open wound, which must be healed. For eighteen years, between 1945 to 1963, I lived under and up to date “carry the marks on my body” of this regime. At the Third Papal Synod on October 23, 1971, before the bishops of the entire world, in the name of the Synod of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, I stated: “The Soviet government liquidated our entire episcopate in Ukraine. The pro­ fession of our Catholic faith is forbidden. Celebration of the Divine Liturgy or the administering of Holy Sacraments can be done only in secret. Tens of thousands of faithful, priests and bishops were arrested and deported to Siberia... For our faith and for our loyalty to the Apostolic See, we, Ukrainian Catholics, have suffered great losses — mountains of bodies and rivers of blood”. Despite the “Iron Curtain” which separated the Soviet Union from the rest of the world, Pope Pius XII received information about the fierce persecution of this largest Church of the Eastern Rite with 4.300.000 faithful, and on December 15, 1952, for the second time, issued an encyclical “Orientales Ecclesias”. “For the present, however, We sadly turn Our thoughts and affections to another people, truly dear to Us, namely, to the people of Ukraine...

4 In a special way We would recall the memory of those bishops of the Oriental Rite, who were among the first in the defence of their religion to endure hardship, affliction and outrage; who transported to the city of Kyiv. — We say Kyiv whence once shone forth throughout all those regions the light of Christian doctrine and whence Christian worship was propagated. Some of these have already met a glorious death, and so, as one may hope, from the abode of heavenly blessedness, which they enjoy, lovingly look down upon their sons and their companions in their unarmed struggle, and implore for them the all-powerful protection of God”. (AAS, vol. XLV, Nr. 1, p. 5—14). Today again there are protests against the persecution in the Soviet Union, which uplift in spirit those persecuted, and call out to the con­ science of the entire Catholic world — to pray, to do penance, to plead to God for comfort and strength for those presecuted. On the basis of personal experience and of later verified reports, at the Fourth Papal Synod (October 3, 1974), during the debate on evan­ gelisation in the world, I repeatedly declared before the Fathers of the Synod that our Church does not have the right to exist in the Soviet Union and consequently is not able to spread the Word of God. “A decent person is astounded — I said — when he learns that, today, a priest, who celebrates the Divine Liturgy in secret is sentenced to three or more years of forced labour in Siberia or in the Polar North; or, if someone sends petitions of faithful to the government asking for the right to celebrate the Divine Liturgy, he is locked up in a psychiatric ward, surely not for medical reasons, but to drive him insane. Faithful, priests, monks are terrorised by persecutions, inquisitions, searches, beatings. Most of them die after a few days. If such is the reality, what is the possibility of preaching the Gospel? Should not the Synod take a stand in this matter? There, the faith does not die. Doctors, artists and other educated persons take vows and heroically hold onto the faith and defend her”. A year ago, on March 6, 1977, a letter from Ukraine, from one of our faithful — Josyf Terelya — was sent to Pope Paul VI asking for help for himself and his family to emigrate from the Soviet Union, because for him, there is no other way out. Following are some excerpts from the letter describing the situation of our Greek-Catholic Church (the traditional title that the author uses): “Bitter times have come upon the Greek-Catholic Church in Ukraine. We, the faithful of the Church, are forced to christen, marry, confess and bury in secret. Our priests are in camps, psychiatric hospitals, physically destroyed... I live in a state where to be a Christian is a crime. Never before have the faithful of the Church of Christ been subjected to such persecution as today and as here. Ukrainian Catholics have been deprived of everything — normal family life, freedom of speech, celebration of the Liturgy of our Church — we are in catacombs! For the Word of God they 5 crucify the living spirit! Out of my 34 years of life, I spent 14 in jails, concentration camps and psychiatric hospitals...” Further on in the letter, he writes: “The end to the crimes in the godless world cannot be expected without a counteraction of all the Christian forces of the world... The only road for my family and me is the illegal crossing of the border. For the USSR, the Helsinki Agreement is pure fiction, under which the Stalinists have hidden themselves... My only hope is that the Holy Apostolic Catholic Church and Your Holiness will help us to leave this terrible state. We beg our Catholic brothers and sisters and all Christians of the world to stand up in our defence; to stand up in behalf of the tormented Greek-Catholic Ukrainian Church”. This plea, by a believing Greek-Catholic Ukrainian is made today on behalf of millions of faithful; on behalf of the persecuted, but still living Ukrainian Catholic Church. We, the Ukrainian hierarchy in the free world, together with our faithful are deeply distressed and sympathise with our brethren. We pray unceasingly to God for them. Remembering the words of St. Paul: “That each part be equally concerned for all the others. If one part is hurt, all parts are hurt with it.” (I Cor. 12, 25), we turn also to you. We call to you: present this injustice and persecution in your press, on radio and in television, stir the public opinion, and warn your faithful of atheistic communism, because on the basis of our 60 years of painful experience, we say to you that it is a very terrible evil. In anguish we also call on you: help us! Implore God and intervene before men on behalf of our persecuted Ukrainian Catholic Church. f Josyf Cardinal Slipyj Patriarch

TELEGRAM SENT TO FORMER FOREIGN AFFAIRS MINISTER OF DENMARK, OLE BJORN KRAFT ON THE OCCASION OF HIS 85th BIRTHDAY His Excellency Ole Bjorn Kraft Radmand Steins Alle 22 Copenhagen, Denmark On behalf of fighting Ukraine, ABN, and from us personally, on your 85-th birth­ day, sending most cordial wishes of good health. Many years of creative life to you, great statesman and leader of anticommunist fight for liberation of subjugated nations. Yaroslav Stestko, ABN President Last Prime Minister of Independent Ukraine 6 Major General John K. Singlaub, (Ret.), (USA) Peace Through Strength In my remarks today I will discuss three When the US has engaged in unilateral basic issues: first, the capabilities of US restraint — such as cancelling the B-l or Armed Forces to meet their worldwide delaying production of the neutron responsibilities; second, what can and must warhead — Administration spokesmen be done by the nation to improve the ca­ have taken to the public platform to pabilities of our Armed Forces; and, third, declare that such actions are essential to what we as individuals can do to help demonstrate to the Soviet Union and to bring about the changes that are necessary the rest of the worried world the good in the military and foreign policies of the intentions of the United States and our United States. genuine interest in peace. These spokesmen I would like to stress at the outset that have chanted the line from the anti-de­ I do not consider my position on national fense catechism that the cause of peace security to be unique. To the contrary, I am requires that we take risks. Coupled to this confident that my views are consistent line has been the argument that the com­ with the consensus of the senior officers mon objective of both the US and the. in the Armed Forces. Soviet Union is military equality or parity, I would like at this point to address the and that neither side seeks military su­ question of the capabilities of the Armed periority nor can either side possibly Forces to carry out their assigned missions convert superiority into a practical po­ and to meet the responsibilities they might litical advantage. face in the event of certain contingencies. The fact is that parity or equality was The basic fact which is only dimly ap­ reached at least five to eight years ago. preciated by the American public — But these spokesmen have generously ex­ because it has been partially hidden from plained the continuing Soviet-Russian mili­ them by the decision makers in this Ad­ tary buildup by a package of arguments, ministration and the three prior Ad­ the chief one being that the Soviet-Russians ministrations — is that the United States have to defend themselves against the threat has been engaged in gradual unilateral posed by the Red Chinese on their eastern disarmament for roughly fifteen years. This border. Until someone starts publishing the policy has been followed in the hope that “Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse- Soviet-Russian leaders would emulate our Tung” in a blue cover instead of a red one, course of action. The theoretical goal of I think we should operate on the principle this policy has been to establish rapport that both Soviet-Russian and Red Chinese with the Soviet Union and thereby to re­ weapons may some day be used against us. duce the threat of nuclear Armageddon. I have little faith that US diplomatic ef­ The American people, however, have never forts could ever be successful in converting been officially told that we are following the People’s Republic of China into a bona a policy of unilateral disarmament. Most fide ally, regardless of the nature of the assuredly, they have never had the policy Soviet-Russian challenge to the PRC. Be justified to them by any President or any that as it may, I always have an un­ spokesman for the President. Gradual or pleasant reaction when I hear American phased unilateral disarmament has been officials serving as apologists for Soviet- carried out behind a diplomatic disguise Russian behavior. labeled Detente. The result of our policy of gradual uni- 7 lateral disarmament is that we are now in Be that as it may, the USSR outnumbers a position of military inferiority. The us roughly two to one in military person­ degree or extent of that inferiority is nel on active duty. And that is not an subject to honest differences of opinion, inconsequential fact. but not the fact itself. If one looks at the I would like to add that if you want to charts in official Department of Defense know what kills morale in the military, it documents which show the relative num­ is for a President to announce a policy of bers of US and Soviet-Russian air, sea, “both bullets and butter,” to demand no and ground weapons and forces projected sacrifices of the civilian sector while order­ over the past ten years, one will see a ing men in uniform to go off to some series of “X ” diagrams. That is, the lines distant land and risk their necks, and at the roughly from a letter "X.” And the lines same time to deny to them the incentive representing US inventories go down while of victory. the lines representing Soviet-Russian in­ The only justification for war is the ventories go up. There is only one excep­ prospect that after victory there can be tion: Helicopters. At the rate of Soviet- devised a more favorable political status Russian expansion in that area the lines quo that will be more conducive to peace, will cross in a few years. justice, and the well being of the people. Now, I am aware that there are qua­ There can be no justification for asking litative factors as well as quantitative men to risk their lives for a cause which factors that must be considered in assessing does not warrant — indeed, demand the relative strengths of US and Soviet- victory. Russian military forces. But the qualitative One fine point deserves to be made on superiority we used to enjoy pretty well the readiness and ability of our Armed across the board in both conventional and Forces to meet a military challenge to US strategic weapons is largely a thing of the interests. When we enjoyed a monopoly in past. The fact is that the Soviet-Russians atomic weapons in 1948, we were able to have qualitative superiority in many of meet the Soviet-Russian challenge in Berlin their weapons systems. by a resort to the lowest level of military I am also fully aware that military power, namely, and unarmed airlift. Later personnel vary greatly in “quality.” Here, in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, our we are dealing with such factors as levels strategic superiority was sufficient to al­ of training, physical fitness, intellectual ca­ low us to meet that challenge by a resort pacity, morale, esprit de corps, and pa­ to a display of military power and read­ triotic motivation. I cannot speak for iness involving all three Services. But Soviet-Russian forces on all these scores. we did not have to fire a shot in anger. But I do feel that we can take considerab­ Today we do not have strategic superiori­ le pride in the quality of the US Fight­ ty. Indeed, we suffer from a degree of ing man — and what I believe should be strategic inferiority. The question that the US non-fighting woman. But the latter should immediately come to mind is; how is a subject I would prefer to address at would we meet a Soviet-Russian challenge some other time. I think we have good in the future from a position of military people in uniform, and I believe that they disadvantage? would rise to any challenge so long as I do not mean to suggest by my com­ that challenge was genuine and the leaders ments about our inferior military posture of the nation took the steps necessary to that I think the Soviet-Russians will soon harness the vast power of this country in order a nuclear attack against the US support of the war effort. mainland or launch a major assault by 8 Warsaw Pact forces against the NATO cess of accommodation with that political western front. We still have tremendous force which appears to them to be riding military power. And the Soviet-Russians the tide of the future. We would then find are realists. The risk for them associated ourselves alone, economically crippled, with a major confrontation would be very and in a nearly hopeless position to great indeed. But I remind you again that respond to a Soviet-Russian ultimatum. the Soviet-Russians have dared twice to In general, Americans do not like to confront us in the last thirty years when hear that kind of talk. They do not want we enjoyed a significant military ad­ to face up to unpleasant reality. And, vantage. We are engaging in self-deceit if therefore, politicians who tell them that we assume that the Soviet-Russians will military superiority cannot be translated never challenge us again or that they do into political advantage are welcomed, not fully appreciate the advantages their applauded and reelected. I’d like to suggest current superiority grants to them. that one of the symptoms of schizophrenia Recently Congressman John Breckin­ is unwillingness to face up to unpleasant ridge of Kentucky visited the Soviet Union reality. and later attended the SALT II talks in The bleak scenario I have just outlined Geneva. And he was told by a top Soviet- is not something that I believe to be inevit­ Russian official at Geneva that the USSR able. I foresee it only IF WE CONTINUE is militarily superior to the US, and the OUR PRESENT POLICY OF GRA­ US was going to have to get used to the DUAL UNILATERAL DISARMAMENT feeling of inferiority and of being threat­ UNDER THE GUISE OF DETENTE. ened, because the USSR intended to stay That policy could and should end today, superior. at the latest tomorrow. It is a sporting course for anyone to try Now, what can we as a Nation do? First to predict Soviet-Russian behavior. But I we must rectify the awesome fact that in tend to hold the view that the Soviet- the event of a nuclear war, the Soviet- Russians will choose in the next few years Russians would lose fewer people than they to continue to use military power, along did in World War II, while 110 million with their allies and surrogates, in the more United States citizens would perish. We remote “soft” spots of the world, where cannot allow this gross inequality of threat the people of this country will not sense to form the backdrop for all our dealings an immediate threat. These aggressions, with the USSR. The retreat of the West is such as the ones now being conducted in dramatically illustrated by this gross several places in Africa, are, I believe, imbalance. This imbalance has been justi­ merely a phase in the Soviet long-range fied by the quasi-military doctrine of plan. I see no reason for believing that the Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), the Soviet-Russians will not elect at some time most appropriate acronym even devised — and place of their choosing to confront us while the Soviet-Russians have pursued a again. Logically, that confrontation would war-winning strategy. We have deliberately be in a limited way and in the territory left our people and industry undefended of one of our least popular allies. The time while the Soviet-Russians have poured and place would be such that the risks to • billions into active and civil defenses. us, because of our relative military in­ In part, this dangerous imbalance is also feriority, will be so high that we would due to neglect of our strategic offensive not respond. capabilities. We must shake off the in­ If that takes place, our allies might very credible notion that we can deter Soviet- well abandon us and begin the rapid pro­ Russian aggression and blackmail bythreat­

9 ening to commit suicide. Only then can hysterical references to “cold war” and we see to our own vital strategic needs, “arms race.” defensive and offensive. Only thus can we The time has come for our national repair our badly weakened deterrent to policy makers to face up to the undeniable Soviet-Russian aggression. A high priority reality that the Soviet-Russians are not should go to reconstitution of our strategic interested in detente and cooperative rela­ defenses. tions with the United States. They are de­ With regard to our conventional forces dicated to a revolution, whose goal is the we must insure the quantity and quality elimination by whatever means necessary of men and equipment so that we can deter of the “capitalist nations” and the establish­ the growing threat to NATO and our Far ment of a world communist society. Their Eastern allies. This does not mean a massive leaders have said this over and over again. increase in numbers of forces, but it cer­ And they have never said anything to the tainly means that our superior technology contrary. If you will permit me to repeat must be brought to bear in terms of real a phrase I have used before — the men in hardware. Today we are moving in the the Kremlin are born-again Bolsheviks, opposite direction. Important advances in not born-again Baptists. weaponry, such as the “neutron Warhead” I believe that it is vital that our leaders are denied our fighting forces. rededicate themselves to the principles In naval matters, we must face the fact which have made this country great and that the US and its allies are dependent which earned for us the respect and ad­ on the free use of the sea lanes in peace miration of nations all around the globe. and war. We cannot permit the expansion For many complex reasons, we have as a of the Soviet-Russian naval capabilities to nation lost faith in our principles. We go unchallenged. Technically, our Navy seem no longer willing to maintain the faces a serious threat from anti-ship cruise strength to protect our free political and missiles and this problem requires a heavy economic system. We cannot counter the input from our R&D community. Further, force of communism unless we offer the naval power must be increased in terms of world something better. We’ve got it. All ships available — certainly not slashed, as we have to do is advocate it, sell it, work the President has recently ordered. for it — and, if necessary, be prepared to I don’t claim expertise on all weapon fight those who would replace our system systems and programs of all Services. with totalitarianism. Further, I do not believe that the answer Now, what can we do as individuals to our military decline is to be found in to bring about some of the changes that support of every program emanating from I have been recommending? The political the Pentagon. The prime requirement is profile of the US Congress must be changed for our national leadership to follow the if we are to change national policy. lead of the American people whose com­ But over and above that, I would like mon sense tells them that the surest road to recommend that you commit more of to peace is unchallengeable strength — and your personal resources to support those that history proves that weakness is the organizations that are working toward the road to war. Our superior economic and strengthening of our defense posture. One technical strength can provide the equip­ that I am working with is called: A Co­ ment and weapons we need, once the na­ alition for Peace through Strength. The tional will is harnessed. We must not be American Security Council Education deflected from our duty to our own na­ Foundation serves as its Secretariat. I have tion and to free people everywhere by joined its staff as Educational Field 10 Director. There are hundreds of such — encourage all peoples under communist worthwhile organizations. The Coalition rule to reassert their right of self-determina­ is made up of a rapidly growing number tion and national independence. That is of national organizations and concerned vastly different, I hasten to add, from an­ individuals. Some 55 national organizations nouncing a campaign for human rights, and are already aboard, and the list of na­ then using that campaign as a club to tionally prominent individuals (Lemnitzer, attack our friends for taking the measures Moorer, Stilwell, Wedemeyer) now iden­ they must resort to in order to defend tified with it has topped 200, which in­ themselves from terrorists and subversives. cludes former ambassadors, senior military The sad fact is that not one of these officers, college presidents, and distinguish­ principles is currently US policy. ed scholars. Over and above those, I am The reason I recommend the support of happy to report, over 175 members of the such organizations as the Coalition for Congress from both parties have already Peace through Strength is that we must affiliated with the Coalition. first win the fight over national policy The goals of this Coalition are here at home. We lost the Viet­ (you will recognize that I have been nam war in Washington, not in the rice discussing some of the points that they paddies of Southeast Asia. To win the fight stress) one — inspiring, focusing, and over national policy here at home, we projecting the national will and determina­ must have a more coordinated effort by tion to achieve this goal of peace with those individuals and organizations who freedom. Two — defend US citizens from realize that Peace cannot be attained Soviet-Russian missiles by a combination of without Strength. missile defense and civil defense systems, Let me close by saying that I am con­ at least as effective as the systems Soviet- vinced the policies I have discussed and Russians have to protect their citizens. those that have been spelled out by the Three — attain overall military technolo­ Coalition for Peace through Strength are gical superiority over the Soviet Union. the ones which the majority of Americans Four — sign no arms control agreement believe in and want to see energetically which is in conflict with the above or is pursued by this nation. Further, I believe not fully verifiable through on-site inspec­ that the national will, which seems to have tion. Five — rebuild our security and in­ been lost in recent years, would revive telligence capabilities. Six — use positive rapidly if we had national leaders who non-military means to roll back the growth advocated and worked for these policies of communism. The emphasis here is on the Since my somewhat premature retire­ word “positive”. Seven — help our allies ment from the United States Army, I have and non-communist countries defend them­ dedicated myself to the cause of seeing that selves against internal or external commu­ those policies become the policies of this nist takeover. That does not mean that we land. I am going to do everything I can should try to buy friends. It does mean to see that they are adopted. I hope that that we should abide by agreements with through this organization, or the Coalition our allies and meet our obligations to them. for Peace through Strength, or other similar It also means that we insist that they do organizations that you have faith in, you the same. In addition it means that we too will work toward the adoption of such should not turn our back on those non­ policies for the United States. communist countries who ask for our help Maj. Singlaub was the former chief of and are willing to make sacrificies of their staff of the United Nations Command own in the name of their freedom. Eight (UNC) in Korea. 11 Final Communique 12th Pre-Conference Executive Board Meeting World Anti-Communist League Honolulu, Hawaii November 28, 1978 The Executive Board of the World Anti- The Russian and Chinese Communists Communist League (WACL) met in Hono­ are both striving to defeat the United lulu, USA for two days on November 27- States and to communize the world. Any 28. Members of the Board from Asia, the free nation working to win Peiping (“Pe­ Middle East, Europe, Africa, Latin Ame­ king”) as an ally is mistaking enemy as rica, North America and organizations friend. Instead of attaining check and ba­ representing the captive nations in the lance vis-a-vis Moscow, such moves will Soviet Union and her satellite states and aid Peiping as an aggressor, impair the anti-Communis't youth made an exhaustive forces of freedom, break up the democratic study of the international situation, worked camp, stimulate Soviet Russian expansion, out important details in preparation for and escalate the danger of an all-out US- the 12th WACL Conference, and made Russian war. We therefore request the exhortations for the extensive pooling of United States to uphold her “peace with freedom forces with the objective of strength” principle and follow a global dealing ever more powerful blows against policy that promotes free world unity, Communist aggression and expansion. cooperation for the advancement of com­ Confused and complicated as world mon interest and the preservation of mu­ developments have been, three major fea­ tual security. tures are to be noted. One is that because 2. The security of the Asian-Pacific of the multilateral expansion and war pre­ region must be safeguarded. paration by the Communists, free nations have stood up for the preservation of peace Faced with Russian and Chinese Com­ and security. Another feature is the grow­ munist advances in the Asian-Pacific ing common effort of those who are for region, the free nations concerned should freedom, because they are aware that the strengthen their unity to counteract grow­ Communists, through united front opera­ ing Red activities. We hope that the United tions, are trying to divide free nations, States will augment the common defense generate strife, cause confusion and attain capability of the Republic of Korea, the by devious methods their goals. The third Republic of China, Japan and other free is the vigorous rise of those behind the nations of Southeast Asia and Oceania. It Iron Curtain who are determined to win is urged that the withdrawal of US ground freedom and national independence from forces in Korea be halted until the threat the unsteady Communist regimes. of invasion of North Korea is definitely Taking stock of the above mentioned removed; To be mentioned is the recent situation, the WACL Executive Board has discovery of a new, and third infiltration adopted for the League’s 12th Conference tunnel reaching across the DMZ. the theme “United We Shall Prevail, Free­ 3. An equitable peace in the Middle dom Is Not Negotiable”, and issued the East must be secured through joint en­ following calls: deavor. 1. Free nations must be warned against It is hoped that the Middle East will be the mistaken strategy of entering into successful in resolving its current problems alliance with one Communist bloc to op­ and in securing the area against all forms pose another. of Communist infiltration. 12 4. Communist advances for hegemony licy, to allow refugees from Communist over Africa must be decisively checked. China who desire to migrate to the Re­ We urge all the African nations to public of China, or to any other country guard against the Russian and Chinese that agrees to accept them, to pass through Communist forces for hegemony on the the Hong Kong territories without molesta­ continent, to condemn Moscow for its in­ tions. Moscow must be condemned for its vasion by proxy using troops from Cuba, trampling of national and human rights. to recognize all the Red tricks to in­ Active support must be given to the filtrate and subvert African states under staunch anti-Communist struggle in Indo- the guise of economic and military as­ China and active assistance must be given sistance, and to intensify cultural and to the fights for liberation, national in­ technological exchange with the free na­ dependence and freedom continued by the tions elsewhere, for their development and Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Lithuanians, prosperity. Georgians, Rumanians, Bulgarians, Croa- 5. The Latin American fight against tians and other captive peoples under Communist forces must be strongly sup­ Soviet Russian imperialist subjugation ported. inside the Soviet Union and its satellite Free nations should see how Communist states. We call upon the entire free world elements are taking indirect measures for to actively promote national and human expansion in Latin America, and assist the rights deep behind the Iron Curtain and heroic fight waged by the people there give political, material and moral support against Communist and leftist forces. The to the anti-Communist endeavors of all the Cuban effort to overthrow the tyrannical captive nations. Castro regime must be strongly supported. To expand the world wide anti-Com­ The Executive Board unanimously decided munist movement, the WACL Executive to express its support to the government Board has decided to hold the 12th WACL in Nicaragua in her fight against interna­ Conference in Asuncion, capital of the tional Communism trying to destroy her Republic of Paraguay, on April 23-28, and to support her resistance against all 1979, in order to work for an ultimate form of foreign intervention. victory over Communism. 6. Developments of Peiping’s internal power struggle must be closely watched. The power struggle between Hua Kuo- ABN Members also Participated feng and Teng Hsiao-ping continues. There The meeting took place in the Ala is a rising angry tide among the people of Moana Hotel. Present were the members the Chinese mainland who audibly demand of the Presidium and Honorary Chairman, fundamental human rights and social Dr. Ku Cheng-kang (National China); Dr. justice. We call for the free world’s en­ Roger Pearson, WACL Chairman (USA); couragement to the anti-Communist re­ Secretary-General, Dr. Woo Jae-Seung volutionary struggle of the Chinese people (Korea) and the representatives of the re­ for freedom and human rights. gions and of the nations that previously 7. Human rights must be actively pro­ hosted the WACL Conferences. The De­ moted behind the Iron Curtain as well as legates participing were: Mr. L. Landing in the free world everywhere. (Austria), Col. Georges A. Rombouts Communists in Korea, Vietnam, Cam­ (Belgium), Dr. Carlo Barbieri Filho (Bra­ bodia, Laos and other countries should be zil), Dr. Yao Chi-ching, Gen. Tan Ying, strongly .condemned. The government of Prof. Wu Ping-Chung, Prof. Hsu Fu-teh Hong Kong is requested to change its po­ (National China), Mr. Don Martin (Great 13 Britain), Dr. Osami Kuboki (Japan), Gen. Juan Manuel Frutos, Mr. J. M. Frutos, Honkon Lee, Prof. Song Moon Soo (Ko­ Lie. Carlos Podesta. rea), Dr. Nathan C. Ross, Hon. Beauford The guest speaker was H. E. Minister, A. Mensah (Liberia), Prof. Raimundo Orlando Montenegro from Nicaragua. Dr. Guerrero, Prof. Deustua Ramirez Arturo, Woo Jae-Seung gave a report of the activi­ Miss Maryann Olivares (Mexico), Gen. ties of the Secretary-General and pre­ Alejo S. Santos, Mrs. Juantia G. Santos, sented the budget for 1979. The regional Col. Ernesto P. Golez (Philippines), Prof. representatives gave short, informative A. Larson (Sweden), Gen. Praphan Kula- speeches on the situation in the countries pichitr, Mr. Pramote Kulapichitr, Mr. Vi- of their regions and on their activities. wat Visanuvinol (Thailand). Mrs. Slava Stetsko gave the information The Executive Board member of the on the ABN activities. Mrs. Stetsko also subjugated nations is ABN President, Dr. participated on the Committee preparing Yaroslav Stetsko. Mrs. Slava Stetsko (ABN), the Final Communique. Dr. Han Lih-wu (APACL), Dr. Rafael The meeting dedicated much attention Rodriguez Lopez, Miss Rosa Maria Co­ to the preparation of the next WACL rona (CAL), Dr. Ahmed Salah Jamjoom, Conference. The representative from Para­ Mrs. A. S. Jamjoom, Dr. Fethi Tevetoglu guay gave detailed plans for this event, (MESC), Mr. Javier Aguilar, Mr. Janad from which it was clear to see that the Abassi (WYACL) also attended. The de­ Paraguayan Government is giving full legation from Paraguay consisted of: Dr. support to the WACL Conference. AMERICAN DAILY RECALLS STALIN KILLED 7 MILLION UKRAINIANS The Sunday, October 22, 1978 issue of shadows of famine fell upon Ukrainian The News World carried a lengthy report villages. The diet of the Ukrainian on the commemoration, by Ukrainians in people soon was reduced to potatoes, beets New York and elsewhere, of the man­ and pumpkins. Hungry people began made famide in Ukraine. The article, traveling in ever-increasing groups to written by staff writer Harry Stathos, neighboring areas, especially Russia pro­ reads as follows: per. The City’s Ukrainians will hold services In the spring of 1932, people began to at noon at St. George Ukrainian Catholic die by the thousands. When the time of Church to commemorate the 45th anniver­ spring sowing and planting came around, sary of the famine which took the lives the peasants hid seeds in their pockets to of 7 to 10 million Ukrainians. take home to their hungry children. Joseph Stalin decided in 1929 to trans­ Others, famished beyond self-control, form the Soviet Union into an “industrial chewed the seeds. When the little grain state” in the shortest possible time. He that was planted ripened, starving people started by collectivizing agriculture through ate the heads of the wheat. harsh, coercive means. Stalin and the Politburo were well This enforced collectivization provoked aware of the situation in Ukraine. Some resistance from Ukrainians as well as the of the Communist leaders warned Stalin of people of the Don and Kuban areas. A li­ the impending catastrophe in Ukraine. teral struggle to the death followed. The They told him that “the form of collec­ Soviet regime decided to break the resis­ tivization which is now being implement­ tance of the Ukrainian peasantry through ed may be considered to be a military force — confiscation of their food. feudal form of exploitation of the pea­ As early as the fall of 1931, the first sants”. 14 The Stelson Report The Selling-out of a Trusted Friend & Ally President Carter’s announcement on Chiang. History tells us that from that day December 15, 1978 that the United States on, Chiang Kai-shek’s forces were doomed. is recognizing communist China and They were driven to the sea and escaped abrogating a 30 year defense treaty with to set up the government in Taiwan. our “true” friends on Taiwan comes as no It is a matter of documented fact that surprise to those who have followed the this country abandoned a friend and ally “sellout” of Free China during and follow­ and left millions of freedom-loving Chinese ing World War Two. to the mercies of the ruthless communists The United States, through liberal and in China in the 1940’s. So, President communist sympathizers within its’ State Carter’s announcement December 15th Department, assured the communist take­ that we are breaking our defense treaty over of China by the “bloodthirsty” Mao with Free China on Taiwan and resuming Tse-tung, in 1949 by withdrawing US aid diplomatic relations with the communists to strong anti-communist Generalissimo on Mainland China, comes as no great Chiang Kai-shek. That this occurred is surprise to this reporter. It is the FINAL documented in the “little” publicized in­ chapter in a sordid scenario orchestrated vestigation by the US Senate’s Committee by ultra-liberal, communist sympathizers, on the Judiciary... called the AMERASIA and fellow-travelers in the 1930’s and PAPERS: A CLUE TO THE CATA­ 1940’s that saw us hand over China to STROPHE OF CHINA. Godless communism as preached by Mao The report covers more than 17 hundred Tse-tung. pages and catalogues the internal struggle The final break with Chiang Kai-shek between communist Mao Tse-tung and came after years of friendship and was Chiang and the struggle for supremacy in accepted by the American public because China during the 1930’s and ’40s. The two of the “brainwashing” it had undergone volumes outline how so-called experts who by the so-called “China experts”. These were sent to China to assess the situation were the people who knowingly and un­ painted glowing and false reports about knowingly lied about Mao and his so-cal­ Mao and his gang. This same group, led led “agrarian reformers”. In short, they by one, Dr. Owen Lattimore, and others had sold the people in this country a was instrumental in turning the leaders and “bill of goods”. the people of this country against Chiang It was a steady line of anti-nationalist and his Koumingtang. The American public propaganda which began trickling into the was told that Mao and his communist cut­ American mainstream as early as 1937 and throats were simply “Agrarian Reformers”. 1938 with the publication of such tracts The withholding of American aid to as Edgar Snow’s “Red Star over China”. Chiang came at a very sensitive time. In 1945, by the end of World War Two, Chiang had Mao and his communists on the the floodgates had been opened: such “ropes” and was ready to deliver the final treatises as: “China’s Crisis” by Lawrence blow of destruction. But, our State Depart­ Rosinger; “Report from Red China” by ment, infested as it was with communist Harrison Forman, and Owen Lattimore’s sympathizers and “fellow travelers” recom­ “Solution in Asia” helped shape American mended the cut-off of American aid to opinion against the Nationalist govern- 15 ment. There were others and they carried when asked a question about current US the same message which was so familiar by foreign policy. “What do I know about the time the communists took over the that? I’ve been out of circulation ever since Asian mainland that the book review I lost China.” He later admitted to a news­ pages of America’s major newspapers and man... “My mistake in 1944 was in saying magazines seldom noticed a pro-Nationalist that the Chinese Communists were demo­ title. Few, in fact, had been published. cratic. I confused the popularity of the From the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese Communists with democracy. In the war war and Chiang’s downfall in 1949, more with the Japanese, the Chinese Communists than 20 books from leading American were a popular regime. They had a demo­ publishers had furthered the cause of Com­ cratic facadel As in many revolutions, the munism in China. Less than ten pro- leadership betrayed the people.” Chiang books had appeared. Since the first Phase of our sell-out of One of the prime, architects of the Free China, Chiang and his son, developed abandoning of Free China to the com­ on Taiwan a “model” government compos­ munists, according to the “AMERASIA ed of hardworking, free people. This was PAPERS” was John Paton Davies, Jr., contrasted with the totalitarian conditions born in China of protestant missionary on Mainland China where Mao and his parents. Knowingly or unknowingly, it bloodthirsty comrades systematically an­ was Davies who recommended that all aid nihilated, by conservative figures, more be denied nationalist leader Chiang Kai- than 60-million innocent Chinese... and, shek, unless Chiang ceased his relentless the purges continued until Mao’s dying annihilation of Mao Tse-tung and his com­ day. munists. Davies did, however, recommend It is well to note also that Free China that Chiang should be upheld while still has always been a “thorn in the side” of fighting the Japanese invaders. the communist dictators on Mainland China. It is another point of history that It has been expertly said that if Free China Chiang’s forces “bled themselves white” ever invaded communist China, the people defending Mainland China while Mao and would welcome the Free Chinese with his communist bandits sought refuge in the “open arms.” northern provinces along the “GREAT So, as I said in the very beginning, Pre­ WALL” and lent nothing but “lip service” sident Carter’s betrayal of our friends on to the fight... hoping that Chiang would Taiwan comes as no surprise. He is simply be too weak after World War Two to writing the final chapter in one of the withstand the re-built communist forces. most shameful episodes in American Well, it happened and the United States History. government permitted it to occur. But, the last shot has not been fired in Davies had said... “If we openly declare this “hot debate”. Free China has many ourselves for the Communists, the Chiang friends in this country and especially in government will promptly be reduced to Congress. So, the battle just may be start­ the position of a local regime... and, we ing. shall have aligned ourselves behind the For years this country had been known most coherent, progressive, and powerful to keep its word. Indeed, a lot of our forces in China.” daily transactions are done on the strength Living in South America years later, of our word. It is our bond. Apparently John Paton Davies answered whimisically that means nothing to the “communist 16 NARWACL AND us chapter of w acl reassert suppo rt FOR REPUBLIC OF CHINA During the past few weeks, lovers of Such an eventuality would at once threaten freedom have been dismayed by the de­ the freedom of the Philippines and the loss cision of the United States Administration of Japan, and might well force our western (without approval of Congress) to re­ frontier back to the coasts of California, cognize the dictatorial government of Red Oregon, and Washington... China, to terminate diplomatic relations "There are some who for varying with our ally, the free Republic of China, reasons would appease Red China. They and to terminate the mutual defense agree­ are blind to history’s clear lesson. For ment between the Republic of China and history teaches with unmistakable emphasis the USA in response to the demands of that appeasement but begets new and Red China. bloodier war. It points to no single instance The Council on American Affairs has where the end has justified that means — strongly protested this move, and has also where appeasement has led to more than a .cabled its support to the Republic of China sham peace. Like blackmail, it lays the WACL Chapter. However, I would like basis for new and successively greater de­ to take this opportunity of quoting to you mands, until, as in blackmail, violence the warning of General Douglas MacArthur, becomes the only other alternative.” given in a personal address to a joint (Congressional Record, April 19, 1951, meeting of the US Senate and the US pages 4123-25.) House of Representatives on April 15, 1951: On behalf of NARWACL and the US “The Communist threat is a global one. Chapter of the World Anti-Communist Its successful advance in one sector threat­ League, I wish members' of WACL to ens the destruction of every other sector. know that both organizations reassert their You cannot appease or otherwise surrender support for the Republic of China in its to communism in Asia without simultan­ continued resolve to fight Communism, eously undermining our efforts to halt its and to state that both organizations will advance in Europe. [Applause.]... continue to stand shoulder to shoulder with “I have strongly recommended in the the Republic of China Chapter of WACL, past as a matter of military urgency that in our undiminished resolve to resist further under no circumstances must Formosa fall Communist expansion in the future. Our under Communist control. [Applause.] ultimate objective is to free mankind from the illogical and fallacious system of thought known as “communist ideology,” accomodators” in Washington. We do not which while successfully beguiling so many argue that there is a need to recognize innocent minds, is not only repulsive to communist China, but why do we always more clear-minded thinkers but is also have to give something up in return... totally unworkable and can lead only to something so cherished as NOT GOING tyranny and dictatorship. BACK ON OUR WORD... a treaty in this instance. January 2, 1979 We can only hope and pray that Se­ Roger Pearson nator Barry Goldwater and other clear- Chairman, US thinking congressmen can turn this thing Chapter of WACL around... only time will tell. Chairman, NARWACL 17 Nadia Svitlychna Allowed to Emigrate Arrives in New York via Rome On October 12, 1978 Nadia Svitlychna, police in Donetsk about her brother, but sister of the Ukrainian literary critic, Ivan she refused, however, to sign the transcript Svitlychny, arrived in Rome from Mos­ which was falsified. On November 15, cow. She herself is an oustanding Ukrain­ 1967, she attended the trial of Vyacheslav ian woman, fighter for national and human Chornovil in Lviv. rights, who spent four years in Soviet In late 1967, or early 1968, along with concentration camps on charges of “anti- Ivan Svitlychny, Ivan Dzyuba and Lina Soviet agitation and propaganda”. Kostenko, Nadia signed an appeal to the Ms. Svitlychna,' 42, arrived in Rome First Secretary of the Communist Party of with two sons, Yarema, 9 years old, and the Ukrainian SSR, Petro Shelest, protest­ Ivan, (now nine months old, Ed.). She ing the procedural violations and the dis­ spent the first few days in one of Rome’s crepancy between the verdict and the evi­ hotels, but later was moved to the Ukrai­ dence at the Chornovil trial. Copies of the nian hostel of Sts. Serhiy and Bacchus appeal were also sent to V. F. Nikitchen- which functions under the auspices of His ko, O. T. Honchar, V. I. Kasiyan, D. S. Eminence Josyf Cardinal-Patriarch Slipyj. Korotchenko, A. Zlenko, S. V. Stefanyk and M. Kikh. Background and Activities Before June, 1968, she was dismissed Nadia Svitlychna was born on No­ from her job at a Kyiv radio station, per­ vember 8, 1936 in the Donbas, Eastern haps for signing the letter to Shelest or for Ukraine into a Ukrainian peasant family. disobeying an official order by attending She was a member of the Comsomol or­ a rally on May 22, 1968, at the Shev­ ganization and later attended Kyiv Uni­ chenko Monument in Kyiv on the anni­ versity. versary of the transfer of Taras Shevchen­ After the arrest of her brother Ivan, in ko’s body to Ukraine a century ago. Also, 1965, Nadia took actions in his defense. throughout 1968, Nadia visited political Sometime between March 12 and April 30, prisoners held captive in the Mordovian 1966, she wrote a letter to the legal aid ASSR. office of the Shevchenko district in Kyiv During the same year she married Da- and to the Procurator of the Ukrainian nylo Shumuk, who had been released from SSR, Fedir Kyrylovych: she refused the prison in 1967 but was rearrested in 1972. services of one, V. Pavlyuk, as attorney Several months after their marriage, how­ for her jailed brother because of Pav- ever, they separated. They had a son, lyuk’s connection with the Procurator. Yarema. Then, on April 1, 1966, she sent a te­ On March 28, 1969, her place of work legram to the Presidium of the XXIIIrd at a library was searched: a part of A. Congress of the CPSU in Moscow: she de­ Avtorkhanov’s book, The Technology of fended her brother and asked why the Power, was found and confiscated. Later, members of the Congress were silent on she was dismissed from her post as librarian the matter of his arrest. “I nervously and for signing documents protesting the cur­ impatiently awaited the Congress to ex­ tailment of freedom. plain the events in Ukraine, but my hopes On November 28, 1970, Nadia’s close are dying,” she wrote. friend, Alla Horska, was murdered in Va- Also in 1966 she was interrogated by sylkiv. Because of her friend’s lengthy and 18 unexplained absence, Nadia goaded the two sons at Kennedy Airport literally into reluctant police into searching the house the arms of some 100 emotional Ukrainian where Aha was found. Americans. At the time of the January 1972 arrests, Svitlychna is the first woman Ukrainian Nadia was ordered to report daily to the political prisoner to be allowed to emigrate KGB. Finally, in April 1972 she herself to the West. She arrived in New York was arrested, tried and sentenced to four aboard an Alitalia flight from Rome, Italy, years imprisonment. After her release, she where she had been since emigrating from lived some time in Tarus near Moscow and the Soviet Union. then moved to Kyiv, where she married Fighting back tears, Svitlychna told the Pavlo Stokotylny; they have a son, Ivan. crowd greeting her that through her, they Her husband for the time being, lives in are greeting a “part of Ukraine.” “I want Kyiv. to believe that you are not greeting me, Arrival in United States but through me a part of Ukraine and Nadia Svitlychna began a new life of those who have suffered more and continue freedom on her birthday, Wednesday, No­ to suffer until this very day,” she said. vember 8, 1978, when she arrived with her The former Ukrainian political prisoner

Aliitalia

Nadia Svitlychna, Ivan and Yarema, upon arrival at Kennedy Airport 19 said that it was “symbolic and significant” Svitlychna said that she spoke by te­ that she arrived in the United States with lephone with her brother Ivan Svitlychny, her sons, Yarema and Ivan, to begin a who is serving his exile sentence in Altai. new life on her birthday. She said that he is physically weak, but A modest woman of 42, Svitlychna des­ spiritually "as always, strong”. Svitlychna cribed the sorrow that she felt when she said that she has not abandoned hope of was forced to leave her homeland. “Those seeing her brother in the West, but- added of you who had to leave the native land that “no one is allowed to emigrate while understand what I am saying, moreover, I in exile, especially Ukrainians”. left not of my own free will,” she said at As she entered the pressroom after the press conference arranged by the clearing customs, Svitlychna was official­ Ukrainian Congress Committee of America ly welcomed to the United States by Mrs. in the International Arrivals Building. Slava Rubel, UCCA Vice-President for Svitlychna expressed her gratitude to the Youth Affairs. She was also greeted by Ukrainian community in the free world Gen. Petro Hryhorenko, who extended to for their “strong efforts” on behalf of all her felicitations on behalf of the Kyiv Ukrainian political prisoners. She said that group, of which he is a member and its the list of political prisoner who want to Western spokesman. emigrate is “endless”. The few that she mentioned included: Stefania Shabatura, Also fighting back tears, Gen. Hry­ with whom she was incarcerated; Vitaliy horenko said that he never met Svitlychna Kalynychenko and Ivan Kandyba, mem­ in the Soviet Union. "When Nadia was bers of the Ukrainian Helsinki monitoring free, I was in prison, and when I was re­ group; and Yosyp Terelya, who she said, leased, she was imprisoned,” said Gen. was incarcerated in a psychiatric asylum Hryhorenko. “Since we are here, we will for seeking emigration. continue to work for our native land.”

The Soviet Union is becoming a regular as those who refuse to be satisfied with the purchaser of meat products from New formal answer “your complaint will be Zealand and Australia. During 1977 the considered”, those who come to demand meat purchases in Australia and New exit permits from the USSR or to reject Zealand have been increased further. New their Soviet citizenship, are all sent to Zealand expects to sell 70,000 tons of meat room No. 10. In this room there is a second to the Soviet Union (1967: 50,000 tons, door through which such “uncomfortable” 1970: only 12,000 tons). The Government of and “violent” plaintiffs are taken out to Australia is preparing a transaction to sell special closed vans waiting in the yard, 130,000 tons of meat in exchange for and are transferred to reception rooms of petroleum, whereby the Australian meat mental hospitals. supplies to countries of the Soviet Bloc According to witnesses, from 10 to 12 are to be doubled. persons are transferred daily in this manner from the reception room of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to In the reception room of the Presidium psychprisons. of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in Mos­ Research Centre for Prisons cow, there is a special room, called “room Psychprisons and Forced-Labor No. 10”. Very persistent plaintiffs, as well Concentration Camps of the USSR 20 Frank E. Sysyn Russia or Soviet Union? A QUESTION OF TERMINOLOGY For two generations the United States of “countries” but regions of Russia. Even America and the Union of Soviet Socia­ the National Geographic Society, which list Republics have faced each other as valiantly struggles against Americans’ superpowers. Along with the increasing widespread ignorance of the world beyond importance of the Soviet Union in world their borders has recently issued a book affairs, we might expect an increase in entitled, “Journey Through the Russias”. knowledge and understanding of the The most surprising aspect of the peoples of the Soviet Union among the problem is that Americans cling to the American public and particularly among concept of the Soviet Union as Russia, American educators. Only an informed while Soviets, including Russians, insist citizenry and political leadership will be that their state is a federation of “equal” capable of making decisions on policies national republics. Despite the fact that toward the Soviet Union. Yet, one is often the republics have little autonomy and the struck by Americans’ lack of knowledge regime follows a policy of Russification, of basic facts about geography, history, the Soviet leadership carefully adheres to political structure, and culture of the a terminology which reflects the multi­ peoples of the Soviet Union. Nowhere is national nature of the federation of sixteen this more apparent than in the widespread union republics. (Ed. note: The equality of assumption that all Soviet citizens are Rus­ the 16 republics is of course a fiction. The sians and that the Soviet Union is Russia. press and leadership of the republics are Examples of this popular use of the constantly bowing to the benevolent and term “Russia” as a synonym for the So­ “older” Russian brother. Even the hymn of viet Union are to be met constantly on the Ukrainian SSR contains a reference to television, radio, in popular publications, the “great Russian people”.) in the press, and even in university lec­ tures. Although many people are aware Why then does the American education that the Soviet Union contains numerous system, press, and public, stubbornly con­ nationalities other than Russians, the short­ tinue to view all Soviet citizens as Rus­ hand use of “Russia” continues to confuse sians and the country as Russia? Partially even well-educated Americans. It often the problem is one of historical termino­ leads to absurd situations. American sports- logy. The Russian empire of the nineteenth casters look dumb-founded when after century included most of the areas now in congratulating a Soviet athlete for his vic­ the Soviet Union — therefore the USSR tory as a Russian Olympic Champion, the is viewed merely as a transformed Russia. athlete hostilely asserts that he is a Geor­ Since the Tsarist state was created from a gian. American delegations proclaim their Russian core and espoused a Russian na­ love to Russia and Russian culture to their tionalist ideology, Americans overlooked hosts in Vilnius, only to find their hosts the existence of non-Russians. With little respond with hurt Lithuanian pride. historical perspective, Americans view Teachers inform their Armenian-American Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Baltic and Ukrainian-American students that area and Ukraine as always naturally they cannot select Armenia and Ukraine having been a part of Russia. They forget for their school projects, since they are not that most of these areas were annexed to 21 the Russian state only in the eighteenth cans would have about the Azerbaijani or century. For example, to the Armenians, Moldavian-Rumanian culture. Even the whose ancient kingdom accepted Christia­ dramatic and acrobatic Georgian and nity in 301 and who spent centuries under Ukrainian dance groups are labeled Rus­ Turkish and Persian rule, their connec­ sian by impressarios who wish to capitalize tion with Russia is merely one episode in on the popularity of all things Russian. a long and complicated history. For that The result of labeling the people as dif­ matter, Western Ukrainians were never ferent as the Western-oriented Finnic- part of the Russian Empire, and were only speaking, Protestant Estonians, the Turkic­ incorporated into the Soviet Union in speaking, Muslim Uzbeks, and the Ro­ 1939—44. Yet the wide-spread view that mance-language-speaking Moldavian-Ru- “Russia” in the borders of the present-day manians as “Russians” has impoverished Soviet Union is a nation-state, and not an Americans’ appreciation of the cultures imperial conglomerate similar to Austria- and histories of the non-Russian peoples Hungary, remains dominant even among and has rendered Americans incapable of American foreign policy circles. understanding social and political develop­ Strong biases against “fragmentation” ments in the USSR. Since the last Soviet exist among Americans, who derive their census indicated that by now the Russians attitudes about the Soviet Union from the are a minority in the Soviet Union, Ame­ experience of the United States. Instead of ricans are out of touch with the majority sympathizing with groups in the Soviet of thé population of the other superpower. Republics who seek to transform the The danger of ignorance about other parts Lithuanian SSR or Georgian SSR into of the world which occured in Indo-China independent nation states, they consider may be repeated again for the Soviet them as comparable to the American Union. With demographic trends increasing states. They believe that just as the ethnic the percentage of non-Russians, the balance groups of the United States have adopted of power may shift in the USSR or Rus­ English and merged into one American sian attempts to retain dominance may lead people, so the “ethnic” groups of the USSR to an explosive situation. As the Turkic­ should adopt Russian. The excesses of speaking population of the USSR increases twentieth-century nationalism deafen them dramatically, how many foreign policy to the cries of Latvians and Byelorussians advisors understand Uzbek political and that they, like the Poles, Bulgarians, and cultural traditions and how many Ameri­ Dutch, should have their own independent can academics study Kirghiz? As with the states. reaction to Sputnik, the US may be caught Finally, the enchantment of many unaware because of lack of knowledge Americans with the great Russian litera­ about events in the USSR. ture and music of the nineteenth and Non-recognition of the non-Russians in twentieth centuries makes the American the USSR also blinds Americans to the wonder what strange forces possesses the human and national rights issues in the Estonian to reject this world-renowned USSR. No one would maintain that the culture and identity. The success of Rus­ life or freedom of a Russian dissident in sian cultural and educational figures in Moscow is worth more than that of a academic and cultural communities pro­ Ukrainian dissident in Kyiv or a Lithua­ vide an influence often unsympathetic to nian Catholic in Vilnius. Yet lack of non-Russian demands. The exotic myth of understanding of Ukrainian or Lithuanian powerful Holy Russia and the Russian affairs results in the Western press down­ soul overshadows any interest that Ameri- playing these “provincial” movements and 22 allows the Soviet Russian regime a much careful campaign to create a new at­ greater opportunity for repression. mosphere of understanding. Educators American insensitivity to national dif­ should emphasize the cultural and national ferences in the USSR also offends the diversity of the Soviet Union in their dignity of a substantial number of Ameri­ geography and history lessons. Audio­ cans of Armenian, Byelorussian, Estonian, visual materials should be pioneered to Latvian, Lithuanian, Rumanian-Moldavian, impress on the pupils the heterogeneity in and Ukrainian descent. Many editors of art, architecture, religion, and social pat­ reference works have dismissed the indig­ terns of the nations of the Soviet Union. nant and emotional letters of Lithuanian- Local ethnic groups should be utilized as Americans or Ukrainian-Americans as the resources on Ukrainian icons, Armenian ravings of a nationalist lunatic fringe. Lack architecture, Lithuanian literature, and of articulateness allows editors and edu­ Jewish religious traditions. All too often cators to continue referring to “Kyiv, ethnic communities are reduced to the Russia” or “Russian dancers from Vilnius” level 6f quaint suppliers of ethnic food without admitting that the hysterical let­ and folk dancing alone. ters that they receive lodge justifiable Editors, reporters and television person­ complaints. With over three million Ameri­ nel should receive careful instructions from cans descending from the non-Russian na­ their employers explaining the need for tionalities (over six million if Jews are exactness when describing the Soviet included), the problem takes on considerab­ Union. Rather than just writing angry le personal importance for the psycholo­ letters, the ethnic groups should conduct gical well-being of numerous American an organized program of supplying in­ citizens. How much tension has been formation and resources about their nation. created for Armenian-American school The process will be a long one, since bad children in Watertown, Massachusetts, for habits are difficult to uproot. Only by Lithuanian-American workers in Chicago, tolerance and understanding can both sides and for Ukrainian housewives in Pittsburg resolve the problem without confrontations. by the insensitivity of educators, reporters Frank E. Sysyn is an Assistant Profes­ and editors. sor of History at Harvard University’s The situation can be improved by a Ukrainian Research Institute. GAJAUSKAS JOINS LITHUANIAN HELSINKI MONITORING GROUP Balys Gajauskas, a Lithuanian political sinki group takes joy and pride in his prisoner, has joined the Lithuanian Public decision,” wrote Venclova. Group to Promote the Implementation of In making the announcement about the Helsinki Accords, one of five such Gajauskas, Venclova also mentioned that groups in the Soviet Union, reported the many Helsinki watchers in the USSR have Elta Information Service of the Supreme already been arrested. Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania. Quoting Tomas Venclova, a member of Among them he listed Yuri Orlov and the Lithuanian group and its western re­ Aleksandr Ginsburg of the Moscow presentative, Elta said that Gajauskas group, and Oleksa Tykhy and Lev joined the group and would participate in Lukyanenko of the Ukrainian group. its activity. Venclova said that they have “declared “With sincere congratulations to this that they are determined to continue the heroic individual, I wish to express my work of the Helsinki groups in prison, as certainty that the entire Lithuanian Hel- well.” 23 “Spark Will Not Die” Below is the text of the statement de­ Carter set the tone for a policy based livered by Edward Mezvinsky, United firmly on these values. “Because we are States representative to the United Nations free,” he said, “we can never be indifferent Human Rights Commission, at the World to the fate of freedom elsewhere.” Congress of Free Ukrainians banquet, on We, who are involved in the defense of November 25, 1978. human rights, must also remember the de­ It is a pleasure to be with you this fenders of human rights. We will not, and evening. Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Latvians, cannot, forget the men and women who Estonians, Byelorussians and all peoples risk imprisonment because they believe in of the Soviet Union have the right to feel protecting their culture, language and the proud of their national heritage. human rights of their fellow citizens. And you — representing organizations We will not, and cannot, forget such from many countries — have preserved individuals as Mykola Rudenko, Lev Luk­ your national values — all the while yanenko, Myroslav Marynovych, Valentyn holding high the torch of liberty and free­ Moroz, Viktoras Petkus, Svyatoslav Kara- dom in the endless struggle for human vansky, who suffer because they chose to rights. secure their rights and the rights of others. Tonight, I come to join with you in the Let the world know tonight that those fight for the realization of the rights of people who live in their homelands in the people everywhere in the world in accord­ Soviet Union are not forgotten. ance with the Universal Declaration of It is important for all peoples to protect Human Rights. In that Declaration, we their languages, cultures and national find written: identity. It is a violation of human rights “All human beings are born free and for a state to stifle the progress of a equal in dignity and rights. They are people’s language. It is against the solemn endowed with reason and conscience and principles of the United Nations for a na­ should act towards one another in a spirit tion’s heritage and history to be lost by of brotherhood.” design or even by neglect on the part of We must work to insure that those a government. ideals so expressed do not become simply The United States does not seek to hollow and empty promises. Rather, we moralize. We seek to assure the principles must strive for their fulfillment and ad­ of reunion of families, freedom of religion herence by every nation. and belief, and realization of individual This administration, the Congress and search for identity and personal fulfillment. the American people are all of one voice Our duty is to those people who cry out in this universal humanitarian quest, and for our help. let there be no mistake about the unity With this administration pledged to and steadfastness of the United States to make human rights one of the major pillars these fundamental principles — our com­ of its foreign policy, the prominence of mitment is real. the Helsinki Accords has come to the fore­ Our government, while far from perfect front. Indeed, few documents are quoted in its commitment to the protection of or referred to more often today than the human rights, will not remain silent when Helsinki Final Act. the rights of other peoples are violated. The formation of Helsinki monitoring In his inaugural address, President groups in Moscow, in Ukraine, and else- 24 where, including the United States, is an Helsinki Accords, including where neces­ important step towards insuring that the sary to point out instances of non-imple­ rights of people in every country are mentation, should be universally respected. guaranteed. The United States commends We deeply regret that the Soviet Union the formation of these groups and their has not viewed implementation of the work to see that their governments fully Helsinki Accords in the same manner. implement the pledges they make. We ap­ The aspirations and hopes of millions of plaud the courageous individuals who are people are contained in the Universal exercising their rights. Declaration of Human Rights in the Hel­ The right of organizations or persons sinki Accords. to assist their governments in the task of That spark will not die. insuring the full implementation of the Our voices will not be silenced.

Decolonialization Rally in New York The culminating point of the four-day only to be returned to Soviet officials. Mr. World Congress of Free Ukrainians, held Kudirka was among four non-Ukrainian in New York City, was a demonstration in speakers to address the rally at East 67th protest of repression in Ukraine and de­ Street. Others included Dr. Vitaut Kipel manding the decolonialization of the of the Byelorussian community, Janis Soviet Union, on Sunday, November 26, Riekstins, Latvian and Paul Saar, Estonian. 1978, near the Soviet Mission to the United From the time the first marchers began Nations. trickling into 67th Street, some 30 minutes Despite frigid temperatures, participants elapsed before the final rows arrived at the numbering over 6,000 including Ukrai­ cite of the rally, located about 500 feet nians from the US, Canada, Europe, South from the doors of the Soviet Mission. The America and Australia, youth organiza­ street was cordoned off at its Lexington tions, and representatives of the Byelorus­ Avenue side by four rows of police bar­ sian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian ricades and an unusually large number of communities marched in a parade column, policemen, together with mounted detach­ which at one point stretched for at least ments. 10 city blocks. Leonid Plyushch, another former poli­ Four former political prisoners in the tical prisoner, speaking from atop a mo­ Soviet Union were on hand to personally bile sound unit, warned against the policy substantiate the protesters’ accusations of of appeasement, giving as an example Hit­ gross human, national and religious rights ler’s trickery. He said that those “who violations behind the Iron Curtain per­ wanted to trap the West with the Helsinki petrated by the Kremlin. Accords, merely trapped themselves”. “We came to this building of murder­ Plyushch declared his belief that the So­ ers to begin a new era in the fight for viet empire will vanish, just as other em­ freedom for the captive nations of Mos­ pires have vanished. cow and for the destruction of the Com- Nadia Svitlychna urged the crowd to muno-Muscovite empire,” said Simas Ku- join together not only for one demonstra­ dirka, a Lithuanian and former Soviet po­ tion but for a continuous struggle. She said litical prisoner who unsuccessfully attempt­ then “will the strongest concentration ed to jump ship in US territorial waters camp in the world be destroyed.” 25 “A smart person once said that there will took down the barricade and charged be no more wars, only a struggle for peace, into a group of youths who had remained, and not one stone will be left unturned,” singing the Ukrainian national anthem and she said alluding to the human rights symbolically holding their arms crossed movement in the Soviet Union. over their heads. Three persons were ar­ After the official conclusion of the rally, rested and one policeman slightly injured. and after most of the participants had All three who had been arrested had to departed peacefully, without warning a be taken to a hospital for emergency treat­ phalanx of New York City police officers ment of injuries received during the scuffle.

Photograph of only a small number of those participating in the New York City rally. Many posters were carried during the march, including such, calling for “Freedom from Russian Oppression” and “Release for all Political Prisoners in the USSR”. 26 Igor Sinyavin For Russia Without Colonies In announcing the creation of the or­ other questions are unclear to us or that ganization “For Russia Without Colonies”, we do not possess an integrated systemic we wish to draw to the attention of the concept. Nor is it because our present-day general public that this announcement forum makes it obligatory on us. Nor takes place before various national or­ because our entire group’s specialty is the ganizations that have assumed the posi­ nationalities’ problem in the Soviet Union. tions of an anti-Communist and anti-im­ Nor is it because we are narrow, fanatical perialist struggle. nationalists. We see a fundamental difference between We proceed from the nationalities’ our organization and all the other Russian problem because the Russian social con­ political and social organizations in exile. sciousness has only presently come to All of them, even those claiming to speak understand the most important truth: the on behalf of the entire population of the strategy of the struggle against communism Soviet Union, carry on their activities in lies through the anti-imperialist struggle. isolation from the non-Russian national Let us take an overall look at the organizations of emigres from former Rus­ struggle against the totalitarian Marxist sia and present-day Soviet Union. regime within the Russian nation. It is no secret to anyone what the reason Immediately after the Bolshevist putsch for this mutual alienation has been. All in Petrograd, the struggle against this re­ Russian organizations, both those that gime began. Old Russia fought the new have existed in the past and vanished, form of the Empire that was being or­ those that continue their activities today, ganized on new ideological and social as well as those that announcements about foundations. However noble the struggle have appeared only very recently in the of the White Movement might have been press — all of them, under whatever lofty it was destined to failure, even if the lead­ and universal ideas and flags they might ers of the movement had not committed not appear — all of them refuse to re­ tactical mistakes. cognize the fact of the existence of the The White Movement, the White Army Soviet, formerly Russian, empire, and set as their task the preservation of the having recognized that fact, to proclaim unity of the Empire. It started to go to among their fundamental principles the pieces. The tsarist system, with its ob­ necessity of liberation of the Russian solete ideology and corrupt ossified ad­ people from their colonial burden and the ministrative apparatus, could not save its right of each nation without exception to offspring. The iceberg started to roll over, set its own national sovereign State. and it showed itself to have been an im­ Why is it then that, in starting our work possible task to try to halt its collapse in on the construction of a new Russian mid-roll. Therefore, despite all the libe­ organization, we set out from the national­ ralism of the White Idea, the entire White ities’ problem? Why do we not pay pri­ Movement was permeated by a feeling of mary attention to other aspects of our fu­ tragic doom. The new, predatory regime ture activities and to other principles by of the Bolsheviks preserved and renovated which our organization will be guided? the Empire. For it, this regime correspond­ I can assure you that this is not because ed better to its essence. 27 After the new power strengthened itself, no consistent implementation of the Soviet the opposition went underground. While Constitutions and behests of the Commu­ among the non-Russian nations, the op­ nist founding leaders will save it from evil position invariably appeared and continues because the Soviet system and evil are to come forward under the slogan of na­ identical. And the Russian nation, having tional independence, among the Russians gone through untold sufferings, having living under the Bolshevist heel, the op­ suffered countless losses, has begun to position acted according to its own logic understand in its mass, the entire depth of which until very recently did not make it the diabolic lie of the so-called Com­ possible to place the nationalities’ problem munism. And at the same time it began to in to the focus of attention. The Russian realize that the task of liberation from the opposition has gone through several stages: Communist pestilence, like a cancer tumor “Left Communism”, “True Marxists”, creeping all over the globe, has not a re­ “Revisionists”, and others, and finally an gional, but a worldwide character. openly constitutional-democratic move­ What is then the strategy of the struggle ment. And all these groups and movements to be followed? Where is the force by re­ have not and do not raise the question of lying on which it would be possible to cope an uncompromising defeat of totalitarian with the Goliath? Marxism. They all attack only some of its Independent Russian, and not only Rus­ manifestations. sian, social consciousness finds an answer There has existed and there exists an to this clear and unambiguous question: it opposition, however, that is an exception is necessary to merge two genuine opposi­ to this series. This has been the spiritual- tions to the regime: the spiritual-religious religious opposition in all its various ma­ one and the national-anti-imperialist one. nifestations. Beginning with the under­ In the persons of some of its repre­ ground Orthodox Church, different Chris­ sentatives, the Russian nation has come tian and other religious sects, and ending close to the realization of the necessity of with the religiosity-serching intelligentsia, giving up the colonial burden the necessity all these spiritual heros refused and con­ of turning its energy not to the outside but tinue to refuse to recognize and cooperate within in order to create a genuinely na­ with the theomachist regime. However, tional culture, to save the Russian people they never tried to form an organization from degeneracy, to obtain a possibility for for real social and political struggle against constructive activity. the power that is not from God. Their Russians are beginning to realize that the resistance was implemented only on the struggle of nations for their national in­ personal level. dependence is that decisive force which However, after the constitutional move­ will free mankind not only from im­ ment gave an integrated critical picture of perialism but also from its newest ideology the present-day Soviet reality and, at the — totalitarian Marxism — because na­ same time, by all their activities and their tional freedom and independence is as in­ existence showed the illusory character of compatible with any from of messianic their main precepts, a new stage arrived. world totalitarianism as is human freedom It became clear that however one might with slavery. The striving of nations to­ criticise that system, however one might wards freedom and acquisition of its own try to improve it, it would not be possible face is a factor whose force has to be me­ to save it from the evil inherent in it from asured in terms of centuries and millennia. the very beginning due to its very essence. This factor which is by several orders No renewals, no evolution of the regime, stronger than the factor of the class 28 Boycott the Olympics! The movement to boycott the 1980 The resolution, introduced by Laddie Olympiad in Moscow in protest against Lucas, chairman of the council’s finance Soviet violations of human rights has committee, cites “the Soviet Union’s made relatively little progress in the flagrant, brutal, and continuing disregard United States, but it’s gaining widespread of human rights, of the principles of the support in Britain. Helsinki agreement, and of the spirit of In the United States, President Carter, the Olympic ideal.” who has made the pursuit of human rights There is one reasonable argument, and an integral part of his foreign policy, re­ one alone, for participating in the Moscow- cently ducked the issue. Asked whether Olympiad. And this is that withdrawing or not he approved of the boycott move­ from the games would be a sore blow to ment, he merely replied that he would hundreds of young American men and let the US Olympic Committee decide women, who for years have dreamed of whether this nation should participate in competing in them, and who have trained the games. for them day and night. The USOC, for its part, bristles when the suggestion to boycott the games is Miller’s contention that it would mean made. This, says F. Don Miller, executive politicizing the games is utter nonsense. director of the USOC, would be “infusing The Soviet are politicizing them already. politics into the Olympic movement.” As Mrs. Anatoly Scharansky, wife of Contrast this with the attitude in Britain. the jailed Soviet dissident, recently pointed There, Foreign Minister David Owen out, they are laying plans to make the has said: “The Soviet Union should not be games a gigantic propaganda extra­ taking it for granted that the 1980 Olym­ vaganza, just as Hitler did when the pics will take place in Moscow.” Noting Olympiad was held in Berlin in 1936. that sentiment against holding the games Boycotting the Moscow Olympiad would there is growing in Britain, he added: “The thwart the Soviet plans. And it would be Soviet Union will have to recognize that the most dramatic way the United States we (meaning the British government) are and the Free World generally could ex­ sensitive to what people think in this press their disapproval of communist ty­ country.” ranny. The British Sports Council is considering If the president means what he says a resolution asking the government to ap­ about human rights, he should at least proach all NATO and Common Market echo Owen’s warning to the Soviets. governments for a concerted boycott of The Arizona Republic, the games if they are held in Moscow. September 21, 1978 struggle is being hypocritically utilized in Colonies”. We consider our cooperation its own interests by Communism. with other national organizations as the Therefore, we who are spokesmen of foremost necessary condition in building a that part of the free Russian social con­ future, national, free Russia which will sciousness unenslaved by the Communists, come into existence alongside other sover­ that has come to realize the inevitability and uniqueness of this path of liberation eign national States out of the Soviet Em­ of our Motherland, announce the creation pire that has already outlived its life. of the organization, “For Russia Without New York, 1978. 29 KGB Killers On the Loose Again! This past fall, 21 and 19 years of his London home. Simeonov also worked elapsed since the assassination in Munich for BBC and was also a defector from of Dr. Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera, Bulgaria. Police are still investigating the respectively. After their sudden and mys­ cause of death. terious demise, reputable medical spe­ Another Bulgarian political emigre, cialists who diagnosed their deaths report­ Paris-based newspaperman, Vladimir Ros­ ed that these two oustanding Ukrainian tov, had a pellet removed from his back leaders had died of heart attacks. identical to the one found in Markov, It was only in the fall of 1961, that although Rostov lived to tell about it. an obscure KGB agent, Bohdan Stashyn- All signs point to either the KGB or its sky, defected with his German-born wife Bulgarian puppet police as the instigators to West Berlin and confessed to commit­ and perpetrators of these politically-in­ ting both hideous crimes. It took some spired murders. time for West German and US security The Soviet-Russian KGB’s use of as­ to verify his fantastic story and put trust sassination is well-documented in the in his confession. Eventually, Bohdan Sta- books, KGB, by John Barron, and Murder shynsky was tried by the German Supreme to Order, by Karl Anders. The latter book Court in Karlsruhe and sentenced to 8 deals specifically with the assassination of years. He was released after serving his Dr. Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera, Pre­ full term and disappeared, with his where­ sidium Chairman of the Organization of abouts being kept secret. Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). Author But now a Stashynsky-like KGB killer Anders writes: “The reason why the Soviet- is operating in London, where at least two Russian government had decided upon the victims were murdered under mysterious murder of Stepan Bandera was because he circumstances. The victims were not shady was a leader of a world-embracing re­ characters connected with organized crime sistance movement against the Russian — they were intelligent, even brilliant Communist occupation of Ukraine. Ban­ members of the media who had defected dera was the symbol of the struggle for a from Communist-ruled Bulgaria and were free and independent Ukraine, a non- active by speaking out against Communist Russian nation of 42 million people, with oppression over the British radio network. their own traditions, culture, language and First, Georgi Markov died of a mys­ civilization...” terious ailment on September 11, 1978 He further says that the Soviet-Rus­ after saying he had been stabbed with a sian secret service which carried out the poison-tipped umbrella. Doctors found a murder of Bandera in 1959 and that of tiny metal pellet, smaller than a pinhead Rebet in 1957, had also carried out the in his thigh. The pellet, made of rare me­ murder of Symon Petlura in 1926 in Paris tals, was drilled with two microscopic and Evhen Konovalets in Rotterdam in holes which contained some sophisticated 1938, and also planned the murder of untraceable poison that is still uniden­ Yaroslaw Stetsko, last Prime Minister of tified. Markov worked for “Radio Free Free Ukraine and ABN President. Europe” and the BBC’s foreign broadcast If the USSR and its satellites can go service. into any free country and murder A few days after Markov’s death, Vla­ whomever they please, using the most dimir Simeonov, a friend of Markov, was sophisticated methods that modern science found dead at the bottom of the stairs can devise, then who is safe? 30 Dr. Fransisco Buitrago Martinez

A Posthumous Homage to a Great Anti-Communist Fighter The violent death of Dr. Francisco Buitrago Martinez at the hands of the bloodthirsty communists of the Sandinist Front for Internationalist Libertinism (sic) was the dignified end of a Nicaraguan anticommunist fighter. A representative in Nicaragua of the Latinamerican Anticommunist Confedera­ tion (CAL) and of the World Anti-Com­ munist League (WACL), Dr. Buitrago distinguished himself for his great know­ ledge and understanding of communist agression inside and out of his country, and for his unfaltering valor proven in the circumstances of his death. He was on the Executive Committee of the WACL for the past three years and he participated brilliantly in five of the afore­ mentioned League’s conferences and in two CAL conferences. He participated outstandingly when the latter League was founded in Mexico. Dr. Buitrago was a great friend of the peoples of the subjugated countries. He sup­ ported the demand for the liberation of the subjugated nations in the USSR and in the satellite states at all international conferences in which he participated. May this great anticommunist fighter from Nicaragua rest in peace in the Lord.

ARMENIAN DISSIDENT SENTENCED A court in Soviet Armenia has convicted Nazaryan could have faced a maximum dissident leader Robert Nazaryan on sentence of seven years imprisonment and charges of anti-Soviet agitation and propa­ five years in exile under the law. The ganda and sentenced him to five years in prosecutor has asked for six years prison a forced labor camp and two years of and two years of exile. internal exile. Part of the indictment accused the Ar­ According to other members of the Ar­ menian human rights leader of passing menian Helsinki monitor group which Na­ material to “bourgeois” Western journalists zaryan headed, the court handed down its for purposes hostile to the USSR — with verdict and sentence on Saturday, De­ the evidence being presented including the cember 2, 1978. business cards of several Western reporters. 31 Second Kyiv Bulletin Reaches United States The second Informational Bulletin of 13 years ago) that I realized what the date the Ukrainian Public Group to Promote of May 22 meant, I have celebrated this the Implementation of the Helsinki Ac­ day. The culminating point of this solemn cords has just made its way to the West. occasion was the placing of flowers at The 74-page issue contains the follow­ the pedestal of the monument to Taras ing articles, informational materials or Shevchenko in Kyiv. But, for some time appeals: Introduction, “Freedom for Levko now, the celebration of this holiday has Lukyanenko”, “Inquiry into the Case of been accompanied — in subtle terms — by Lukyanenko”, “Trial of Myroslav Mary- the most varied tricks on those who ob­ novych and Mykola Matusevych”, “Trial serve this day. For example, for me, May of Petro Vins”, “Politically Motivated 22 is tied to my dismissal from post­ Convictions — in Political Camps and graduate studies in 1972, firing from my Special Hospitals”, “In Exile”, “Status of job in school No. 109 in Kyiv in 1973 and Former Political Prisoners”, “Ideologically the dissemination of rumors of all sorts by Motivated Persecution”, “Death of the Ar­ officials among the inhabitants of the vil­ tist Rostyslav Paletsky”, "About Heli Sne- lage where I was born and where my hiriov”. family resided. In connection with the In addition, the issue contains appeals celebration of May 22, I earned the con­ of the following Ukrainian human rights stant attention of the militia, the KGB and activists: Levko Lukyanenko, Vyacheslav the like. For example, before May 22 of Chornovil, Ihor Kalynets, Oksana Meshko, 1977, the officials of the regional depart­ Valeriy Marchenko, D. Demydov, Stefania ment of education summoned my wife, Shabatura, Nina Strokata, Vasyl Stus, who works in a school, and the principal Nadia Svitlychna, and the Vins family. of the school. There she was reminded The Information Bulletin names the fol­ that she is studying at the university (some lowing members of the Ukrainian Helsinki students were suspended from the univer­ monitoring group: Mykola Rudenko, Oleksa sity because they went to the Shevchenko Tykhy, Mykola Matusevych, Myroslav monument on May 22), that she works in Marynovych, Petro Vins, Levko Lukya­ the school, that she is my wife and, there­ nenko, Petro Hryhorenko, Oles Berdnyk, fore, should influence me not to go to Vitaliy Kalynychenko, Ivan Kandyba, the monument of Shevchenko on May 22. Oksana Meshko, Vasyl Sichko, Vasyl Local militiaman Mayorko, in turn, sum­ Striltsiv and Nina Strokata. moned me on the morning of May 22, 1977, and (after much delay) forbade me Ukrainian tells of Russification ban to place flowers before the Shevchenko on Shevchenko ceremonies monument that day. An appeal by Mykhaylo Melnyk, a This year on May 22, I will go to the historian from the Kyiv oblast, in which Shevchenko monument even if similar the author cites Russian chauvinism, Rus­ pressure is again applied. That is why I sification and the suppression of Ukrainian feel I should explain why I celebrate cultural expression, was also published. May 22... Excerpts from Melnyk’s appeal, dated May 22 is the day of the burial of the May 11, are translated from the original poet-revolutionary — in accordance with Ukrainian below. his testament — "in dear Ukraine” after “Since the time (and this was 12 to his last remains were transferred from 32 St. Petersburg. From that time on, the new Soviet Constitution is the screen grave of Shevchenko has been holy for behind which further denials of national every Ukrainian and not only for Uk­ rights and repressions of the cultures of rainians,” wrote Melnyk. the nations of the Soviet Union (with the “The prohibition against observing this exception of the Russian) take place. day amounts to robbery of the cultural- A typical example of the state of Uk­ historical heritage of the Ukrainian nation, rainian culture is the circulation of the an outrage against Shevchenko’s name. newspaper “Literaturna Ukraina” (Liter­ The prohibition against observing May 22 ary Ukraine), the mass organ which brings is not the only instance in the system of contemporary Ukrainian literature to the restrictions to which Ukrainian culture reader. The circulation of the paper is and the Ukrainian nation are subject,” almost the same as that of the newspaper Melnyk stated in the appeal. for the deaf and mute, “Nashe Slovo” He went on to cite the following ex­ (Our Word). amples of the suppression of Ukrainian Among the Ukrainian intelligentsia, culture. there is an unusually high degree of unT A highly placed education authority employment. And a marked percentage of attacked the famous Ukrainian poet Olek- the intelligentsia (among them author My- sander Oles only because the poet had at kola Rudenko) is, in one way or another, one time been a representative of the Uk­ confined in Soviet prisons or camps. rainian National Republic in Austria. Petro Shelest was not the only person The works of Volodymyr Vynnychcnko dismissed from his position and publicly and Mykhaylo Hrushevsky are suppressed disgraced for merely the fact that he had and not published because they were lead­ — like the Communists of Russia, Italy, ers of the Ukrainian National Republic. France — recognized his national identity The subject of the history of Ukraine and his responsibility before his nation. is almost completely ignored in schools “No militias or servants of ‘humanism and universities — and Ukraine’s histo­ and progress’ in civilian clothes, no pro­ rical past is misrepresented. hibitions or the most barbarous slaughter The Ukrainian language is secondary in of human dignity, no judicial sentences the Ukrainian republic. will stop the celebrations of May 22. The The newspapers of the Ukrainian re­ barbarous prohibition itself makes this day public are provincial stereotyped organs special, and raises it to a high level of which do not even have their own corres­ importance as ,a means of testing the pondents outside the borders of the repub­ strength of the spirit of the Ukrainian lic! nation in the battle for its existence, for The contemporary Ukrainian film is at the strengthening and continuation of its best only material for “Perets”.::' km — emerging from those achievements Systematic and widespread Russifica­ of today’s socialist Ukraine. This prohi­ tion exists. For example, in Brovary there bition forces even the most typical man are eight kindergartens — only two of in the street to think, and, sooner or them are Ukrainian-language institutions. later, will provoke thought even in the The reference, to “the new historic person who believes that to think with­ community of people” contained in the out a command from above is harmful and dangerous. Criteria of truth (including * “Perets” is a satirical humor ma­ the truth of the new constitution) — is gazine published in Kyiv, Ukraine, with practice. And brutal coercion may appro­ a circulation of over 3 million. priate for itself the role of defender of 33 humanism and progress,” concluded Mel- several weeks (beginning May 15). “The nyk. main reason for this — May 22. I refused In the postscript to the appeal, Mel- to follow this order since it did not con­ nyk added that on May 22, the day after form with my military card. They threat­ the letter was written he was called to the ened me, saying that they would come headquarters of the first division of the after me with the militia. And this may regional military commission, and despite happen... My nation does not have the the fact that he had been exempted by following saying for nothing: the law is the commission, he was informed that he like a harnessed horse — it is directed by was being taken to a military camp for a pull of the reigns.”

Lithuanian Prisoners of Conscience in the Soviet Union A partial list as of August 30, 1978 (Continued from, previous issue.) SURNAME, FIRST NAME BORN SENTENCED TERM PRISON/CAMP (years) SADÜNAITE, Nijott 1938 1974 6 Krasnojarska SAKALAUSKAS, Antanas 1938 1974 5 No. 36 SIDORIS, Vytas 1928 1957 25 No. 35 SIMOKAITIS, Jonas 1936 1970 15 No. 10 SKIAUTIS, Liudvikas 1935 1955 25 No. 19 SLUCKA, Antanas 15 No. 35 SLUSNIS, Jonas 1973 5 STASAITIS, Vitas 1965 15 No. 19 STATKEVICIUS, Algis 1970 Psychiatric hospital STONKUS, Povilas 1906 1967 15 No. 19 SERELIS, Tadas 1973 5 SERKSNYS, Jonas 1917 1968 10 No. 36 TAMULEVICIUS,Povilas 1902 1954 25 Mordovia 385/3 TAUTKEVICIUS, Juozas 1902 1954 25 No. 3 TUCAS, Robertas 1954 25 No. 35 URNIE2IUS, Zigmas 1967 15 No. 35 VAIVADA, Antanas 1900 1968 15 No. 19 VILUTIS, Jonas 1914 1970 15 No. 19 ZAKSAUSKAS, Pranas 15 No. 35 ZELENKEVICIUS, Juozas 1916 1968 15 No. 17a con- fined to Serpsk Psych. Institut. 2YPRE, Algirdas 1930 1958 25 Tatarskaja AS- SR, 902 Kazam-82, P-ja-UE, 148-st-6, Ind. 420082 Soviet Union 2UKAUSKAS, Sarunas 1950 1974 6 No. 36 2VYNIS, Bronius 1915 1966 15 No. 36 All of the adresses for the above prisoners (except where indicated) are: Name and surname, USSR. Moskva, Ucrezdenie 5110/1 Zch, USSR. Blanks appear in the text where specific data was not available. 34 State Department Explains Stand on Dissidents in Soviet Union Below are copies of letters exchanged such action does not also extend to Uk­ between Prof. Askold Skalsky of Hagers­ rainians, especially since Ukrainians are, town Junior College and Hodding Carter and have been for the last decade now, III, Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs ruthlessly persecuted by the Soviet govern­ and State Department spokesman, regard­ ment. ing the US government’s stand on dis­ May I therefore appeal to you, Mr. sidents in the USSR. Secretary, to speak out on behalf of Uk­ The Hon. Cyrus Vance rainians who, like Lev Lukyanenko, are Secretary of State now being tried or who, like hundreds of Washington, D.C. 20520 others, are serving sentences in Soviet labor Dear Secretary Vance: camps. You must be aware that public I commend you for your strong and State Department intervention on behalf principled reaction to the persecution of of Soviet dissidents is a mover of public Soviet dissidents as exemplified by the opinion and that public opinion has a current Shcharansky case. At the same great moral, sometimes even physical, ef­ time may I also ask you on what basis the fect on the dissidents in the USSR. The United States government decides to bring State Department should accord the bene­ the plight of individual Soviet dissidents fits of its concern to Ukrainians as much into its foreign policy decisions and to the as to anyone else in the Soviet Union. It attention of world public opinion? Specifi­ seems to me that such a policy is the only cally, why has the State Department not one that can be followed in light of Pre­ voiced its concern over the fate of Ukrain­ sident Carter’s human rights declarations ian dissidents in the USSR whose activities, as well as traditional American ideals. arrests, and trials are no different from those of the Jewish emigration group in Professor Askold Skalsky Moscow? To cite an example, Mykola Hagerstown Junior College Rudenko, head of the Kyiv Helsinki watch 751 Robinwood Drive group, was arrested and sentenced last Hagerstown, Maryland 21740 year. Three other members, Tykhy, Mary- Dear Professor Skalsky: novych and Matusevych, have also re­ Secretary Vance has asked me to reply ceived harsh sentences, and one, Lev Lu­ to your comments on the plight of Ukrain­ kyanenko, is in the process of being tried ian dissidents in the Soviet Union. All of at this moment. Yet I recall no public us in the Department share the Secretary’s declaration by the State Department on interest in knowing the views of the Ame­ this group’s behalf. On the other hand, rican people. according to “Newsweek” magazine (July The US Government views with deep 3, 1978) the State Department issued a concern the actions the Soviet authorities protest at the end of June on behalf of have taken against those who have sought Jewish activists Slepak and Rudel who to assert fundamental human rights in the had been sentenced to exile for their desire Soviet Union, including freedom of ex­ to emigrate to Israel. Surely the action of pression and freedom of emigration. To the State Department was a correct and direct these actions against persons such as welcome one; nevertheless, I and other Lev Lukyanenko, Mykola Rudenko and Ukrainians cannot help but wonder why others is particularly deplorable. The Final 35 Act of the Helsinki Conference commits In light of the recent dissident trials, its signatories, including the Soviet Union, Secretary Vance announced on July 8 that to act in conformity with the purposes and he had asked Barbara Blum, Deputy Ad­ principles of the Universal Declaration of ministrator of the Environmental Protec­ Human Rights. We regard the Helsinki tion Agency, and Dr. Frank Press, the Accord as having a moral and political President’s Science Adviser, to cancel their force; by their actions, the Soviet Union trips to the Soviet Union. At the same has not only contradicted the Accord itself, time, the Secretary also announced that he but has also contravened accepted interna­ was proceeding with his meetings with tional standards of human rights. Foreign Minister Gromyko in Geneva on Over the past months, the Administra­ July 12. The Secretary explained that we tion has expressed its views to the Soviet will persist in our efforts to negotiate a authorities at every level of our relation­ sound SALT TWO agreement because these ship, both diplomatically and publicly, negotiations deal with the security of our about official acts directed against the nation and affect the peace of the world. Helsinki monitors and others. We joined It should also be noted that during his other Western nations at Belgrade to en­ meeting with Foreign Minister Gromyko gage the Soviet Government in a review of the Secretary made clear the Administra­ compliance with the Helsinki Final Act, tion’s concern over the treatment of their including the human rights provisions. We have made clear to the Soviet autho­ human rights advocates. rities that the pattern of increased har­ We will continue to speak out on the assment, arrests and trials will inevitably need to respect human rights in the Soviet affect the climate of our relations. Union and elsewhere. FIVE WORLD ORGANIZATIONS DEMAND FREEDOM FOR THEIR NATIONS On Monday, October 20, 1978, five nian), Victor Kalnis (Latvian) and Gen. world co-ordinating bodies — the Esto­ Petro Hryhorenko (Ukrainian) were to nian World Council, the Conference of discuss the human and national rights situ­ Free Byelorussians, the Lithuanian World ation of their respective nations, relate Community, the World Congress of Free their personal experiences at the hands of Ukrainians, and the World Federation of Soviet Russian authorities, explain the Free Latvians, submitted a memorandum reasons of the existence of over 100,000 and resolution concerning national in­ political prisoners in the Soviet Russian dependence and human rights in the USSR GULAG — the vast majority of which are to the United Nations in New York. non-Russians, and the significance of a The documents were presented to a concerted effort ' to dismantle the Soviet high-ranking representative of UN Sec­ Russian Empire. The press conference was retary General Kurt Waldheim by the pre­ chaired by the Secretary General of sidents of the five organizations. The sub­ WCFU, Yuri Shymko, who was recently mission of the memorandum was to be elected to the Canadian House of Com­ followed by a press conference at the mons. Church Centre for the United Nations on The joint action by the five world Wednesday, November 22, 1978, at which bodies marks a new stage in the efforts three guest speakers, former Soviet poli­ at bringing the plight of their oppressed tical prisoners — Simas Kudirka (Lithua­ nations before the world community. 36 Lew Shan-sky Why Is Ukraine Blacked Out in the United States ? There is an area of research in opinion­ that fifty percent of the Soviet people is making in which it is exceedingly hard non-Russian. Moreover, non-Russian groups to work: that in which views are formed will soon outnumber the Russians because by leaving things unsaid. Agreements to the rate of the natural increase of- the suppress embarrassing or compromising non-Russian peoples is greater than the facts are uncommonly hard to uncover... rate of the natural increase of the Rus­ In matters involving the Soviets during sians. Among the non-Russians, the Uk­ the Second World War there was for rainians are the most numerous (1978: instance, the studious avoidance by all 50 million people) and potentially the sources and publicists of the issue of Com­ most powerful. At the present time, munist concentration camps... Ukraine has been in the forefront of James J. Martin: “American Media and political and religious dissent in the Soviet Stalinism” in Revisionist "Viewpoints, Colo­ Union, but this fact, which should be at rado Springs, 1971. least newsworthy for the media, has large­ ly been concealed by them from the In the United States, Ukraine and American people. things Ukrainian are under blackout. It is Ukraine is a trouble-spot for the Krem­ true that the media in the United States lin. No people in Europe have a better do not like to discuss the nationality fighting anti-communist record than the problem in the Soviet Union, though few Ukrainians. And no area within the vast more explosive issues exist in the whole terrorized Soviet-Russian empire is more domain of Soviet affairs. On the contrary, inflammable than Ukraine. Few more the media in the United States are the best explosive issues exist in the whole domain defenders of the Russian Communist co­ of Soviet affairs than the question of lonial empire. The use of the term “Rus­ Ukrainian independence. The problem of sia” as a synonym for the Soviet Union Ukrainian independence has caused con­ has been a chronic disease; the sacrosanct vulsion after convulsion beginning with term “Russia” is constantly used in the the Ukrainian Liberation War (1917— media and in scholarly works. The pre­ 1920); the powerful post-war Ukrainian stigious National Geographic Magazine Insurgent movement of 1920—1923, when titled its recent travelogue: Journey through Lenin had to admit that Ukraine was Russia: the Soviet Union Today which Soviet only in form, while in fact the unmistakably equates Russia with the insurgents were the real masters there Soviet Union despite the fact that Rus­ (Lenin, Works, vol. XXXI, p. 310); the sia, the homeland of the Russian people, resistance to collectivization; and finally, is no more coincident with the Soviet the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) of Union than the United States is coincident 1942—1953, which according to John with North America. A. Armstrong, the American student of As a result of deliberate and continual Ukrainian nationalism, was “the strongest sins of commission and omission concern­ anti-Soviet guerilla force which has ever ing the Soviet Union and committed by developed.” The UPA struggle had its the media and scholarship in the United dramatic echo in the strikes and revolts in States, few Americans realize that the ' the Soviet concentration camps in 1953— Soviet Union is a multinational society and 1956 after Stalin’s death. There, according 37 to Roland Gaucher, “the Ukrainian na­ be definitely proscribed in the United tionalists showed an exemplary will to States. Thanks to the clever Soviet pro­ fight.” (Opposition in the USSR 1917— paganda in the United States, the term 1967, New York 1969, p. 406). Thus, the “nationalist” became odious to Americans present Ukrainian national dissident and if “the Ukrainian nationalists” are movement in Ukraine has its precedent mentioned, it means to Americans that the in the uninterrupted Ukrainian movement Ukrainians are “fascists” and, therefore, for liberation since 1917. Soviet power in dangerous people which must be kept Ukraine has held its ground up to now under a rigid control and isolated. Ukrai­ (and it has not held it well sometimes) nian independence is also meant as a dan­ chiefly by the authority of Moscow, by the gerous concept, and mostly passed over in Russian Communists and by the Russian silence by the media, but the Canadian Red Soviet Army. “supermen” are more open in their “great These simple but important facts are power chauvinistic” attitude towards the largely unknown in the United States. Ukrainian struggle for independence. Where could they be known from? There Toronto’s Globe and Mail (Oct. 29, 1973) is not a single book by an American had this to say on the occasion of the scholar treating history of Ukraine. In Second World Congress of Free Ukrai­ popular almanacs and yearbooks which nians. serve as a chief source of information for “The ideology of this Congress belongs the wide masses of the people, you can to the Ice Age of the past. It has no place find information on Andorra, Botswana, in the world of today and tomorrow... It Fiji, Guinea-Bissau, and even on such seeks to exploit ethnic culture for all the “independent” countries as Afars and Issas wrong reasons, and to subvert those values (24 lines of information in Reader’s Digest that promote peace and friendship. This Almanac for 1978), but not on the is not a Congress that speaks for all Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic which Ukrainians.” constitutionally is a sovereign state in the In the Canadian press, Toronto’s Globe Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, and Mail plays the role of The New York having its anthem, its coat-of-arms, its Times and of Washington Post. Globe and flag. Information on such a sovereign state Mail expresses openly only what two others as Comoros (a page of information in the think. For confirmed “one worlders”, no Reader’s Digest Almanac for 1978) is independent Ukraine could ever be an ac­ more important in the opinion of Reader’s ceptable concept. However, their concept Digest editors than the information on of the liberation struggle as something that Ukraine with her 50 million population, belongs to the Ice Age of the past, is not important agriculture, industry, science, only idiotic but also despicable. According culture, etc. If such an editorial policy is to all existing international treaties, agree­ not tendentious, then we really don’t ments, and declarations, an enslaved na­ understand what intentional tendency is. tion has a right to carry on a liberation However, we cannot blame the editors struggle and to establish its independence. of the popular almanacs. They have their It is only the stupidity of the West that instructions too, and must follow them. It allowed the Soviet Union to exploit the seems that some instructions demand that “liberation wars” of the enslaved peoples the terms “Ukraine”, “Ukrainians”, and make them a Soviet monopoly. Ac­ “Ukrainian dissidents” be passed over in cording to the Helsinki Accords, the rights silence by public information channels, of a people for independence, belongs and the “Ukrainian liberation movement” among the most precious human rights. 38 However, for the Canadian “supermen” Norman Dodd quoted by William H. there is no reason for an “ethnic culture” Mcllhany II, The ACLU on Trial, Arling­ to “liberate” itself. The gentlemen prefer ton House, 1976 p. 149. peace and friendship through ethnocide. The leaders of the Soviet-Russian co­ In case of “nationalism”, “liberation lonial empire are very sensitive to any­ struggle and movement”, “liberation wars”, thing touching on the problem of its unity public opinion in the United States is ut­ and indivisibility, for it and it alone is the terly confused. The media are not interested most vital problem of their expansive in the alleviation of this situation. Instead drive. This expansive drive of Russia has a massive brainwashing is carried on by all been a phenomenon of five centuries, not major newspapers and news services. It decades. In the disintegration of defeat and seems as if the media were dominated by revolution, the tsarist empire fell apart. another form of book burning and thought The separate nations declared their in­ control. It must be recalled that at the time dependence and fought for it for several of World War II, the media conducted years, but, finally, the Red army emerged another brainwashing campaign, directed victorious and brought the other nations at the American people, which used mil­ (except for the Baltic countries and Poland) lions of words of fulsome flattery of back into an imperial structure — the Stalin and Stalinism and the bawling ac­ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The claim of Stalinist Communism as a form new imperial structure, universalistic by of “economic and social democracy” to origin and total ideology, but Russian by promote propaganda for this system. At historical tradition, could not have existed that time, there was a steady suppression without Ukraine and other colonies. It and censorship of anything critical of the could not have been a colonial empire Soviet Union, as well as the systematic without them. Without a Soviet-Russian attack upon all who dared to challenge colonial empire, there could not have been Stalinism as no better if not actually Soviet-Russian imperialism; an outward worse than the system of Hitlerism. A and visible sign of the leaders’ will to form of self-deception and credulity and carry on the centuries old drive of the the belief in superiority of everything Rus­ Russians toward warm water ports and sian was grounded so firmly and entrenched finally, world hegemony. so deeply that it survived a quarter cen­ Soviet-Russian leaders, ruling as Tsars tury of Cold War and now is the founda­ from the holy Kremlin, pursue the tra­ tion of Red propaganda in the country. ditional goals of Russian imperial policy. Most of us here were at one time or Their drive toward warm water ports is another, active in either the O.S.S., the marked by the present push toward the State Department or the European Eco­ Indian Ocean (Afganistan) and the con­ nomic Administration. During those times, tinuous push toward the Mideast (Yemen). and without exception, we operated under The second case shows that Soviet-Russian directives issued by the White House, the leaders, basing on a powerful navy and substance of which was to the effect that air-force, are already able to get full we should make every effort to so alter control over nations or regions that are life in the United States as to make pos­ geographically separated from their land sible a comfortable merger with the Soviet base (Yemen, Ethiopia, Mozambique, An­ Union... We are continuing to be guided gola). This latter operation, frequent in by just such directives. the expansion of sea empires, aims at Ford Foundation President Rowan Gai­ subjugating the “backyards” of Europe and ther to Reece Committee investigator America. 39 Yet, despite all their successes in their Moscow will succeed, the Soviet-Russian imperialist drive, the Soviet-Russian leaders leaders will create a World Federation of cannot wholeheartedly rejoice. They know Soviet Socialist Republics without par­ that potential disaffection shakes up their ticipation of American super-capitalists empire very roughly and that nationalist and monopolists in creating a World Soviet aspirations are ready now, as in the past, Socialist Government. to swell into action at any real opportu­ The information on Soviet-Russian in­ nity. They know that everywhere in their ternal weaknesses and especially, the in­ empire, the peasants hate collectivization formation on the liberation movements in and continue their passive resistance against the entire Soviet bloc, has been taboo in the regime; that the workers are wonder­ the United States. In all the verbose de­ ing at who is ruling the country in their luge of information on Soviet affairs from name, and demand free trade unions from established “experts” in and out of govern­ the usurpers of their power; and that the ment, in the Big Media and in the Academe, dissent of the intellectuals is growing from nothing, quite literally nothing is being day to day. The Americans who write said about 230 million Poles and Ukrain­ about the decline of the dissident movement ians, Balts and Byelorussians, Armenians in the USSR prove that they know about and Georgians, Czechs and Germans, the dissident movement precisely nothing. Hungarians and Rumanians, Turks of the In the course of the last ten years (1968— Central Asia and the Caucasus. Yet from 1978), the number of tried and sentenced their actual resistance to Russification, dissidents in Ukraine has increased by 30 from their conduct in both world wars, times. The time has arrived in the USSR from the evidence of the guerrilla opera­ that the harsh treatment of the dissidents tions, e.g. of the Ukrainian insurgent and by Soviet-Russian courts, especially in Lithuanian partisan armies, from their Ukraine, has ceased being a deterrent of riots and revolts in the Soviet-Russian the people from the participation in the concentration camps, in Vorkuta, Norilsk, struggle for national and human rights. Tayshet, Kinghir, etc., from their dissidents On the premise of the present US policy and defectors, the “experts” should know, toward the USSR, there is no way for the how the non-Russians hate the imposed US to support the dividing forces in the tyranny of the Russian Bolsheviks and USSR, despite the fact that the Soviet- how they are trying to liberate themselves Russians themselves have created an all- from it. And they should know that the sided form of political warfare against the majority of the Russians share their hatred USA and its European allies, that unites and acclaim their liberation struggle. The the methods of subversion, infiltration, most prominent Russian dissidents: Andrei demoralization, terror brigades, guerilla Sakharov, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn, Vla­ operations, etc. The USA does not retaliate dimir Bukovskii, Ludmila Alekseieva, Na­ and allows Moscow to disintegrate the talia Gorbanevskaia and others, publicly West without even trying to initiate the supported the non-Russians’ struggle for process of disintegrating the USSR. It is freedom. Here is a quote from a declara­ not true that the struggle between super­ tion signed by Bukovskii, Alekseieva, powers is going to be decided by missiles Gorbanevskaia and others: “The aim of or space platforms or by integration of the Russian democratic movement is not both super-powers under a world govern­ the domination of other people, or the ment. The struggle between superpowers occupation by force of their national ter­ will be decided by the power which will ritories, but the establishment of an en­ succeed in disintegrating its opponent. If during peace on the people’s right to na­ 40 tional self-determination. Free democratic The USA is not supporting non-Russian Russia has no desire either to subjugate or liberation movements because the power­ to humiliate anyone”. ful and world-global-government ideolog­ The liberation movements of the non- ues, who have immense importance in for­ Russians in the Soviet bloc combined with mulation of US foreign policy, are against the Russian democratic movement in the the non-Russian liberation movements, con­ USSR have attested to Soviet-Russian in­ sidering them a great obstacle to the plans ternal weakness. It is evident that if it of US-USSR integration and creation of a comes to fighting, the non-Russians will world government. Therefore, instead of not fight because they have nothing to support for the liberation movements, Ame­ fight for. However, I’ll try to disclose a ricans have a Sonnenfeldt Doctrine which secret. Moscow will never go to fighting forbids American diplomats from encourag­ as long as non-Russian liberation move­ ing the liberation movements even in the ments exist in the USSR. From this point satellite countries of the USSR. As far as of view, the non-Russian liberation move­ Ukrainians are concerned, under the in­ ments are a deterrent from the war and, fluence of Soviet-Russian propaganda, therefore, should be cultivated and sup­ there exists a tendency in the USA to ported in the interest of world peace. They make Americans targets of a massive don’t want support other than the under­ brainwashing campaign directed against standing of the situation in the “prison- Ukrainians and skillfuly contrived to house of nations” and publicity for the make Ukrainians odious to the American liberation efforts of the non-Russian people. It is evident that any anti-Ukrain­ peoples. The non-Russian liberation mo­ ian propaganda must succeed because of the blackout of Ukraine. For many Ame­ vements do not need any direct or in­ ricans, Ukraine simply does not exist as a direct intervention of the West in their separate Slavic nationality with roots of affairs, but ask the leaders of the West: historical development deep in the past. avoid doing nothing because you are afraid To them, Ukraine is merely southeast Rus­ to risk nuclear war. The Soviet-Russian sia and her population is Russian. Well, leaders are realists and they won’t start the truth is open to eyes that are willing nuclear war. to look...

FOUR UKRAINIAN POLITICAL PRISONERS GIVEN HONORARY MEMBERSHIP OF PEN The executive of the Canadian Centre chapter around the world to 10. of International PEN, the world asso­ In 1974, poet Vasyl Stus became hono­ ciation of writers, voted on September 13, rary member of the English PEN, and in 1978 to adopt four Ukrainian political the following year, Valentyn Moroz was prisoners as honorary members. The four granted membership by the chapter, based are Ihor Kalynets, Yevhen Sverstiuk, in London. Last year Mykola Rudenko Sviatoslav Karavansky and Ivan Svitlych- became a member of the French PEN, ny. Vyacheslav Chornovil — the Dutch PEN, This brings the number of imprisoned Mychaylo Osadchy — the Swiss PEN, or exiled Ukrainian writers accepted as and Danylo Shumuk — the Australian honorary members of International PEN PEN. 41 Society of Political, Economical and Social Studies Dr. Barbiéri, Chairman, Describes Activities Dear friends: or near power. SEPES itself wishes to When one more year of work is nearly maintain its full independence from tra­ over, we consider it our duty, as members ditional political schemes in order to feel of WACL’s body, to inform you, although free to criticize or defend policies only ac­ only in general, of what our latest principal cording to its principles. Nevertheless, as activities have been. This, being consistent it has been in the past, SEPES was suc­ with what our policies have been since oc­ cessful in forming and helping for the cupying the Chairmanship of WACL victory in the elections, of a group of during the 75/76 term: the organization congressmen. Each of these individuals must be an active body of dedicated will be, in a certain way, SEPES’ spokes­ persons and group which, above all, de­ man. dicate themselves to anti-communist strug­ After strengthening its contacts with the gle. Executive and Legislative Powers, SEPES Due to powerful reasons, many of which is now working in a great extent with you probably know already, we have had members of the Judicial Power. This, to dedicate most of our energies during with the aim of making SEPES’ participa­ this year, to work in the national front. tion in all levels of activity grow. Presidential and Parliamentary elections, Besides these, which were SEPES’ princi­ among other important national decisions, pal goals for the 1978 period, a continuous obliged us to give our contribution for the maintenance of its permanent works has defense of anti-communist principles, been kept. today menaced by the growing influence The OSLA (Priest’s Latin American of the left. In this sense, we are glad to Organization), whose General Secretariat announce now that during the last month is occupied by SEPES, has worked during of October, SEPES’ Chairman, Dr. Carlo the whole year in the preparation of the Barbieri Filho, was invited to a long bishop’s meeting to take place in Puebla, and private dialogue with the Elected Mexico. The religious from different President of Brazil, General Joao Batista countries have been contacted, in order to de Figueiredo. prepare the participants for the defense During this meeting, SEPES’ Chairman of the true Catholic Church during this received from the future President, a meeting. testimony of anti-communist convictions WACL friends and other members of and solidarity with our organization. The international societies and groups who meeting lasted for nearly an hour, and was defend similar ideas have been permanently publicized by most national newspapers. received, assisted and guided during their Also, within this national context, stays in the Latin American continènt. SEPES has granted great attention to the Also, trips have been made during the Parliamentary elections which took place year, to visit and study new possibilities of this last November 15th. It is the orga­ anti-communist work. nization’s conviction that a greater amount of success is accomplished when members Carlo Barbieri Filho Sao Paulo, Brazil of the group, or trustworthy persons are in SEPES Chairman November, 1978. 42 Lev E. Dobriansky Cambodia, Ukraine and Moscow’s Policy of Hunger After months of silence, many have the time, there was no such marvel as begun to speak out against the genocide near-simultaneous US television coverage in communist-ruled Cambodia where, in via satellite from every corner of the addition to hundreds of thousands of poli­ world. tical executions, an estimated 1 million On May 28, 1934, though, a House re­ have died as a result of Pol Pot’s “policy solution unequivocally stigmatized Mos­ of hunger”. cow’s “use of famine as a means of redu­ cing Ukraine’s population and destroying Seven Million Deaths Ukraine’s political, cultural and national The massacre by man-made famine in rights”. Cambodia was traced by Moscow to Chi­ On August 22, 1978, a similar statement nese support for Pol Pot’s brand of anti- was made before the Senate by a “special Soviet communism. mission” which recently visited Vietnam at the behest of Sen. Edward Kennedy But, in fact, what Pol Pot has done to (D-Mass.), decrying “the use of hunger as Cambodia is a carbon copy of Joseph a weapon of terror and coercion”. A mem­ Stalin’s deliberate genocide in 1932-33 in ber of the mission, Tufts University Presi­ Ukraine, where at least seven million died. dent Dr. Jean Mayer, called for “an in­ The independent republic of Ukraine, ternational convention outlawing the use which has now 50 million inhabitants, of starvation as a weapon of war and was seized by the Russians in 1920. Uk­ means of pressure or punishment against rainian peasants slowed down their pro­ individuals...” ductive effort in protest against Russian- That was encouraging although Dr. imposed collective farming, exorbitant Mayer did not name either Cambodia or taxes and arbitrary requistions of grain Ukraine specifically. and other foodstuffs. The Kremlin reacted Three days later, Sen. George McGovern with a well-prepared “policy of hunger”, (D-S. D.) urged US military intervention plunging millions into starvation. against Pol Pot’s Cambodia. Moscow’s practice of condemning Blasting the UN and “our own govern­ others’ crimes while covering up its own ment” for “doing nothing”, he stated, was recently exposed by two million Ame­ “The world turns its face, and stills its ricans of Ukrainian descent. In September voice... Cambodia challenges the con­ 1978, the Ukrainian Congress Committee of science and decency of the world...” America hosted a demonstration in New Meanwhile, Lukyanenko, Moroz, Ty- Jersey to commemorate the victims of the khy, Karavansky, Stus,Marynovych, Father “Great Artificial Famine of 1932-33 in Romaniuk, Pastor Vins, and countless other Ukraine”. Ukrainian nationalists now in Russian jails challenge the conscience and decency of Congress Denounces Soviet Genocide the American establishment. Forty-four years ago, no foreign cor­ (Lev Dobriansky is a professor at respondent was allowed into Ukraine. At Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.)

43 Lew Shan-sky (Ukraine) The Teaching of “Holocaust” A hypocrite with his mouth lains, opinion leaders and educators. The destroyeth his neighbour: National Council of Churches printed but through knowledge should 112,000 copies of its Film Feedback on the just be delivered. “Holocaust” which was sent to ministers, The Proverbs, 11:9 priests, rabbis, and community leaders. In the first half of April, 1978, 120 Teachers’ Guide to Television on “Holo­ million Americans were riveted to their caust” was distributed to 18,000 teachers television sets watching NBC’s four part and opinion leaders and used as a study docu-drama, “Holocaust”. The impact of guide in the Audio-Visual Instruction Ma­ this series about the historic Nazi crime gazine. The American Educator Magazine against the Jewish people was great; the ran a two-page study guide which was film had unprecedented ratings. However, distributed to 500,000 subscribers. The this film struck an emotional nerve and NEA Reporter newspaper carried a two- started a controversy that’s still raging page guide in its April edition which was today. distributed to over 1,700,000 teachers. The story of this film is this: in 1978 Finally, some 15 Jewish organizations Paul Klein, executive vice-president of joined together to put out study guides programming at NBC, and Irwin Segel- for Jewish viewers. There were separate stein, executive vice-president of planning guides for grade school children, teachers, decided to make a film on “Holocaust”. college and adult viewers, and a family They passed this concept to Sy Fisher, an home viewing guide. Several hundred agent, who made deals with Titus Produc­ thousand were distributed. tions, with Herbert Brodkin as executive So, there was a real ballyhoo about producer and with Gerald Green as script NBC’s film, and its promotion reached writer. Months before the production, really gigantic scales. Yet, despite all this there was a top-level meeting at NBC, noisy propaganda, the film proved to be which accepted all arrangements. The NBC a failure. It was criticized even by the circulated the script to people who write Jews. Rabbi Marc S. Golub wrote a letter study guides and to religious leaders of all to the New York Times (April 21) that faiths; people like Rev. Fred Brussat of he was bitterly offended by the mini­ the Cultural Information Service, David series “Holocaust” and called its distor­ Surek of the Anti-Defamation League tions another desecration of Six Million “Bnai Brith”, The National Council of (victims of the Nazi “Holocaust”). Abra­ Churches, Barry Shrage of the Jewish ham Brumberg in a letter to the same Welfare Board, and many more. And NBC paper (May 5) called the film a “frau­ put out a “Holocaust” viewers’ guide for dulent history” and ridiculed standard use by schools and teachers. These, some Hollywood models applied in the film — two million in all, were distributed by idiotic dialogues, simplistic characteriza­ NBC throughout the country. In addition, tions, implausible situations and fraudulent the Anti-Defamation League “Bnai history. The non-Jews were still more Brith” distributed ten and a half million bitter, as, e.g. John J. O’Conner who in a copies of two stories on the program; the letter to the New York Times charged Cultural Information Service study guide “misrepresentation” and blamed the pro­ went to 18,000 religious leaders; chap­ ducers with introducing pornography into 44 the film. Many writers complained that an c) Outright discrimination of the Ca­ incomplete story on the Nazi “Holocaust” tholics, Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians and of the Jews would not prevent the current presenting them as Nazi collaborators in “Holocaust” in Cambodia, Ethiopia, or the destruction of the Jews. It seemed Uganda. Lubor Zink of the Toronto Sun from the viewing that in fact, not the (May 6) stressed in his comment on “Holo­ Nazis, but the Poles, Ukrainians and caust” that “the biggest offenders were the Lithuanians brought about the “Holocaust” superpowers of red fascism — the Soviet and the “final solution of Jewish pro­ Union and Communist China”, and asked blems” in the East. “why TV companies or Hollywood had d) Extolling of the Red Partisans as the not produced Solzhenitsyn’s Gulag Archi­ saviors of the Jews and as the best re­ pelago as a docu-drama — the monu­ presentatives of humanity in the East. mental report on the slaughter of the mil­ e) Lack of seriousness in the presenta­ lions in Soviet-Russian slave camps?” It tion of the tragedy of the Jews because must be emphasized, too, that in Great neither the totalitarian origin of the “Holo­ Britain and mostly in Canada, criticism caust” nor its real nightmare were shown. of the film “Holocaust” was almost una­ The film turned into a typical Hollywood nimous. soap opera with injected episodes to please At the time of the film showing, the the sex-crazy viewers and we agree with Ukrainian daily “America” printed many Rabbi Golub that all this was just a de­ comments on “Holocaust”. All these com­ secration of Six Million people. ments were almost unanimous, too, in es­ All what the film was able to inspire, timating that the film was a failure be­ was the translation of Rassinier’s book cause of presenting a case of a) “selected into English and its publication in the USA. indignation”. The regime responsible for To those who don’t know who Rassinier the Holocaust of the Jews was crushed was, I explain that Paul Rassinier was a and wiped out, but other totalitarian re­ French socialist and onetime inmate of the gimes exist’ and in the name of particular Nazi concentration camp in Buchenwald. hate doctrines, torture and murder millions A book in French Le drame des juifs euro­ of innocent people. péens (Drama of the European Jews) was b) Distortion of historical facts. The published in 1964, and 14 years later has film is soft on the Nazis and does not been published in the USA. Why? It is the present the essence of the Hitlerian racist answer to the producers of “Holocaust”, totalitarianism which planned the destruc­ by a "modern” historical “school” which tion of all “inferior people” in the East, minimizes “Holocaust”, denies the exis­ and not only of the Jews. Hitler started tence of gas chambers, maintains that in with the killing of not only Jews, but of camps the Jews were murdered mostly by all other “inferior” peoples in the East; other Jews and charges that the death the Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Byelo­ camp story was deliberately and grossly russians, and Russians were also marked exaggerated by Jews to secure reparations for destruction because Hitler planned the from Germany and obtain moral and creation of the “living space” of their military support for Israel. This is exactly territories for the German Herrenvolk the nonsense which Paul Rassinier is (master race). At the time of the Nazi spreading with the help of his books. The occupation of the territories in the East, film “Holocaust” helped this nonsense to millions of “inferior” Poles, Ukrainians, spread in the USA. Balts, Byelorussians and Russians were Ukrainian Catholics bitterly accepted already destroyed. the discrimination of their national name 45 in the film as well as its allusions that (Ukraine) which survived the “Holocaust”. Christianity was practically responsible On page 563 of Yizker-bukh ratne, an for “Holocaust” or that Catholic hierarchs, unknown memoirist inscribed a report that priests and nuns looked the other way in September of 1943 (the date is given when the Jews were murdered. It is a according to the Jewish calendar and I brazen lie which could please only Mos­ am unable to cite the exact date — LS) cow. Prof. Philip Friedman of YIVO in “a group of Red partisans came to the New York, in his book: Their Brother’s forest near that town, drove the Jews Keepers (New York, 1957) mentions many from their hiding places and killed them Catholic heroes and heroines who helped all.” Thus, the “dreaded” Ukrainians the oppressed Jews escape from the Nazi helped them to survive for three years in terror. Among them were Catholic pre­ the forest near their town, (which also, lates: Ukrainian Archbishop of Lviv, logically, suggests that they were supplied Andriy Sheptytsky, who not only sent a with food) but then some Uncle Sasha letter of protest to Himmler and wrote a appeared with his hand and killed them pastoral letter to his Ukrainian faithful all in the Nazi fashion. From the existing threatening with excommunication for Jewish and Hebrew literature written by killing the Jews, but also in his personal the Jews — former Red Partisans or by action saved Jewish adults and children the survivors, one could compile a book in his fortress-like see on St. George’s Hill about similar incidents. NBC agreed with or in monasteries of his Church. Fur­ this falsification hoping to please the pow­ thermore, Prof. Friedman mentions Car­ erful Soviet-Russian masters. Anyway, dinal Mindszenty; Archbishop Stepanae of the Olympic Games will be held in Mos­ Croatia; French Cardinals Jules Saliege cow in 1980, and for filming them one is and Gerlier; Belgian Cardinal van Roey, able to make a dollar or two, and even and many other Catholic keepers of their more. Jewish brothers: bishops, priests and nuns “Holocaust” was thought to be an anti- who organized actions to save the Jews, Catholic, anti-Polish, anti-Ukrainian, and risking the death penalty on the spot if anti-Lithuanian soap-opera which, unfor­ they were caught. On the other side, the tunately, does not analyze all aspects of exultation of the Red partisans is entirely the “final solution” of the Jewish problems unfounded in the light of the memoirs of by Hitler. However, please don’t think the Jews who served with the Red Par­ of the anti-Ukraine hate propaganda as a tisans (Moshe Kaganovich). The presenta­ thing of the past, since the film has already tion of the Red Partisans as saviors and been shown and that’s all. No, now we defenders of the Jews can be refuted by have the teaching of “Holocaust” in one sentence of Yizker-bukh ratne, i.e., public schools and we continue being the compilation of the memoirs of the discriminated against and slandered. Jews from the town of Ratne in Volynia (To be continued in next issue.)

NATION oder KLASSE by WOLFGANG STRAUSS 60 Years of Struggle Against the October Revolution A History of the Resistance Movement in the USSR

46 Ronald Reagan An Amnesty Job For A Communist

Can a Communist find happiness try­ and to contend that Roebuck could not ing to free political prisoners from the slant research or divert attention from, say Soviet Gulag? Soviet repression. In fact, according to Apparently Amnesty International Ennals, the research director at AI isn’t a thinks such an unlikely combination is pos­ very important fellow. sible, for the 168,000-member organization Amnesty International has received the which monitors the plight and seeks the Nobel Peace Prize and has frequently release of "prisoners of conscience” every­ drawn attention to the lack of human rights where, has just appointed a leading Au­ in the USSR. Roebuck, when asked by stralian Communist, Professor Derek Human Events in a telephone interview if Roebuck, to head its research division. he had ever criticized the Soviet Union, said he had, but added, “I haven’t writ­ How did he get the job and what makes ten articles attacking the Soviet Union.” AI think he will not put the aims of No, but he has authored plenty of Mos­ Soviet Marxism ahead of the good inten­ cow-line articles denouncing the United tions of the freedom-promoting group States. In fact, he co-authored a book, which last year reported on conditions of Whores of War, with Wilfred Burchett, political prisoners in 117 countries? A little the “journalist” who for years has parrot­ naivete may be involved. ed Soviet propaganda and during the As to how Prof. Roebuck got his job, he Korean War interrogated Allied prisoners applied for it in a letter to the editor of for the North Koreans. Human Events, the conservative Washing­ The Roebuck appointment has caused ton weekly. Martin Ennals, secretary ge- controversy within AI. The appointment near of AI, said that Roebuck “was among is a critical one because AI’s comments on a large number of qualified individuals a country often affect the way US policy who submitted applications following ad­ toward that country is shaped. Reported vertisement of this post. The appointment human rights violations may result in cuts was made by the full international exe­ in aid or trade. Conversely, reduced cri­ cutive committee of our organization fol­ ticism of the Soviet Union would allow lowing exhaustive interviews and discus­ Moscow to come off the defensive in one sions and in full cognizance of all relevant of the areas where world opinion seems facts including Prof. Roebuck’s political united against it. affiliation.” The Phoenix Gazette Ennals goes on to defend the selection November 8, 1978

The USSR Ministry of Communications worker amount to 65 copecks per hour. has raised the postage for a standard for­ This considerable increase in postage just eign letter from 16 to 32 copecks and for for foreign correspondence shows the a foreign post card from 14 to 27 copecks. serious concern of the authorities about the Compared thereto the average normal increase in foreign correspondence. wages (without deductions) of a qualified

47 Shumuk Is Near Death Danylo Shumuk, a Ukrainian political arrested by the NKVD. In 1946, Shumuk prisoner incarcerated in a strict regime was sentenced to 10 years incarceration. concentration camp in Mordovia, is near One year after his release, Shumuk was death, reported the Committee for the again arrested in Dnipropetrovske and Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners, New subsequently sentenced to 20 years in York, New York. prison. The committee said that two weeks ago On July 5, 1972, Shumuk received an­ at a press conference in Moscow, Dr. An­ other 10-year sentence, this time with an drei Sakharov told Western reporters that additional five years in exile. Shumuk is suffering from intestinal can­ The committee reports that in recent cer and is near death. months, the health of several political The Russian human rights leader called prisoners has deteriorated. for a major campaign to save the life of V. Pidhorodetsky, a former UPA of­ Shumuk. ficer who has already spent 27 years in Shumuk, 64 years old, has already imprisonment, has been denied the status spent 34 years in prison. He was arrest­ of invalid. The committee says that he is ed five times during the Polish occupa­ extremely ill. Pidhorodetsky is being forced tion of western Ukraine. During World to do heavy work and is not being allow­ War II, he was a prisoner in a German ed to seek medical treatment. concentration camp. In January, Myroslav Symchych, also a In 1943, he joined the Ukrainian In­ former UPA officer, completed his 25 year surgent Army (UPA) and became a po­ sentence but is still being kept confined litical instructor. Two years later, he was without any explanation. Ukrainian Artist Murdered The second issue of the “Information The authorities are spreading rumours Bulletin” of the Ukrainian Public Group that R. Paletskyi died of a stroke which to Promote the Implementation of the Hel­ occured when he, while drunk, fell and sinki Accords gives the following details on injured himself. Lately, rumours have been the tragic death of the artist Rostyslav circulating in the village that the Paletskyi Paletskyi: couple were hopeless drunks. The Militia “The artist Rostyslav Paletskyi was has been conducting an investigation, murdered in his own home in the village of during which M.L. Paletska was forbidden Trotskyi, Odessa oblast, on March 10,1978. to leave the village. On the basis of existing information, (it Rostyslav Paletskyi was 47 years old. appears that) some suspicious-looking He was at the peak of his creative power; person, came to him to his home that day. his paintings captivated the viewer by Paletskyi’s neighbors stated that he their deep meaning. His works are well brought vodka with him and had forced known in Ukraine and abroad and he also Paletskyi to drink it. When he refused, the had official recognition. Nevertheless, not unknown visitor began beating him. When one newspaper, not even on the oblast or Maria Lazorivna, Paletskyi’s wife returned home from work she found her husband district level published an obituary. already dead. He lay in a puddle of blood, It is known that he had the intention his skull broken; his ribs had also been to submit an application for permission to broken. leave the Soviet Union. 48 SYMONENKO — a study in Semantics DEDICATION BY THE AUTHOR “giant”, not in the contemporary value SYMONENKO — a study in semantics, judgement. In life Symonenko was a quiet, by Igor Shankowsky. Ukrainian Publi­ deep thinking man, leaning heavily towards shers Ltd., London, c. 1977. 212 pp. modesty. Let this study be a tribute to his Symonenko was a dissident. He lived short, insignificant in his opinion, life of a and worked in the Soviet Ukraine, and, true and dedicated man. like any young man anywhere else in the world, felt deeply and suffered from fac­ ing the issues of the day. He died young, LETTER TO THE EDITOR in the midst of his best creative period, Dear Mrs. Stetsko: about one year before Nikita Khrushchev Thank you very much for the ABN was condemned to obscurity by “the most Correspondence which reaches me regular­ humane and democratic system” on this ly every issue. earth. I appreciate deeply the contents of each Symonenko was unique. Like no other issue, which have revealed to the Free man alive he felt earth’s gravity with his World the true situation behind the Iron own keen sense of justice. Nowadays, these Curtain. It is indeed a great force directed kind of people seldom make it in life, they against the brutal communism. mostly make it after they’ve gone. One of I am sure that your publication has his posthumous volumes was named Earth’s become an authentic inspiration to all the Gravity, and published by those, who world people who have dedicated them­ during his lifetime managed to disturb and selves for the cause of democracy, equality humiliate him most. He lived in the age and freedom. of opportunism never known before, and Sincerely yours, he put up against it everything he had, above all — his talent and his sense of awareness. Having said that in a simple dedica­ The-Chuan Kuo tion, one might imagine that some kind of Member, Legislative Yuan a “giant” is involved. No that kind of a of the Republic of China

FOR A BETTER FUTURE, DEPOSIT YOUR SAVINGS IN “PEVNIST” SECURITY SAVINGS & LOAN ASSOCIATION 932-36 N. Western Ave. Tel.: (312) 772-4500 Chicago, 111., 60622 Your savings are protected by FDIC up to the sum of 40,000 dollars. We pay 5 1/4 % dividends quarterly. Loans provided for mortgages, home construction and home repairs. We cover your telephone, gas, water, and electricity bills. Traveler’s checks and money orders issued. Make use of our safe-deposit boxes. Quick, reliable, efficient, professional services provided. The Association covers all postage. ABN Press Bureau Zeppelinstrasse 67 8000 München 80 Germany ORDER FORM I would like to order the following: □ Nation oder Klasse, by Wolfgang Strauss Softcover, 189 pp...... 8 4.90 □ Das Wesen des Bolschewismus, by Eugen Malaniuk Softcover, 55 pp...... 8 3.50 □ Symoncnko — a study in semantics, by Igor Shankowsky Hardcover, 212 pp...... 8 8.00 □ Russian Oppression in Ukraine, Reports, Documents, Photograpns ...... S 12.00 □ Russischer Kolonialismus in der Ukraine, Berichte, Dokumente, Abbildungen, Softcover 447 p p ...... 8 12.00 0 In the Whirlpool of Combat, by Yuriy Boretz Hardcover, 322 pp...... 8 15.00 0 Cataract, by Mykhailo Osadchyi, Hardcover, 111 pp...... 8 12.00 0 Annexation or Reunification, by Mykhajlo I. Braichevsky Hardcover, 139 pp...... S 12.00 0 Revolutionary Voices, Ukrainian Political Prisoners Condemn Russian Colonialism Hardcover, 269 pp. (Revised edition)...... S 9.00 Softcover, 156 pp...... 8 4.00 0 For This Was I Born, The human conditions in USSR slave labor camps, Softcover, 190 pp...... 8 2.50 0 History of the Russian Empire, by Nicholas Chirovsky Hardcover, 449 pp. ..;...... 8 15.00 0 Captive Nations, by Bernadine Bailey, Softcover, 191 pp...... 8 1.00 0 Las Negras Acciones Del Kremlin, Softcover, Two Volumes, 633 pp. and 797 pp...... 8 10.00 0 Please send me, free of charge, your title and price list of other available publications. 1 am enclosing ...... USS. Prices include postage. Name ...... :...... Address ABN conference in Miami, Florida on the occasion of its 35th anniversary,

Verlagspostamt: Miinchen 2 March - April 1979 Vol. XXX. No. 2 CONTENTS: ABN On Its 35th AnniversaryA . . 1 Russification and National Genocide 9 Moscow Russifies Ukraine . 12

Algirdas Budreckis The Lithuanian Resistance, 1944— 52 13 Resolution Asks for Support for Lithuania . 20

Slava Stetsko Salutation to the Lithuanian Community of Miami 20

Lew S ban-sky The Liberation Struggle in Poland .... 22

Doris Besenty Is the American Religious Faith in Jeopardy . 24 Letter to Pope John Paul II...... 25 W AC L Bulletin on A B N ...... 26 I am a Ukrainian, not a Russian...... 27 Armenian Solidarity with Ukrainian Prisoners . 28 Freedom D a y ...... 29 Memorandum No. 2 — on Security in Europe . 30 Establishment of ABN Branch in California . . 33 The Bulgarian Initiative...... 33 Letter to the E d ito r...... 34 Opposition in USSR is G row ing...... 35 Sverstiuk Demands Review of Medical Treatment 36 Dziuba again seeks emigration from Soviet Union 37 Snehirev Killed by Secret Police .... 38 Nothing Can Break the Ukrainian Spirit . . 40 Trial of Marynovych and Matusevych . . . 41 KGB Tortured Sedletsky, a Ukrainian Baptist, to D e a t h ...... 42

Lew Shan-sky (Ukraine) The Teaching of “Holocaust” (Part II) . . . 43 Book R e v ie w ...... 48

Publisher: American Friends of the Anti­ pinion, but that of the author. Manuscripts bolshevik Bloc of Nations (AFABN), sent in unrequested cannot be returned in 136 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y. case of non-publication unless postage is 10003, USA enclosed. It is not our practice Herausgeber: American Friends of the to pay for contributed materials. Antibolshevik Bloc of Nations (AF­ Reproduction permitted but only ABN), 136 Second Avenue, with indication of source (ABN-Corr.). New York, N. Y. 10003, USA Editorial Staff: Board of Editors. Schriftleitung: Redaktionskollegium. Editor-in-Chief: Mrs. Slava Stetsko, M. A. Vcrantw. Redakteur Frau Slava Stetzko. 8000 Munich 80, Zeppelinstr. 67/0 Zeppelinstraße 67/0, 8000 München 80, West Germany. Telefon: 48 25 32 Articles signed with name or pseudonym Druck: eGmbH “Cicero”. München. do not necessarily reflect the Editor’s o- Zeppelinstraße 67, 8000 München 80 ABN On Its 35th Anniversary

In the course of 35 years (1943— 1978) the Anti-bolshevik Bloc of Nations has been conducting very dynamic and fearless activities. In many countries of Europe, in many cities of the USA and Canada, in Latin America, as well as in such distant countries as National China, Japan, India and Australia, ABN has successfully disseminated vital information about the nations subjugated by Russian imperialism and communism in the USSR and in the so-called satellite states. Thus, ABN has endeavoured in the noble task of awakening the Free World’s awareness to the dangers of the expansion of ruthless Russian domination over the rest of the still free countries. By applying diverse methods ABN has penetrated the Iron Curtain. Not only has ABN been sending memoranda and petitions to govern­ ments of Western countries and to conferences of major powers, establish­ ing international contacts, participating in international forums, organizing ABN campaigns and rallies, but it has also ideologically and otherwise influenced the methods of struggle of the subjugated nations within the “prison of nations” . The work done by ABN throughout the years is tremendous, because ABN, along with its branches and dedicated membership, has accomplish­ ed many important activities. Thus, the President of the Central Com­ mittee of ABN, Hon. Yaroslav Stetsko, very rightly stated that ABN does not write history, but makes history itself. The fundamental idea of ABN i.e. of a united struggle of all the na­ tions under the Russian yoke for the regaining of their national indepen­ dent statehood was conceived in 1943 on the battlefield of Ukraine during the war against both Russia and Germany. On November 21 and 22, 1943 a Conference of Subjugated Nations took place under the protection of the military detachments of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) led by General Taras Chuprynka, and of such national groups as Azerbai- dzhanis, Georgians, Byelorussians, Turkestanis (Uzbeks, Tadzhiks, Ka­ zakhs, Turkmen, Kirghizians), North Caucasians, Armenians and others who solemnly swore to close their ranks in the great struggle against their common enemy, i.e. Russia, which in modern times is disguised under the name of the USSR. These fighters and comrades-in-arms appealed to Western democracies not to supply the Russian communists with military hardware, logistics, oil, clothing etc. because our nations have known the true nature of the Soviet Russian imperialists for many de­ cades. Instead, the Western countries should have provided moral and material support to the above mentioned freedom fighters.

i > «A&AJWIAN INFORMATION S&3VI&S ABN’s 35-year experience proves that our position was correct. Had these appeals of the UP A, of the Byelorussian and Lithuanian insurgent armies not fallen on deaf ears, and had England, the USA, and their allies given effective support to the struggle for the political independence of Ukraine, Georgia, Turkestan and other subjugated nations —■ this much we can say today, on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of ABN — we definitely would not have to live through this unfortunate turmoil in Iran, nor would the USA have lost tens of thousands of brave soldiers during the Korean and Vietnam wars. We would not feel paralysed from fear, in view of the imminent danger of a nuclear holocaust, nor would we have witnessed tens and hundreds of lengthy, humiliating, fruitless and ineffec­ tual meetings with Russia in reference to SALT. Furthermore, the illegal child of Moscow, this Maoist colossus, Red China, probably would not grow. Instead of the red dragon, it is very likely that a peaceful, more or less democratic nation would have developed. It goes without saying that the fate of the Cuban people would also be completely different. Who can deny that true freedom and independence would have prevailed? There would not be any dictatorial regime of Castro, since anyone of sound mind could ask this simple question: why should young Cubans become puppets and mercenaries, to be sent by the “older brother” to Angola, in Africa, to conduct a war by proxy for this Russian colonial empire called the USSR? We have good reason to believe that the strategy developed by ABN; the concept of national revolutions against the imperialistic Soviet Russian “prison of nations” , which has to be finalized by an armed uprising, according to Hon. Yaroslav Stetsko, really does constitute the true alterna­ tive to nuclear war. On several occasions this has been stated as one of the major tenets of ABN strategy (see “Our Alternative” , Munich 1972, published in English and French). Ideas are stronger than atomic bombs — stated one of the greatest military minds of modern times, General J. F. C. Fuller, whose concept of modern warfare is, in essence, very close to our strategic revolutionary liberation concept and which should be applied in the military plans of NATO, stating that atomic bombs cannot be dropped on revolutionary groups and insurgents inside the subjugated countries, because concur­ rently, the rain of radio-active fallout would destroy the Russian over- lords together with millions of civilians. We may recall the hard lesson that Americans learned during the Vietnam war, namely that it is not at all easy to gain an upper hand (or victory) over guerrillas and insurgent armies, even for a super-power. In short, according to ABN, the national liberation processes, revolutions and armed uprisings constitute the best alternative to the thermo-nuclear war. By lending support to the revolutionary liberation movements the West would be safe from the thermo-nuclear holocaust.

2 Contrary to suggestions, US foreign policy moved through several phases, such as: 1) the policy of “ containment” ; 2) the policy of liberation; 3) the policy of peaceful co-existence, and; 4) the policy of cooperation instead of confrontation, as represented by the present administration or the policy of “ detente” which to Russia, means actually leading wars by proxy as in Angola, or as in Vietnam overrunning Cambodia in South- East Asia. We may remind ourselves and the still free countries also, that ABN warned the West many times by means of many memoranda, such as: to Dean Acheson and General Eisenhower in August 1949; to Ambassador J. Grew in October 1949; to the UN in January 1952; to the Bermuda Con­ ference in 1954; to the Berlin Conference in March 1945; to the Geneva Conference in July 1955; through a Memorandum to the Afro-Asian Conference in Bandung, May 1955; an ABN Memorandum to US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, in October 1955; a declaration on the Summit Conference* in May 1960; a declaration of solidarity with the Cuban people, in April 1961. Also in April 1961, a memorandum was sent to the govern­ ments of the Asian and African countries on the Russian imperialist co­ lonial policy and methods of the policy of deception. This memorandum was also sent to all UN delegations of non-communist countries, and to the governments of the free world. In December 1961 a memorandum on captive nations was sent to the UN along with a request to exclude the Communist delegations from the UN, and to apply the principles regarding human and national rights to the nations subjugated by Russia. Further­ more, memoranda such as one on colonialism, and one in September 1962, in protest of the murder of Stepan Bandera, the leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), were also written. As mentioned already, ABN not only wrote and sent its memoranda, petitions and declarations to international bodies and foreign departments, but also organized international conferences, such as those in London, Edinburgh, Manchester, Malta, New York, Brussels and Munich, and participated in international gatherings of freedom loving peoples and freedom fighters against communist tyrannies all over the world. In the course of time, ABN has become the largest international organization of the subjugated peoples. It gained sympathy and support of many fighters and adherents to the idea of national independence, but on the other hand was attacked by Russian or Russophile circles, Moscow’s fifth co­ lumnists and various denominations of so-called “ co-existentialists” in the Western countries. Frankly speaking, the Western world did not dare to challenge the so-called “friendship” with cruel Moscow bolsheviks, with whom allies fought Hitler’s armies. How sad that the Western world was day-dreaming at that time — and there are a great many day-dreamers nowadays — about co-existence and peace with that imperial power of Russia. Thus,

3 our major thesis, that the nations can be free only after the dissolution of the empire and dismemberment of the “prison of nations” , was viewed by the official echelons of Washington, Bonn and London, as being rather “aggressive” and, by the same token, hardly acceptable. I should like to briefly mention a few ABN congresses: after World War II, the very first that referred back to the conference on the battle­ fields in 1943 took place on April 16, 1946 in Munich. A second one in May, 1948 which took place in one of the Western European cities, as­ sembled the representatives of national liberation movements, the or­ ganizations of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Byelorussia, Georgia, North Caucasus (Osetyns, Kabardins, Chechens, Cherkes, Balkars), Turke­ stan, Idel-Ural (Tartars, Chuvash, Comizerians, Mordwins, Bashkirs, Marians), Azerbaidjan, Cossackia, Slovakia, Bohemia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Hungary and others. One of the most successful ABN press conferences was in the year 1950 in Frankfurt, West Germany, in which the press agencies of the USA, Great Britain, France, and Denmark took part. Once more ABN repeated its appeal to the Free World, stressing the fact that behind the Iron Curtain, underground armies and national liberation movements continue their fight without any support from the outside world. The moral and technical support shall not only lift their battle spirit but shall also bring the victory over the communist menace and repel the danger of a Third World War. Similar press conferences, mass rallies and demonstrations took place in many cities of the USA, Canada, Great Britain and France for the pur­ pose of enlightening the population of those countries and to turn their consciousness over to the right cause of freedom and national state inde­ pendence for all nations, and freedom for the individual — which is the slogan and battle cry of ABN. There were many other congresses sponsored or directly organized by ABN, in New York and in Toronto, Canada in 1953; on March 6, 1953 an ABN conference was held in Melbourne, Australia and ABN branches were founded in other Australian towns. In addition, on July 30, 1958 President Y. Stetsko participated in a hearing before the House Foreign Affairs Committee and before the House Un-American Activities Com­ mittee in Washington, D.C. On the occasion of the “Summit” conference in Paris, ABN arranged a political discussion on May 19, 1960. Large demonstrations took place on the streets of New York against Khrushchev and Mikoyan, and in London at Trafalgar Square, with over 5000 participants. We may, at this point, mention the Conference of ABN and the Euro­ pean Freedom Council in Brussels, the seat of NATO headquarters, which took place on November 12 to November 16, 1970. Presentations were given in both English and French. Speeches, lectures and papers which

4 were presented, were later published in book form, entitled “Our Alterna­ tive” . Here, e.g. Ole Bjorn Kraft, former Foreign Minister of Denmark stated among other ideas the following: “Let us not deceive ourselves. Following the invasion of Czecho­ slovakia in 1968 at the Bavarian frontier, which is also a frontier of NATO, some 250,000 Russian military forces were located in East Ger­ many. The troops were pushed 300 to 500 miles from previous po­ sitions in Byelorussia and Ukraine in order to scare Germans, and to put and increase psychological pressure on Germany, Western Europe and in the final analysis on the USA also.” Prof. Austin J. App from Washington, who delivered a paper “What has been done by the USA to contain Russian imperialism” , and Prof. S. Halamay were representing the American Branch of ABN. The Ame­ rican Friends of ABN (AFABN) organized among other things a mass rally in New York in May 1952, which was attended by a number of prominent American politicians and representatives of various peoples. It was followed by a press conference for the American press. Three weeks earlier, on April 13, 1952, a mass rally had taken place in Toronto, Canada, at which President Stetsko held a lecture (see “MacLeans Ma­ gazine” , May 1, 1952 issue, which published a lengthy report on ABN and the fight of the subjugated peoples). Rallies were subsequently held in Ottawa, Winnipeg, Montreal and in other cities of Canada. For the purpose of establishing and maintaining useful contacts with prominent persons of political groups and with statesmen, President Y. Stetsko and other members of the Central Committee of ABN, like Prince Niko Nakashidze (Georgian), Prof. F. Durchansky (Slovakian), Dr. B. Hayit (Turkestani), Gen. Hinko Alabanda (Croatian) and others, frequently vi­ sited not only the USA, Canada and European countries, such as Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Germany, France, Scandinavian Countries, Turkey, Middle East Countries, but also Latin America and Australia. Behind the Iron Curtain, the ideas of ABN are still alive. It only suf­ fices to point out the fact that not so long ago a military secret organization was discovered among clandestine officers of the Red Army, whose contacts were extended from the Baltic Sea to the Caucasus mountains. Also, we can judge the extent of the cooperation among the nations of ABN behind the Iron Curtain by the frequency and the intensity of the Russian attacks in their press and radio transmissions which often times tried to besmear ABN as a whole, as well as individual leaders and in particular its President, Yaroslav Stetsko and Central Committee members like Prince N. Nakashidze, Dr. Pokorny, Dr. B. Hayit and Col. D. Kosmovic. Many of these attacks were published not only in the Russian or Ukrain­ ian language, but also in the Czech Communist ideological journal entitled

5 “The Problems of Peace and Socialism” . There were also several radio­ programs devoted especially to criticizing ABN’s symbols and actions. We wish to draw your attention to the adverse effects of such pro­ paganda, because instead of information to hate ABN, the persecuted people of the “prison of nations” , i.e. Russia, receive news of the activities of our liberation movements throughout the free world. We are in possession of documentary evidence that cultural workers in concentration camps periodically arrange special evenings devoted to the strengthening of common ties among the freedom fighters of nations of ABN. Several literary works, poems, novels and short stories positively develop the ideas of a common fight against the common enemy i.e. Rus­ sian imperialists. “ABN Correspondence” of Nov. 1950 reprinted the leaflets and appeals issued by the Ukrainian underground movements behind the Iron Curtain. In March 1956 there was a revolt of the youth in Georgia, during which 300 young persons were killed and several hundred deported to Siberia, in the uprising in Novocherkask hundreds were killed. Members of ABN have established contacts with the fighters of the Hungarian revolution of 1956. We would like to quote one representative of the young generation of cultural workers, a historian, Valentyn Moroz, who was incarcerated to 14 years behind bars: “The present events in Ukraine are also a turning point: the glacier of terror which had firmly bound the spiritual life of the nation for many years is breaking up. As always they (meaning Russian imperialists) put people behind bars and as always deport them to the East (Siberia). But this time these people did not sink to obscurity. To the great surprise of the KGB, for the first time in the last decade (1966) public opinion has risen, for the first time, the KGB felt powerless to stifle all this.” This modern development in Ukraine, Georgia, Lithuania and other subjugated nations deserves much more attention than we usually assign to it. Here we need to generally state, that this neo-Stalinist tyranny in the Soviet Union may take many victims, but it is foredoomed to ultimate defeat, because our nations are strong believers in individual freedom and national state independence above all, and they are ready to fight for them. Given proper time we would be in a position to quote several authors from behind the Iron Curtain, such as Vasyl Symonenko who wrote a poem: “ O brother Kurd, keep your guns and powder dry” , or Mychaylo1 Osadchy, who wrote about other nations and ABN ideas in his work, “Cataract” , or authors such as Karavansky — but instead we should like only to stress one single important generalization; we should not forget that all of these freedom fighters are the children of parents who them­ selves were born under the Soviet system and therefore were supposed

6 to defend the Soviet Union and love the communist system, supposedly the best system. Svyatoslav Karavansky, a journalist, poet and translator who had already been sentenced in 1944 to 25 years in the camps for his member­ ship in the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), called for action to do away with various forms of discrimination which prevented Ukrainians, Jews, Tartars, Estonians, Latvians, Volga Germans and others from declaring their free culture or from living in their native homelands. We have to admire the outstanding members of the young generation and also Vyacheslav Chornovil, who protested against persecution by the Soviet Russian regime in this way: “You are indifferent to human tragedies, to the demoralizing action of fear which creeps like a cold serpent into many a Ukrainian home . . . I submit my opinion not because I have any hope of alleviating the plight of the individuals who were sentenced and imprisoned. . . failure to express one’s view about what is happening — would indicate silent participation in the willful abuse of socialist legality” . We have to admire the outstanding members of the young generation in the subjugated countries of the entire USSR, such as mentioned already. Valentyn Moroz called in a strong voice: “Wake up! Open your eyes! Throw into the trash your progressive rose-colored schemes. Then you will see the living reality. Then you will see the greatest event in the world, beautiful and grand in its significance — the march of a nation through history”. Naturally all these young writers, historians and philosophers grew up on the cultural and patriotic foundation built up by the freedom struggle of UPA-OUN and members of the Conference of 1943 from which ABN later developed. From this topic we have touched upon internal ferment among young people of Ukraine who having behind them, so to speak, deeply secret underground fighters, they learned to overcome fear of “omnipotency” as they used to say of KGB —• we may throw a little light upon the internal struggle of the so-called triangular dictatorship (Party, Army, and Police). There is some dose of truth in that unlike Stalin, or Khru­ shchev — Gen.-Secretary Brezhnev is a sort of conductor of the orchestral course of the triangle (Party, Police, and Ministry-Marshal). In other words he is the man who decides little, but through whom all decisions are voiced. In the West, so-called sovietologists (Kremlinologists) have been for many years speculating as to who will become his successor (some have already died under strange circumstances and now a new star on the horizon, Konstantin Chernenko, 67 years old, seems to be next in line). But these speculations as to the successor are of little consequence. In the West not enough attention has been paid to the neglected super­ power —• i.e. subjugated nations. President Carter stresses human rights,

7 but we representing liberation movements of subjugated nations know, and would like to remind Washington politicians of this basic truth: there cannot be human rights without national political independence!!! And national independent rights have to be won before one can dream of human rights!!! That is where ABN must put more effort, continue the line which we pursued during many of World Anti-Communist League (WACL) conferences: in Saigon 1957, Tokyo 1962, Mexico in 1972, Wa­ shington, D.C. in 1974, in Seoul, Korea in 1975, in 1977 in Taiwan and in 1978 again in Washington, and many others throughout the world. We as ABN still have much work to do, we must double or triple our efforts and attract many more young people and many more American politicians to our cause, which is great and holy. What we have recently noticed is that some people in the State De­ partment and more Congressmen and Senators listen more attentively to what we as representatives of national liberation movements have to say, more and more generals such as Gen. Singlaub or Gen. Haig call upon Americans not to unilaterally disarm the American nation at this historical moment when Russia spends more and more money, a higher percentage of its GNP on the preparation to risk-taking, to possibly over­ run Western Europe and thus to endanger the security of the USA itself. Let me conclude on an optimistic note. With devoted people such as the previously mentioned principal actors of the Central Committee of ABN, with many national representatives and branches in many countries of the world, — with patriotic membership, and above all with dedicated fighters behind the Iron Curtain, we see that the hour of our victory is not too far ahead. Dr. S'. Halamay

Ukrainian Women’s Association in Great Britain protesting in front of the Soviet Embassy against persecution of Ukrainian women.

8 Russification and National Genocide

A Statement of the Central Committee of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations

The new constitution o f the USSR is a latter holds in its hands all the vitals constitution of an empire which is a prison to the so-called “republican” governments o f nations and people — not a constitu­ third-rate assignments of colonial nature. tion o f a multinational society. It guaran­ There are no safeguards whatsoever for tees only the rights of the imperial, ruling the rights of a nation (even in theory). people (the Russians); the rights of the to­ That, however, is an impossibility in an talitarian communist party; the rights of empire, and, therefore, the human rights the General Procurator o f the USSR. The of a person who belongs to a subjugated new constitution legalizes the sovereign nation are not guaranteed at all. The ge­ rights of the ficticious “ Soviet people” to neral preamble and the preambles to the avoid mentioning by name the Russian relevant articles of the constitution reject people as the backbone of the empire. It in principle all national and human rights officially sanctions terror as a governing when they state that those rights are su­ system, investing the General Procurator bordinate to the interests of the “ Soviet of the USSR (i.e. the KGB) with un­ people” , the communist party, the “ work­ contested rights to appoint, or approve the ing class” and the USSR. appointments, of the procurators on the Moreover, the constitution is interpreted so-called “ republican” level who are also by the General Procurator of the USSR KGB candidates. The Politburo in Moscow — i.e. the KGB! As a logical outcome of has absolute control over all the com­ the “new” imperial constitution is the munist party branches in the so-called “ re­ strengthening of the russification processes publics” . N ot even one of the “sovereign of the subjugated nations. The introduction republics” has its own communist party. into the constitution of a new element — The governments of the “ republics” have, the “ Soviet people” as a euphemism for a on the basis of their paper-constitutions, Russian super-nation — has resulted in a less rights than a county administration in bold and pressing russification policy on the any free nation of the world. The USSR part of Moscow. The Russian language has is not even constitutionally a multinational been given the status o f a privileged state, but a state of a “ super-nation” — language — “ the language of Lenin, in­ the Russians — under the name o f the dispensable in the relations among peoples, “ Soviet people.” Not a single “ republic” and as a means of access to the achieve­ has even a paper right to secede from the ments of world culture.” In reality this USSR, because the fictional article about makes the Russian language a tool of de­ “ voluntary secession” is neutralized by the nationalization and assimilation o f the non- unlimited sovereign rights given to the Russian nations. In a situation o f complete “ Soviet people” (i.e. the Russians), the com­ bankruptcy of the false ideas of communism munist party centralized in the Politburo, as a system of life (which embodied the the centralized KGB, the office of the Ge­ modern form o f Russian imperialism), neral Procurator, the centralized Soviet Moscow has now totally disclosed its im­ armed forces commanded by the Polit­ perialistic policies both in theory and buro, the totally centralized state bureau­ practice. cracy by the all-Union government. The If any o f the subjugated nations wished aspects and functions o f the state, leaving to practice communism, then, logically, it

9 could best be preached in the mother which demands our full support from tongue o f a given people. But since Mos­ abroad. cow can no longer rely on an ideology The newspapers “ Soviet Education” (11 that is dead in the occupied countries, it Nov. 1978) published a decree o f the Rus­ openly stirs the chauvinistic instincts of the sian colonial government in Ukraine which Russian masses in order to mobilize them paves the way for further russification of for the campaign of russification of the the entire Ukrainian educational system on subjugated nations. all levels. The decree calls for: the teach­ In Georgia and Armenia Moscow tried ing of the Russian language to Ukrainian to eliminate from the “ republican” con­ children en masse from the first grade; the stitutions the native tongue as the official raising of the teaching methods of the Rus­ language of the “ republic” , but the people sian language to the privileged status en­ surged to the streets, and Moscow had to joyed by foreign languages, which means retreat. The offensive on Byelorussia has teaching in smaller groups with the exclu­ been extremely strengthened, where rus­ sive use o f Russian in all subjects o f study; sification is already celebrating its pogroms. increasing the numbers of Russian teachers Because of Russian colonialism in Kazakh­ in the Ukrainian educational systems; the stan, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, ethno- creation in Ukraine o f more centres of cide and genocide continue. Russification specialization in the field of Russian is not only a forced implementation o f the language and literature; the holding of Russian language, but it is simultaneously “ language olympiads” in Russian language a type o f colonization by the Russians of and literature on all levels o f the public the occupied territories — a cultural, ethnic school system — from the regional to the and physical destruction of entire nations. “republican”. The forced deportation of North Cau­ This is only one aspect of the onslaught casians, Crimean Tartars, Volga Germans, of russification, because simultaneously to Kalmyks and Don Cossacks, and the si­ the above, other measures are in full force multaneous mass importation of Russians as well: forced deportation o f the native into those territories to replace the native populations from their homelands, and the populations, is a contemptible form of rus­ importation of ethnic Russians to take sification. The mass importation o f Rus­ their place; systematic mixing o f national­ sians into the Ukrainian regions of Donbas, ities; the destruction o f the last vestiges of Kharkiv, etc. — that is russification! The national educational systems (as in Ukraine); mixing o f peoples is also a road towards the persecution o f the national churches russification. The privileged status o f the and faiths of the subjugated nations (the Russian language in the educational system Ukrainian Catholic Church, the Ukrainian of the occupied countries, the compulsory Orthodox Church, the Ukrainian Pro­ nature of teaching Russian culture, history testant churches, the Lithuanian Catholic and literature, the promotion of the cult Church, the Georgian and Armenian Ortho­ of the Russian tsars, military leaders, wri­ dox churches, and the Islamic faith in ters, etc. — all this is still another road Turkestan and North Caucasus). As stated towards russification. above, the cultural, ethnic and physical The struggle for national culture, na­ genocide is systematically carried out in tional environment in the schools, national an attempt to achieve the ultimate goal of spirituality in literature and the arts, and, total russification. finally, the struggle for the preservation of The struggle for the national (by content the mother tongue is a task o f prime im­ and language) cultures, and the battle portance in our respective homelands and against the policies of total russification,

10 became an issue of prime concern in the imperative to mobilize analogous organiza­ countries occupied by the Russian im­ tions of the nations among which lives the perialists. We, as spokesmen for the diaspora o f the subjugated nations. This subjugated nations, and our entire diaspora, struggle in defense of the national language must join in this struggle with all the and culture of the subjugated nations is, means at our disposal. Estonians, Latvians, in its essence, a struggle against the bar- Lithuanians, Byelorussians, Ukrainians, barization o f life, against the cultural im­ North-Caucasians, Turkestanis, Azerbai- poverishment of mankind. W orld geniuses dzhanis, Georgians, Armenians, Tartars, thrive and create while nourished by their Cossacks, and others, and the peoples own national spiritual, cultural and lin­ subjugated in the so-called “ satellite” guistic environment. H E W H O KILLS THE countries — Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, East LANGUAGE OF A NATION, KILLS THE Germans, Hungarians, Bulgarians and SOUL OF THAT NATION, which, in others — must strengthen their unity and turn, leads to the de-spiritualization o f the efforts even further to meet the ever in­ life of mankind because world culture is, creasing pressures of Russian imperialists in its essence, a mosaic of national cultures. and their communist cronies in all the It is imperative in the free world to subjugated countries of Europe and Asia. document the russification policies and Against the current onslaught of Rus­ practices before government, parliamentary, sian imperialism and chauvinism it is neces­ academic and cultural forums, as well as sary to rise in massive protest actions em­ the mass media, and urge their interven­ phasizing in particular the Russian occupa­ tion in order to force Moscow to stop its tion (national, political, economic and ethnic, cultural, linguistic and biological cultural in nature) of numerous countries. destruction of the subjugated nations. The The main objective of such occupation is current wave o f Russian chauvinism must russification, which constitutes a whole be turned into a subject of concern and array of methods and means of annihila­ action at all international political con­ tion of the ethno-national, cultural and ferences, academic and professional meet­ religious, ideological and philosophical, ings o f local, national and international folkloric and traditional, linguistic, and nature, etc. Those Russian nationals W HO biological substance of the subjugated na­ OPPOSE Moscow’s policies of imperialism tions. The mother tongue is a particularly and chauvinism have now still another important factor for the preservation of opportunity to declare their anti-imperial­ the intrinsic national cultural spirituality. istic stand in concrete actions, which would THE STRUGGLE FOR THE MOTHER be useful for the establishment of good TONGUE IS AN ELEMENTARY relations between them and the subjugated FACTOR IN THE STRUGGLE FOR nations. THE SOUL OF A NATION! The representatives in the free world of It is the duty of the political leadership the subjugated nations must supply by all of the diaspora of the subjugated nations possible means their respective countries to call and organize joint massive actions with information about the actions taken of all types against russification, and in against russification and in support o f the this manner strengthen the battle for the re-establishment of independent national national culture and language in their states in place of the Russian empire. Such respective homelands. Community, aca­ information is vital in order to strengthen demic, cultural, youth, women’s, veterans’ the embattled nations morally, spiritually and other organizations must also join the and ideologically in their struggle against growing anti-russification front. It is also the Russian invader.

11 Special efforts must be channelled into of people to protest before and put pres­ a continued defense o f cultural activists of sure on Soviet Russian embassies, consu­ the subjugated nations, who were the first lates and other representatives o f the in­ to join in the battle against russification — vader in the free world, and, at the same a gallant stand for which they paid with time, urge and demand intervention on long terms of confinement in prisons and part of the free world to assist our nations concentration camps, and some o f them battling now for their very survival. And, even with their lives. finally, our stand in the free world The defense o f the nationalists-revolu- against russification at home would be tionaries currently incarcerated in the sheer hypocrisy, if in the diaspora we fail “ Gulag” is our constant duty, because they to halt the process o f V O L U N TA R Y as­ embody the ideal o f national sovereignty similation and denationalization of our and independence, which is the key to the youth. This can be done by systematically realization of all the national and human promoting patriotism, idealism, our na­ rights in our homeland. Our actions can­ tional culture, language, tradition and not be limited to mere “ armchair protests” . customs, an education in the national We must bring out into the streets masses spirit, and our traditional religious faith.

Moscow Russifies Ukraine

Below is the transcript of Dr. Martin has a number of Ukrainian nationalists Abend’s commentary on Ukraine which who know very well their identity, their was broadcast over W N EW -TV, channel culture, their language, their very history 5, in New York City on November 26, is being threatened by the Moscow brand 1978. Newscaster John Roland introduced of communism in the form of Russifica­ Dr. Abend after his report on the Ukrai­ tion. Russification simply means that the nian demonstration held during the World Moscow Communists understand that the Congress of Free Ukrainians, November only way that they’re going to secure the 23-26, 1978, by saying: “ Ukrainians are vital area called Ukraine once and for all just one of 19 peoples that make up the inside the Communist empire is by Rus­ Soviet Union. Features that make Ukrai­ sianizing those people. And this is done by nians special are the subject of tonight’s infiltrating every single aspect, every facet commentary by Dr. Martin Abend." of Ukrainian national life, its culture, DR. M A RTIN ABEND: In Communist particularly in the form o f education. Soviet Union, all nationalism, except the Russianizing the Ukrainians is a fore­ Russian type of nationalism, is taboo, it’s most policy o f Communist Moscow. But criminal. But the Ukrainian form of na­ to do this they have to get rid of Ukrai­ tionalism is especially taboo to the Com­ nian intellectuals who are the bearers of munists ruling in Moscow. Why? Because Ukrainianism. And this is what the Rus­ Ukraine has a population of 50 million, sians have been at, the Communist Rus­ second only to the Russian population. It sians, for a long, long while, practically has a very well developed and active in­ unbeknownst to the American public. The dustrial base. It has an exceedingly rich hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian pa­ source of resources. It has a very well triots languishing in Far Eastern Siberian developed agricultural output, and it also prisons are unknown to us.

12 Alghdas Budreckis The Lithuanian Resistance, 1944-1952

Motives and Scope of the Partisan Movement

After more than three years o f Nazi army and units o f the Soviet Air Force, occupation, the exhausted Lithuanian at least 30,000 M VD troops and 40,000 people looked forward to an Allied victory MGB forces, were stationed in Lithuania. and the restoration o f their independent In addition, the M VD was supported by state. Unfortunately, the Lithuanians were “Peoples’ Militia” and the MGB by the fated to fall under a second, harsher and “destroyers” or istrebiteli. The armed crueler Soviet Russian occupation. Those forces were seldom used against the par­ people who remained in Lithuania suf­ tisans; nevertheless, they did constitute a fered the vengeance of the returning Soviet potential aid to the security forces and occupants. provided a wide margin of safety for the Invading the territory for a second time Communist regime. The security forces, in the summer o f 1944, the Russians did totaling up to about 100,000 men, mo­ not consider Lithuania an independent torized and with air support, alone sug­ country, and treated her as Soviet ter­ gest the grave threat to the Soviet regime; ritory. Furthermore, encouraged by their this is especially evident if we remember victory over the Germans, the Soviet Rus­ that Lithuania was a country o f about sians began to - rule without caring about three million people. any international responsibility for their What motivated this extensive resistance actions. They began to probe in a most movement? Although motivation is in­ cruel manner every Lithuanian inhabitant’s dividual, several factors may be discerned behavior with respect to the Soviet rule which caused so many Lithuanians to flock and their behavior during the German oc­ to the ranks of the partisans. First o f all, cupation. The pretext for all sorts of since the Lithuanian nation had experienc­ charges were found under convenient labels ed Soviet rule and terror in 1940-41, no of a “Peoples’ enemy” or “war criminal.” one had any illusions as to the nature of The result was an undeclared war Soviet totalitarianism. To many, it was a between the Lithuanian people and the matter o f self-preservation to join the USSR. The scope o f the resistance move­ partisans. Among such people may be ment may be determined from the number considered all former officials of the o f partisans killed and the size of the Lithuanian republic, leaders and activists Soviet armed and security forces employed of the former political parties, owners of to maintain control over the country. large farms and businesses, and outspoken There is some disagreement as to the exact individuals o f known patriotic and na­ number of casualties among the partisans. tionalistic disposition. In all probability, during a decade of Another factor which swelled the ranks fighting the number of partisans killed or o f the partisans was the mobilization of later executed is between 30,000 and men born in 1909 to 1926 into the Soviet 50.000. The number of active partisans at army, which was declared immediately any time varied between 25,000 and after the re-occupation of Lithuania. To 40.000. In 1948, eight divisions of the Red those who evaded the press gangs, the

13 forests provided the only alternative to . Organizationally, the partisan member­ the hazards and misery of serving in the ship was structured like most underground Soviet ranks. In a word, many preferred groups. There were three layers. Its vis­ the partisans to becoming Soviet cannon ible part constituted the real underground fodder. Furthermore, Soviet terror insti­ of active fighters. Their weapons were of tuted immediately after occupation con­ German and Soviet manufacture. They tributed to the reaction against the regime. also had machine guns, heavy machine Families and relatives of known partisans guns of the Soviet “ maxim” type. The had no alternative but to join the under­ German machine guns were manufactured ground. Similarly, those who were discover­ in the Skoda works in Czecho-Slovakia. ed to be aiding the underground, joined Some of the partisan units were also armed the partisans as the only way o f escaping with light artillery. These were the front­ total annihilation. Many soldiers and of­ line soldiers and lived in forests or farm ficers of Lithuanian units, armed by the shelters. Their ranks were continually Germans, refused to follow the orders of changing — the average life span of an German generals and took to the woods, active fighter was only two years. Passive providing the nucleus for an armed re­ fighters were armed but stayed at home, sistance. on their jobs, or at school; they were cal­ The most important factor for the mass led upon only occasionally, for a variety resistance movement was the mood o f the o f tasks. The supporters also lived “ legal­ nation, the evaluation of the world si­ ly.” Although they did not bear arms, tuation, and accepted illusions. Many, in­ their contribution to the cause was im­ cluding the new leaders of the under­ portant; they provided supplies and ground, believed that armed resistance was shelters, and they gathered intelligence. necessary and meaningful since the oc­ Unlike the West European anti-Nazi cupation could last only a limited period. movements of the second W orld War, the The expectation that the Western allies Lithuanian partisans sustained themselves would make an early peace with Germany without support or supplies from abroad, and turn against the Soviet Union was that is, from the Western powers, although wishful thinking accepted by many. Thus, they did maintain some contacts with the conclusion was drawn that the nation Swedish, American and British intelligence. had to resist Sovietization at all costs, and Liaison men sent from Western Europe preserve a national movement and an penetrated the Lithuanian Iron Curtain in armed force for the limited time until the 1945 and 1946 and established contact Soviet Union would be defeated and the with the partisan leadership. The Western independence of Lithuania restored. intelligence agencies were only interested in Finally, the Roman Catholic Church in culling information about Soviet military Lithuania, experiencing extreme persecu­ installations and troop dispositions. They tion, was forced to support actively the did not really contribute to the movement resistance movement. Many priests served materially. The actual extent of American as leaders and chaplains of partisan units and British involvement was, therefore, and supported the resistance in many ways. limited. Involvement of the Church in the freedom The Soviet charge of German sponsor­ struggle brought people from all social and ship and inspiration for the resistance political sectors into the ranks of the parti­ movement is false, because such a link did sans. The defense o f national values be­ not exist. The Soviet Union fabricated the came identified with the defense of one’s charge for political purposes, as a part of faith. an extremely intensified Communist pro­

14 paganda campaign in Lithuania, designed partisans from the beginning had disquali­ to create a pro-Nazi image of the partisans fied those German agents who refused to and to destroy existing nationalist in­ subordinate themselves completely to the fluences by indiscriminately identifying all partisan command. Furthermore, begin­ nationalists with the German occupational ning in early 1945, membership was con­ regime. The few cases o f collaboration fined exclusively to ethnic Lithuanians, among the partisans produced by the with occasional exception made for Latvi­ Soviets usually involved Lithuanian rebels ans and East Prussian Germans. against the Soviet regime in 1941 and Most partisans came from the working former soldiers in German uniform. In­ and small-farmer classes. Many were of terestingly enough, the Soviet have not varied backgrounds: officers, civil servants, produced specific collaborationist or war- students, high-school students, sons of crime charges against аду of the better peasants, laborers. There were also a known partisan leaders. It would be un­ sprinkling of priests and veterans o f the real to assume, however, that among the independence wars o f 1918-20. Youth was more than 30,000 active partisans that most sympathetic to the partisan cause — there was none who compromised personal in some places, entire classes of high-school or political integrity. However, even on students flocked to the partisans. Women the basis of Soviet information, such cases partisans were not only medics and couriers were minimal. but also numbered in the ranks o f the Organized as conspiratorial groups, the fights. partisans were dedicated to the restoration A number of partisan leaders subscribed o f Lithuanian independence. True to the to the principles of Christian ethics and traditions of the previous nationalist under­ Western democracy, to charity, social re­ ground groups, the partisans maintained form and thought. Law based on the prin­ that, according to international law, their ciples o f Christian morality was declared country had not lost its sovereignty. They to be the norm of personal and group set up their own courts, issued credit script, behavior. The use of force was held to be passed decrees and enforced their regula­ a necessary evil. tions. Until 1952, they maintained an The statute of the Tauras Region of underground leadership. Partisans enumerated the moral qualifica­ Shades of political opinion and, at first, tions for partisan candidates: The freedom ethnic background were not important so fighters are to be Lithuanian men and long as a member’s loyalty belonged ex­ women, regardless of age; they are to be clusively to the partisan organization. A of high moral principle, brave, determined, good number of freedom fighters and most without any past blemishes against the of their leaders had borne arms against the nation in the past, and they are to be Soviets in the revolt of 1941, and later had totally committed to the liberation of worked against the Germans in the anti- Lithuania. Those joining the partisan or­ Nazi underground. A handful were per­ ganization had to take the following oath: sons originally parachuted into the country I (name) swear before G od A l­ as German intelligence agents; their joining mighty, in the name o f the brothers the ranks of the Lithuanian resistance had fallen for Lithuania’s freedom and given the partisans access to valuable independence, to work with fortitude German caches of ammunition, weapons for the reconstruction o f independent and other needed supplies. Moreover, es­ Lithuania, committing all my strength caped German POWS and Soviet army and life, to follow strictly the orders deserters were also found in the ranks. The of the leadership, to keep my activities

15 in the greatest secrecy, to avoid contact absent from the proceeding. One of the with the enemy and to report every­ partisan leaders, The Green Devil (Jonas thing to my superiors. I understand Misiunas), personally executed a number that if I break this oath I will be pu­ of traitors in eastern Lithuania, and in­ nished by death. All this that I swear dicated the fact that he had carried out let God help me do. the sentence by attaching a calling card to the bodies of the executed persons. The partisan could not leave the organ­ ization until Lithuanian independence was Early Groupings, 1944-45 regained. Even then, he could not leave Toward the end o f the Nazi occupation until permission from the leadership was the forests of Lithuania were full of na­ obtained. The partisan leadership tried to tionalist partisans whose objectives were create an organization with high qualifica­ to stop the demolition o f buildings, factor­ tions from the gray mass of men who had ies and railroads by the retreating Ger­ fled to the forests or who were willing to mans, to protect the inhabitants from Ger­ collaborate with the partisans. man looting, and to fight German press To identify themselves with Lithuanian gangs attempting to deport Lithuanians to nationalism and its military traditions, the the Reich. The Swedish newspaper Baltis- partisans wore uniforms of the Lithuanian ka Nyheter reported on September 26, army, with insignias o f rank and merit. 1944, that the partisans attacked a one This, along with the wearing of decora­ hundred-man SA unit and forced it to tions for valour or service that were oc­ retire from Plateliai. This SA unit’s ob­ casionally bestowed on individual fighters jective had been to requisition horses and or supporters, emphasized the military cattle. The partisans also attacked another nature of the movement and helped main­ large SA unit, seized its arms and food tain discipline. In most cases, command­ supplies, and forced it to retire from ing officers were elected. Leaders of the Darbenai, thus frustrating German attempts primary units were elected from the ranks; to recruit Lithuanian laborers for Germany. other commanders were elected by officers During the first partisan-war phase, of subordinate groups. Only staff officers roughly from the summer o f 1944 to the were appointed. Thus, there was a close summer of 1945, the best organized free­ relationship between the leaders and the dom fighters were the Samogitians (2e- ranks; the quality o f the ranks and leader­ maiciai). They first grouped while the ship tended to correspond. Germans were still in Samogitia in order The concrete objectives of the partisans to protect the populace from looting. A were obstruction of the Soviet regime in large number of former army officers, in­ all its aspects, emphasis being laid on pre­ cluding General Motiejus Peciulionis, had venting the reestablishment of local soviets been part of the Lithuanian Freedom and on impeding the work of other Soviet Army during the Nazi rule. From the institutions, notably the N K VD . Other first, when the Soviets returned, they began partisan activities included punishment of to organize and coordinate the partisan suspected collaborators with the Com­ movement. Almost all of the Samogitian munists; dissemination of information; guerrilla bands were united into “Vanagai” documentation o f Soviet crimes and or Flawks; they numbered several thou­ practices; protection of the lives and prop­ sands. The Soviet Russians did not try to erty of the civilian population. Sentences reckon with the formidable Vanagai in were passed and publicly announced by open combat. They resorted instead to partisan courts, with the accused usually provocations.

16 By the beginning of 1945, partisan units did not dare appear in the countryside, of varying sizes were operating in Lithua­ except in company and battalion strength. nia. The movement continued to grow What hindered the consolidation of parti­ until it covered all of Lithuania, except san gains was the absence of a centralized for those areas where large Red army or coordinated leadership. units were stationed, i.e., near the Prussian frontier and the Baltic Sea. Forested areas The Spread of Armed Resistance, 1945 like Rudninkai, Priensilis, Kazlu Ruda, To recapitulate in any detail the exploits Zaliosios Girios, Labanoras, and Taurage of the Lithuanian freedom fighters would hid large combat forces o f guerrillas, rang­ call for much more space than the present ing from several dozen to several hundred study could provide. It was a valiant and men. At this time, there was no centralized brutal struggle. In the spring o f 1945 the partisan command. Units operated in small guerrillas came out of winter hiding and areas. Before undertaking larger operations, began a multitude of attacks against the the leaders of one unit would invite N K V D and local Communist authorities. another for assistance. After the operation, Being familiar with the local terrain and the units would split up again and return being armed with automatic weapons and to their bases. Each command understood machine guns, the partisans tackled Soviet organization, operations and objectives in Russian forces three, five and even ten its own manner. Nonetheless, even in this times their size. Using ambuscades and first phase of the war the basic objectives night raids, the partisans inflicted huge were clearly understood: paralyze the casualties on the occupants. activities of local Communists, obstruct In southern and western Lithuania, the their plans, and destroy the N K V D forces partisans operated in small units o f twenty in the provinces. to fifty men. They struck hard, inflicted These spontaneous groupings o f freedom losses and quickly broke off actions before fighters (laisves kovotojai), misko broliai the Soviet Russians could rally or bring up (forest brothers), zaliukai (“ greenies”) or reserves. In the east and north, where large partisans (“partizanai”) — as these guer­ tracts of forestland and natural cover could rillas were called — earned the respect of be found, the partisans operated in groups the inhabitants through their legendary of several hundred. For instance, Zalgiris exploits against the native traitors and the led a force o f 800 fighting men. Bands of N K VD . Many local Communist leaders 500 men were not uncommon. Since it was and officials were executed. In the vicinity hard for large formations to avoid detec­ of Karmelava, for example seventeen tion, the eastern partisans were prone to Party cell bosses were exterminated in one fighting pitched battles with regiments and year. The Russification o f the Lithuanian even divisions of N K V D troops. O f course, countryside was thwarted. Since the local such large-scale battle tactics led to huge Communist administration often simply expenditures of ammunition and frightful ceased to exist for months at a stretch, the losses. countryside and villages were actually The list of engagements is extensive. governed by the partisans. In some areas, What is characteristic is the fact that the the Communists ruled by day, the parti­ partisans, using assault tactics or ambushes, sans by night. By April, 1945, the parti­ usually inflicted losses on the enemy that sans numbered about 30,000. The Com­ were several times larger than their own. munists were secure only in the large cities For obvious reasons, the freedom fighters and in areas which had strong Red army hid their cause under assumed names often or N K V D units close by. Even then, they borrowed from nature (plants, animals, the

17 elements) and from Lithuanian history or What is more significant is the fact that folklore. the elimination of the native Lithuanian During the first year the partisans fought element from the istrebiteli was a blow to mostly against the so-called istrebiteli the Soviet myth about the “ civil war” in (Russian for “ destroyers”), who had been Lithuania. The destruction o f the istrebiteli organized in the fall o f 1944 by the local showed the lack of support that the native Communist authorities for the defense of Communists had among the local people. the Communist party aparatus and for the “The peoples’ democracy” was forced to collection of requisitions. The istrebiteli rely entirely on its true sponsor, the were a Communist defense force, in the N K V D and the Red army. main comprised o f criminals, vagrants Desperate Resistance, 1945— 46 local dregs, who volunteered for service in The years 1945-46 saw the rising storm order to avoid conscription in the Soviet of partisan engagements and N K V D -M V D army or to obtain ration cards. Each town­ counter-operations. In July, 1945, more ship was to form a unit of thirty istrebiteli, than 10,000 fresh N K V D troops arrived in commanded by N K V D officers. Since they Lithuania. The following month, N K VD received no allowance, except a uniform provocateurs were sent into the forests of and rations, they took to pillage. They Kazlu Ruda in southern Lithuania. In were also used in operations against the September, N K VD -N K G B units occupied partisans in order to create the impression all the cities and raion towns. Nevertheless, that the anti-partisan struggle was a “ civil Lithuanian guerrillas dared to attack Com­ war between bourgeois nationalists and the munist headquarters and installations in the working people.” cities. In October, street fighting at night The partisans used flexible tactics still occurred in Kaunas and Vilnius against the istrebiteli. First, the native istre­ between partisans and N K V D forces. In biteli were contacted personally and October and November the Soviets sent warned. In some cases partisans infiltrated were concentrating around Kaunas for a their ranks and discouraged service. They mass assault on the city. As a result, in were forced to work for the partisans. If October and November the Soviets sent they did not heed the partisan warnings, three infantry divisions, reinforced by force was used. The partisan clashes with tanks and airplanes, to scour western the istrebiteli and NKVD became legend­ Lithuania. ary. The partisans used machine guns, During the first six months of 1946, mortars and bazookas (German Panzer- more than 800 cases o f serious sabotage fausts) to demoralize the istrebiteli who were reported by the occupation autho­ were poorly equipped. The annihilation of rities. The NKVD offered rewards up to the istrebiteli at Gizai, Kacergine and 10,000 rubles for information leading to Zalioji completely demoralized the re­ the arrest of the saboteurs. mainder. They deserted wholesale or even The guerrillas were now almost exclu­ sought asylum with the partisans. Only sively comprised of Lithuanians of all ages the criminal element and Lumpenprole- and walks of life, with an occasional Ger­ tariat remained. (This group too was soon man or Dutch prisoner of war, Latvian, distrusted by the Communists.) With the Polish or Byelorussian freedom fighter. In liquidation of the istrebiteli, it was easy to one Samogitian unit there was a sixty- disrupt the local administration, stop de­ year old farmer with his three sons; this portations, the cutting of forests and the family “squad” constantly volunteered for collecting o f grain requisitions. the most dangerous assignments. The old

18 guerrilla was a good shot and he account­ heavier casualties — about 200 men pe­ ed for a number of N K V D men. In a rished, including several staff officers. The Sudavian unit was a twelve-year old boy Soviets, however, suffered considerably whose father was executed by the Com­ heavier losses. The third operation was munists and whose family was deported carried out during September 12-16 in to Siberia. The guerrillas adopted the boy Samogitia. and employed him as a messenger. One The extent of this warfare on the local night he was wounded by Soviet sentinels. level may be gleaned by studying the When the wounded boy refused to betray “War Communiques of the Lithuanian his friends in the forests, the Soviet Guerrilla Radio,” broadcast almost daily troopers crushed the boy’s frail body by by clandestine transmitters to listening running a tank over him. posts in Sweden and West Germany. While In the spring of 1946, the N K V D began the sources cannot be verified, very often to press and persecute the partisans with the facts recorded corresponded with data more intensity than in the previous year. received from other more reliable sources. The long winter and late snows kept the Throughout 1946, in spite of large-scale partisan units penned up in their old bases search operations, the partisans were still and lairs, thus exposing them to grave able to inflict heavy losses in men and danger. Following N K V D General Barta- material on the enemy, as can be seen siunas’ order o f February 15, 1946, the . from the above-mentioned clashes. A c­ N K V D sought out the bogged-down parti­ cording to Pergale. No. 7 (Vilnius, 1961), sans. Every day, N K V D units clashed with one partisan platoon leader, Vytautas uncovered or fleeing partisan bands. Gavenas, personally liquidated 1,000 During the summer o f 1946, the Rus­ enemies in his various engagements. A c­ sians attempted to “purge” Lithuania three cording to other Soviet sources, between times. In the first operation, between June June, 1944 and June, 1946, 9,000 Lithua­ 28 and July 16, 4,000 N K V D troopers nian partisans perished. scoured western Lithuania, and 3,000 As the winter o f 1946-47 approached, N K V D men searched the forests of Alytus the partisans were again faced with the and Seinai in southern Lithuania. Two serious problem of finding quarters and hundred Soviet troopers were killed and stocking provisions. They began to loot thirty-one partisans perished in the skirmi­ Communist warehouses and kolkhozes. A shes. The corpses of the “ white bandits” typical operation was undertaken by the were publicly displayed in the Prienai, Iron Wolf Regiment. Fifty men of the Marijampole and Veiveriai market places. Desinys and Sarunas companies, led by The second operation was effected “ Uosis,” cleaned out the sovkhoze at between August 12 and 16. The task force Pagermonys, a former estate, and carried included 15,000 NKVD troops and auxi­ off enough food to supply the formations liary units. Major General Juozas Barta- for the winter. siunas took personal command o f the ope­ rations. This time, the guerrillas suffered (To be continued in next issue.)

19 Resolution Asks for Support for Lithuania

Adopted by the Lithuanian Americans the United States’ Helsinki Monitor Com­ of Cicero, Illinois on this 11th day of mission to act in behalf o f the Lithuanian February, 1979, at the assembly which dissidents — members o f the Lithuanian commemorated the restoration of Lithuan­ Helsinki Monitor Group and others — that ian Independence in 1918. they be released from detention immedia­ Whereas, the assembled are guided by tely. the Human Rights principle which can not To ask President Carter and Congress exclude the right o f the nations to govern to resist the pressure exerted to discontinue themselves freely, and the observance of the Captive Nations Whereas, with pursuing the policy of Week and to establish a Russian Consulate detente, no significant results were obtain­ in Chicago, ed and tens of thousands of Lithuanians To ask the Department of State to are still imprisoned and sent to Siberia or observe the presidential instruction which held in psychiatric wards for trying to says that the aid to foreign countries and publicly express their thoughts and re­ the relations with them will depend on how ligious beliefs, the Human Rights are honored in these Now, therefore, be it resolved countries, To thank President Carter for trying To forward copies o f this Resolution to to apply the Human Rights principle to the President of the United States of all the countries, America, to the Secretary o f State, to the To thank Congress for conducting com­ United States Senators and Congressman mittee hearings on Lithuania’s occupation of the 6th district from Illinois and Con­ and declaring it an act o f force and fraud, gressman Dante B. Fascell, Chairman of To request President 'Carter and Con­ the Helsinki Monitor Committee in Wa­ gress to use every opportunity in inter­ shington, to the National Captive Nations national forums and in direct negotiations Committee, to the Mayor o f Chicago, and with Russia to uphold, without compromise, to the news media. the Human Rights principle and support PeterAtkociunas, DDS the Lithuanian nation’s aims for indepen­ Chairman of the assembly dence, Victor Motusis To ask the President, the Congress and Secretary of the assembly

Slava Stetsko Salutation to the Lithuanian Community of Miami

Your Excellency, Reverend Fathers, Mr. greet you especially on behalf of our President, dear Lithuanian Friends, di­ Ukrainian compatriots. We are proud to stinguished representatives of Estonia, be Ukrainians, as you are proud to be Byelorussia, Ukraine, Poland, and other Lithuanians. We are all conscious o f our subjugated nations! glorious past, our heroic present and we It is a great honor for me to bring these strongly believe in the great future o f our greetings to you from the headquarters of nations. the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations located N ot the mighty free nations but the in Munich. It is a great pleasure for me to conscience of our past gave us the strength

20 and courage to wage a two-front war asked in a concentration camp, “ Do you against Nazi Germany and the equally really believe that your Ukraine will ever harsh oppression o f Soviet Russia. be free?” His answer was, “ O f one thing And now in spite of religious, cultural I am certain. If I were the last Ukrainian and national persecution, Russification, and on earth, I would still continue to fight economic exploitation, the young people for Ukraine.” in our countries remain as Lithuanian, as There is not one, not two, nor even more Ukrainian, as Estonian, as Byelorussian, heroes in our native fatherlands. As the and as Georgian, as they were a thousand foreign authors say — the whole nation is years ago. the hero. The graves o f dead heroes are They prefer to go to jails and concentra­ the mobilizing force o f our young genera­ tion camps rather than to betray their tion in their struggle for national inde­ nations. They are ready to live, to strug­ pendence. gle, and, if necessary, to die for their We do not believe that human rights countries. Even to burn themselves alive can be realized in our countries as long as Romas Kalantas did. It is a pity that as Russian tanks stand on the streets of Ukrainian and Byelorussian students came our capitals. Therefore ABN — Anti- too late to attend his funeral because the Bolshevik Bloc of Nations — is for the KGB put up all kind of obstacles to delay complete dissolution of the Russian empire their arrival. into national independent states. When Ukrainian freedom fighter, Lev Lukyanenko, sentenced to 25 years, was Tegyvuoja Lietuva!

Ukrainians in Miami, Florida, along with the Lithuanian patriot and former political prisoner, Simas Kudirka protest against persecution in Ukraine and for the release of Ukrainian political prisoners.

21 Lew Shan-sky The Liberation Struggle in Poland

The liberation struggle o f the Polish munist authorities resorted to widespread people against their Soviet Russian imposed persecutions o f the workers involved, the Communist regime has by now gone on intellectuals promptly rallied to the wor­ for a generation. The latest workers’ strikes kers’ defense. In July 1976, a prominent in 1976 occured almost 20 years to the Polish novelist, Jerzy Andrzejewski, praised date after the “Black Thursday” in Poznan the persecuted workers as “ fighters for true on June 28, 1956. There were popular socialist democracy” and pledged to per­ upheavals in Poland in 1968 and again in severe on their behalf. With this aim, on 1970, and in all these cases, the Com­ September 27, 1976, a Committee for De­ munists backed down before popular pres­ fense of the Workers (K O R ) was estab­ sure. Yet on June 24, 1976, when new lished. food prices were announced, the workers It must be said that the intellectuals in Gdansk once again went on strike. This had not supported the workers’ strikes time they were joined by workers in va­ prior to 1976. Indeed, when faced with the rious other parts of Poland. The workers workers’ revolts in Gdansk and Szctecin in from the Ursus tractor factory south of 1970, in Gdynia in 1974, the intellectuals Warsaw blocked the railroad tracks, stop­ were taken by surprise and played no ping trains to the capital, and in Radom role in the revolts whatsoever. So when there was widespread rioting. To avoid a the intellectuals came out openly against bloody confrontation, perhaps more serious Gomulka in March 1968 and mass demon­ than that in Poznan in 1956 or in Gdansk strations and violent clashes with the police in 1970, the Communists again backed took place in Warsaw and in every pro­ down. Instead, the Communist regime in vincial university town — Cracow and Poland launched an "ideological offensive” Poznan, Lodz and Lublin, W roclaw and which tried to “present Poland as an in­ Gdansk, the Communist authorities put tegral part o f the socialist commonwealth, the blame on “Zionist” ringleaders and the inseparably linked by ideology, alliance, workers remained passive. Thus, the “ June and many-sided cooperation with the events” produced a chain reaction which USSR” , and at the same time, to “ unmask led to the emergence o f a fundamentally the intellectuals and the hierarchy of the new political situation in the country, i.e., Catholic Church”. This “ideological of­ to the emergence of an open resistance fensive” by the Communist regime in Po­ movement, which in the past had been land misfired because it could not have scattered, clandestine (as, e.g., the group of been otherwise in a country proud of its “ Alpinists” — young people who smug­ history, violently anti-Russian, passionately gled political literature from the West idealistic, devoutly Catholic and strongly through the Tatra Mountains, who were anti-Communist. The intellectuals not only discovered and tried in 1971), and largely refused to be intimidated but more and passive (e.g. passive resistance o f the more often resorted to open defiance of peasants). N ow the resistance movement the Communist authorities. Moreover, the has taken an organized, vocal, and in­ intellectuals started to support the workers’ creasingly influential political form. struggle, i.e. the “ June events of 1976” The Catholic Church o f Poland was as the Poles call them, and when the Com­ also never silent during the struggle. In his

22 sermons and epistles, Stefan Cardinal W y- in Europe which according to the leaders szynski, the Primate o f Poland as well as of the Polish Resistance Movement reduced other hierarchs of the Church, castigated the chances o f an open Soviet intervention various aspects o f the Communists regime. in Poland. More important in the increase They did not restrict themselves to religious of the Resistance Movement was the post­ matters only, but also demanded respect war generation in Poland which now from the Communist government for se­ entered the Resistance Movement, and veral basic democratic freedoms (the right which was always impatient with their to free association, to freedom of press, to fathers’ passive resistance to communism. unrestrained scientific research, especially There is now a proliferation in Poland of in the study of history o f modern Poland). resistance groups with, at least, 20 illegal Cardinal Wyszynski also challenged Com­ papers published regularly, with a total munist claims o f the identity o f Poland’s monthly circulation of no less than 100,000. interests with those o f the Soviet Union, To write, edit, publish, and distribute them of the Soviet-Polish amity, etc. In a pas­ must take at least several thousand per­ sionately patriotic sermon, he declared: sons. All these publications have merciless­ For us, next to God, our first love ly attacked the censorship o f official press. is Poland. After God one must above They were provided with a golden oppor­ all remain faithful to our Homeland, tunity in the spring of 1977 b y the de­ to the Polish national culture. We will fection to the West of Tomasz Strzy- love all the peoples in the world, but zewski, an employee of the censorship of­ only in such an order of priorities. fice in Krakow, who took with himself And if we see everywhere slogans ad­ substantial confidential evidence about the vocating love for all the peoples and workings o f the censorship. all the nations, we do not oppose We complete our discussion o f Poland’s them; yet above all we demand the liberation struggle with the enumeration right to live in accordance with the of the most important resistance groups: spirit, history, culture, and language of 1. KOR (now KSS-KOR — Committee our own Polish land — the same which for Social Self-Defense), mostly student has been used by our ancestors for activists of 1968 (Jacek Kuron, Adam centuries. Michnik (of Jewish descent), former “ A l­ Polish Communism is now in deep pinists” . Among them also prominent trouble. It’s bankruptcy is evident. Con­ social-democrats as Professor Edward Li- fronted with the burning issues of the day, pinski, author of the petition of 59 against and, especially, with the desperate de­ the official project of the new Constitu­ terioration o f the national economy, with tion which changed the name o f the Po­ eventual increases of food prices which are lish People’s Republic to Polish Socialist likely to lead to new strikes and con­ Republic. Publishes: Biiletyn Informacyjny. ceivably even to a large-scale workers’ 2. R O PC IO (Movement for the De­ rebellion, the Communist regime was left fense o f Human and Civil Rights). The in fact without ideology and without in­ present leader: pre-war General Mieczy- tellectuals. The Polish people, however, slaw Boruta-Spiechowicz; members: Leszek which is forced to be an ally of the Soviet Moczulski, journalist and historian of Union and compelled to have a Com­ W W II; and a leader of the former Chri­ munist system, is in a more assertive mood stian Democratic Party, Stefan Kaczo- than ever before. The resistance movement rowski. The younger members are mostly was emboldened by the 1975 Helsinki former members of the clandestine group Conference on Security and Cooperation with its leader Andrzej Czuma. The Mo­

23 vement has established its offices in Polish 10. Polish Democratic Movement for the cities, publishes monthly Opinia and the struggle for Poland’s democracy and so­ members, at the official functions, as, e.g., vereignty. Issued manifesto (cf. Kultura, the funeral of Gen. Roman Abraham, ap­ December 1977), Publishes: Glos. pear in the pre-war Polish uniforms. 11. N O W A (Independent Publishing 3. SKS (Students Solidarity Committee) House) publishes literary periodicals Zapis has branches at virtually every university and Puls. Will publish books. and publishes two papers: Bratniak and 12. UL (Flying University) with “ flying” Indeks. libraries o f books banned from regular 4. PPS (Polish Socialist Party) publishes collections, supplements education at re­ Robotnik. gular universities. In June 1978, UL com­ 5. Polish Chapter of Amnesty Inter­ pleted its first “academic year”. national. It is impossible to anticipate when the 6. Polish Committee for the Defense of crisis will come into the open. Poland’s Life and Family fights to abolish the present situation rests on a delicate existing, extremely liberal abortion laws. equilibrium among many competing for­ ces. However, the present situation is even 7. Samoobrona Polska (The Polish Self- more dangerous and more explosive than Defense) publishes monthly Droga. the revolutionary atmosphere of October 8. Polska Walczonca (Fighting Poland) and November 1956, when the Hungarian — a military organization, publishes a bi­ uprising was threatening to spread to monthly under the same name. Poland. The Poles face heavy odds and 9. PPN — Polish Coalition for Inde­ our wishes are with them that they ma­ pendence. nage to meet the challenge.

Is the American Religious Faith in Jeopardy Madeline O ’Hara is at it again. This time and proud of my heritage. I am also very she is on the move to censure the religious much aware of the place religious faith has messages being carried on radio and tele­ played in the freedom we, as Americans, vision. She has acknowledged that she is now enjoy. Therefore, I protest any human out to wipe out all that pertains to God. effort to remove from Radio or Television Don’t take this lightly. You may re­ any programs designed to show faith in Almighty God or a Supreme Being.” member that she succeeded in making it illegal to read the Bible or pray in public Let us be reminded that, prior to the schools and she protested the decision of American Revolution, few people of the world had ever enjoyed real freedom — the astronauts to read the Bible broadcast the freedom to pursue happiness. From from the spacecraft. its beginning in Plymouth and Jamestown, Good governments are lost because good America became the land of hope and free­ people do N O T H IN G . Freedoms are lost dom. The early Puritans were a people because good people do N O TH IN G . who had made the H oly Bible their chief Here is my letter to Federal Communi­ authority and guide for conduct. One ap­ cations Commission, 1919 M St. Washing­ proach to the problem of patriotism is the ton, D.C. 20054 — “ I am an American spiritual one. We read and hear a great

24 deal today about our alleged moral decline tion by serious students of the materialistic and our materialistic attitude toward world view. affairs. But we must never forget, nor al­ A growing number of authorities say low our children to forget, that this land our crime problem is symptomatic of a was settled originally by people who had deeper malaise, a failure of the material­ a profoundly spiritual outlook. istic approach to life which our society has elevated to the ideal. In this context, Can you believe that there is a new crime may perhaps be best understood as American atheist magazine, a monthly a spiritual problem. There M UST be a journal o f atheist news and thought pu­ turnaround in a social sickness which is blished here in the United States? An ad in coming closer to the personal experience a local paper said that the American of each o f us. Atheist is a highly sought after publica­ Doris Besenty

Letter to Pope John Paul II

Below we are reprinting the text of a Yosyf and are now looking up to You, letter written and sent by thousands of H oly Father, to Your inspired leadership Ukrainian Catholics in the US to Pope with expectation of compassion, understand­ John Paul II. ing and help. H oly Father! Your total devotion to To His Holiness the teachings of Christ, Your salient Pope John Paul II comprehension o f genuine ecumenism, Your The Vatican salutary commitment to human rights, and H oly Father: Your courage in propounding them, give us We, the faithful o f the Eastern Rite, added assurances and hope that Your Holy who belong to the Ukrainian Catholic pontificate will usher in a new era, not Church, appeal to Your Holiness that by only in the life of our Ukrainian Catholic filling the vacancy on the throne of the Church, but also in the life o f all huma­ Metropolitan See of Philadelphia, Pennsyl­ nity. vania, You impart Your blessings upon the We sincerely hope, that a favorable selection made by our Patriarch Yosyf consideration of our appeal and the appro­ Cardinal Slipyj. val o f Yours, H oly Father, will meet the As You, H oly Father, are undoubtedly needs of our Church here in the United aware, the faithful o f our Ukrainian Ca­ States o f America and will be the sign tholic Church, those millions in our Father- that indeed You are the man sent to us land, and those not always respectfully by Divine Providence. treated in the West, have placed all of With expressions o f our filial devotion, their trust and hopes in our Patriarch we are Yours in Christ.

25 WACL Bulletin on Ukraine

In a special edition of the “ W ACL Bul­ received special mention thanks to their letin” from the X lth W ACL conference in all-round activity. They were also given Washington, D.C., the official organ of mention in the seminar presentation by the World Anti-Communist League insert­ ABN in Ellenville, USA. ed an extensive article about Ukraine’s This special edition o f the “ W ACL Bul­ freedom fight and about other nations en­ letin” includes other seminars, addresses slaved by Russian imperialism and com­ and speeches which deserve an extra men­ munism. The main seminar by Dr. Y. tion: USA Senator Jake Garn’s speech Stetsko entitled The road to ideological entitled Soviet military build up and US victory over Marxism and Bolshevism ob­ security; USA Senator James McClure’s serves the ideological and political complex speech entitled Morality in foreign policy o f Ukraine’s and other enslaved nations’ (particular attention was paid to the human struggle over Russian imperialism and rights campaign of President Carter); communism. Dr. Stetsko points out the Governor A. S. Jamjoom’s entitled Stop spiritual renaissance o f mankind’s ideas and communist expansion by action; Dr. Ku analyzes the inefficiency of communism as Cheng-Kang, Honorary WACL chairman, the greatest reactionary system in the and his speech entitled Strive in unity to development of mankind. The speaker bring about early victory over communism. dwells upon the question o f the decline of Other studies, which were read at the the Occident: its withdrawal of values and conference, from a separate chapter of the ideals which made it strong. He presents W ACL Bulletin: e.g. Islam and Commu­ the problem of eternal values, of the heroic nism by Hisham Sahki; Withdrawal of US concept o f life, and o f the national- armed forces from Korea by Gen. Honkon patriotic and nationalistic revolutionary Lee, W ACL Korea Chapter; The current ideal. Having analyzed the American po­ situation on Chinese Mainland. litics on human rights, the speaker realizes Among the items o f mentions of in­ the demands of the freedom fight in dividual complexes, apart from ABN, are Ukraine and of the imperative conditions also Asia (APACL), Latin America (CAL), for the realization of freedom for people Middle East, Africa, Western Europe, of enslaved nations: namely, the national Youth W ACL (W YACL). There are also independent self-governing nation. The separate mentions of the works and speaker dedicates a separate mention in a struggle o f individual members and na­ major section of his seminar to the global tions. Professor Dr. Roger Pearson, USA ideological war of the Occident against chairman of WACL, writes about the Russia and the many variants of its Maintenance of unity in the struggle for Bolshevism. national freedom against communist ag­ In the report about ABN ’s work, Slava gression. Stetsko M.A., dedicates a mention not Gen. John K. Singlaub, the former chief of only to the activities o f ABN as a co- headquarters of the United forces in Korea, ordinative nucleus, but also to the in­ was recently relieved of this post by Presi­ dividual members o f the national freedom dent Carter because he did not agree with organizations of enslaved nations e.g. the withdrawal of forces politics from Ukraine, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Byelorussia, Korea. General Singlaub writes about GI Hungary, Rumania, Slovakia, Latvia, pullout worst decision. He brings into con­ Cuba, etc. sideration the White House politics vis a The ABN youth group in Great Britain vis Korea.

26 General John W. Vessey (USA) exa­ Byelorussia, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Croatia mines the United States’ vital support for and other enslaved nations. Am ong the a safe Korea. In an interview, Leopold many photos of the delegates is a picture Sedor Senghor, president o f Senegal, in­ of the Ukrainian Bandurist Chorus and of dicates the following danger in his speech the dance group from the Ukrainian entitled: The communists can take Africa. Youth Association. Both groups entertained In the publicized “ Final communique of during the W ACL reception in Washing­ the X lth W ACL General Conference” ton. there is a separate section dealing with the The W ACL Bulletin is distributed in 75 support of the freedom fight for the in­ countries and among a chain o f interna­ dependence of Ukraine, Georgia, Lithuania. tional member organizations.

I am a Ukrainian, not a Russian An open letter of a Ukrainian student to the Western press

Russia is the greatest and most cruel for help. Ukraine was again defeated, oc­ enemy of Ukraine. Ukraine, although oc­ cupied, enslaved and drenched with the cupied and enslaved now by Communist blood of her best sons and daughters. Russia, is a proud nation of 55 million, In order to break Ukraine’s resistance, with a history, culture, literature and lang­ the Russian occupants organized an artifi­ uage different from Russian. cial famine in 1932— 1933 during which Ukraine accepted Christianity 1,000 some seven million Ukrainians were starv­ years ago and was then a mighty and high­ ed to death in their most fertile land in ly civilized independent country, while Europe. Russia was still a barbaric and backward During and after World War II, Muscovite principality. Ukrainians organized a strong under­ Ukrainians have been fighting for cen­ ground nationalist movement and the turies against Russia for Ukraine’s freedom Ukrainian Insurgent Army (U PA), which and independence. In the eighteenth cen­ is still active against Russian occupants at tury, Ukraine, under Hetman Ivan Ma­ this time. zepa allied itself with Sweden under In the event of a war between the free Charles X II in the war against Russia world and Russia, the Ukrainian nation, under Peter I. Unfortunately, the Ukrai­ if given adequate support and encourage­ nian and Swedish armies lost the decisive ment, would be our ally, inside the mon­ battle at Poltava in 1709 and Ukraine strous Soviet Russian slave empire. was enslaved by Russia. In 1918, Ukraine When you call me a Russian, you un­ again declared her independence, but Rus­ willingly and unknowingly act as a tool sia attacked the independent state. The of the Russian propaganda machine by heroic war in defence of Ukraine against which the Russians try to convince the Russia lasted four years, from 1917 to world that their slave empire, in which 1921. If the free world would then have they virtually are a minority, is inhabited given some help in arms and ammunitions by a monolithic Russian nation. to the heroic Ukrainian armies, there would Please do not hurt my feelings and do be no Communist problem in the world at not refer to me as a Russian, because I am all today. However, the free world did a Ukrainian. Ukrainian Student not answer the desperate Ukrainian plea Los Angeles, California, USA

27 Armenian Solidarity with Ukrainian Prisoners

We are publishing in translation the and expectations. We honour January 12th statement of a political prisoner of Mos­ with them. Our solidarity was demonstrat­ cow, Porujr Ajrikjan, secretary of the Na­ ed and will continue to be demonstrated tional United Party (NUP) of Armenia. in the political camps and prisons: by means of protest hunger strikes (cf. the For some years now, January 12th has statements written for the occasion of been traditionally honoured in certain re­ January 12th in the years 1975, 1976, gions of the USSR and in the political 1977 by Ajrikjan, Arshakjan, Shacherdjan, world in general as “The day o f solidarity Navasargjan, Markosjan, Zahrabjan and with Ukrainian political prisoners”. His­ others). torically, this day is connected with the recent massive arrests in Ukraine. In one In 1976 the N U P’s leadership decided day, January 12, 1972 scores of people that all members be obliged to honour were arrested. Moreover, due to the con­ January 12th as NU P’s — Day o f So­ temporary circumstances, the significance lidarity with fighting Ukraine. This so­ of this new date spread. January 12th — lidarity has its history. Among the Ukrai­ is the day of Fighting Ukrainians; it is nian political prisoners (as well as among the day sympathizers hope for the rebirth Russian, Jewish, Lithuanian, Latvian, and o f Ukraine; it is the day of Ukrainian other nations) we found not only brothers dissidents. and sisters, but also friends adherent to the fight for the right of nation according to Ukrainians occupy a major part in the the self-determination and respect of register of Soviet political prisoners. Today human rights. The following Ukrainians there are more than 70 persons condemn­ became member-sympathizers o f the Na­ ed to camps, prisons, mental institutions, or tional United Party: Vjacheslav Chorno- exile. As proof of this statement I will vil, Stefania Shabatura, M . Buduljak- give a list of names: Karavanskyj, Shu- Sharyhin, Ivan Hel, Wasyl Ovsijenko, muk, V. Moroz, I. Hel, Rebryk, Osadchy, Zorjan Popadiuk. Huzul, Homula, Konchavskyj, Murzenko, Yuskevych, Sverstiuk, Popadiuk, Lisovyj, They all took part in the actions execut­ Zdorovyj, Kvetsko, Mykyta, Serhijenko, ed by the NUP on August 11, 1975-1977, Svitlychny, Kalynets, Dolishnyj, Roma- December 5, 1976, April 24, 1975-1977 niuk, Proniuk, Hajduk, Iryna Ka­ and February 12, 1977. Again, I mention­ lynets, Oksana Popovych, Iryna Senyk, ed and noted this fact in order to empha­ Antoniuk; committed to mental institutions size the depth o f mutual understanding and are: Plakhotiuk, Krasivsky, Ruban; im­ spiritual community among us — the re­ prisoned in the USSR’s KGB are: Lukya­ presentatives of many different nations. nenko, Marynovych, Matusevych; in exile Under specific circumstances this contempo­ are: Stefania Shabatura, Wasyl Stus and rary alliance may have historical signifi­ many others. Naturally, I do not know cance; on the other hand it is a small, but all of the names. strong link in the history of co-operating The Armenians have been members of nations. the National United Party since 1975. This As secretary of the NUP, I again assure party attempts to realize the independence the solidarity of our party with the true of Armenia by means of a referendum. We sons and daughters of Ukraine in times of understand our Ukrainian brothers and need, not only by means o f protest hunger sisters totally. We share their aspirations strikes and declarations...

28 Freedom Day

The North Korean invasion of the Operation “Come Home” was completed South started on June 25, 1950 and the on January 27 and an announcement by first few months of the war saw brilliant the Government of the Republic of China Free World victories. The US 7th Division said 14,556 Chinese had been set free. pushed the Reds as far back as the Yalu The “Freedom Day” Movement to en­ River on November 20. But the half year hance human dignity and encourage captive thereafter brought an entirely new war and people’s struggle for freedom — first mark­ then a stalemate, because o f the counter­ ed by member units of the Asian Peoples’ attack by 200,000 Chinese Communist Anti-Communist League (A P A C L ; founded “volunteers”. in June 1954) — countered attempts at Negotiations for a truce started on July enslavement and won widespread support 10, 1951, and the Armistice was signed among free democratic nations. Consequent­ 20 months later, on July 27, 1953 at the ly, the World Anti-Communist League 159th and final plenary session of the con­ (W ACL; founded in 1967) decided in 1968 ference. Deadlock over the POW re­ to observe January 23 as “ W orld Freedom patriation issue had prolonged the war by Day.” 15 months. The Korean War was no ordinary war. That POWs might choose freedom was It was one in which the stake was a way a consistent principle o f the United N a­ of life. The cost was heavy but a new tions that had earlier named the Peiping principle was written in history. The more (Peking) regime as agressor in Korea. than 14,000 Chinese exPOWs who of Despite Red enticement and intimidation, their own free will elected to be received 21,809 prisoners — 14,227 Chinese and by the RO C Government in Taiwan rather 7,582 Koreans — marched out of the de­ than return to Communism represented a militarized zone and across “ Freedom cross-section o f the hundreds o f million Bridge” over the Imjin River at Pan- people on the Chinese mainland. A quarter munjom on January 20, 1954. At one century ago, this meant that the mainland minute after zero hour on January 23 the was not irretrievably lost to Communism non-repatriates became free civilians. The as some people were already imagining. Chinese prepared to sail to Taiwan from This is even more true today, after all the Inchon and the Koreans reported to the Communist misrule and mainland misery. Republic of Korea authorities. Those who cherish the spirit o f freedom More than 100,000 persons gathered at and seek the right to determine their own a “Freedom Day” rally in Taipei on Ja­ destiny should remember the 22,000 Chi­ nuary 23. On the same day, 111 sick and nese and Korean ex-POWs who could not wounded Chinese ex-POWs arrived in be bought with the most lavish promises Taiwan to receive a rousing welcome. o f the Communists.

Today’s hunger strike is a declaration of I demand a guarantee for their right of protest against the existing conditions in free public activity. the USSR and against the repression of M y address follows: freedom of speech, particularly in Ukraine. I demand an end to all court trials and Mordovia persecutions, as well as the release o f all P. O. Lesnoj political prisoners, political “mentally-ill” KZ-Camp no. 19 (Zch — 385) prisoners, political prisoners in exile and January 12, 1978.

29 Memorandum No. 2 — on Security in Europe

Following is the text of Memorandum- the Ukrainian Group to Promote the No. 2 of the Ukrainian Public Group to Implementation of the Helsinki Accords, Promote the Implementation of the Helsin­ it is obvious why this happened. We will ki Accords. The document was included in attempt to clarify this misunderstanding the third edition of the “ Reports of the with complete frankness. And, of necessity, Helsinki Accord Monitors in the Soviet not without a feeling of bitterness. Union”, released by the Commission on Western diplomats, if not from podia Security and Cooperation in Europe. Me­ then in lobbies during international con­ morandum No. 2 is dated January 20, ferences, continue to call the Soviet Union 1977, and was signed by Oles Berdnyk, by the ancient term Russia. This is not Ivan Kandyba, Levko Lukyanenko, Oksa­ happenstance. The historical fact that the na Meshko, Mykola Rudenko, Nina Stro- Russian Empire disintegrated long ago and kata-Karavanska and Oleksa Tykhy. in its place was created a voluntary union In several months, leading statesmen of sovereign states was neither mentally from the 35 countries which participated assimilated nor psychologically fixed either in the historic conference in Helsinki will in the West or in the Soviet Union itself. gather in Belgrade. Tradition took precedence over law. At the Belgrade conference, countries From an administrative-juristic stand­ will be represented who have populations point, the Soviet Union should be compar­ two to three times less than were Ukraine’s ed not to the United States, as is sometimes losses in the last world war and even those done, but to a united Europe. It is pre­ whom the war had passed by. Such wide cisely here that equal, allied states strive representation, o f course, can only be to unite their efforts. Precisely here is heartening. But, will long-suffering Ukraine, created an all-European parliament which, which has made innumerable sacrifices in through its prerrogatives, reminds one of the name of peace among nations, be re­ the all-union government in its original presented? form. But, a united Europe was never a The Helsinki conference was dedicated single empire, while the Soviet Union was precisely to this problem, the problem of created in place of the Russian Empire peace and security in Europe. H ow could which existed for several centuries. This it have happened that a highly developed is why that which was formed after European country, with a population of October 1917 was burdened with all the 50 million and territory which surpasses horrors o f the past. that of any Western European state, was Each of the union republics, in accord­ not invited to the forum of nations in ance with the Constitution of the USSR, is Helsinki? as sovereign as any state that belongs to the Why didn’t any o f the participants of European commonwealth, which one can the Helsinki conference notice its absence? indeed call a union. Is not Ukraine a member o f the United However, the imperialistic past o f Rus­ Nations with all the rights due it as such? sia hangs like a dark shadow over the Was it not over its land, from the upper allied peoples, not allowing them to Dnister to the lower reaches of the Donets, speak of their constitutional rights. That that Fascist tanks rolled? is why the personality cult, which in its It would be easy to ask many more rhe­ worst form reproduced tsarist autho­ torical questions. But to us, members of ritarianism, is substituted with another

30 cult; from podia the word “ union” goes stantly being pushed to the forefront, forth, but it is understood as “ Russia” . And though under the label “ of the homeland” . that this has continued for six full decades However, a citizen of the USSR has the is in no small measure the responsibility right to say: an Armenian has his home­ of Western leaders, for whom it was just land and a Russian his. D o union obliga­ as difficult to break away from age-old tions really demand the renunciation of traditions as it was for the peoples of the republic citizenship? Does a Ukrainian Russian Empire. really not have the right to consider In the meantime, the real sovereignty of Ukraine his homeland? Which laws deny the allied states, for the sake of which him this natural right? rivers of blood have been spilled, is being Such laws did exist in tsarist Russia; steadily transformed into a convention of there are none such in the USSR. Instead, protocol. And in recent years, chauvinisti- the USSR has the KGB, a military or­ cally inclined officials o f the Russian ganization which counters sacred human federation, whom no one ever punished rights with brute strength. According to the for their limitant chauvinism, contempt- norms of the KGB, patriotism can only be ously disregard even this pitiful conven­ Russian or “ all-Soviet”, which in practice tion. Today, for example, while these lines also means Russian. The vice-president of are being written, a senior investigator of the Academy o f Sciences of the USSR, the procuracy of the city of Moscow, P. N. Fedoreyev, even created an “ all- someone named Tikhonov, is digging Soviet” language, one which, o f course, is among papers confiscated on his orders not a new form o f Esperanto, but the same from five members o f the Ukrainian old Russian. Public Group to Promote the Implementa­ Russian is glorified in hundreds of poems tion of the Helsinki Accords. It had not and songs, something which, as Russian even dawned on him to turn to the pro­ culture in general, we of course treat with curator for the city o f Kyiv. He arbi­ respect. But if you try to express your trarily signed the orders for searches of love for Ukraine in the same images, Mor­ citizens of the Ukrainian SSR, just as this dovian camps or special psychiatric hos­ was done in the tsarist empire, where no pitals await you. D o the popular masses republics existed. Also, Sergei Kovalev of Russia know this? O f course they do was convicted in Lithuania on the basis of not. the Procedural Code o f the RSFSR. The Thus for example, in the ardent, deep­ uncontrolled KGB still sends hundreds of ly patriotic work of V. Moroz, “A Chro­ Ukrainian political prisoners to Mordovia nicle of Resistance” , for which he was ar­ and the Urals (that is, onto the territory rested, there is not a single reference to of neighboring states). And this is con­ armed resistance. The theme deals with sidered normal. This is how it is with the the inhabitants of the village o f Kosmach laws of the republics — they are simply who, in preserving their native traditions, ignored. oppose spiritual standardization and the It should be noted that Marxism as the standardization of their everyday lives, i.e. official ideology of the Soviet Union pseudoculture. Nothing more! Never­ loses some of its allure with each passing theless, this proved enough to have V. year. What should take its place? Over Moroz thrown into the worst of prisons — here, they never stop repeating: patriotism, Vladimir — for six years. After prison, love o f the homeland. As a result, today, eight years of concentration camps and just as during the years o f the Great Pa­ Siberian exile remain. But he has sung the triotic War, that which in Russian is con­ praises of things o f the homeland, some-

31 thing that Soviet writers call for these imperialistic tradition. For in its legal days. But these things o f the homeland he foundations, the USSR is, after all, still saw not just anywhere, but in Ukraine. an empire. This alone is the essence o f his “ crime” . Yes, we are aware that Western govern­ Another example is that of native crafts­ ment officials have a basis for treating with man, artist-intarsist, Petro Ruban, who scepticism the issue that has been raised created a highly artistic work — an in­ by the Ukrainian group: will Ukraine be laid cover of a book out of wood — as a represented at the conference in Belgrade gift to the American people on the occasion or will it not? And yet we still turn to of the Bicentennial o f the USA. On the countries which participated in the Hel­ cover was the Statue o f Liberty and the sinki conference with this appeal: demand caption “ 200 Years” . The work was stolen the participation of Ukraine at all con­ out o f the workshop and the artist sen­ ferences on security in Europe! Security in tenced on the basis o f artificially fabricat­ Europe cannot become a reality if a nation ed charges to eight years in strict regime of 50 million, which has suffered through camps and five years exile with confisca­ countless misfortunes during two world tion o f property. The charges, however, wars, is artificially barred from participa­ were constructed cynically and without ting in European affairs. evidence. And all this happened just a half The forms of union relationships are not year before the Belgrade meeting. This eternal: they alter with time. New gene­ inhuman verdict clearly shows what the rations will come, generations which will unbridled chauvinists seek from the Hel­ read in the agreement of December 27, sinki Accords. Their tactics are simple: it is 1922, on the basis of which the USSR was fine to sign any international document created, that which is written there, and whatsoever, but at home as they say, “ we not that which is being dictated by the will put things in order ourselves” . KGB. Then the conditional will become Dozens, if not hundreds, of such ex­ the unconditional, that which has been amples can be cited. In truth, there is no declared in form will be changed into more bitter fate than to be born a Ukrai­ state and national reality. nian. There is no doubt about this: in a civi­ The citizenry o f the world can do very lized state such things cannot continue much to hasten this day. O nly then will for too long. Such experiments can be the nations o f Eastern Europe achieve full conducted only with confused, illiterate independence, only then will Western people, and there are less and less of them Europe sigh in relief; the threat of a new in the USSR. This is why we are convinced world war will have disappeared forever. that in the end law will triumph over an If only this would come to be understood!

NATION oder KLASSE by WOLFGANG STRAUSS 60 Years of Struggle Against the October Revolution A History of the Resistance Movements in the USSR

32 Establishment of ABN Branch in California

The Ukrainian branch o f the American Other individuals elected to the committee friends of ABN in Los Angeles was form­ were: Bojan Bolekhivsky, M. A.; A. Do- ed on January 25, 1979 due to the initia­ lyniuk; Eng. O. Chajkovskyy. tive taken by the representatives o f the Slava Stetsko, M. A., informed the Ukrainian delegation of the Central Com­ participants about ABN ’s activities in dif­ mittee of ABN. After Yaroslav Stetsko’s ferent countries of the free world. The speech, president of the Central Committee representative from the Ukrainian AF- of ABN, who discussed international po­ ABN Chicago branch reported about its litics and Ukraine’s contemporary situa­ activities, namely, the ABN conference in tion, the invited representatives o f the Chicago in 1978 and the honouring of Ukrainian Congress Committee of Ame­ ABN ’s 35th anniversary in December 1978. rica, the Organization in Defense of the Ms. L. Wasylyn reported about the parti­ Four Freedoms for Ukraine, and the cipation o f the Ukrainian youth during the Ukrainian Youth Association proposed W ACL conferences and Eng. Y . Blyszak nominees for the AF-ABN board. En­ discussed the external-political activities in gineer Y. Blyszak from San Francisco was San Francisco. elected president. The following nominees The activity program for 1979 in­ were elected to the committee: N. Wasy- clude the honouring of the 30th anniver­ lyn, M. A. — deputy president; N. sary of ABN Correspondence and increas­ Medvid — external affairs; O. Gatz — ing actions to honour the 35 th anniversary organizational affairs; O. Chepil and Eng. of the establishment of ABN in November B. Buchynsky secretaries; Y. Yakymiv — 1943 in the Ukrainian province Zhyto- treasurer; P. Balej, M. A. — liaison officer myrshchyna. The established Ukrainian for scientific and cultural institutes; L. branch of AF-ABN is the central branch Wasylyn — youth group liaison officer. for California.

The Bulgarian Initiative

A relatively strong Bulgarian group is leadership of Pro America invited Slava active in Los Angeles, California. The main Stetsko to speak on the enslaved nations. active member is editor Dora Gabensky. This invitation was the result o f a motion After Slava Stetsko’s arrival in Los An­ made by the Bulgarian member, Mrs. Ga­ geles, Mrs. Gabensky immediately started bensky. The second speaker, Bruce Her- to think of a way to make full use of her shenson, gave an analysis o f contemporary presence there. international politics. The speeches were The monthly meeting of the conser­ presented to an audience of over 300 vative American organization Pro America participants. The speeches took place be­ took place on January 25, 1979. This or­ fore and after the reception. Other invited ganization is critically aimed towards Ame­ representatives o f enslaved nations also rican’s contemporary external and internal came to meet Slava Stetsko. Among them politics; it supports the freedom fight of were representatives from Bulgaria, Esto­ enslaved nations and its members are Re­ nia, Latvia, Hungary and Poland. publicans and Democrats. Slava Stetsko’s speech was often inter­ During these monthly meetings, the rupted by applause and at the end she was

33 honored with a standing ovation. Re­ for the enslaved nations, but for America presentatives of the press made individual itself. interviews. The guests from the enslaved The Bulgarian participants presented the nations and the praesidium took individual speaker with flowers and asked to greet photos with the speaker. the president o f ABN, Yaroslav Stetsko, In her speech, Slava Stetsko examined with whom they became acquainted during not only Moscow’s politics vis a vis the ABN conference in Toronto, Canada. Ukraine and other enslaved nations, but Bruce Hershenson, director o f the tele­ also discussed the renaissance of the young vision station Channel 7 in Los Angeles, generation, the adamant struggle for free­ author of many books concerning Ame­ dom and the battle against the exploita­ rica’s external politics and former personal tion of one’s own government. She exa­ assistant to President R. Nixon, gave a mined not only the religious persecutions, critical analysis o f America’s foreign but also the existing immortal religious policy in which he sees America losing convictions behind the Iron Curtain. She ground. In conversation with Slava Stetsko, directed her criticism to the American he promised, in the future, to do a pro­ government, which, apart from theoretical gram on Ukraine from the material pre­ statements, does not support the efforts sented him. o f the enslaved nations (cf. Law by USA In closing, President Richie Brown re­ Congress re Enslaved Nations Week and minded the participating audience that statement by President Carter on Human Ukraine and Byelorussia are members of Rights), but on the contrary strengthens the United Nations, but that Moscow ap­ Moscow’s imperialism with its economical points the representatives and controlls the and technological aid and detente po­ right o f vote. She warmly asked the guest litics. This action is not only damaging not to by-pass Los Angeles in the future.

Letter to ABN Mr. President: sary so that our fight can progress towards Following our meeting of various inter­ victory. national conservative groups on September — The people of Laos have awoken and 9, 1978, we have the pleasure of sending you put forth a cry of distress, yet one full of press clippings and other various documents hope. Thus, your support for our cause is in order to better your understanding of the best precaution. our cause. — Most importantly, we require funds for operating our liaison offices in: Barce­ — Our government was organized by lona, Spain; Paris and Perpignan, France; Lao patriots with the objective o f freeing Geneva, Switzerland; London, Great Bri­ the Kingdom of Laos from North Viet­ tain; and Thailand. namese occupation and to fight against We hope that in the future, you will Russian hegemony and communist ex­ give us your support. I await your reply, pansionism. and wish you, Mr. President, my most sin­ — With great anticipation we appeal cere regards. to the conscience o f free peoples to un­ for the Minister o f Foreign Affairs, derstand our cause; for is it not also the General Giuliano M. Miotti-Konigsberg cause of all people to defend our freedom? Kingdom of Laos Your moral and material support is neces­ Royal Lao Air-Force Headquarters.

34 Opposition in USSR is growing

A former Ukrainian political prisoner son. The Soviet officials at first attempted said, after arriving in London from Mos­ to convict him of espionage and desertion. cow that the dissident movement in the Seeing that they did not have a case, the Soviet Union is growing. Soviet officials hoped to persuade him to Mykola Baduliak-Sharyhin, 52, a Ukrain­ work as their spy in England. Sharyhin ian-born former employee of a British categorically refused. company who was arrested in the Soviet Sharyhin said that he was placed in a Union in 1968, said that “ more and more “ condemned cell where they read the death people are joining the dissidents, who say sentence to me, saying I had been found aloud what millions of people whisper” . guilty in my absence” . Sharyhin, who arrived in London on Sharyhin realized that the sentence was November 19, 1978, is the fourth Ukrain­ merely a scare tactic on the part of the ian political prisoner to be allowed to Soviet officials and poked fun at them. leave the Soviet Union after the comple­ Eventually, the sentence was commuted tion of his incarceration. and the officials began searching for a Sharyhin was born on April 22, 1926, new charge. They began fabricating ma­ in Kharkiv, Ukraine. When he was three terial which they would use to convict him months old, his family moved to Kirovo- of desertion and anti-Soviet agitation. hrad where he later began his techno­ logical studies. At a closed one-day trial on September During World War II, he was taken by 20, 1968, Sharyhin was convicted and the Germans as a laborer to Germany. At sentenced to 10 years incarceration. N o the end o f the war the Americans returned attorneys or witnesses for the defense were him to the custody o f Soviet officials. In present at the trial, just secret police in­ time, he made his way to the English sector. formers. In 1946, Sharyhin moved to England, One of them, a Soviet citizen who was where he completed his engineering studies allowed to visit relatives in the West under and was employed by a firm which ex­ the condition that he would collect in­ ported electronic equipment to Eastern criminating evidence against Sharyhin Europe and the Soviet Union. On the testified that for 22 years Sharyhin was basis of his technical experience, he was involved in anti-Soviet agitation. The invited to come to the Soviet Union. He witness said that at one time Sharyhin had was assured by the Soviet Embassy in Lon­ disseminated the Ukrainian newspaper don that his travel documents would suf­ “Ukrayinska Dumka” (The Ukrainian fice and that he had nothing to fear be­ Thought) in England and had left an cause the days of Stalinist terror had ended. anti-Communist magazine in a person’s Sharyhin went to Moscow in 1968 as a home. representative of the firm Empexion. On Sharyhin was confined for the most part the day before he was to leave for home, of his sentence in the Vladimir prison and — after the completion o f his assignment, finally in a concentration camp in the Sharyhin was arrested by the KGB. Mordovian ASSR. In the course of his “ They just burst into my hotel room and 10-year imprisonment, Sharyhin spent 237 took me to the KGB headquarters” , said days in solitary confinement for signing Sharyhin. prisoners’ petitions in defense o f human He was first held in the Lubianka pri­ rights. After eight years o f imprisonment son and afterwards in the Lefortovo pri­ he was finally allowed a visit by his daugh­

35 ter, Anna. That was the only time he had worked at glass polishing, making clock seen her while in prison. casings, constructing small automobile parts While in the Vladimir prison, Sharyhin and other minor materials for export. was confined with such noted Ukrainian Sharyhin said that Western consumers human and national rights advocates as should be aware that some o f the Soviet- Lev Lukyanenko, Valentyn Moroz, S. Ya- made trinkets they purchase may have tsyshyn, 2. Popadiuk, Yosyf Terelya, Diak been produced by political prisoners. and Prykhodo. During that time, Yuriy Sharyhin told the UCIS that many of Shukhevych was also incarcerated in the the prisoners in the camps are not only Vladimir prison, but the two never met members of the Organization of Ukrai­ because Shukhevych was considered a re­ nian Nationalists who were arrested and cidivist and was kept apart from the sentenced in the post-World War II years, other political prisoners. but many persons who were arrested in the In the Mordovian camp, Sharyhin be­ 1970s for their affiliation with the OUN. came acquainted with Vyacheslav Chorno- He said that some 60 percent of the po­ vil, S. Yankevych, Mykola Rudenko, Ivan litical prisoners are Ukrainians, and that Rebryk and Karpenko. among them he did not come across one Speaking with the Ukrainian Central person who was a Marxist. A ll o f them, Information Service (UCIS) in London, he said, supported the idea o f Ukraine’s Sharyhin expressed praise for the Ukrai­ secession from the Soviet Union and the nian political prisoners, with whom he was creation of an independent Ukrainian confined. He said that he learned a great state. deal about the human and national rights Sharyhin said that all of the Ukrainian struggle in Ukraine and was proud to have political prisoners believe that human made their acquaintance. rights can only be guaranteed in an in­ In the Mordovian camps, prisoners dependent Ukrainian state.

SVERSTIUK DEMANDS REVIEW OF MEDICAL TREATMENT

The Ukrainian literary critic Evhen tion was necessary. When the meeting was Sverstiuk, who is serving a seven year term brutally terminated, he declared a hunger in the Perm concentration camp, recently strike, demanding further visits, and to be wrote a letter to the International Red taken to a Leningrad hospital for the Cross with a plea, that the Red Cross operation. He was then thrown into an authorities conduct a thorough review of isolation cell, where he was kept under medical treatment given by camp doctors surveillance for over a month, and on and members of the administration to sick March 1 he was sent to work. The reply inmates in the camps. to my letter, to the Supreme Soviet “ I appeal to the International Red Cross Council of the USSR, in which I accused (the style of replies from the Russian Red the administration of not complying with Cross and the Red Half-moon society, are humane treatment of sick people, was as well known to me) to conduct a thorough follows: review of medical treatment in concentra­ N o law was violated in the case o f K o­ tion camps Nos. 35 and 36. Here are the valov. facts for 1977. At the beginning o f Febru­ On January 3, 1977, in the central in­ ary 1977, S. Kovalov met with members of firmary, similar to a cell without ventila­ his family because it was thought that he tion, or any medical care, K. Lusch, a was suffering from cancer, and an opera­ political prisoner died from heart failure.

36 The infirmary is only five steps away from solitary . confinement, I received a reply camp, but he was only sent there a few from the head of department BC-389, days before his death. Col. Mykova, that they were justly im­ On March 14, in the camp infirmary, prisoned. A. Pleysh passed away, while waiting for On January 3, W. Pidhorodecky under­ a stomach operation; a middle-aged man, went a hernia operation. In April he was he died after enduring a 70 kilometer trip released from the hospital with the wound in a sealed cabin of a train from Kucino not totally healed. The administrator of to Vsesviatsky. D. Diemidov and O. Ser- the hospital, for some unknown reason hienko, who were with him in the same evicted the patient from the hospital, al­ cell, observed the pain and agony of the though he needed to convalesce. Con­ dying man, and though both suffered from sequently, Pidhorodecky suffered a heart tuberculosis, refused further medical atten­ attack...” tion and treatment in the infirmary. Re­ In conclusion Sverstiuk describes the gardless of the confirmation that they suf­ brutal treatment o f prisoners by Major fered from tuberculosis, they were taken Fyodorov and members o f his administra­ to camp No. 36 from the infirmary, and tion in camp No. 36. Therefore, Sverstiuk sent to solitary confinement for 15 days. feels obliged to inform the International After my intervention to the regional Red Cross about the situation, and asks medical institution UVD, that it was a them to examine the treatment o f political crime to imprison extremely sick people in prisoners in prison camps.

DZIUBA AGAIN SEEKS EMIGRATION FROM SOVIET UNION

Yuriy Dziuba, a Ukrainian political Soviet citizenship and obtain permission prisoner who recently completed his five- for emigration to the United States, but year term of imprisonment for alleged his appeal was turned down and no “anti-Soviet agitation”, has once again an­ reasons were given. The government duty nounced his intention to renounce his of 500 karbovantsi which he had paid Soviet citizenship and to emigrate from the was never returned. After appealing a country. second time he was arrested and sentenced Dziuba, who was born in 1950 and was on the basis of fabricated evidence for a resident of Kharkiv, first applied for “anti-Soviet activity”. emigration in 1971. For this he was sen­ “ In the corrective labor colony, I was tenced to five years imprisonment in the re-educated by means o f solitary confine­ Perm concentration camp. ment, severe punishments. Nevertheless, the In his appeal, Dziuba had described the KGB was unable to change my beliefs. On national, social and religious enslavement March 30, 1975, I renounced my USSR of the Ukrainian nation and concluded that citizenship,” he wrote to Brezhnev. such a state of affairs leads him to apply “I ask you, in accordance with the for emigration. The appeal was circulated agreement on citizenship and political in the “samvydav” . rights (ratified in 1976), that I be freed Dziuba completed his term of imperi- from Soviet citizenship and allowed to sonment in August 1978. He authored a statement to Leonid Brezhnev while still emigrate from the Soviet Union to any incarcerated. Christian country of the West which would In the statement, Dziuba wrote that in agree to accept a former prisoner,” Dziuba 1971— 1973, he had tried to renounce his concluded.

37 Snehirev Killed by Secret Police

Three recent emigres from Ukraine, who trample in mud a person who already has were in the forefront of the human rights one foot in the grave,” said Ms. Svit­ movement in Ukraine, expressed grief over lychna. the death of Heli Snehirev, a Ukrainian She said it is difficult to learn of the political prisoner. death of a friend while in exile and being Nadia Svitlychna, and Gen. Petro and thousands of miles away she. said makes Zinaida Hryhorenko also said in their it impossible to place “ symbolic flowers” statements that they believed the 51-year on his grave. Expressing sympathy to his old Ukrainian writer was tortured to death wife, Svitlychna remarked that she already by 'the KGB. has “ spiritually united” with Snehirev’s Snehirev died in KGB custody on 92-year-old mother, through whom she December 28, 1978. KGB officials told will always remember her husband, and his wife Halyna, several days later that “ in thoughts and, obviously, in the ce­ he had died of cancer. metery — somewhere not far from Alla In their separate statements, which read ITorska.” as if they would have been eulogies at The Hryhorenkos’ eulogy was replete Snehirev’s funeral, Ms. Svitlychna and with praise for Snehirev and anger for the Hryhorenkos praised him as one of what the secret police had done. the leading activists in the Ukrainian “ It only took one year, three. months human rights defense movement. and six days for the KGB to torture to “ I cannot accept it any other way except death this beautiful, courageous, talented death in bondage,” said Ms. Svitlychna, and deeply honest person,” they wrote. comparing her reaction to the news of the They said that he was filled with “ in­ death of Snehirev to her learning o f the tellect, literary talent, efficiency” . death of Ukrainian political prisoner M y- The Hryhorenkos said that at one time khailo Soroka in 1971. he enjoyed official recognition and had all Ms. Svitlychna wrote that she remem­ of his works published in the Soviet Union. bered when Snehirev once tried to foresee But, they said, Snehirev was not a person how he would die at the hands of the KGB, to shield his eyes from what he saw. but disbelief forced him to discount any “ He began to establish friendships with of the possibilities he thought of. persons who shared his beliefs, Viktor “What they did to you in such a short Nekrasov, members of the Helsinki groups, time was even incomprehensible to your academician Andrei Sakharov,” the H ry­ writer’s imagination,” she said. horenkos wrote, adding that he was often She also recollected that in September a guest at their home and in a short span 1977 she had requested a meeting with of time they became close friends. him to give him Viktor Nekrasov’s address, These new acquaintances of Snehirev but Snehirev never showed up. Ms. Svit­ were disliked by the officials and he was lychna later learned that he was arrested. first banned from the publishing market “ But that does not worry me now as and subsequently from his job in the 1 stand here above your coffin. Your cinema, they said. conscience is clear before God and before Snehirev’s dissident activity came to a the people, just as my conscience is clear climax with the publication in the West before you. I am bothered by something of his book Mamo, moya Mamo (Mother, else. H ow inhuman must a person be to my Mother), which dealt with his theory

38 chat the trials of the Association for the ment in the Soviet press, Snehirev had Liberation of Ukraine in the mid-1920’s met his wife and she told him about the was a KGB provocation in order to impri­ article. Snehirev then categorically denied son the Ukrainian national intelligentsia. signing any such statement and declared a Soon after that, Snehirev began to work hunger strike in protest. This they said together with the Ukrainian and Moscow further deteriorated his health. Helsinki monitoring groups. To downplay Snehirev’s denial, the The Hryhorenkos labeled Snehirev’s KGB first further isolated Snehirev from arrest in the fall of 1977 as a preventa­ the outside world, and then circulated two tive measure “ to rid the defense movement different versions about the recantation. of a person, who after M. Rudenko, L. The first one, they said, was signed by an Lukyanenko, O. Tykhy, M. Matusevych anonymous, but noted writer, who said and M. Marynovych, was one o f the great­ that Snehirev had indeed recanted, but est political figures of our movement.” that the KGB edited it by adding their “ Thinking that it has liquidated the own words. The second one was claimed Ukrainian Helsinki group, the KGB at­ to have been written by Snehirev in which tempted to solidify its victory by forcing he told his friends that he withdraws his a recantation by a renowned rights de­ recantation. fender and noted writer. It took into ac­ “ In reality, that was a person who, count the fact that Snehirev was extrem­ having stood on the verge of death, did ely ill — an invalid o f the second degree. not blemish his human dignity,” wrote the Not a real concern for his sickness, but Hryhorenkos. merely taking advantage of it to force the The Hryhorenkos further substantiated person into recanting — such is the hu­ Snehirev’s innocence by explaining that manism of the KGB,” wrote the Hryho­ in one statement he thanks the government renkos. for forgiving him his crimes and releasing They said that the invalid Snehirev him from prison. Secondly, a political became a victim of torture, first moral prisoner, they said, who has been de­ and finally physical torture was used until termined to be terminally sick should be, Snehirev suffered paralysis in the lower by law, released from prison and, in Sne­ portion of his body. hirev’s case, the doctors did not diagnose The Hryhorenkos revealed in their state­ him to be terminally sick until the end of ment several interesting facts surrounding May. the fabricated recantation o f Snehirev. “ In fact, he was not released. Why? . They wrote that the KGB doctors had That is obvious — they feared the revela­ determined that Snehirev was on the tion of their torture and fabrication,” verge of death. On the basis of this wrote the Hryhorenkos. “The true mean­ diagnosis, the KGB had published in the ing o f Snehirev’s work is in his suffering April 1, 1978 edition of “ Radianska Uk- and firm commitment of spirit in the face raina” (Soviet Ukraine) an article which of obvious hopelessness.” they had labeled as Snehirev’s recantation. “ Snehirev was killed, more accurately Much to the dissatisfaction o f the secret he was tortured to death, and the world police, wrote the Hryhorenkos, Snehirev does not have the right to passively view did not die as soon as the doctors had this fact. We request that everyone who predicted. reads this to protest this underhanded kill­ Soon after the publication o f the state­ ing in any way possible,” they said.

39 Nothing Can Break the Ukrainian Spirit

The daughter of a Ukrainian political minded that they had forgiven her those prisoner wrote in a letter to her father wrongdoings and they merely wanted to that nothing is able to break the Ukrainian have some answers. spirit. Hel again denied any knowledge about “Neither Yakuta, nor Mordovia can the statements by political prisoners. She break our Ukrainian spirit,” wrote Oksana was then reminded that her husband was Hel to her father, Ivan Hel, who is incar­ imprisoned for disseminating that kind of cerated in one of the Mordovian region information. concentration camps. Rudenko and the KGB officers told Hel Hel’s daughter, a high school student, that if they hear that she is continuing to wrote the letter following a visit to the violate the law, they will arrest her and camp by herself, her mother and her grand­ charge her under article 62 of the Soviet mother. The visit, held last March, was Ukrainian Criminal Code — anti-Soviet abruptly terminated when the camp of­ agitation and propaganda. They told her ficials found that one of them had part to sign a statement to that effect. of a pen in her possession. During the interrogation, Hel was also The Hel family, which resides in Lviv, warned that the authorities are considering has recently become victim of KGB ha­ taking her daughter away from her because rassment. they feel that she is not raising her pro­ In August 1978, H el’s wife, Maria, was perly. summoned to the Lviv oblast prosecutor’s office where she was questioned by the They cited the girl’s letter to her father, assistant oblast prosecutor, Rudenko, the which was confiscated and filed in the brother of Roman Rudenko, the prosecutor Lviv KGB office. The girl’s teachers were general of the Soviet Union, and three notified about the letters, and several KGB officers. They asked her to tell them teachers visited Hel. The teachers also told about her visit with her husband in March. the mother that she is not properly raising her daughter. They also suggested that she When she finished telling them, they never take her daughter to visit her father said that her account is exactly like the again. one broadcast by Radio Liberty. They asked her how she managed to tell them about Hel explained that she feels that she is her visit. doing a proper job of raising her daughter Hel denied passing the information to and that it is important to teach her to Radio Liberty directly or through a go- love and respect her father, who is a good between. She did admit to telling a num­ and decent person. ber of persons about the aborted visit with They warned Hel that Oksana could her husband. have been expelled from school for writ­ “That is all true. You do something and ing such a letter had they read the letter then you are insulted when people learn in school. about it,” she said. “We do not want Oksana to meet the The interrogators also questioned Hel same fate as Shabatura and Kalynets met” , about certain statements by political pri­ said Rudenko, suggesting that she never soners in Mordovia which were allegedly take the girl to see her father. They also transcribed by her. Hel was asked who suggested that she change her friends, of­ gave her the statements. She was also re­ fering themselves in place.

40 Trial of Marynovych and Matusevych

Myroslav Marynovych and Mykola Ma­ Marynovych, she said, was “ thin and tusevych were the third and fourth mem­ pale” . He was seated on a simple chair bers o f the Ukrainian Public Group to against the wall and on both sides were Promote the Implementation o f the Hel­ armed guards. Ms. Svitlychna said that sinki Accords to be arrested by the KGB they greeted each other by smiling and after Mykola Rudenko and Oleksa Tykhy. when he noticed that she was looking for They were arrested on April 23, 1977, and Matusevych, he gestured to her that he sentenced on March 27, 1978 to seven was not present. years incarceration and three years exile, Ms. Svitlychna said that by that time each. The two are currently confined in she had been placed on the witness stand one of the Perm region concentration and Dyshel was instructing her that she camps. must testify the truth or be held in con­ Ms. Svitlychna, who has since been al­ tempt of court. lowed to emigrate from the Soviet Union The following is a brief dialogue between to the United States, said that she was Svitlychna and Dyshel as she recounted it present at the proceedings for about a in her article: day-and-a-half. Dyshel: “Are you aware of a so-called She said Matusevych’s parents learned Ukrainian group?” of their son’s trail on March 22, 1978. Ms. Svitlychna: “ I am not aware of such She left her son with friends and together a group. However, I am aware o f a with her husband she travelled to Vasylkiv. Ukrainian Public Group to Promote the Implementation o f the Helsinki Accords” . Ms. Svitlychna said that “just as we Dyshel: ”How long have you known expected”, they were searched outside the about it?” entrance to the building where the trail Ms. Svitlychna: “Since its beginning.” was held. The building, she said, was a Dyshel: “Which anti-Soviet documents three-story structure in the center o f town, are the group aware of?” near the square and adjacent to a movie Ms. Svitlychna: “None. Besides, they theater. The building was guarded on all won’t be presented for the Nobel Prize... sides by the militia and plainclothes o f­ (at this time the prosecutor interrupted ficers with red lapels. with a loud protest and even I could not Her husband was not allowed into the hear myself).” courtroom despite their explanations that Dyshel: “Are you familiar with a docu­ she needed him because she was at the time ment titled Memorandum N o. 2 ?” eight months pregnant. Ms. Svitlychna : “ I do not remember the Ms. Svitlychna said that there were some numbers, but I am familiar with one of 20-30 persons in the room, including the the first.” guards and court officials. She immediately Dyshel: “ Is this your handwriting? Care­ spotted the presiding judge, Dyshel, whom fully inspect each page.” she described as “ thin and old-looking” . Ms. Svitlychna: “The text was written Dyshel had presided over her trial in 1973, by me. The editing and additions are not as well as over the trials o f Yevhen Sver- mine, this page was not written by me.” stiuk, Vasyl Stus, Semen Gluzman, M y­ Presecutor: “ Then by whom?” kola Plakhotniuk, Georgi Vins and others. Ms. Svitlychna: “ I don’t know .” Among the public she spotted Oles Copies of the Vasylkiv Communist Party’s Berdnyk and Mykhailyna Kotsiubynska. newspaper “ Shliakh Illicha” (The Path of

41 Illich), in which its editor, P. Barzinsky Matusevych was “rightfully rebuffed”. wrote two articles about Marynovych and Barzinsky continued that such young Matusevych are received here. persons as Matusevych, who are “ ideologi­ In one article, titled “ Black Ungrate­ cally wounded” , often look for support fulness,” which appeared in the March from foreign groups and then became their 15, 1978, edition o f the newspaper, Bar­ puppets in anti-Soviet activity. zinsky wrote that Marynovych and Matu­ On April 15, 1978, Barzinsky again sevych “ aligned themselves with a good- wrote about the case, saying that after the for-nothing group of loafers just like them­ appearance o f his first article, many selves.” workers, pedagogues, Communists, Com- He charged that the group disseminated somol members and non-Party members anti-Soviet propaganda, slandered the wrote to him denouncing the activity of Soviet system, was in possession o f con­ Marynovych and Matusevych. traband and distributed “ enemy literature.” Barzinsky said that the public at the Barzinsky wrote in his article about an trial was appalled by the activity of the incident during which Matusevych repri­ two Helsinki group members, and, after a manded a group of tourists in the Ivano- careful review of the facts, Barzinsky said Frankivske region for using the Russian that rhe court handed down a “fair language. He said that Matusevych pro­ verdict” , which was approved by those voked a fight in which, wrote Barzinsky, present.

KGB TORTURED SEDLETSKY, A UKRAINIAN BAPTIST, TO DEATH

The Sedletsky family in Chernivtsi, also been tortured to death for his defence (Bukovyna) Ukraine, were informed by of the Christian faith. As is known, the authorities that their son, a Baptist and a KGB has been threatening other Christians soldier in the Soviet Army, died. His body with “Moiseiev’s fate”. was transferred to his family in a sealed Also, late in 1976, M ykola Kravchenko, zinc coffin by soldiers and officers o f his from Sumy (Eastern Ukraine), a Baptist, unit on July 28, 1978, who demanded refused to take the military oath in view that the coffin be buried immediately. of his religious convictions. The KGB be­ However, the mother of the deceased came a party to the proceedings. insisted that the coffin be opened, as she The KGB Lieutenant-Colonel, Tokma­ wished to see her son for the last time. kov, and Captain Leshchenko demanded The opening of the coffin took place that Kravchenko renounce his Christian in the presence of many members of the convictions and proposed to him that he Baptist community o f Chernivtsi. All were become an informer for the KGB. Krav­ terrified to see the body o f Sedletsky, who chenko refused. had been tortued to death: his eyes had The officers threatened Kravchenko been gouged out, his tongue torn out and with beatings many times. In March 1977, his fingers had been cut off, two sergeants broke both of Kravchenko’s Without a doubt, Sedletsky was tor­ jaws and knocked out teeth. tured to death for his refusal to renounce The names o f several young Baptists his Christian faith. sentenced by military tribunals are known This deadly mayhem is similar to a also. They were sentenced to three years whole succession o f similar murders, such o f concentration camps for their refusal as the murder perpetrated in 1972 upon to take the military oath to the Communist another soldier, Ivan\ Moiseiev, who had Russian empire.

42 Leu.' Shan-sky (Ukraine) The Teaching of „Holocaust” PART II. (Continued from previous issue.) authors recommend for the discussion with Dynamic interpretation is ineffective children. It must be stressed that already unless it carries feelings which concern the viewing of the film “ Holocaust” caused both reality situation and transference incidents among the Jewish, Ukrainian, which means that practical problems Polish and Lithuanian children in school. must be discussed objectively by ana­ Up to this time, the children o f different lyst and the subjective feeling of the ethnic backgrounds lived as friends and patient in relation to his problems nothing was heard about any misunder­ must be tested. standings or hostility among them. Was it Sandor Lorand, Clinical Studies the intention of the NBC film to show in Psychoanalysis (N ew York, enmity among children? And this was 1950, p. 222). done by the film which the British critics called “abysmal”, “banal”, “absurd”, and In the preceeding article on “ Teaching “ schmaltz” , in addition to some American Holocoust” I mentioned different study commentators who felt the film failed to guides to the NBC film “ Holocaust”, capture the horror of “Holocaust” it which were distributed in millions of attempted to portray. It seems that the copies among the viewers o f the film, chief purpose of the NBC film was to teachers, religious leaders, community show that in Eastern Europe the chief leaders and parents o f the children. I perpetrators of the “ Holocaust” were the mentioned study guides prepared by 15 Poles, Ukrainians, and Lithuanians, and Jewish organizations, the effort which was the only defenders o f the Jews were the coordinated by the Jewish Welfare Board. Red Partisans, both much to the pleasure N ow I shall discuss their Booklet Five: of Moscow which, similarly to the scripter Family Home Viewing Guide which was of the film, immensely hates the mentioned prepared by Ms. Edya Artz, Women’s nationalities for their determined efforts to League for Conservative Judaism, Prof. liberate themselves from M oscow’s over­ Bea Stadtler of Cleveland College of lordship and colonial exploitation. Jewish Studies, and Mr. Alan Benett, Fairmont Temple, Cleveland, Ohio. It is Now, in the mentioned study guide all one o f the study guides prepared by the this hate-propaganda has been continued. mentioned Jewish organizations and it re­ The children and their parents are re­ commends viewing the film “ Holocaust” commended to read three books on “ H olo­ as a family, with children, all in the same caust” and, among them, the book by room. As to the children, the authors of Prof. Lucy Dawidowicz: The War Against the guide do not recommend viewing for the Jews (New York 1975, also in Bantam youngsters under ten years o f age, but paperback). The authors of the guide con­ quote the opinion of educators that eleven sider the mentioned book most helpful to or twelve years of age might be an ap­ children, and I again do not agree. This propriate “minimum” viewing age. I don’t highly controversial book incorporated all agree with this opinion because the authors anti-Ukrainian, anti-Polish, and anti- of the guide do not abstain from Christian- Lithuanian prejudices. So, e. g. in her book hating, Ukraine-hating, Poland-hating and she incorporated the legend of the “ Petlu- Lithuania-hating innuendos which the ra pogrom” in Lviv, the capital of Gali­

43 cia, in the first days o f July, 1941 to her respondent reported on July 7: “Lwow (and she is a professor!) Petlura was a was a city o f funerals yesterday in the “notorious anti-Semite and Ukrainian wake of mass killings accompanying the national hero” . One may wonder that the Russian withdrawal from the region oc­ professor never heard that Petlura had cupied by the Red army for a year and a been a close friend o f Vladimir Zhabo- half. The rain of funerals was a parade tynsky, Zionist leader in Russia, who of death such as a few great cities have collaborated with him by writing articles seen in modern times. The spirit of the in the Ukrainskaya zhizn, a magazine population o f 225,000 appeared utterly edited by Petlura in Moscow and that he crushed as the sombre processions moved had translated Chirikov’s play Yevrei towards the cemeteries... Hundreds, possibly (The Jews) into Ukrainian. This play was several thousands o f persons were killed a vehement protest against the Russian before the region was occupied by the pogroms o f the Jews. To his translation of German army. I saw scores of bodies...” the play, Petlura added his study on the The Swiss paper Die Tat (Zurich) o f July Jewish problem in Russia on which he 8 under the title “The Hell o f Lviv” pub­ had consulted Zhabotynsky and which lished a story in which the total number asked for full citizen’s rights for the Jews of murdered Ukrainians in Lviv was esti­ in Russia. Because the book had passed mated at 2000— 2500, but, in fact, the the Tsarist censorship, the play Yevrei, in number o f victims was greater because Petlura’s translation, was played repeatedly numerous Poles and even some Jews were by the Ukrainian theaters both in the Rus­ murdered too, by the retreating Russians. sian Empire and in Austro-Hungary. It The yards of the prisons were covered seems that professors o f Dr. Lucy Dawi- with rows of corpses. Some of the dead dowicz’s type do not need to know the had been bound and fettered, others visibly pertinent facts, but she knows of “ aveng­ tortured, the German airmen had put out ing the assassination o f Petlura by a Jew their eyes. Weeping women and grim-faced back in 1926” and “ staging by Ukrainians men moved past the rows o f bodies trying o f a mammoth pogrom in Lviv (for her to identify the corpses, but b y shooting in the city is Lwow), of “slaughtering the neck the faces became so disfigured thousands and carrying o ff o f other thou­ that it was extremely difficult to identify sands to Einsatz gruppen headquarters which the corpses. had never happened” . It is not true what At that time, there was no Einsatzkom- Prof. Dawidowicz writes in her book that mando in Lviv; it came only on July 10 “ the Germans and Ukrainians, in house to to arrest the members of the temporary house hunts for Jews shot them randomly Ukrainian government which was built in on the spot” because the only occupation connection with the proclamation o f the of the officers and soldiers of the German Ukrainian State on June 30, 1941 by the 1st Mountain Rifle Division which took Ukrainian nationalists under the leader­ Lviv and rested for a few days in Lviv, ship of Yaroslav Stetsko w ho became the was going from prison to prison and taking Prime Minister. The proclamation of a pictures of murdered Ukrainians and Ukrainian State was made against Hitler’s Poles whom the retreating Soviet Russian plans and it induced a violent reaction by security troops tortured and slaughtered in the Nazis who set Einsatzkommando to prisons. The act o f this Soviet Russian Lviv to disperse the Ukrainian govern­ brutality was witnessed by many American ment and to arrest its members. However, correspondents with the German Army. up to the time o f its arrival in Lviv, all Alvin J. Steinkopf, Associated Press Cor­ power in Lviv belonged to the Ukrainian

44 government which formed a Ukrainian is her book recommended to children for militia to keep order in the city. the study of the “ Holocaust” ? In his book Ukrainian Nationalism (2nd All that one gains by falsehood Ed. 1963, p. 77), Professor John A. Arm­ is not to be believed when he speaks strong has not been able to find any evi­ the truth. dence indicating involvement of Ukrain­ Aristotle ians in anti-Semitic atrocities which erup­ ted in the wake of discoveries of thou­ In addition to the recommendation of sands of corpses of men and women Prof. Lucy Dawidowicz’s controversial butchered in the N K V D cellars in Lviv. book the mentioned study guide issued by In the midst of disorganization caused by 15 Jewish organizations in the USA has these discoveries, mobs began attacking recommended many issues for discussion the Jews on the streets, attracting them to with children. Out o f these, I select some washing the corpses, beating them severly. “issues” to show how biased and prejudi­ The mobs regarded the Jews as willing ced the authors o f the study guide could be. collaborators of the Soviet regime during I simply do not understand, how it could one-and-a-half years o f the Soviet oc­ happen in the United States that some cupation o f Lviv and as informers o f the authors of the study guide could use the Soviet security organs and thus, as people greatest tragedy of the Jewish people — indirectly connected with the murders. It the Nazi “ Holocaust” o f the Jews to must be stressed that the mobs consisted spread hate propaganda against the Christ­ not only o f Ukrainians, but also of Poles ian and some Eastern European peoples who numbered some 50 percent of the (Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians) who for city’s population and also were persecuted many years have been experiencing “ holo­ by the Soviet regime (e. g. all Polish pri- causts” of their own by the Russian totali­ soners-of-war who were located in a POW tarian rulers and who themselves were camp at Sknyliv near Lviv, were shot marked for destruction by the Nazi in­ after the Germans invaded the Soviet vaders as “inferior” peoples and their Union). When the mobs started attacking territories deprived of authochtonous the Jews not only on the streets, but also population, marked for incorporation into started attacking them from house-to- Thousand Years German Reich as a living house, pillaging their apartments, and kill­ space for the German Nation. The eager­ ing the Jews who tried to resist, the ness with which the producers o f the film Ukrainian government ordered the Ukrain­ and its commentators concealed the plight ian militia to stop the pogrom. After three of the Eastern European peoples under days o f the pogrom, it was stopped by the Nazi occupation and made them Nazi the Ukrainian militia under command of collaborators in the destruction of Jews, Evhen Vretsiona. Order in the city was re­ may be a just cause for great resentment. established. There was no machine-gunning However, falsehoods not only disagree en masse, as Prof. Dawidowicz reports in with truths, but usually quarrel among her book, because the mobs rarely had themselves. weapons, and in no case machine guns. Before I return to quotations from the Prof. Dawidowicz incorporated easily a mentioned study guide, I must call the Ukraine-hating legend in her book, not attention of the readers to the term anti- even trying to check the facts from many Semitism used by its author. This term is available sources. If this is not a case of outright nonsense which should not be “ anti-Semitism” in reverse, but if it is a taught to children. Semites are the peoples prejudiced, biased Ukraine-hating, why of Semitic family o f language which is a

45 subdivision of the Hamito-Semitic family. After all, the study guide reached and It is derived into three groups: East Semi­ affected millions, and it did harm to mil­ tic (Akkadian), Northwest Semitic (Phoe­ lions because the authors o f the study nician), Hebrew (Aramaic) and Southwest guide managed to make Christianity and Semitic (Arabic, Ethiopie, Amharic). H ow ­ Nazism to seem like two sides of the same ever, anti-Semitism in its present usage coin. Said Samuel Butler (1835— 1902): means only prejudice, discrimination “ I do not mind lying, but I hate inaccura­ against, or intolerance of Jews and Jewish cy ” . culture. Intolerance of Jews is not likewise What is accurate is simply this: In real intolerance of Arabs or Ethiopians who life Christianity has had its rotten apples are also Semites, and, therefore, this illo­ too, beginning with Judas Iscariot and gical and controversial term should be re­ ending with many dignitaries o f the placed -by others like “ Jew-hating” or Church. Yet, under the leadership of the “ anti-Jewish” . Many who dislike Jews, Popes, priests, monks, friars, nuns, and like Arabs, and vice-versa. What has the Fathers of the Church who were the spi­ Semitic linguistic family in common with ritual elite o f medieval society, labored liking or disliking o f different Semitic steadily to instill faith in the illiterate peoples by other peoples? masses, to give them at least a glimpse of N ow I come to quotations from the truth and goodness beyond the grim facts study guide, which recommends the fol­ of their narrowly circumscribed lives. But lowing issues for discussion with children: how successful were they? Did the Gospel 1. Heydrich’s saying that Christian penetrate beyond the surface of medieval anti-Semitism had for centuries laid the life? Was it distorted in its transmission to groundworks for Nazi acts. What did he the masses? There is no doubt that the mean? Church made great compromises in adapt­ 2. Church officials went along with Na­ ing the message of Jesus Christ to the zi policies or tried to keep out of politics exigencies of a feudal society. There were altogether. To what extent do religious barbaric holy wars, ;crude Jew-baiting, leaders' have a responsibility to speak out? the sanguinary Inquisition, and witch­ 3. H ow did the anti-Semitism o f non- hunts. But at the same time, the urge to Jewish East Europeans (Ukrainians, Li­ reform was never absent either. There was thuanians, Poles) affect the Jews’ chances always a prophetic current critical of the for survival and resistance? establishment and anxious to lead Church 4. Were the Jewish partisans killed as and society to greater fidelity to the de­ often by the Poles and Ukrainians as by mands of the Gospel. In the subsequent the Germans? evolution o f the Christian Church, it was 5. When the Jews did fight with the Christianity which created the Western Polish resistance, they did not say they Civilization in which fondness for person­ were Jews. al freedom, for individual rights and li­ 6. What about heroes? What makes a berties, for the legal system including trial hero? Was... Uncle Sasha a hero? by jury, for high status of women, de­ At the time when devil worship is made veloped. All these milestones of social to appear more and more fascinating and evolution were a result of almost instinc­ intriguing in America, and anti-Christians tive recognition that the teaching of Jesus go to any length to make fun of Christian­ Christ was a basis for a political and eco­ ity, anti-Christian potshots by the authors nomic stability unparalleled in history. of the study guide are nothing unusual. This comparatively stable social order pro­ Yet, they can’t be easily shrugged off. duced by Christianity embraced govern-

46 merit, art, science, industry, agriculture was “ a Christian doctor” . H ow could the and almost every other sector of human authors of the study guide know that? He endeavor, and there was no place for any could have been an atheist, as the majority “ anti-Semitism” within this system. of the Nazis were. O f course, their assertion The authors of the study guide know that the church officials went along with very well that Nazism was anti-Christian Hitler’s final solution of the Jewish to the extreme, and that Hitler was a problem is entirely false, as can be proved consistent follower of the Darwinian by Prof. Philip Friedman’s book: Their principle, according to which one would Brother’s Keepers (New York, 1957) expect and approve the unrelenting subju­ which lists many Christian heroes and gation of the weaker by the stronger. He heroines who helped the oppressed Jews was also the follower of Friedrich Nietz­ escape the Nazi terror, and among them sche who called Christianity a slave m o­ high dignitaries of the Church, as e.g. rality, a kind o f conspiracy among the Metropolitan and Archbishop of the Ukrai­ weak members of society to exalt love, nian Catholic Church in Lviv, Andrij mercy, kindness, and pity in order to pro­ Sheptytsky who hid 15 adults in his pa­ tect themselves from the strong. The con­ lace and 150 children in a monastery of cept o f the survival of the fittest led Hit­ his Church where his brother Clement was ler to think of a “preferred race” (Dar­ a Superior. O f course, the authors of the win’s term) and he found it in a Nordic study guide who extoll “ Uncle Sacha” as race, allegedly superior to all others. In a Savior of the Jews, could not recognize the name of his “preferred race”, Hitler any Christian hero who helped the Jews. started a racial war against the Jews. The Instead, they included the old taunt into imagination o f the authors o f the study their study guide asking, “Where was guide would have, indeed, been strange if God? H ow could God let this happen?” they were able to connect Hitler’s Dar­ It is a suggestion which totally rejects winism, Nietzscheanism, and racism with traditional Christianity. In the recom­ Christianity. However, the authors o f the mended discussion, children should be study guide are consistently anti-Christian. taught that God does not exist at all. It Like a syncopated beat their anti-Christian is contrary to the Jewish-Christian tra­ notes repeat themselves with regularity throughout the study guide. So the doctor dition... who took over Dr. Joseph Weisse’s clinic (To be continued in next issue.)

REPORT FROM THE BERIA RESERVE the protest writings of VALENTYN MOROZ edited and translated Peter Martin Associates Limited by John Kolasky 35 Britain Street Toronto, Canada M5A 1R7

47 Book Review

A GERMAN EYEWITNESS’S REPORT ABOUT THE NATIONAL REVOLUTION POTENTIAL

Friedrich Breiss: Haß und Liebe (Hate family Etkin as well as Director Semechkin and Love), 215 pages, photos, 1 chart. captivated my heart with their straight­ Published by the author (Bismarckstr. 24, forward honesty... Yet in my heart I D - 7208 Spaichingen), 1978. hated the Jews which the Cheka had as­ “ Hate towards Russia — love to Ger­ signed.” (p. 213) many” : it is in this way that the author Friedrich Breiss had many occupations: defines the main theme of his life. He teacher at the Pedinstitute in Kharkiv; spent more than 30 years behind barbed- golddigger; lumber-jack; collective farmer wire under the rule of Stalin, Khrushchev and soldier. However, most o f the time he and Brezhnev. Breiss was born in 1908 in was a Gulag-slave. As a political prisoner Southern Ukraine in the village Sarry- he sat in the prison in Zymna Hora (Cold bulka, then known as Tavricheskaja Gu­ Mountain) in Kharkiv from 1930 to 1932. bernia. He was the son of a German He became acquainted with the infernal farmer family. H e recalls that, “ One half regions o f Neshin (Chernyhiv region), Ir­ were Ukrainians, a third were Russians kutsk, Angarsk, Taishet, Bratsk, Sovjetska- and the remainder was composed o f Poles ja Gawan (Far East), Magadan, Yagodnye, and Germans.” Susuman (Kolyma), and moreover the In 1919 he experienced his first trauma: transit camps in Khabarovsk, Chita, N ovo­ Budjonny’s Red cavalry plunder and sibirsk and Barnaul. murder march through Ukraine. At As a prisoner he started to write his the age of 11 he was an eyewitness to the book in 1949. Very often he had to burn horrid death of his beloved parents: shot the manuscript. He finally worked on his dead by the Bolsheviks. “ For the first time book when in exile in Kirghizia. His brave a tremendous hate against Russian com­ wife Veronika, also deported to Siberia, munism awoke in me.” The orphan at­ helped him on his book. Then in 1975, tached himself to Ukrainians. He reports: Friedrich Breiss returned to the land of “ I spent my early youth and my student his forefathers: to West Germany. years among the enslaved Ukrainian Hate and Love is a book with great people, whom I had learned to treasure content. First, it is a biography as well as and love. Above all I treasured Uncle an authobiography. Secondly, it is a de­ Stephan, Aunt Matrjona, Halya, Profes­ scription of the Russian concentration camp sor Arkhip Sekunda, the student leader infernos, therefore a book with “ Solzhe­ Kusma Ripko and many others. I respect­ nitsyn” leaning, a German Gulag-Archipe­ ed and treasured them because they point­ lago. Thirdly, it is the historical work of ed me in the right direction.” a non-professional historian. Finally, it is Still another non-Russian nation demon­ the political documentation o f an embit­ strated its solidarity in sufferance: “ At tered, heroic resistance o f a non-Russian the same time I had also made contact with nation against Russian foreign dominancy. many Ukrainian Jews. Many of them, the It is a documentation o f great topical

48 value — probably the most topical on the secret that the Soviet nuclear weapons were German book market. built according to American patents, stolen During his camp imprisonment and in from the Americans. The same appears to exile he became acquainted with representa­ be true of the “ fathers” o f Soviet space­ tives of many nations. Breiss reports in craft and other cosmic apparatus, kidnap­ detail about Kirghizians, Ukrainians, ped by the Soviet spy agency and smug­ Latvians, Estonians, Lithuanians, Jews, gled into the hinterland o f the USSR” , Georgians, Chechens, Mongolians, Yakuts, (p. 197) and Buryats. He learned their traditions, Breiss believes that his cited examples of customs, ideas, ideals, motives, cultures the resistance of the non-Russian nations and their hopes. However, above all he indicate how overwhelming the burden of learned this: their hate towards Russia: Russian dominancy over the enslaved na­ unfathomable, boundless, constantly present tions in the Soviet Union is. However, and very vital! Breiss the eyewitness, is nevertheless op­ Breiss labels the USSR as the “ Prison of timistic; he adamantly believes in the nations” and characterizes the Russian self-liberation power o f the enslaved peoples colonial imperialism as the “ Colossus on and in the victory of the people’s revolu­ feet of clay” . tion — in spite of “Eastern politics” and The peoples’ prison is governed only detente. with pure force and with the aid of Breiss prophesizes: “ Should the Soviet shortsighted treacherous Western politics, Union become involved in a war, then it the preacher of appeasement and detente, is thoroughly possible, that the hate of the according to Breiss. people will cause them to take up arms “ Once the people were constrained by against the Russians!” (p. 196) sabers and whips, today it is with tanks It is to be desired that this book come and rockets” , for which the Russians can into the hands of all U N ambassadors. thank the Western scientists. “ It is an open Wolfgang Strauss

Cover photo clarifications from left to right: 1. Estonian quartet entertaining at the concert. 2. Dr. Josef Kaskelis, ABN chairman of Canada, addressing the conference. 3. Ukrainian choir from Miami and ABN Miami chairman, Mr. Karpiuk, opering the concert. 4. Mrs. Stetsko with Cuban participants. 3. Mrs. Longina Briljavska (Byelorussia) addresses the conference. 6. General view of audience.

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A B N - BOLETIN DE NOTICIAS DE LOS PAISES OPRIMIDOS POR EL IMPERIALISMO MOSCOVITA SOVIETICO C . c. 13 Sue. 1 (B ) - Busnoi Alraa - Argentina THE UKRAINIAN REVIEW

Published by The Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, Ltd. in cooperation with Organization for Defense of Four Freedoms for Ukraine, Inc. (U.S.A) and Canadian League for Ukraine’s Liberation.

„MILLI TÜRKISTAN” — P. O. B. 2112, 4 Düsseldorf (Germany)

UKRAINIAN HERALD

Underground Magazine from Ukraine Issue IV

Containing details on the trial of Valentyn Moroz and the brutal murder of Alla Horska, unpublished poems by Vasyl Symonenko and news of repressions agains the Ukrainian intellectuals. Poetry translated by Vera Rich. THE IMPRISONED AND PERSECUTED IN UKRAINE NEED YOUR HELP

Lev Lukyanenko (52), a lawyer, sentenced in 1961 to death, later the sen­ tence was commuted to 15 years of imprisonment. He was released and sen­ tenced again to 15 years for membership in the Ukrainian Public Group to Promote the Im­ plementation of the Hel­ sinki Accords. x Yuriy Shukhevych (42) was ar­ Ivan Hel (42), a Ukrainian rested in 1948 at the age of 15. historian was allested for the His guilt: being the son of Gen. second time in 1972 and sen­ Roman Shukhevych-Chupryn- tenced to 15 years of imprison­ ka, Commander-in-Chief of the ment for “anti-Soviet agitation Ukrainian Insurgent Army and propaganda”. 'UPA), who fought against Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia (1942— 1950).

Verlagspostamt: München 2 May - June 1979 Vol. XXX. No. 3 CONTENTS: WACL Support for Subjugated Nations . . . 7 Wolodymyr Mykula Stepan Bandera — Ukrainian National Hero . . 10 Creation of Ukrainian Spiritual Republic . . 15 Great Champion of ABN Ideas...... 17 Algirdas Budreckis The Lithuanian R esistance...... 19 Innaccuracies in The Times?...... 27 Eric Brodin The Bulgarian Powder-Keg...... 30 Dr. Konstantem Sawczuk Why the Soviet Union will not invade China . 32 Soviet Union Unity Threatened...... 33 Swedish Citizen Disappears in Soviet Prison . 35 Osadchy’s Letter Published...... 37 Letter from Iryna Stasiv-Kalynets .... 38 Lew Shan-sky The Teaching of “Holocaust” ...... 41 An Appeal Olympic Games in Occupied Estonia .... 44 Cultural Genocide Continues in Lithuania . . 47

AMÆ W 3 S Inhaber: Bohdan Fedorak, Ingenieur do not necessarily reflect the Editor’s o- Herausgeber: American Friends of the pinion, but that of the author. Manuscripts Antibolshevik Bloc of Nations (AF- sent in unrequested cannot be returned in case of non-publication unless postage is ABN) enclosed. Beide: 136 Second Avenue, New York, It is not our practice N. Y. 10003, USA to pay for contributed materials. Publisher: American Friends of the Anti­ Reproduction permitted but only bolshevik Bloc of Nations (AFABN), with indication of source (ABN-Corr.). 136 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10003, USA Schriftleitung: Redaktionskollegium. Editorial Staff: Board of Editors. Verantw. Redakteur Frau Slava Stetzko. Editor-in-Chief: Mrs. Slava Stetsko, M. A. Zeppelinstraße 67/0, 8000 München 80, 8000 Munich 80, Zeppelinstr. 67/0 Telefon: 48 25 32 West Germany. Druck: eGmbH “Cicero”, München. Articles signed with name or pseudonym Zeppelinstraße 67, 8000 München 80 Demand for Independence of Ukraine Slightly shortened statement of Valentin Moroz at the National Presse Club luncheon, held on Friday, May 18, 1979 at the National Press Building in Washington, D.C. Ladies and gentlemen, I’d like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all those in the free world who aided in my release. First of all, I wish to thank President Carter, Dr. Brzezinski, the Ame­ rican government, and the US Congress for their efforts on my behalf. Their firm and principled stand was responsible for my being able to be here today. I come to you as yesterday’s prisoner, who in the span of 48 hours was transported here from a labor camp in the Mordovian Forests. I stand before you as an author and university lecturer who after 14 long years will soon have the opportunity to sit behind a desk at Harvard University and once again pursue that which gives me greatest pleasure — writing. But above all, I come to you as a Ukrainian. Ethnology teaches us that when a nation loses its independence, it loses its VOICE. Foreigners then speak for that nation; it no longer speaks for itself. Unlike Eastern Europe, where for example, the Polish nation is able to speak for itself to the West, things are different for the Ukrainian na­ tion. When Ukraine lost its independence, it lost its VOICE, and Moscow began speaking for Ukraine, spreading misconceptions. Today you have given me the opportunity to tell you the truth about Ukraine, and perhaps in these times no other Ukrainian has such an op­ portunity. But with this goes a great responsibility. Circumstances have made me the VOICE of Ukraine and my first words may startle some of you. The tragedy of Ukraine lies in the fact that the world’s attention is focused on the struggle of Blacks for the decolonization of Africa. If L^kraine were a part of Black Africa, it would be by this time independent. No one in the world today questions the right of Black African nations to independence. The United Nations continues to routinely take up the question of discrimination against Black Africa. But isn’t it time to put the question of repression of non-Blacks on an equal footing? How easy it is to pass a resolution in the United Nations calling for the decoloniza­ tion of Southern Africa; yet how difficult it is even to speak about the decolonization of the Soviet Union. The Third World should realize that by ignoring the nationalist movements in the USSR they are throwing 1 away their greatest opportunity. The Third World arose from national liberation struggles whose ideals will long provide spiritual and psycho­ logical nourishment. The banner of the Third World will continue to bear the motto of „anti-colonialism”. But, if we take the term „anti-colonialism” seriously, and not in jest, then we must concede that the decolonization of Africa is nearly complete. There are but a few remaining territories still to be decolonized in_ Africa. The arena for decolonization should shift to Eastern Europe and the USSR where we have dozens of subjugated nations as well as the largest colony in the world — Ukraine — a nation of 50 million people. It is specifically the decolonization of these nations which may provide the impetus and resources upon which the Third World re­ lies. And when in the UN, the African states in unison with the USSR, block the demands of the subjugated nations for decolonization they extinguish those very fires that they must rely upon for their own exi­ stence. The United Nations has granted official recognition to the PLO and SWAPO. This is a precedent; a power which finds itself in exile is never­ theless represented in the United Nations. Ukrainians have no true VOICE in the United Nations despite the fact that there are more than three million of them in the Free World. Everyone is aware that the so-called „government” of the Ukrainian SSR is not a true government but merely an administrative body. At present there as no real possibility of presenting this matter before the United Nations. The world’s geopolitical makeup has changed greatly over the past century. During that period two powers confronted each other: England vs. France and Germany vs. the Entente powers. At that time Russia was still a marginal factor in the power struggles. This has long since changed. Prussia is no longer marginal. Today it has the force to seek out its own conquests. And using that power it has transformed the European powers into pawns which it manipulates on its chessboard. The view that Russia can be used opportunistically or as an ally is outdated and dangerous. To consider Russia as an ally is as foolish as to force an alliance between a wolf and a tiger. Russia’s most useful allies in the West are not Com­ munists but short-sighted and naive people. One should recall the testament of Czar Peter I which spoke of his desire to annex Eastern Prussia. Short-sighted, naive people long con­ sidered this testament a forgery. I cannot say if it was a forgery. All I know is that today Eastern Prussia is a part of the Russian Empire. These same people labeled as pure fantasy the notion that Russia intended to conquer Europe to the Elbe River. Today, Russian forces stand along the Elbe. Even now, there is talk of a „peace loving” Russia. Russia has conquered Angola, Ethiopia, Afghanistan. It controls one- sixth of the world. It has been the foremost aggressor of the 20th Century 2 and short-sighted and naive people still say that Russia poses no threat. And when the same people are told that unless the status quo is changed Russian tanks will roll to the banks of the English channel, they reply that these are the words of lunatics. It is time that short-sighted and naive people cease formulating Western policy. It’s time for the West to finally realize that Moscow is not one of the world’s powers but a threat to the world. Moscow is not an element in the search for world stability, it is a power which seeks to disrupt. Before it can win the war with Communism in the East, the West must first overcome its own short-sightedness. The release of Grigorenko, Svitlychna and other Soviet political priso­ ners is a battle won. But there is yet another political prisoner who, though never in a Russian camp, nevertheless died a captive of Moscow. His name was De Gaulle. Yes, he was a prisoner, as the entire West is today a prisoner of the illusions that Moscow weaves. Illusion No. 1 — One must concede to Moscow otherwise there will be a World War. The opposite is true. Concessions only lead to new demands, as the Munich treaty enticed Hitler to new aggressions. The more you give in, the more they expect. There is a Russian saying, „one acquires an appetite at feeding time.” The West should look for a new Churchill, not for a Chamberlain. Illusion No. 2 — it’s up to us to make concessions because Moscow won’t. Interestingly enough, a Ukrainian woman here in America wrote me upon my release a very sincere letter. She said, „My husband believed Moroz would never be released.” This is a very powerful myth, that the wall erected by Moscow is impregnable. But as we can see, the release of political prisoners testifies to the fact that the times have changed. Mos­ cow’s walls are cracking. Illusion No. 3 — less known, but just as real — is the belief of many Western leaders that Moscow creates stability within its domain and that this is good for maintaining the status quo. They fail to see that internal „stability” in the USSR enables the Kremlin to instigate instability in the rest of the world. It is in the interest of the West to unfreeze these forces so that they may engulf themselves and thereby create a genuine and not an illusory world order. It is to the great merit of such statesmen as President Carter and Dr. Brzezinski to have been among the first to dispel these illusions. They took a principled position in this matter. They were not afraid to be unpopular. But this is only a beginning. We must go further. There is a great deal of talk about the threat of nuclear war, but we do not draw the necessary conclusions. Who is capable of instigating such a war? 3 China is too weak, the West is too civilized. Only the Russian Empire would be disposed to initiate a nuclear war. What is most important for the West to understand is that the decolonization of Eastern Europe, i. e. dismantling of the Russian Empire, is as important for the West as it is for us. It is not solely the concern of the subjugated nations. The West is under the illusion that the democratization of Russia will remove the Sword of Damocles which is attached in the Kremlin and hangs over the Elbe. The fact is that post-communist Russia will be even more Russian than it is now and will be an even greater threat to the West. I know the Russian mind well and I can state that, given the choice between demo­ cracy with no empire or empire without democracy, Russia will opt for an empire. Realistically, the only force which can dismember the Russian empire, and thereby remove the threat of nuclear war, is that of the na­ tionalist movements in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe. Only they can dismantle the empire and in so doing automatically remove the threat facing the Western world. Ukraine presents a great potential which the West has not utilized and in fact is not yet aware of. The West still sees Ukraine through Rus­ sian lenses and speaks of Ukraine according to Russian standards. There is a wealth of knowledge about the so-called „Nazism” of Ukrainian patriots, about their purported collaboration with the Germans. The truth tells us otherwise. From 1941—1944, Stepan Bandera, leader of the national liberation struggle, was in a Nazi concentration camp. His two brothers, Vasyl and Oleksander, perished in Auschwitz. Thousands upon thousands of Ukrainian nationalists died at the hands of the Gestapo. Let them look for Nazis in Moscow and not among Ukrainian freedom fighters. The first concentration camps were built by Moscow in 1919; Hitler’s camps were built according to the Russian models. When Nazi bombs were falling on Coventry, Moscow applauded. As allies, Russia and Nazi Ger­ many shared the spoils of conquered Poland. As all other resistance move­ ments during the Second World War, the Ukrainian underground fought the Nazis. An outstanding example of this struggle was the heroic battle at the monastery on Zahoriv, where a small contingent of the OUN-UPA (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists — Ukrainian Insurgent Army), outnumbered 10 to 1, engaged the German army — a heroic act in the spirit of the battle at Thermopylae. Despite such facts, Moscow has suc­ ceeded in propagating the myth of Ukrainian collaboration with the Nazis to the extent that to this day the West remains ignorant of the truth. The West must dispel this myth and come to the realization that nationalism is not Nazism, that nationalism is patriotism. Geopolitically, Ukraine has served as a natural counter-force for the protection of Europe’s eastern flank, thereby altering the balance of power from the times of Attila and Genghis-Khan. Just as the great Barrier Reef protects the eastern shore of Australia from the ocean, Ukraine has pro­ 4 tected Europe against invasions from the East. The Germans and the English seemed to have understood this, though with no apparent con­ sistency. They regarded Ukraine as a pawn when the situation called for a partnership. This played into the hands of Moscow’s politics. Moscow, to this day, strives to prevent the West from realizing what Ukraine represents. Everyone is aware of the energy crisis. Our resources are being de­ pleted. But the geopolitical crisis, although less visible, is equally im­ portant. The concept that the United States can deal with any problems, that it will always maintain its supremacy, is no longer valid. Vietnam has shown this to be true. In the 19th century, the United States knew no boundary in its expansion to the West and enjoyed the luxury of un­ limited resources. Having reached the Pacific coast, the period of expansion came to an end. Today, the United States faces a new barrier to further growth with the depletion of the world’s geopolitical resources. The United States can no longer afford the luxury of ignoring the potential of a country as large as Ukraine. Much has been said of utilizing solar energy, of the great reserves of the West and the oil in the Northern Sea. Ukraine is more important than the oil reserves of the North Sea. I do not wish to appear ungrateful. I have no right to be ungrateful. I have my freedom thanks to the efforts of many people in the West. But I want to state that in view of the importance of the Ukrainian contribution to the dissident movement, and in light of the fact that .half of the pri­ soners in the labor camps are Ukrainian, the release of only one Ukrainian, out of the 9 recently freed, is obviously insufficient. The West should insist on the release of a larger number of Ukrainian prisoners. The West can and should do more for Ukraine. All efforts expended toward obtain­ ing the freedom of more Ukrainians would serve to strengthen the Ukrai­ nian dissident movement. The West should pay particular attention to protecting the Ukrainian Helsinki Monitoring Group, which is a relatively new phenomenon in Ukraine. For the first time in fifty years a „legal” opposition has formed, an opposition based on the provisions of the Hel­ sinki Accord. The West should do everything in its power to secure the safety of this group and insure the further development of the „legal” opposition in Ukraine. The West should understand that Moscow faces increasing isolation. In a five-polar world in which four of the powers — the United States, Europe, China and Japan — are consolidating their mutual relations, Mos­ cow is faced with the prospect of standing alone in opposition to the other four. The successes of Chinese diplomacy in the world arena in the last few years is a disturbing factor for Moscow, which it will attempt to offset by proving that it is equally capable of establishing good relations with the 5 West. It is essential to bear this in mind during negotiations with Moscow. Moscow must be required to make definite, not ephemeral, concessions. I call upon the Free World to demand a general amnesty for all poli­ tical prisoners held by Moscow as a precondition for participation in the 1980 Olympics. I urge you to boycott the Olympics in the event Moscow does not proclaim a general amnesty. I would propose that in protest the Olympic Games be held in Munich, should Moscow not make adequate concessions. The human rights issue is an outstanding product of Western political ideals. For the first time in over a decade psychological warfare is being conducted on grounds that the West cannot possibly lose. For the first time in over a decade the West has taken the initiative in the psychological struggle. Since Moscow cannot compete in the realm of human rights, it has been placed in an indefensible position. But the concept of human rights must be expanded to include national rights. We set up the equation: national rights equal human rights. The concept of national rights is far more important and is even more apt to result in success for the West: the human rights issue for Moscow is a sensitive one, but realization of national rights would deal a death blow to Moscow. When people speak to me of human rights, I declare, „Above all, I wish to realize my right to be Ukrainian. For me, this is the most sacred and greatest of all human rights.” I am frequently asked about the Ukrainian movement, its prospects and chances for success. I need only to give illustration. When writing „Moses and Dathan”, I had not as yet read „Two Patriotisms”, a work by Dmytro Dontsov, a noted Ukrainian ideologist and polemist. I subsequently read „Two Patriotisms” and I was astonished that not only the general concept of, but even the development of the detailed postulates, in these two works were identical. It was then that I came to the following realiza­ tion: you may destroy the entire Ukrainian national elite, and you can create a great famine in which millions perish, but despite this, a new generation will follow to regenerate the concept of Ukrainian national independence. The demand for Ukrainian independence rises like a Phoe­ nix out of the ashes. Such is the vibrancy of Ukrainian nationalism and of the prospects for the independence of Ukraine. And when I am asked as to the outlook for the liberation movement in Ukraine, I answer with a quote from my most recent work, soon to be published: „The walls are still standing, but the trumpet is ready and a voice has been born.”

6 WACL Support for Subjugated Nations of the 12th Conference of the World Anti-Communist League at Asuncion, Paraguay — April 27, 1979

Being aware of Communist aggression appeasement and concession never lasts. and subversion in developing countries and Any attempt to set one Red group against regions, the World Anti-Communist League another can only lead to disaster. Helping (WACL), dedicated to the cause of free­ Moscow during and after World War II dom and security, held its 12th Con­ only advanced Communism. Assistance ference from April 23-27, 1979 in Asun­ given to Chinese Communists will produce cion, the capital of Paraguay, a bulwark the same results. A clear line of demarca­ against Communism in Latin America. tion between friend and foe has never been Over 400 representatives from WACL’s more essential. 103 member units in 80 countries, joined 2. We urge Free Nations to recognize by political, military, religious and civic the unchanged Communist goal of world leaders, assembled with the theme to guide domination. The Sino-Soviet clashes and their joint endeavor: “United We Shall the Chinese Communist war with Com­ Prevail! Freedom Is Not Negotiable!”. munist Vietnam are indications of Red The policies of appeasement and detente bellicosity and signs of further internecine on the part of Free Countries have been Red bloc strife. The various Communist responsible for Communist aggression and regimes may clash with each other in their the confrontation between the free world tactical competition for influence. If their and the Red bloc, thereby contributing to strategy requires cooperation, internal the present world chaos. The attempt to Communist differences will not prevent ally with Red China against Soviet Rus­ them from taking joint action. Birds of a sia has already damaged the Free World feather flock together. instead of weakening the Red forces. This 3. We appeal to the Free Nations to strategy of Free Nations is being manipu­ support actively economic and social pro­ lated by international Communists to spread gress in free developing nations, to abandon Communism further, short of open warfare. trade protectionism, and to remove tariff The extremely complicated international barriers and import quotas where possible. situation is basically a confrontation Economic stability and economic freedom between the natural desire for freedom and provide effective protection against Com­ the tyranny of Communism. munist infiltration and subversion, with a The solution lies in satisfying the uni­ view to spreading the benefits of wealth versal urge for freedom, national indepen­ and culture, health and general well-being dence and sovereignty, social justice and as an effective preventive measure to check economic progress. These aspirations must the advance of Communism. ultimately lead to the decline and fall of 4. We urge the Free Nations to work Communism. for a settlement of the energy problem in To further freedom and security for all terms of a reasonable arrangement bene­ mankind, the WACL Conference resolved ficial to the Free World economy, espe­ that: cially in respect of the supply and price of 1. We appeal to the Free Nations to oil. The industrialised nations must solve implement without delay strategies for their inflation problem in order to create common security. Peace obtained through the conditions for price stability. We fully 7 support the Middle East nations against support the oppressed Cubans in any at­ Communism and their close ties with other tempt to overthrow this Red tyranny. Free Nations so as to attain a fair and Latin America, particularly the countries lasting peace. It is gratifying to note that belonging to the Southern Cone and the Islamic World, of nearly a thousand especially Chile, has shown to the world million Muslims, has become increasingly that Communism can be defeated even aware of the dangers of atheistic and ma­ when in power. terialistic ideologies, especially Communism. 7. We urge the free European nations It is hoped to encourage peoples of all to recognise the new tactic of Euro-com- faiths to work together to uphold sound munism as part of the Communist plan spiritual, moral and historical values. Sup­ for world domination. Claiming that they port should be given to the struggle of the are for freedom and democracy, have peoples in South Yemen, Somalia, Ethiopia abandoned the class struggle, and will not and Afganistan against Communism. resort to means of violent revolution the 5. We strongly condemn Moscow’s use Euro-communists are seeking power through of Cuban and other client troops for the subversion of parliamentary democracy. aggressive proxy wars in Africa and else­ Since the isolation of the Euro-communists where. We therefore call upon free African and their allies is essential, the Free Na­ nations to guard against the Communist tions should strengthen their cooperation. strategy of stirring up racial strife and The Chinese Communist support of the sowing discord in order to isolate those European Common Market should be seen nations from the rest of the Free World. as a tactic to aid the centralisation of Free nations should strengthen technical power and the destruction of national so­ cooperation with the African countries so vereignty. that Africa’s rich resources can be deve­ loped in order to bring prosperity to the 8. We condemn the constant Soviet Rus­ continent. sian measures aiming to destroy national 6. We call upon Latin American cultures and religions and forcefully rus­ countries to improve their common defence sify the subjugated nations in order to against Communism, particularly by create one Soviet Russian nation. The Con­ strengthening treaties of intra-or inter-con­ ference urges peoples behind the Iron tinental defence. We pledge support to the Curtain to expand their struggles for free­ governments and peoples of, in particular, dom, national independence, democracy Paraguay, Uruguay, Nicaragua, Chile, and human rights. We support the fight Brazil and Argentina in their fight against waged by the Ukrainians, Byelorussians, the Communists and their stooges. We sup­ Georgians, Bulgarians, Croatians, Ruman­ port the Republic of Nicaragua which is ians, Flungarians and other subjugated currently under military and economic at­ peoples for their national independence and tack on account of its struggle against against Moscow’s russification and genocide Communism. We condemn those govern­ policies. We call the attention of the go­ ments and organisations in the Free World, vernments of the Free World to the vital who falsely attack these and other Free necessity of including in their national World countries under the pretext of hu­ strategies, the national liberation of the man rights or interfere in their individual subjugated peoples. We urge the millions fight against Communism. We also urge of captive peoples of the Chinese main­ the use of sanctions against the Castro re­ land, Soviet Union, Indochina, North gime because of their crimes of internal Korea, Cuba and elsewhere behind the suppression and external aggression. We Iron Curtain to rise against Communist 8 enslavement for the sake of freedom, de­ sume diplomatic relations with the Re­ mocracy, peace and prosperity. public of China. 9. We urge the Asian-Pacific region non- 11. We urge all Free Nations to stop all Communist countries jointly to counteract economic aid, trade and technological as­ Red expansion, as well as the manoeuvres sistance to Communist regimes in order to for hegemony by the Russian and Chinese achieve the above objectives and to bring Communists. We urge the US, Canada and about the collapse of the Communist re­ all the non-Communist Asian, Pacific and gimes, which cannot survive without the Australian countries to reverse their poli­ Free World. cies of concession and non-alignment. Al­ All the WACL chapters and regional liance with the Chinese Communists organizations dedicate themselves to streng­ against the Soviet Union will deliver free thening their work through joint anti- nations into Communist hands. The pro­ Communist activities in their countries and posed meeting of non-aligned countries in regions in order to enhance freedom and Havana, to be hosted by Cuba, is a Com­ security against Red aggression and sub­ munist scheme designed to place those version. countries under the Communist sphere of Participants at the Conference express influence. We warn the political leaders of their highest respect to President Alfredo the non-aligned nations against falling Stroessner of the Republic of Paraguay for victim to the Cuban trick. Cuban merce­ his presence at the opening ceremony, nary troops in Africa and the Indochinese which initiated a successful conference. peninsula fighting under the control of Hearty appreciation also goes to the WACL their Soviet masters already reveal the Paraguayan Chapter and to the Paragua­ color of their alignment. yan government and people for their warm 10. We urge nations and peoples to sup­ hospitality and support which made the port the Chinese people’s aspiration to Conference memorable and fruitful. restore freedom and democracy on the The 13th WACL Annual Conference Chinese mainland. The people on the will be held in 1980 at a site to be decided Chinese mainland must be given a clear by the Executive Board. and free choice between freedom and to­ talitarianism. Free nations and peoples must BALTIC COMMEMORATION decide whether they want a free and de­ mocratic China or a China under Commu­ Peter Wytenus, chairman of the Lithuan­ nist tyranny. The Chinese Communist re­ ian Wayside Shrine Committee, has been gime is trying to implement a “four mo­ elected president of the New York State dernizations” program and hope to obtain chapter of the American Friends of the Western aid in order to overcome their Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. internal crisis and to continue their ex­ Mr. Wytenus organized a Baltic com­ ternal expansion.. The very system of en­ memoration ceremony at the site of the slavement and the backwardness of the vandalized shrine in Flushing Meadows Chinese mainland offer little hope for Park on Sunday June 17, 1979. modernization. We, therefore, urge Free The ceremony is dedicated to the heroes Nations to enforce an economic and mili­ of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, whose tary embargo against the Chinese mainland nations were occupied by Russia. Wytenus and, instead, strengthen friendly ties with is preparing a campaign for the restora­ the Republic of China. Particularly we call tion of the shrine which was destroyed by upon the United States of America to re­ vandals in April. 9 Wolodymyr Mykula Stepan Bandera Ukrainian National Hero Jan. 1, 1909 — Oct. 15, 1959

The Ukrainian nation, in its everlasting Stepan Bandera’s whole life was dedicat­ fight for its existence, its state independence ed to obeying this national commandment. and freedom, bred many heroic, courage­ From early youth to his death, at the age ous fighters, who, because of their idealism, of only fifty-one, Stepan Bandera was strength, talent for leadership, industri­ always in the front ranks of active free­ ousness and selflessness bequeathed to us an dom-fighters. example to follow through the rest of our He was born in the village of Old lives. In the latest era of our history, an Uhryniv, Kalish Country, in Western era of strife for liberation from various Ukraine on January 1, 1909. His father, occupations of foreign imperialisms, core of a Catholic priest, gave Stepan Bandera his the outstanding symbols of this period of first patriotic and religious upbringing. The struggle, whose name will be honored fo­ example of his father, Rev. Andrij rever — was the leader of the Organiza­ Bandera, who was a volunteer in the tion of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) Ukrainian Army of Western Ukraine Stepan Bandera. This year, we are com­ (Ukrainian Galician Army) and later or­ memorating the twentieth anniversary of ganized social reforms in his village, point­ his assassination by a Russian agent. ed the way for young Stepan to devote Omnious October of 1959. Unable to his life to the liberation of his nation from withstand the furries of fall winds, the enemy enslavement. While attending trees drop their yellow leaves, like tears, Ukrainian High School in Stryj and upon the dying earth. A long procession meeting many of his contemporaries, who, silently moves through pathways of Wald- like himself, suffered depression and deep friedhof Cemetery in Munich, accompany­ personal insult to their national honor ing on his last journey the one, whose name after Ukraine’s defeat in the War of Li­ inspired thousands of unnamed heroes to beration of 1917—1921, youthful - Stepan battle; heartened millions of peoples, en­ formulated his consciousness, character and slaved and hungry for truth and freedom; strength and took his first steps in active and produced hate and fear among ene­ underground resistance against the enemy. mies of Ukrainians everywhere. Flags, He became an active member of a secret which whispered about the everlasting organization consisting of high school stu­ glory of the fallen hero, were mournfully dents, which later integrated itself into the lowered. Far, far away, in bloody Kremlin, newly-formed OUN. Later, he became one the red killers were celebrating their suc­ of the most vigorous leaders of the Society cess in inflicting such painful loss to the of Ukrainian Nationalist Youth. Ukrainian liberation movement. However, The creation of the Organization of the lips of funeral participants, as well as Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), through a those of innumerable thousands of Ukrain­ merger of the Ukrainian Military Organiza­ ian patriots all over the world, compressed tion with other nationalist groups in 1929, with unshakable resolve: found Stepan Bandera in Lviv, where he “To win freedom for Ukraine, or die was studying agronomy at Lviv Univer­ fighting for it.” sity. Stepan Bandera immediately joined 10 the OUN and quickly become organizer the eyes of Ukrainians of Western Ukraine. of distribution of OUN publications, Although convicted and condemned to under the Propaganda Department of death, (sentence later changed to life im­ Western Ukraine Section. After having prisonment) he served his sentence in one successfully completed his assignments as of the harshest prisons at St. Cross, and the above mentioned organizer, he was ap­ continued to be a symbol of Ukrainian pointed in 1931 as member of the Exe­ anti-Polish resistance and uncompromising cutive Board and Director of Propaganda. fight for freedom. During his tenure, he organized new With the start of World War II, Poland means of mass propaganda, i.e., demonstra­ fell and Stepan Bandera was free. Together tions at gravesites of fallen Ukrainian with other OUN leaders, he tried to cor­ freedom-fighters, widespread actions against rect the pro-German political line of PUN. alcoholism intentionally popularized by the (Leadership of Ukrainian Nationalists) occupational forces, and acts among headed by Col. A. Melnyk, and urged re­ students against the occupation of Ukraine. moval from PUN of persons compromised These actions widely popularized the OUN by activities harmful to the Ukrainian and revolutionized the national masses. In cause. However, he found complete lack January, 1933, Stepan Bandera was elected of understanding from Col. Melnyk and to head the Western Ukraine Section of his compatriots, all of whom were living OUN. His leadership accomplished com­ in countries outside of Ukraine during its plete integration into the OUN of the active struggle for liberation. As a result, Ukrainian Military Organization, vast in February, 1940, active leadership and improvements of organizational structure membership of OUN, in Ukraine and out­ of the OUN, and intensification of in­ side its borders, reactivated the National dividual resistance acts against representa­ Leadership of OUN and elected as its head tives of occupational forces. Stepan Bandera. The Second Special Con­ The culmination of those resistance acts vention of OUN in the spring of 1941 was the assassination of the Polish Minister affirmed this election. Differences between of Internal Affairs Bronislaw Pieracki in Bandera and Melnyk, which resulted in Warsaw on June 15, 1934. Under Polish the division of the OUN into two dif­ occupation, the OUN developed into the ferent political groups were deeply felt by leading Ukrainian political power and all concerned. However, future events was to become a factor in the eventual proved that the uncompromising stand of fall of Polish occupation of Western OUN independent of foreign influences, Ukraine. The trial of Stepan Bandera and as proclaimed by Stepan Bandera, was the other leading members of OUN, arrested only right one in light of the international in connection with the assassination of Mi­ situation of tha time. This political stand nister Pieracki, turned into a protest of resulted in the Proclamation of Indepen­ Polish occupation of Western Ukraine, re­ dent Ukraine in Lviv on June 30, 1941, sulting in widespread outcries in Ukraine and in the continuation of war on two and throughout the world. Bandera’s fronts against Germany and Russia by praiseworthy stand at the trial served as OUN-UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army). an example for other defendants, galvani­ If this Proclamation did not take place, the zing great masses of people to action, and Ukrainian cause would have been severely awakening respect even among many compromised by foreign dependence and foreigners. All at once, Stepan Bandera influence. Ukrainians all over the world became one of the most famous heroes in owe a debt of gratitude to Stepan Ban­ 11 dera and the OUN leadership for the fact severest attacks by Russian occupational that they did not allow dishonor to befall forces and lack of aid and understanding the Ukrainian nation in the harshest from the free world, OUN-UPA did not circumstances of its history during the capitulate, but continued to wage war, holocaust of World War II. Stepan Ban­ changing their tactics in accordance with dera. was arrested by German occupational circumstances. In the free world, Stepan forces, together with members of the Pro­ Bandera pointed OUN outside of Ukraine visional Government of Independent toward mass actions of popularization of Ukraine: its President Yaroslav Stetsko, Ukraine’s independence issues and mo­ who categorically refused to withdraw the bilization of free world opinion against Proclamation of Independent Ukraine of Russia. June 30, 1941. This refusal resulted in Highest moral character and political their deportation to a German concentra­ foresight of Stepan Bandera manifested tion camp, where, although under enormous themselves numerous times in OUN acti­ pressure, they remained steadfast both phy­ vities outside of Ukraine, particularly in sically and morally. Their incarceration defense of unblemished nationalistic po­ continued almost to the end of World War sitions against many false and opportunitic II. Released in December, 1944 Stepan tendencies. He constantly defended free­ Bandera remained under constant police dom and the independent status of surveillance, again refused Germany’s re­ Ukraine’s political causes. He did not quest to take part in establishing a Ger­ yield to numerous suggestions for OUN to man-controlled Ukrainian National Com­ adopt the liberal views of the free world mittee, yet, demanded recognition of un­ toward Russia. He refused any compro­ conditional Ukrainian independence from mises toward the Soviet Union’s “in­ the Germans. As in the past, Stepan Ban­ divisibility”, he recalled OUN’s represen­ dera, together with President Yaroslav tatives from the Ukrainian National Coun­ Stetsko, again demonstrated their political cil, when he was unable to change this foresight and deepset conviction, cha­ Council’s position towards aid for fight­ racteristics demanded by national honor. ing Ukraine; he condemned members ol In February, 1945, the OUN National the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council Convention again elected Stepan Bandera, (UHWR) outside of the Ukraine for their who, at that time resided and intended to deviation from ideological positions of remain outside of Ukraine, as head of all nationalism, and in 1954, rebuffed members OUN, and as a third in command and of a group of so-called “duodists”, who head of OUN in Ukraine, UPA General allowed themseves to be convinced by Roman Shukhewych — Taras Chuprynka. enemy lies; and he attempted to bring Yaroslav Stetsko was elected as the second ideological division to OUN membership member of OUN leadership. Stepan Ban­ in the name of false “democracy” and dera directed members of OUN toward KGB-prepared “demands of Ukrainian an uncompromising fight against occupa­ home-front”. Those were not easy decisions. tional forces in Ukraine and toward ex­ ternal aid for the fighting Ukrainians. He Although, Bandera deeply suffered through took this directive because of the altered all these events, his conscience wouldn’t circumstances of the new Russian occupa­ allow him to let the Organization, which tion of the entire Ukraine, because of carried the main responsibility for the widespread war against the said occupation historical fate of the nation, to descend by UPA and because of the emigration of into ideological no-man’s land and op­ thousands of Ukrainians. Even under the portunistic abyss. 12 Stepan Bandera was struck down in the tional authorities have vis-avis the de­ prime of his political life by an assassin termination of the fearless, uncompromis­ sent by the greatest enemy of independent ing freedom-fighters who serve the great Ukraine. This assassin’s hand tried to deal idea of our independent . nation, in the a deadly blow to the Ukrainian independ­ same way that it was served by Stepan ence movement and to its avant-garde — Bandera. Although Stepan Bandera and OUN. However, the enemy outsmarted many of his fellow freedom-fighters did itself. The secrets of the killing were not live long enough to see their eternal discovered and the assassin himself, in his dream realized — the dream of indepen­ testimony, caused the condemnation of the dent Ukraine — their example of heroism criminal Russian clique by an objective galvanized millions upon millions of their tribunal of a free country and world descendents, who believing in the im­ opinion in general. Ironically, even through mortality of their ideas, still untiringly his death, Stepan Bandera struck a moral work and fight for the fulfilment of this blow to the enemies of Ukrainian inde­ great aim. New times demand new ways pendence. and methods of battle. Under present The stamp of Bandera’s courageous circumstances the main role lies in the fighting spirit is imbedded in a whole ge­ power of ideas. The material strength of neration of freedom-fighters, inheritors of the enemy has to be opposed by the highly traditions of the War of Liberation, a idealistic moral power of the Ukrainian heroic epoch of Cossackdom, and the independence movement. The unquenching knighthood era of the Kingdom of Ukraine. fire of Bandera’s ideology, his uncompro­ For them, as for Bandera, the fiery, tes­ mising beliefs, self-sacrifice, faith in his tamentary words were holy: “Do not nation’s interests, and his spiritual strength, allow anybody to tarnish our honor and will continue to lead in the future, as in glory. Remember that you are a descendent the past, the Ukrainian nation in its quest of struggle for the glory of Volodymyr’s for the promised land. Trident! Neither petitions, nor threats, nor In his writings, Stepan Bandera left us torture, nor death will force you to reveal valuable directions in strategy and tactics the secret endowed you!”. Inflamed by of the Ukrainian fight for independence Bandera’s example, courageous UPA against Russian imperialism. According to soldiers, OUN freedom-fighters, prisoners his idealistic outlook, he believed armed of Russian concentration camps of Vor­ conflict to be only one and not the main kuta, and heroic women of Kingir, marched form of a nation’s fight for its independen­ into battle against overwhelming forces of ce. In his article, “Essentials of Life and enemy powers. Development of a Nation”, written in The national uprising of the post war 1955, he stated in what mainstream lies years and its participants were christened our fight: “Firstly, we have to defend an­ with the name Bandera, similarly as the nihilation, keep alive those things which War of Liberation of 1917—1921 was are most essential to national strength and christened with the name Petlura, and the development, things which form the con­ fight for freedom from Russian tsars was text of its independence, and things which christened with the name Mazepa. Even enhance its enlargement as a whole entity. today, our enemies call all Ukrainians Specifically, we are talking about the de­ who differ in their beliefs from Russians fense of the highest human values — — “Banderists” and the whole indepen­ faith in God, freedom, honor, human rights dence movement “Banderism”. This is and unencumbered development of the proof of the great fear that the occupa­ nation and its people. It is self-evident 13 that the long struggle for independence is everybody was limitless. Personally, he did fought, so that in our independent country not worry enough about his security and we can fully and in the best way secure, this might have been a major factor in his develop and enhance all those virtues.” untimely death. Lack of financial re­ The independence movement in con­ sources caused many hardships in organiza­ temporary Ukraine, which again increa­ tional life. Salaries, if any, of the leaders, sed after Bandera’s death, follows the same including Bandera, were limited to cover line which directs the sense of life of the only absolute essentials. There were no Ukrainian nation itself, although as yet restaurants, hotels or first class transporta­ it does not evolve into open warfare. tion. The one and only automobile which There exists a struggle for the spirit of Bandera used was a Volkswagen, old and the Ukrainian nation, led by the best re­ delapidated, sharing it with other OUN presentatives of Ukrainian intelligentsia. leaders. Bandera was not a very talented This new generation follows Shevchenko’s public speaker, however, his speeches were footsteps to Russian prisons and Siberian always presented calmly, sensibly, ana­ concentration camps, and creates new lyzing the core of the problem. His de­ ranks of heroes and martyrs for God and cisions were always thoroughly rationalized. freedom. This resistance pursues the Bandera was never revengeful and forgave example of Ukrainian freedom — fighters those who plotted against him, many a of UPA and OUN under the leadership time even against his better judgment. He of Stepan Bandera. always stood by, and lived by his prin­ In the memory of Ukrainians, Stepan ciples. Bandera remains the everlasting symbol of Let us state that the cause of Ukrainian an honest, eventempered and wise man, independence for which he died, at the completely dedicated to the cause of free­ hands of a Russian agent, has not as yet dom for Ukraine. Liberal and decisive, he been won. Ukraine is still occupied by was very modest and friendly. Although Russia. However, the Organization which he was not very tall or extremely hand­ was led by him, the Ukrainian resistance some — he was a giant among men. In movement are actively fighting on. In his piercing eyes could be read the whole contemporary Ukraine, the ranks of free­ story of Ukraine’s long and hard fight dom-fighters are increasing daily by for its independence, which gave him the thousands upon thousands. The Ukrainian strength to become a great leader, spi­ nation is alive, strengthened by its faith ritually invincible. He was very religious, in God and its new and ever growing virtuous and a person of highest moral ranks of freedom-fighters led by the spirit character. His family life was harmonious, of Stepan Bandera toward its rightful although, due to security reasons, even his destiny in the world. We know that own children did not know his real name. Ukraine’s and Stepan Bandera’s hour of He took care of and extended all possible victory is near! help to his friends and co-workers. In re­ (Translated from Ukrainian by turn, the respect and love for him felt by Zena Matla-Rycbtycka)

“We are as unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed.” II. Corinthians, VI, 9.

14 Creation of Ukrainian Spiritual Republic Maintaining that existing states and First, they said that while mankind has governments have not succeeded in pro­ entered the space age, it has not managed viding for the spiritual livelihood of their to become united, or as they wrote: “Do citizens, four Ukrainian human rights the people of Earth have a single represen­ activists announced the creation of a tation to its galactic neighbours?” Ukrainian spiritual republic or holy Ukraine, Second, nuclear and non-nuclear wea­ which, they hope, will better serve the needs pons have limited mankind’s growth, of the Ukrainian people around the world. wrote Berdnyk and his colleagues. Oles Berdnyk, a Ukrainian writer, futur­ Third, they wrote that mankind has be­ ologist and member of the Ukrainian come prisoner of the greatest prison — Public Group to Promote the Implementa­ laws. They argued that laws are only used tion of the Helsinki Accords, was the pro­ to help those in power and the criminals. moter of this concept. The latest document “That is why it has become necessary on the creation of a spiritual republic to to create new, yet untested organs to unite come from Ukraine was titled “Epistle” Earth, its nations into a united, spiritual (Poslania) and it was addressed to the „ foundation. One of these organs (and the government of the Ukrainian SSR, member- most important) will be the spiritual re­ states of the United Nations and all na­ publics, and after that their all-planetary tions on earth. fraternity, and finally— a celestial union Dated April 30, 1978, the letter was of civilization,” they wrote. signed by Berdnyk, Vasyl Striltsiv, Petro They believe that their thoughts are not Sichko and Vasyl Sichko. The latter three utopic or “fantastic ravings”. are also members of the Ukrainian Hel­ “That is the will of the national spirit, sinki group. The four dissidents consider which refuses to continue to turn the slave themselves to be members of the council of wheel of futile efforts of dictators of one the Ukrainian spiritual republic. kind or another, or apologists of imperia­ Berdnyk and his colleagues wrote: lism or chauvinism,” they said. “We, Ukrainian enthusiasts of spiritual The four right advocates expect that quests, are convinced that the time is right their plan will be met with stiff opposition in Ukraine and in other fraternal nations and that replies, such as the Soviet Ukrai­ to assume a new level of existence. This nian government’s sentencing of Mykola desire has brought us together into a fra­ Rudenko and Oleksa Tykhy, will not be ternal union of intellectual peers, which we uncommon. call holy Ukraine,” they wrote. Berdnyk and his colleagues warned, The Ukrainian spiritual republic, the however, that if their idea is not acted activists continued, “is the first of its kind upon, the only alternative facing mankind in the world.” According to them, it will will be death. have “no borders, no armies, no legal pro­ In appealing to other nations of the cedures, no repressive apparatus, no ad­ Soviet Union “to create spiritual republics ministration, and it will guide citizens of in order to search for new forms of crea­ holy Ukraine into eternal creativity, tive life”, the four wrote: “The Ukrainian thought, beauty, love and happiness.” spiritual republic extends its hand of friend­ Three reasons are given by the four ship and opens its heart of love to all members of the spiritual republic’s council people on Earth — let us create the long- for their actions. prophesized wreath of brother-hood. And 15 the mother of mankind — St. Sophia — holy Ukraine, would be a “free brother­ will bless this day of happiness.” hood of all Ukrainians around the world, Berdnyk first made public his concept who are united by a single language, his­ of a spiritual republic in an essay he wrote tory, heritage and traditions, culture, na­ in Ukraine in 1977 titled “The Book on tional fate, national expectations and ac­ the Existence of Holy Ukraine” (“Knyha complishments. ” Buttia Sviatoyi Ukrayiny”). The Ukrai­ By placing such a great deal of impor­ nian and Russian-language work bore the tance on the nation, Berdnyk wrote that inscription “Alternative Evolution Initia­ it is the nation “that carries in itself the tive Council” (“Initsiatyvna Rada Alterna- eternal sense of life.” He said that the tyvnoji Evolutsiyi”) in Ukrainian, Russian person is inseparable from the nation. and English. In it Berdnyk wrote: “The extraordina­ “A person beyond a nation does not ry state of affairs on the plane demands a exist. Language, human outlook, traditions, new understanding, new relations between culture, feelings, the prospects for spiritual people and nations, between thinking development, heritage, strength, spiritual beings and the flora and fauna on Earth, tests — all of these are given to the person and also a new law.” by the nation, the people, the clan,” he Berdnyk argued the importance of the wrote. nation in the creative life of the person. Berdnyk said that everything on the “The most important creative sphere, face of the Earth is temporary, except na­ in which the human spirit is expressed, tions. He said that the “only thing worth is national life. That is why we place para­ saving is the feeling of your uniqueness, mount importance on the search for new unity, unduplicability, for this is the forms of existence, in which the national creative spirit of evolution.” spirit could be expressed,” he wrote. "A nation, which loses its sense of uni­ “Concern over the fate of the Earth, the queness and unduplicability turns into fate of our native nation, and also the cosmic ashes and deletes itself from the fates of the fraternal nations on the pla­ commandements of existence. A person, net, suggested to us, Ukrainian enthusiasts, who spiritually separates itself from its an alternative solution to the nationalities native nation, eliminates itself from the question. The idea of spiritual nations, or bosom of its nation and dissappears in the spiritual republics, which would take the darkness of non-existence,” wrote Berdnyk. place of the existing political-economic For those reasons, Berdnyk said, the governments, appeared to us.” idea of the merging of nations is “crimi­ The Ukrainian writer explained that his nal, anti-evolutionary, and should be ban­ idea of a Ukrainian spiritual republic, or ned once and for all.”

REPORT FROM THE BERIA RESERVE the protest writings of VALENTYN MOROZ edited and translated Peter Martin Associates Limited by John Kolasky 35 Britain Street Toronto, Canada M5A 1R7

16 Great Champion of ABN Ideas

perialism and communism, always un­ compromising and steadfast, guarded and guards his nation before the enduring danger of Russian imperialism vis a vis his motherland Bulgaria. In Bulgaria he is a reknown fighter for national rights, a fearless fighter against the imposed Russian bayonetted communist system in Bulgaria. His father was a national-liberal po­ litician, and his mother creator of the Bulgarian national flag. Dr. D. Walcheff On May 10th the patriotic Bulgarian studied law at the German Universities in community marks the 80th birthday of Berlin, Greifswald and Heidelberg. Al­ Dr. D. Walcheff: noted national statesman, ready in his youth he was politically ac­ nationalistic ideologist, publisher, un­ tive: at first in the framework of the compromising politician and fighter for National Liberal Party in which he served Bulgaria’s- independence. Simultaneously, as the state secretary in the Ministries of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations honours Industry, Trade and Labour. Then, after one of its most noted co-founders in the the dissolution of the party in 1934 in Western World, unremitting Bulgarian re­ Bulgaria, he became an active member of presentative in ABN’s Central Committee, the Bulgarian National Legion. As an out­ chief editor of the German edition of standing publisher he set a wide area of ABN’s semi-official newspaper ABN Cor­ activity in motion. In 1944 he left Bul­ respondence, author of many essays and garia before its invasion by the Soviet articles for ABN, outstanding speaker Russian army. For his anti-Soviet pnd and promoter of ABN’s ideas, talented anti-communist activities he was sentenced politician and participant in many diplo­ to death three times by “the national matic meetings with politicians and states­ court”. men of the Free World and member of the In the West he belongs to the co­ European Freedom Council Executive. founders of the political Bulgarian or­ Dr. Dymitr Walcheff — ardent Bul­ ganization “Bulgarian National Front”. garian patriot, highly idealistic Bulgarian Spiritually and ideologically he became nationalist, defender of the concept of na­ the publisher and chief editor of its organ tion in all facets of world politics, co­ newspaper “National Bulgaria”. This or­ fighter of the universal struggle of sub­ gan became the flag-bearer of ideas in jugated nations against Soviet Russian im- Bulgaria’s struggle for freedom and of the 17 concept of ABN amid the Bulgarian emi­ Our honoured member was always aware gration. Consequently, there resulted a of his main objective, of the hierarchy wide-spread success in Bulgaria. of values and assignments. He belonged Dmytro Walcheff defends the Bulga­ and belongs to the closest and most trustful rian cause in many essays, articles and co-workers of the President of the Central speeches at international forums, always ABN Committee, Yaroslav Stetsko. He linking his work with the united front of belongs to the most outstanding leaders nations subjugated by the Soviet Union. of ABN, who never staggered and fear­ Based on the concept of ABN, Dr. Wal­ lessly defends ABN’s ideas. cheff constantly interceded in humanita­ In honour of his 80th birthday, the co­ rian aspects for the well-being of many fighters from ABN warmly welcome him. of his Bulgarian “brothers”. To Bulgaria’s faithful son!

Dr. BOBELIS ELECTED CHAIRMAN OF LITHUANIAN SUPREME COUNCIL Dr. C. K. Bobelis, President ly glad that you took the center position 5025 Central Ave. of the liberation movement of Lithuania St. Petersburg, Florida 33710 because of your understanding of the ne­ Dear Dr. Bobelis: cessity of the common front of the subju­ We are very glad that you have been gated nations. elected as Chairman of the Supreme Coun­ We wish you the most success in the cil for the Liberation of Lithuania. This is fight of the Lithuanian people under your very important for all the subjugated na­ leadership for the national independence tions by the Russian imperialists in the and freedom of Lithuania. Long live a Soviet Union and satellite countries. This free and independent Lithuania! Long live will strengthen the common front against the independence and freedom of subjugat­ Russian invaders. ed nations! The present international situation needs With best greetings, I remain, great political leaders and statesmen. We Sincerely yours, stand before the decisive events for our Yaroslav Stetsko native countries. The Ukrainian Revolu­ Former Prime Minister of Ukraine and tionary Movement and ABN are especial­ President of ABN

GENOCIDE OF THE UKRAINIAN PEOPLE by Prof. Vasyl Pliushch Order from: Press Bureau of ABN, Zeppelinstr. 67, 8000 München 80

18 Algirdas Budreckis The Lithuanian Resistance (Continuation) Unification of the Resistance, into four formations, with a doctor and a 1946—47 chaplain. The formation was divided into During the second Soviet Russian in­ three or four companies (kuopos), with vasion, the Supreme Committee for Libera­ three or four platoons (buriai). The platoon tion of Lithuania in the homeland fell consisted of three squads (skyriai) and had apart; within six months many of its from eight to ten fighting men. Therefore, leaders were either killed or arrested. the Tauras District consisted of between Several political organs were formed to 1,080 and 1,920 fighters. As the under­ give direction to the underground. In the ground became more centralized, small spring of 1945 there appeared a Lithuan­ groups armed with weapons and dressed in ian Council of Liberation (Lietuvos Islais- uniforms with pre-war Lithuanian Army vinimo Taryba or LIT) which tried to in­ insignias, being acquainted with the local form the nation about international de­ terrain, solved problems of supply and velopments and to give guidelines to the permitted local initiative. In the worlds of underground and populace. It tried to help the Soviets: “they worked in the kolkhozes fugitives re-enter “legal life” under as­ by day, and went out at night as bandits.” sumed guises. Unfortunately, the LIT ope­ In 1946—47, the unified partisan com­ rated only until May, 1945. When the mand was concerned with the obstruction NKVD discovered its operations and of the so-called elections to the Supreme rounded up the key personnel, the sur­ Soviet. The first election in Lithuania oc­ vivors fled to Vilnius and tried to set up curred in February, 1946. Deputies to the a new center, the Committee of Unity Supreme Soviet of the USSR were to be (Vienybes Komitetas). This Committee of elected. On this occasion, the strategy of Unity was liquidated when the NKVD the partisans was to destroy communica­ rounded up 16 leaders. tion lines, to fire on Soviet Russian armed Actually, the centralization was never posts in election districts and thus tire out really completed, because leaders and the NKVD groups that were to collect liaison men were continually being arrested votes, as well as keep them in one place, or killed. Contacts had to be renewed and to liquidate all Communist officials frequently. and to provide suitable excuses for the Each district (apygarda) adapted to populace not to appear at the polling local conditions. For the most part, the places (i.e., the danger from attacking districts were modeled on the structure of partisans). The result of this election was the Lithuanian army or of the Riflemen’s that only about twenty-eight percent of Association. those eligible actually cast their votes. The The best known partisan organization remaining votes were cast by the election was that of Tauras District. The leader’s officials themselves. The official an­ staff had two sections — a military staff nouncement, however, was that over and a political section (for propaganda, ninety-six percent had voted. information, press). The military staff had Having learned their lesson from the four units: combat, mobilization, intelli­ disaster of the first election, the Soviet gence and supply. The district was divided Russian authorities did not dare hold elec­ 19 tions to the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet courier to the United Nations, the journey until February 9, 1947. Far more careful to be made in an airplane seized from the preparations were made on this occasion. Soviets. A special group in Telsiai, led by (Until 1947 the formal legislative duties Jakstas and Juozas Jurkus, was to pre­ were performed by a Supreme Soviet elec­ pare the memorandum. This fantastic ted in 1940; thus the election was long scheme leaked out to the NKVD and was overdue.) The election is a good illustra­ nipped in the bud. tion of the ineffectiveness of the local Up to 1947, the partisans obstructed the Soviet Russian authorities and of the role collectivization of the land and the settle­ of the Lithuanian underground. A formal ment of Soviet kolkhozniki on vacated report on the election, drawn up by the farms. The partisan command also directed Lithuanian underground, states that besides its energies against local evils: in 1946 the the 50,000 MVD troops and detachments distilling of moonshine was forbidden, as of the Red army stationed in the county well as fraternization with Communist just before the election, approximately colonists. Thieves, bandits, traitors and 60,000 additional regular army troops were Communist lackeys were punished. The brought in. From twenty-five to fifty population was advised through leaflets armed Soviet troops were stationed in each and cartoons how to conduct itself. of the 2,277 electoral districts. Further­ From 1944 to 1952 the Lithuanian more, in county and district centers reserve underground press was very much alive. motorized troops were ready to provide At various intervals twenty clandestine additional support. (The additional troops were brought into Lithuania from Poland, newspapers were published, giving proof where they had performed similar duties that the Lithuanians turned to their own and had engaged in fierce fighting with sources for information and guidance. the Polish resistance forces.) On the elec­ The press had two main divisions — tion day the populace, at least in the rural .periodical publications; and non-periodi­ areas, simply stayed home. Facing a total cal appeals, reports and posters. The paper boycott of the elections, the Soviet Russian shortage presented the greatest difficulty. authorities sent out election committees, During the first several postwar years, the actually ten to fifteen armed men, to col­ entire Soviet Union was utterly stripped lect the votes. The armed committees in of paper. The partisans obtained their many cases simply dropped into the urns paper mainly by raids on offices of the the number of votes corresponding to the Soviet administration. number of voters on the list. Thus only In 1945—46, the publication of the about fifteen percent of the votes were cast underground press was centralized, but this freely, the rest being obtained either soon proved to be impractical — NKVD through threats and coercion or through forays would interrupt publication for simple stacking of the ballot boxes by the long stretches. In 1947, the press was election committees. finally decentralized and apportioned The partisan supreme leadership, follow­ among the larger units, each unit having ing the suggestion of the Tauras District, its own facilities and information depart­ planned to gather the signatures of Lithu­ ment to disseminate publications through­ ania’s inhabitants to a memorandum, out the surrounding territory. The de­ whereby the nation, in accordance with centralization proved especially useful, as the provisions of the Soviet constitution, it lessened the work of delivery and risk to would secede from the USSR! This me­ the messengers, and made publication im­ morandum was to be presented by a special mune to NKVD raids. While an affected 20 unit organized itself in a new location, latter convinced him not to go any farther neighboring units would maintain press west, by promising to come to Lithuania coverage for the area. Each unit published in the fall. The partisan courier returned at least one issue of its periodical monthly, safely to his homeland on June 6. Radio in a circulation of some 1,000 copies. (The contact, however, was still not established; circulation of appeals and posters varied two partisan radio operators perished widely.) while transmitting communiques to the In comparison to the periodicals of the West. Nazi occupation, the clandestine press In December, 1947, the partisan leader­ during the second Soviet occupation was ship sent a group of couriers, headed by poorly printed. Most of the newspapers Daumantas, to the West via East Prussia. were not printed on a press, but run off on Two of them (Daumantas and his com­ mimeographing machines; others were mere panion) managed to reach the free West. carbon copies prepared on typewriters. They carried much documentary material The quality of the paper was poor; some — the “Appeal of Enslaved Lithuania to sheets were even printed on wrapping the Free World,” the Letter from Lithua­ paper. But all of the newspapers showed a nia’s Faithful to the Holy Father, etc. tremendous fighting spirit. Characteristic However, ties with the West did not of the partisan press was the March 22, give the partisans what they wanted, did 1974, editorial of Kova, entitled “Lithuan­ not fortify their belief in the West. In fact, ia militans — Fighting Lithuania”: they were gravely disappointed. By reading Fighting Lithuania is alive and is here information received from the West, the where the Nemunas flows and winds, partisans drew the following negative con­ where the enslaved Lithuanians grieve, for clusions: “They delivered us to death at blood flows here, for the lives of the Yalta, Potsdam. . . . The same mistakes are fighters for freedom are being extinguished, being repeated. The West does not dare like candles, for here are the graves of the raise a voice in protest against the destruc­ giants and their descendants — Lithuania tion of our nation; it does not even want militants. to know that we have lost confidence in The unified resistance also maintained them, that we are continuing the struggle contacts abroad. The first contacts were against their allies. . .. Long and terribly made by couriers from the West. In the bloody is the path of the struggle before fall of 1945, two couriers (Daunoras and our eyes. . . . We can only continue the his companion) arrived in southern Lithua­ struggle by the most ingenious methods nia and made contact with Colonel Ka- which would give us the necessary condi­ zimieraitis. Daunoras returned to the West tions to continue this struggle until the shortly thereafter. When he came again necessary moment.” in May, 1946, Colonel Kazimieraitis was In a special report that Daumantas sent dead. Daunoras then contacted the Tauras to the partisan leadership in 1949, the Staff. Agreeing to maintain radio ties, courier complained bitterly about the Daunoras returned to the West, taking Lithuanians in the free world. In a special with him authorization to set up a seven- note to VLIK, he also complained about men delegation abroad. The radio ties certain VLIK operatives through whose were never established. Not receiving negligence a new courier from Lithuania further word from the West, the partisan was killed while trying to reach the West. leadership sent its own courier, who He and Jonas Deksnys — two essential reached Danzig in May, 1947, and re­ couriers — had influence over the resist­ established contact with Daunoras. The ance. The first came from the West to 21 Lithuania, the second went to the West. summarized the results of the fight against They were not the only ones. From the the so-called bandit movement in Lithua­ West via Stockholm through Deksnys’ nia and said that up to the present time channels, a group led by the freedom the measures which had been employed fighter Neris reached Lithuania, but while had not proved to be realistic; that the landing on the coast near Palanga, it was Politburo of the Soviet Union, and Stalin detected by the NKVD and wiped out. and Beria themselves, were not satisfied In 1949, Jurgis Rimvydas left Lithuania with the results achieved in Lithuania; that and safely reached Poland, but because of it was time to change from words to sharp the procrastination of the VLIK operative measures; that order must be restored in who was to take him out of Poland, Lithuania, and that the Communist party Rimvydas also perished. and the administrative Soviet Russian ap­ One of the primary aims of the re­ paratus must be re-established in Lithuania. sistance was to weaken the fighting ca­ In the name of Stalin and Beria, Kruglov pacity of the NKVD, and to demoralize gave a concrete order that the work of NKVD soldiers in every possible way. intelligence agents had to be intensified According to the data of the partisans, the and activated. losses of the NKVD in its war against the Kruglov then ordered the chiefs not to partisans during 1944—49 were in the spare any efforts or money in creating a vicinity of 80,000 men, most of whom network of agents, to learn the leadership were killed while attacking partisan units. of the movement, and to liquidate this base Continuous armed clashes eliminated of operations. All necessary measures were many officers from the ranks of the free­ to be used in order to get all the informa­ dom fighters, and by 1947 the shortage tion from the partisans themselves, from was keenly felt. In August, 1947, the their relatives, or from the people whom armed resistance organized courses for of­ the partisans use for liaison purpose. He ficers; seventy-two selected freedom also ordered the troops to become more fighters graduated from the first partisan active in their fight against the “bandits”. cadet school. The second course was to Anyone found under suspicious circum­ take place in 1948, but the Soviet security stances was to be brought before the forces attacked the training camp and NKVD. Knouts, rubber-covered steel forced it to disperse. truncheons and bundles of ramrods were to be used to extract information. After Soviet Counter-Insurgency interrogation, the friends and relatives of Moscow was alarmed from the start by the known bandits were to be exiled to the tenacious partisan movement. In the Siberia. Anyone fleeing arrest was to be fall of 1944, Deputy Minister of the In­ shot on sight, and the farm or house from terior Lieutenant, General Sergei N. Krug­ which he was fleeing was to be burned to lov, came to Lithuania to organize cleaning- the ground and its inmates turned over up operations. to the NKVD. On a dark September night in Paneve- zys, Kruglov called a top secret operational Former NKVD Colonel Burlitski, who meeting at which were present commanders later defected to the West, reported on the of the units of NKVD troops, and de­ operations: puties of these commanders for political It was like beating the forests for wild affairs and intelligence, as well as the chiefs game, except that the game was human. of staff of territorial units of the NKVD Day after day we formed long lines and in Lithuania. In this meeting, Kruglov combed the forests and the swamps, arrest­ 22 ing, shooting, burning. If there was any nia, with a statement that they were re­ doubt left about escaping from Russia, my penting their sins, they would receive experiences in Lithuania put an end to it. amnesty. They were told to give up their Even my well-disciplined soldiers were arms and to indicate to the territorial sickened by their jobs. Often after a organs of the NKVD where the head­ particularly grim manhunt I would find quarters of the partisans were located, them in their quarters half mad with drink; where depots of arms were located, who whatever was left of their human feelings the leaders were, etc. Some partisans who was drowned in alcohol. complied were dressed in partisan uniforms In 1944, to direct the sovietization of and used for provocations. Captured Lithuania, the Kremlin established an Or­ partisans were tortured by the NKVD to ganizational Bureau for Lithuania in the betray their comrades. One was cut into Central Committee, CPSU. Colonel Ge­ three parts with a power saw for remain­ neral Mikhail Suslov was appointed head ing adamant; when another refused to of this bureau, which exercised the supreme speak, the NKVD cut out his tongue; power in Lithuania and directed the others were flayed alive or buried head struggle against the resistance, as well as down in ant hills. In order to demoralize the re-establishment of Soviet and Com­ both the resistance and the populace, in munist party apparatus. Suslov was well 1946 the bodies of dead partisans were qualified for this assignment — during the desecrated in public places in the towns. second World War, he directed partisan Perhaps in nothing else does the ineffably activities against the Germans and was vile nature of the Soviet Russian NKVD quite familiar with resistance tactics. This and of the Communist Party reveal itself Orgburo existed until 1947, when the so starkly as in their treatment of the bodies Soviet apparatus had been firmly re­ of fallen partisans. established, after which his functions were A favorite Soviet Russian strategem taken over by a plenipotentiary of the devised to facilitate the discovery of the Central Committee, CPSU, Vladimir V. relations or friends of Lithuanian guerrillas Shcherbakov. whose mutilated bodies were exposed in This Orgburo had as its principal aim some town square, was for a few leading the liquidation of the resistance movement; Red activists or perhaps members of the in actuality, it took over the entire po­ militia to take up a point of vantage at litical administrative and economic life of the window of a nearby house and from the Republic. Any orders or directives there, through field-glasses, scan the facial which were issued by Suslov were a expression of wayfarers passing by these “must” for the Government of Soviet sad relics of humanity. Should anybody Lithuania. Since the search-operations wer : betray signs of distress by shedding tears unsuccessful, the NKVD became suspiciou; or in any other way, his or her arrest of the Lithuanian militiamen officials and would almost certainly follow and not in­ even Komsomols. They believed that thes; frequently. lead to an orgy of torture and elements were employed in purging tiles; maltreatment during an “inquisition” for groups and officials. the purpose of extorting the required infor­ In February, 1945, General Bartasiunas, mation. with the approval of the Soviet govern­ On July 10, 1947, 15,000 NKVD troops ment, issued a declaration to the effect that surrounded the staff of Dainava District if the Lithuanian partisans were to leave in a forest near Punia. Eight partisans their underground lairs and report to the held out in the staff bunker for several territorial organs of the NKVD in Lithua­ hours until they were killed. Among the 23 dead were Azuolas, the District leader; dividuals of provocateurs tried to discover Senis, the intelligence chief; Linas, the the supporters of the partisans among the District adjutant. Two of the men in the populace. But the most treacherous aspect bunker were only stunned by grenades and of the provocateur band activities was that captured alive. The NKVD signed an ap­ they attempted to confuse the populace peal in their name addressed to the other by plundering, stealing, and by the murder freedom fighters to put down their arms. of peaceful inhabitants. While the well- The partisan leadership tried to alleviate organized partisans could unmask the pro­ the terror from the start. During the Au­ vocateurs and spies, the populace in many gust 25, 1945, meeting of the Sudavian instances was confused and fearful. leaders, it was decided to permit partisans ' An armed force of such magnitude as to make use of Bartasiunas amnesty. Men was the Lithuanian resistance could only willing to seek amnesty were stricken from exist if the people provided the basic sup­ the roster and permitted to go. Then the port in food, clothing and shelter. As long ranks of the partisans were tightened up, as private farming and isolated homesteads because the remaining men were the hard existed, the armed forces had plenty of core. The Soviets saw that these tactics food, clothing and hiding places. Contrary were not breaking up the resistance, and to Soviet contentions, almost a universal therefore continued applying harsh me­ national support, transcending class and thods. social positions, was necessary to maintain In the main, brutality and terror were the armed struggle. The Soviet regime was most widely employed by the Soviets well aware of this and acted accordingly. against the partisans and their supporters. By pauperizing the Lithuanian farmer Mass deportations of supporters and pos­ through result of state requisitions and the sible supporters of the partisans were disorganizing effect on the land reform undertaken. It is known that during the and subsequently instituting collectiviza­ period of 1944—50, eight mass deporta­ tion, the Soviet regime was able to deprive tions were carried out. According to the the armed partisans of their main source underground reports and the testimony of for subsistence. eyewitnesses, the dates of deportations and The new offensive, prepared by Mikhail the number of victims are as follows: Suslov, started in February, 1946. This was a year of great importance to Com­ August-September, 1945 60,000 munist leaders. The fourth Five Year Plan February, 1946 40,000 (Petiletka) was announced and the Lithuani­ Second Half of 1947 . 70,000 an economy was to be integrated into May 22, 1948 . . . . 70,000 this all-union program. Though collectiviza­ March 24—27, June, 1949 . 50,000 tion of farms was not publicized as one of March, 1950 . . . . 30,000 the goals of this plan, it was obvious that To these 320,000 deportees must be ad- to participate in it effectively, the republic ded 20,000 farmers executed by the would need domestic peace and a measure NKVD between 1944 and 1946 for sup­ of socialization to provide the necessary porting the partisans. Soviet Russian terror funds for the scheduled industrial invest­ did not end with deportations; entire vil­ ment. Suslov’s was a furious frontal at­ lages that supported the underground were tack, combining the peace offensive with burned, armed men were liquidated on the military action of increased cruelty and spot. Provocateur partisan bands were thoroughness. trained and sent out to discredit the re­ By 1949, the collectivization of Lithua­ sistance movement. These bands and in­ nia destroyed the economic props of the 24 partisan movement. The tremendous quarrelled and separated; Rimvydas was bloodletting and disillusionment with the killed in Poland shortly thereafter; Deks­ West further sapped the movement. During nys was captured by the KGB and defected 1950—51, the entire fight against the par­ to them. Fie helped the KGB infiltrate the tisans was entrusted to two NKVD units underground in the West. Thanks to him, — the 2nd and 4th Special Tasks Di­ the Soviets knew about two subsequent visions. The headquarters of the 2nd drops. Special Tasks Division was located at On October 2, 1950, Daumantas-Juozas Vilnius and the commander was General Luksa was parachuted into Prienai Forest Vetrov; the 4th Division was located in with Sirvys-Sakalas and Benediktas Trum- Siauliai and the commander was General pys-Vytis. A second group followed on Piashov. These forces were engaged in what April 19, 1951, consisting of Julijonas can sadly be called mopping-up operations. Butenas and Jonas Kukauskas. Trumpys died in combat, and Sirvys was captured. The Phasing-Out of the Resistance, Luksa assumed the name “Miskinis” and 1949—52 continued his activities. The second group The newly-formed Movement of Lithua­ searched for Luksa for several weeks after nia’s Struggle for Freedom (Lietuvos Lais- landing. They were surrounded in a bunker; ves Kovu Sajudis) united the entire under­ Butenas committed suicide and Kukauskas ground in 1950. The resistance continued was captured. He betrayed Luksa. As a on two planes — there was an active re­ result Juozas Luksa, alias Daumantas- sistance which continued to wage guer­ Skrajunas-Miskinis-Skirmantas, died in rilla warfare, and a passive resistance which October, 1951. He was the most respected hid under the cloak of legality and waged and feared freedom fighter. General Krug­ a propaganda struggle. The partisans who lov personally sought out this “Miskinis.” had adopted the name freedom fighters There are two versions concerning Luksa’s (laisves kovotojai) functioned in nine death: first, that he was surrounded in districts (apygardos). By 1951, there were Prienai Forest by numerous NKVD forces still three regions with two districts each. and, seeing that all was lost, committed The creation of the LLKS led to a suicide. The second version speaks of a change in tactics from open resistance to rendezvous which was a trap — Luksa was sabotage and tactics more suitable to small trapped in a restaurant and forced to conspiratorial groups. Resistance took the commit suicide. Luksa’s death was a great form of infiltration and obstruction of the blow to the partisans, but it did not de­ kolkhozes, sovkhozes and Communist ad­ stroy the movement. ministration from within. Frequently, the In 1951, the partisans succeeded in eli­ very offices of farm and factory chairmen minating a number of traitors and security and militia precinct headquarters were agents. Only in 1952, when collectivization used by the partisans. This organized re­ was completed, did organized resistance sistance continued until 1952. collapse, though individual squads con­ Attempts were made to bolster the parti­ tinued to operate for a while. In the spring san movement by dropping specialists into of 1953, "V” took over the remnants of Lithuania. Their task was twofold — to the Iron Wolf. “V” and four others blew re-orient the resistance leadership, and to themselves up in a bunker near Vilkaviskis try to change its mode of operations. when they were surrounded by KGB men. Jonas Deksnys returned with Rimvydas In the fall of 1952, in Saukotas Forest, the (a former resistance courier) to Lithuania Iron Wolf unit, led by “K,” was sur­ for a third time in 1949. The two men rounded by the militia and was wiped out. 25 Even then, the partisans did not com­ losses of the guerrillas must have reached pletely disappear, as was confirmed by over 500 machine guns and over 3,000 the fact that on October 19, 1955, the other firearms, while the entire war must Soviets issued an amnesty declaration over have consumed a total of 4,000 machine Radio Vilnius to “the men in the forest.” guns and 25,000 other weapons. The only Party Secretary Antanas Snieckus admitted remaining sources of replenishment of to the press that there were still “bourgeois arms supplies were NKVD or Soviet Rus­ nationalist bandits lurking in the forests.” sian Army munitions depots. The raids, On March 22, 1956, the KGB appealed to however, on these depots were becoming the persons “still hiding” to avail them­ more and more costly. selves of the amnesty offer. The last re­ It was a brutal war with no quarter sistance leader, Vanagas, evaded capture shown on either side. No pity was shown until 1956; he was seized and hanged in to Soviet Russian and Lithuanian Com­ Kaunas. In 1957, people were arrested for munist activists who were carrying out the engaging in partisan activities. Even as Soviet Russian policy of oppression and late as 1959, in Samogitia, three partisans genocide. From 1945 to 1952, the partisans were surrounded and shot. Armed resis­ put to death about 4,000 Communist tance, however, had collapsed; resistance activists, and in dashes, the guerrillas killed now took different forms. . 100,000 MVD, NKVD and Soviet Rus­ The years of war against Soviet Rus­ sian Army troops. In spite of these stag­ sian forces had thinned the ranks of the gering losses, the Soviets were able to draw freedom fighters. One detachment of par­ upon limitless manpower resources. They tisans, for instance, had lost seventy-two could afford heavy losses as long as they men and suffered fifty-nine wounded in were able to bleed the Lithuanians white. the course of one year. The average yearly There are two cardinal reasons for the losses in dead and wounded can be set at failure of the anti-Soviet resistance. First, almost 5,500. The entire war, 1944—54, the leaders miscalculated partisan resources probably cost the partisans something more and the chances of political victory. They than 40,000 men. Most painful was the misinterpreted international developments fact that the death toll took 90 percent of and the intentions of the Western powers, the cadres. The training of new cadres and thus wrongly counted on the support became impossible without outside help. of the United States and Great Britain. According to available data, in 1944—45 The first anti-Soviet Russian resistance and the number of active armed partisans stood the anti-Nazi resistance also made the same between 30,000 and 50,000. By 1949—50, mistakes of misunderstanding world politics this number had dwindled to 5,000, and and of counting on Western help. Also, by 1951—52 to 700. Furthermore, plenti­ without support from abroad, a long guer­ ful supplies of light arms and ammunition rilla war against the total-war strategy of which had fallen into the hands of. the the Soviets became militarily impossible, partisans after World War II became ex­ especially under conditions of complete hausted. The annual losses of one partisan sovietization. The partisans lost after ten detachment, for instance, averaged out to years of war. It is amazing that they were fourteen machine guns and seventy-six able to hold out so long, a tribute to their other firearms. On this basis, the yearly strong will, dedication and idealism.

26 Inaccuracies in The limes? A professor of history at Fairleigh Dic­ In The Times article, Mr. Shipler point­ kinson University has objected to a New ed out “the danger of seeing anti-Russian- York Times article titled "Grudgingly, The ism in the Baltics as a political sentiment.” Baltics Have Accepted Moscow’s Will”, He went on to say: “There is, after all, reported the ELTA Information Service of no democratic tradition in the region; the Supreme Committee for Liberation of during the brief period of independence Lithuania. (between world wars), open systems in all three states deteriorated into authoritarian The article by Moscow correspondent government by decree. Though magnified David K. Shipler appeared in the Sunday, by the political reality of Soviet Russian March 11, edition of The Times in the domination, anti-Moscow sentiment seems Week in Review section. rooted primarily in ethnocentrism which In a letter to the editor of the Week may be manifested in a desire to preserve in Review section, Prof. Algirdas Lands- a minority culture — or in an ugly form bergis took issue with Mr. Shipler’s asser­ of racism. A Riga man told how leaflets tion that in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia distributed in 1977 called for the murder “the idea of separatism is dormant”, his of 60 Russians to mark the 60th anniver­ reference to the three nationalities as sary of the Bolshevik Revolution. The “minority cultures” and the correspon­ murders were not carried out, but Rus­ dent’s conclusion that the people of these sians in the Latvian capital were assaulted three countries “have too much at stake on the holiday, he said.” in the established order to crave disrup­ The correspondent also wrote: “Baltic tion”. The professor pointed out that Mr. officials generally take the position that Shipler’s article neglected to mention the their republics are better off economically existence of dissident groups such as the as part of a big country with extensive Lithuanian Helsinki Committee. natural resources.” “Ever since the Soviet Russian Army “Others agree that it would be unrealis­ invited itself into Latvia, Lithuania and tic for tiny countries with a history of Estonia at the beginning of World War II, domination by Germans, Swedes, Danes many Americans have regarded the Baltic and Russians to exist independently now,” states as captive nations ‘held in Soviet Mr. Shipler wrote. Russian bondage’, in the words of the New Prof. Landsbergis expressed his dis­ York — based Supreme Committee for the agreement with Mr. Shipler in a letter to Liberation of Lithuania,” wrote Mr. Ship­ the editor of the Week in Review. The full ler in the beginning of his article. text of the letter follows. “In his article on the Baltic countries “Now the three countries have been un­ (NYT Week in Review, March 11, 1979), der Soviet Russian rule longer than they David K. Shipler sets out to demonstrate were independent. They have changed, if that the Balts have grudgingly accepted the Western image of them has not,” the Moscow’s will and counsels the West to correspondent noted, explaining that stop regarding them as ‘captive nations’. although “linguistically and culturally they Here are a few reasons why his argument remain profoundly different from Russia, is unconvincing: “the Baltic peoples’ notions of separatism “Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian na­ have become dormant.” tionalities, acknowledged as such even by 27 official Soviet Russian terminology and ‘ugly form of racism’; 40 years of im­ living in their ancestral homelands, are perialist domination in the Baltic countries transformed in the article into ‘ethnic move him to suggest that it better be ac­ minorities’, as if Mr. Shipler were writ­ cepted as an accomplished fact. His sen­ ing about the Bronx or Mott Street. Their sitivities, it seems, are as highly selective as striving to survive as national entities, a his reporting. universal story in today’s world, is chided Then there is the historical argument. as ‘ethnocentrism’. Majority cultures under ‘It would be unrealistic,’ Mr. Shipler totalitarian threat in their own domains writes, ‘for tiny countries with a history shrink to ‘minority cultures’. As if this of domination by Germans, Swedes, Danes confusion in terminology were not enough, and Russians to exist independently now’. Mr. Shipler mentions the excessive influx Will he follow this up with a suggestion of ‘ethnic Russians’ into the Baltic lands, to tiny Finland (domination by Swedes, thus suggesting the existence of a mysterious Russians etc.) to realistically join the tribe of non-ethnic Russians. USSR, or tiny Israel (Romans, Turks, Mr. Shipler is correct, of course, when etc.) to face reality and to dissolve itself he stresses the popular craving for ‘sta­ in to the Arab world? The samizdat press in bility, well-being and order’ in the Baltics. Lithuania has discussed the same question What people in the world would not crave and has opted for membership of the them after ‘three occupations, war, partisan Baltic countries in a European economic resistance, deportations on a mass scale and union, as autonomous members; Mr. thousands of sacrifices? And yet well- Shipler would simply bury them in an em­ articulated political sentiment, which Mr. pire, a strange position for a professed li­ Shipler finds absent in the Baltics, has beral to take. All he finds in Baltic history manifested itself in many forms of active is ‘brief independence’ and ‘no democratic and passive resistance ever since 1940. In tradition’; again he chooses to overlook Lithuania today it is highly visible in the Lithuania’s tradition of statehood dating activities of the Lithuanian Helsinki Com­ back to the 13 th century, or the proven mittee (since 1976), the Committee for the economic, cultural and political viability Defense of the Rights of the Believers (es­ of the three Baltic States during their in­ tablished by five Lithuanian priests in dependence period in the 20th century, November 1978), and, especially, in the which compares favorably with that of thriving underground press (The Dawn, most independent states today. Perspectives, The Chronicle of the Lithu­ Mr. Shipler speaks of ‘uncorrelated at­ anian Catholic Church, etc.), perhaps the titudes’ among the Baltics; if they were most dynamic in the Soviet Union today. allowed to read his article, they would Not a single one of these is mentioned in most probably return the compliment.” Mr. Shipler’s article, just as he did not In another letter, this one to Walter deem them worthy of mention during his Mattson, executive vice-president of The several years as the New York Times cor­ New York Times, Prof. Landsbergis points respondent in the USSR. out certain inaccuracies in the newspaper’s While conveniently disregarding an en­ reports concerning the nationality question tire grass-roots political-religious move­ of the USSR. Following is the full text of ment, as that in Lithuania, Mr. Shipler does the letter. find space to quote a rumor about leaflets “When a distinguished newspaper, such urging, most atypically, the ‘murder of as The New York Times, covers an area Russians in Riga’. The unconfirmed leaflet of major importance, as is the Soviet Union, ignites Mr. Shipler’s indignation as an accuracy and consistency are obviously of 28 I the essence. May I call your attention to $SR; Riga, Latvian SSR; etc. This has some regrettable exceptions, especially in been changed now to a mere mention of the treatment of the nationality question the city and the Soviet state: Vilnius, in the USSR: USSR; Tallinn, USSR. The previous listing 1. The terms ‘Soviet’ and ‘Russian’ are was more informative and pointed out the still used interchangeably in the pages of multi-national character of the Soviet your newspaper. You will agree, I am sure, state; the present listing gives the impres­ that this is inaccurate and misleading. The sion of a monolithic state. Was there any worst offender in this respect is the NYT special reason for the change? There is an sports section, but ought one not expect unfortunate coincidence here between the minimal political and geographic literacy campaign of denationalization in the USSR even from the sports writers of a daily of and your newspaper’s decision to omit the global renown? references to the national republics. The 2. The term ‘ethnic Russians’ has been connection is undoubtedly coincidental but, cropping up with increasing frequency in nevertheless unsavory. The New York Times. One recent example 4. The enclosed letter on Mr. Shipler’s is the article ‘Maverick Soviet Writer Vi­ article speaks for itself. The New York siting College in Kansas’ (February 22, Times has usually upheld the right of all 1979, p. Al), where one reads that, ‘like nations to self-determination and has re­ Stalin, the Okudzhavas were Georgians, jected the notion of ‘second-grade’ nations, not ethnic Russians’. This term, especially races or religions not only as incompatible frequent in David K. Shipler’s articles, is with your newspaper’s liberal creed, but puzzling. If there are ‘ethnic Russians’, also as essentially reactionary in character. then ‘non-ethnic’ Russians must also exist. Have the views of The New York Times Who are they? Where do they dwell? An on this matter undergone a change, or do explanation of this term would be most they remain the same? appreciated. For the past 30 years I have not only 3. Some 10 years ago, articles from the read and admired your newspaper, but various Soviet republics published in The have relied on it for class-room and re­ New York Times, listed the city and the search use. Therefore, I shall look forward national republic, e.g., Kyiv, Ukrainian to your reply with a special anticipation.”

NATION oder KLASSE by WOLFGANG STRAUSS 60 Years of Struggle Against the October Revolution A History of the Resistance Movements in the USSR

29 Eric Brodin The Bulgarian Powder- Keg When on March 3rd last year Bulgaria the most faithful of those satellites who celebrated the 100th anniversary of its hew the Moscow line and for good reasons liberation from Ottoman (Turkish) rule by they have been called “The Prussians of Russian Tsarist troops, it could hardly be the Balkans”. called a popular celebration. Now, a year There is still a residue of bitterness later, there are even less reasons for ce­ between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. The lebrations: the hardships of the Bulgarians former still recall the occupation of their have increased as the political and territory by the Bulgarians, first with the economic ties with their mighty neighbour Axis, and then, when the fortunes of war USSR have become even more onerous. reversed, caused them to do “an Italian In fact, the celebration a hundred years turn”, they marched alongside the Red ago was climaxed by the unseemly display Army into Yugoslavia to “liberate” it. In of Bulgarian troops with bowed heads and Belgrade today they are wont to remark bended knees before Bulgaria’s liberator caustically about the Bulgarians. One re­ Tsar Alexander II. Today the Bulgarians cent article pointed out: “The Bulgarians are bending knees and bowing heads to have never drawn the right conclusions a no less real Tsar: the present rulers of from history — and they cannot forget the Kremlin, and their stand-in in Bulga­ that they found themselves on the loser’s ria for the past two dozen years, Todor side in both world wars. The centennial Zhikov. But to understand the Bulgaria of celebration is also viewed with suspicion by today, it is necessary to understand some­ the Yugoslavs, pointing out that in thing of its turbulent history. Bulgaria, historical science now has be­ It would be naive to believe that come a tool of the “politicians” characteris­ Alexander II spent his efforts and troops ing it as “the ghosts of San Stefano.” (and volunteers of other nations including But Bulgaria has been anxious to estab­ 800 Finns) for the good of the people of lish good relations with some of their other Bulgaria. He was as anxious as the present neighbours, including Rumania, Greece and leaders of Moscow to obtain access to the Turkey. The border conflicts with Ru­ Agean sea. The Greater Bulgaria was to mania’s Dobruja is resolved by both ac­ remain only such for a few months, as at cepting the borders laid down by the Axis the Berlin Congress in the summer of 1878, powers in 1940. Bulgaria hopes that the Bulgaria’s territory was reduced to the political fortunes of Greece will lead to present territory. Both in the first and the another victory by the far left, but in the second world wars Bulgaria was to find meanwhile are satisfied to sabotage the itself on the losing side. As the Axis defeat Karamanlis’ hopes for an all-Balkan con­ was becoming evident, a communist-in­ ference, initially called together in January spired “Fatherland Front” seized power, 1976. With Turkey, the relations are re­ and the Red Army in 1944 occupied latively good; the previous hurdle of the Bulgaria making sure — as elsewhere in almost one million Turks living within the Balkans — of it remaining Com­ Bulgaria being resolved by having 1,300 munist. In 1946 the King was banished Turks emigrate weekly during 1978. “forever” and Georgi Dimitrov formed It is the other large group of national his government. Bulgaria is today among minorities which still may prove to be a 30 problem with international ramifications: a walkout which left only ten per cent of the 200,000 Macedonians. In the 1955 the students sitting in for examinations. census, the 200,000 Macedonians were This was followed by a workers’ demonstra­ recognized. In 1971 they had been “eli­ tion in Stara Zagora, and another similar minated” or “integrated”. The Macedon­ strike and protest four months later in ian problem will be kept alive. The Pirin Svisjrov, where 90 per cent of the students Macedonia area in the Blagojevgrad district at the economic institute walked out. in an issue Belgrade is not allowing the Bulgaria too had its Charta, although Bulgarian government to forget. less known than its Check counterpart. The document, dated March 2, 1978, was Economic hardships first published in the Austrian publication If there was an evident lack of celebra­ Presse. It differs from the Check Charta tion during the anniversary of San Stefano, in that it does not refer to the Helsinki it is quite understandable. The shelves in agreement but emphasizes that the rights the food stores were empty, coffee gone asked for are not rights because they ap­ (except Vietnamese coffee which was called pear written on an international document, undrinkable). Only the “hard currency” but “because they are something natural, stores still could provide some precious which belongs to people as self-evident food items. In fact, the need for the hard human rights, just because they are human currency of the west, although evident beings.” throughout the East Europeans countries, is felt especially in Bulgaria. Of Bulgar­ What about the Future? ia’s foreign trade only 15%> is with the The author of the article in Possev, and west, 80%> with the Comecon countries other Bulgarian intellectuals in exile, be­ and the rest with the Third World. Some lieve that the time is fast approaching currency comes in with the German and when an explosion will take place within Scandinavian tourists at the Black Sea re­ Bulgaria. Fast, that is, according to Bul­ sorts (from which the ordinary Bulgarians garians own time schedule. are effectively shielded) but it isn’t enough “The people of the free world ought not to pay for the vital food imports which to forget the Bulgarian people which in 200 only the West can provide. years of its history was ruled by Byzantine Because of almost Stalinist controls of and after that 500 years of Turkish rule, all information, little becomes known in but which in all that time never lost its the West about the present situation for national identity: a characteristic of which the ordinary citizens in Bulgaria. But is an ability to be patient and hide the from time to time, some are let out, and anger deep within their hearts. But therein the truth can be told. In the November issue of Possev, one of the oldest of the lies the danger. For if patience is their pe­ Russian Social Democratic exile publica­ culiar form of self-defence then the tions published in Frankfurt, Pentsjo Spa- strength of the explosion will be determin­ sov had some revealing tales to tell. He ed by the length of the patience, and then speaks of repeated cases of protests and what happened in Hungary and Czecho­ opposition which are almost unknown in slovakia will be nothing compared to what the West. can happen in Bulgaria. An explosion, ac­ Spasov tells about the student protests cording to those who know the Bulgarian of 1971 when the prices in the students character well, should be expected within cafeteria were increased by 50°/», causing three to five years.” 31 Dr. Konstantyn Sawczuk Why the Soviet Union will not invade China There seems to be much speculation in Secondly, it seems elementary that no the United States as to when the Kremlin nuclear war will be started by the Krem­ will give orders to its troops to cross the lin in defense of Vietnam or, for that Chinese frontiers and “punish” China for matter, in defense of any “friendly” coun­ its war against Vietnam. No such thing try. It is just not worth it. Vietnam may will take place for two reasons. sink into oblivion and still the "new First, no Soviet conventional force can tsars” (to use the Chinese “sayings” about defeat China. The Chinese troops are too the Soviet rulers) may end up trying to numerous, too stubborn, and too well- dominate the world. motivated to be destroyed by Soviet con­ The risk of dropping nuclear missiles ventional armed forces. and bombs on China are too great; the In spite of the higher mobility and Chinese have them also and they will re­ heavier firepower of the Soviet troops, no taliate. According to the International decisive victory could conceivably crown Institute Strategic Studies “Military Ba­ the military efforts of the USSR in the lance 1978—79”, China has from 30 to 40 vast expanses of China. The deeper the IRBM missiles and the same number of Soviet penetration, the more dangerous MRBN missiles, not counting many nu­ will the supply become for the invading clear bombs; this is a force quite sufficient armies. to cripple the Soviet state. The historical lessons of the past, in this What then is to be done by the Krem­ case, Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in lin policy makers to help the Vietnamese? 1812, Hitler’s attack on the Soviet Union Admittedly, not much. First, they will in 1941, and not the least important, the continue the war of verbiage. Such a cour­ Japanese war against China in the 1930s se of action may frighten some flagging and 1940s, are too familiar to be missed souls in the West, but what conceivable even by today’s dullwitted Muscovite po­ effect may it have on the stern statesmen litical leadership. of the Middle Kingdom? The Chinese A long conventional war with China leadership (next to the Israeli, the most is not in the interests of the USSR. Again, astute in the world) could not care less. the past must haunt the Kremlin oligarchy. Second the Russians will send weapons and It is precisely Russia’s wars with Japan in other supplies to Vietnam, but will this 1904—1905 and with the Central Powers really help? in 1914—1917 that led to the Russian It seems clear that the Vietnamese and revolution. their mentors were caught with their Andrei Amalrik may still be right when dialectics down and now have to pay an he said: “The Soviet Union may not survive upward price. Mao Tse-tung said once: until 1984. The non-Russian nationalities “We desire peace. However, if imperialism and perhaps even the Russians may rise insists on fighting a war, we will have no against the regime.” alternative but to take the firm resolu­ And what about the satellite countries in tion to fight to the finish before going East Central Europe? Would they remain ahead with our construction.” These words loyal to Moscow? And all these risks for were spoken a long time ago and “im­ the sake of Vietnam? Lenin would never perialism” did not mean Vietnam; but the forgive such folly. words are still applicable today. 32 Soviet Union Unity Threatened Stanley Karnow wrote in the February million, has always resisted Russian do­ 20 edition of The Gloucester Country mination even though its people like the Times that because non-Russians will out­ Russians, are Slavs. Ukrainian intellectuals number Russians in the Soviet Union, Mos­ have been in the forefront of the drive to cow will be faced with considerable pro­ monitor Moscow’s violations of its human blems in the future. rights commitments made at Helsinki in “The implications of this phenomenon 1975, and the Kremlin has reacted against are enormous. For despite their theoretical them harshly.” autonomy in so-called ‘socialist republics,’ Mr. Karnow said that the dissatisfaction these disparate nationalities have long re­ has both prompted demonstrations against sisted Russian rule. Thus, it seems to me, the government and its reprisals against the Kremlin leaders will be increasingly “some regional leaders who display too confronted by centrafugal forces challeng­ much indulgence toward nationalities.” He ing their attempts to control their vast explained that local leaders have been land mass. They can look forward not ordered by Leonid Brezhnev to obey only to local dissidence within the Soviet Moscow. Local officials are solely respons­ Union but also in Eastern Europe, which ible for the "implementation of the party’s has chronically agitated against Moscow’s directives.” grip-” The columnist wrote that only a handful Mr. Karnow explained that all of these of ethnic representatives are included in factors will not immediately cause the the Politburo and none in the Communist break-up of the Soviet Union, but, he Party Secretariat. For the most part, said wrote, “the nationalities problem, along Mr. Karnow, the Soviet Union “is ma­ with economic shortcomings,” will be of naged by Russians.” more concern to the Kremlin than its re­ “In many ways, the Russian Communist lations with the United States. He said leaders are merely carrying on where the that the fears that the Soviet Union will czars left off. The czars strove to bring achieve world superiority are unfounded the diverse nationalities under their yoke, because its “domestic situation is bound to but the Communists did the job more ef­ limit its ambitions.” ficiently. By 1922, using brutal force, they Mr. Karnow wrote that during his tour had subjugated Ukrainians, Tatars, Ge­ of the Soviet Union a few years ago he orgians and others, incorporating them into was astonished to see so much overt dis­ the new Soviet state.” satisfaction with the Soviet rule. He said There were some attempts at offering the that in Kazakhstan, Lithuania and Ukraine, nationalities concessions, admitted Mr. to name a few places, people were pro­ Karnow, but they, “like much else in the testing Soviet policies. Soviet constitution, were simply window “Dissidence has long been rife in the dressing. Stalin’s labor camps were crowd­ Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and ed with nationalities who sought to take Estonia, which were swallowed up by the advantage of their ‘rights’.” Soviet Union after World War II. The The 1970 census gave the Soviet Union’s Lithuanian Catholic Church is especially population at 242.7 million, but since then, vital as a source of protest, and its under­ “nearly every nationality has been out- ground publications are among the most breeding the Russians by a ratio of four famous of their kind in the Soviet Union. to one, and the forthcoming census will Ukraine, with a population of some 50 reduce them to a minority.” 33 “The biggest threat to Soviet cohesion try to encourage national pluralism in the comes from the Moslems, whose birthrate Soviet Union, but nothing came of it. is so high that it is estimated their numbers "That notion, like so many others, has will double by the end of the century. This been dropped by the White House. But could lead, among other things, to severe with or without US encouragement, plural­ economic pressures as the Moslems push to ism is taking hold in the Soviet Union — take over the choice jobs now held by Rus­ and it suggests that the Russian leaders sian carpet-baggers in their native areas.” soon will have to grapple with a dilemma Mr. Karnow reminded that the Carter that makes America’s minority problem administration had indicated that it may seem tame by comparison.”

RUSSIA CONTINUES PROSECUTIONS Prosecution of dissidents both political and poet. He took poison after his home and religious, is continuing relentlessly in outside Kyiv was searched by police. He the Soviet Union, but without the impact was a friend of members of the local on the West of the big dissident trials last Ukrainian Helsinki human rights group, summer. and his home was one of nine searched on Known events of the past week include: the same night. Widespread house searches followed by a Penalty for ‘insults’ suicide. On Sunday a secret tribunal in Moscow Committal of young men for psychiatric ordered two young men to undergo psy­ tests for allegedly shouting insults against chiatric tests for allegedly shouting insults the Communist party. Resumption of against the party while travelling in a blatant photographing of Western cor­ Moscow underground train. respondents covering news about dissidents. One is Sergei Ermolayev, 19, a student, Trials of Christians and a member of a religious study group Two new trials of Christians are soon whose leader is in jail for the crime of to open — in Tashkent and in Nakhoda “parasitism”. in the Soviet Far East. The two went before the tribunal charg­ The one in Tashkent involves the 83- ed with hooliganism, and face a maximum year-old head of the independent church sentence of five years. The chief witness of Seventh Day Adventists, Vladimir was a retired member of the KGB who Shelkov. He is accused of spreading false­ happened to be in the train. hoods to discredit the Soviet Russian The day before the trial the 70-year-old system. mother of one of the imprisoned Jewish He and two others are also accused of dissident leaders, Anatoly Scharansky, infringing the rights of citizens under the held a Press conference to claim that the guise of performing religious ceremonies, authorities were withholding information a crime which could mean a five-year vital to her son’s appeal. sentence. As the correspondents departed they Meanwhile, a 19-year-old Pentacostalist, were filmed by four plainclothesmen, one Alexandr Orlik, is to stand trial for re­ of whom made an insulting gesture to re­ fusing, for religious reasons, to serve in the porters and used an obscenity to describe Soviet Army. the Jews who had called the Press con­ The man who committed suicide last ference. week was Mikhail Melnik, 38, a historian The Daily Telegraph, March 13, 1979. 34 NEW PRISON REGULATIONS New prison camp regulations instituted are forbidden by the regulations to receive by the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs gloves, felt boots, scarves, shaggy towels (MVD) have further curtailed the rights and elastic socks. While formal restric­ of political prisoners. tions do not exist, the prisoners also are The new regulations took effect in the not given warm underwear, except for spring of 1978. MVD order No. 37, dated T-shirts and shorts. 1977, is said to be the most restrictive set The new prison garb bears the prison­ of rules and regulations for political pri­ er’s name, which is burned into the cloth­ soners instituted by the MVD. ing with chemicals. On January 14, 1972, two days after While the purchase of tea was limited the mass arrests in Ukraine, the MVD an­ to 50 grams, other foodstuffs have been nounced its first change in regulations, taken off the contraband list and can now which at that time were thought to be se­ be sent to political prisoners. Among them vere. are salted fish, vegetables, fruit, canned The regulations are not distributed to fish and canned meat. the prisoners, only excerpts from them are In the Perm camp No. 35, the officials read to the inmates. can conduct searches of prisoners and their One of the new regulations stipulates working places at any time and without that the receipt of packages or visits with warning. relatives are postponed for the number of Prisoners are forbidden to write letters days a prisoner is confined in the so-cal­ on behalf of others. Their complaints are led internal prison (PKT) or in isolation restricted to matters concerning them­ (ShIZO). selves. The new regulations also allow for pri­ Inmates cannot play musical instruments soners to be punished by transferring them under the new regulations. The new rules from internal prisons to isolation for up also require the penal authorities to notify to 15 days without a rest period in the next of kin within ten days of the between the two confinements. prisoner’s change of address or regime of In the Vladimir Prison, the prisoners incarceration.

Swedish Citizen Disappears in Soviet Prison On June 6, 1978, two men, a Swedish years respectively in strict regime camps citizen, Laimonis Niedre and a Latvian, at hard labour. A more serious charge of Zanis Skudra, were arrested in Tallin, the high treason was brought against Skudra. capital of Estonia and accused of “spying Niedre is a diabetic, allergic to milk pro­ and defamation of the Soviet State”. What ducts, and has had one lung removed. A had they done? They had, apparently, Latvian dissident, Gunars Rode, who sur­ previously photographed decaying former vived 15 years in Soviet Russian labour homesteads and ruins of Latvian churches. camps predicts that Niedre’s health will Some of the pictures were used by the net permit him to live longer than two Latvian National Foundation (LNF) in years under the harsh conditions of the Sweden in their published materials. camp. Zanis Skudra is a father of three Niedre and Skudra received 10 and 12 children and the high cost of living in 35 Soviet Russian ruled Latvia dictate that Consul was informed that charges against both parents must work to provide daily Niedre were based on the Criminal Code, necessities for their family. paragraph 60, which among other matters, According to information received by also covers spying by foreign citizens. The the LNF, the trial was intended as an in­ Consul was not permitted to reveal timidation for tourists who may seek this to Niedre. Niedre himself had not personal contacts in the Baltic States, been informed of the nature of the charges especially during the Olympic Games next and appeared bewildered and depressed. year in Moscow and Tallin. Niedre was an avid photographer and Several groups, including Amnesty had taken numerous pictures during his International, are actively trying to obtain previous visits to Latvia. Later these pic­ the release of these imprisoned men. tures were shown to the general public outside the USSR and used in some LNF Background Information: publications. It is believed that Niedre was On June 6, 1978, L. Niedre arrived accused of slandering the Soviet Russian from Sweden as a tourist in Tallin, Esto­ State because part of the photographic col­ nia, and was immediately arrested and lection was considered uncomplimentary to detained by the KGB. This was done the Soviets by the Communist regime. Pro­ secretly without advising the organizing bably some photographs were also supplied tourist agency or other members of the by Zanis Skudra. The pictures among other tourist group. Four days later when the scenes show dilapidated buildings and group returned to Sweden, Niedre was ruined and converted churches. Moreover, not among them. His luggage and passport a number of them were from regions desig­ had been removed from the hotel earlier. nated “off limits” to foreign tourists. The Inconsistent replies concerning his where­ only permitted areas to tourists in Latvia abouts were received following immediate are the capital city, Riga, and a narrow inquiries by the tourist agency and the strip of land along the seacoast near it. It Swedish Ministry of External Affairs. Ac­ appears that the Soviet Russian govern­ cording to the agreement between Sweden ment considers trespassing on other ter­ and the Soviet Union, the information ritory as spying. should have been provided within three days of the arrest. The arrest was not legal The trial started on October 24. It was under the Criminal Code of Latvia because closed to Swedish authorities and the it took place in Estonia. It seems that for foreign press. The verdict was expected this reason the Soviet Russian authorities October 30 but it was delayed by four announced much later that Niedre had days because Niedre refused to admit his travelled to Riga to see his mother and guilt. The Swedish Consul was permitted the arrest had taken place there on June to be present at the announcement of the 23, a blatant falsehood. verdict. Only at this time did it become The first news about the arrest was known that another accused, namely Skud­ published on July 4 by the American ra, was involved. Skudra also had been Press which obtained it from BBC. An arrested on June 6. Niedre was sentenced extensive news coverage of these events to 10 years for spying and slander of the during July and later during the trial in Soviet Russian State and Skudra to 12 October, was given by the Swedish press. years for high treason, both at hard labour The Swedish Consul in Leningrad vi­ in a strict regime camp. sited Niedre on three occasions and pro­ The official Soviet Latvian newspaper vided him with clothing and medicine. The “Cina” published an extensive news article 36 that told very little about the trial itself lephone calls to the editor of “Cina” by a but elaborated on the mean dispositions of Swedish newspaper, it was indicated that the accused. Skudra was labelled a lazy nobody could speak Swedish, or English scandal monger, Niedre as a calculating or even Russian there. businessman, and the Latvian National There is a strong suspicion that the trial Foundation was accused of interfering in was intended as an intimidation of the the internal affairs of the Soviet Union and tourists planning to attend the 1980 trying to overthrow the government. Olympic Games and to discourage them In an attempt to intercede on Niedre’s from wandering away from the directed behalf, the Swedish authorities repeatedly routes and establishing contacts with local requested the Soviet government to supply residents. them with the transcript of the trial. A month and a half later no answer had been Demonstrations on behalf of Niedre and received. The only information available Skudra have taken place in Stockholm, on the trial was the above mentioned news Ottawa, Washington, New York and Co­ article in “Cina”. At the end of November logne. it was officially stated that Niedre was no The news in this article can be verified longer in Riga. Inquiries to his whereabouts by the Latvian National Foundation in had not been answered. After repeated te­ Stockholm, Sweden, Vastmansgatan 27.

Osadchy’s Letter Published National Review, a weekly magazine and imprisonment for “anti-Soviet propa­ published in Washington, D.C., recently ganda”, that is, for speaking out against published the text of a letter to the Ame­ the denial of human and national rights in rican people, the Senate and President Ukraine. I would like to call your atten­ Carter by Ukrainian political prisoner tion to the last sentence, a sentence that I Mykhaylo Osadchy in which he details think would strike the average American his imprisonment and exile. with some surprise. That is because the The letter was printed at the request of average American is not aware that there Dr. Askold Skalsky of the department of is such a country as Ukraine, let alone the modern languages at Hagerstown junior fact that Ukrainian dissidents are perhaps College which was made in a letter to the the most savagely repressed in the USSR. editor of the magazine, William F. Buckley The horror stories coming out of Ukraine Jr- in the last decade are ignored by the news Both letters appeared in the letters to media, as this story will be ignored and, the editor section of National Review’s no doubt, others in the future. (Lev Lu­ October 27, 1978 issue. kyanenko, a member of the Kyiv Helsinki They are reprinted below: group, was sentenced to 15 years of prison and exile last week, but where were the Dr. Skalsky’s letter: front page or even tenth page headlines?) Dear Mr. Buckley: I ask you, therefore, Mr. Buckley, to do all Can you do anything at all to publicize you can to bring Osadchy’s request to the the enclosed tragic letter? Mykhaylo attention of “public opinion”. His heart­ Osadchy is the author of Cataract (publish­ rending letter surely serves as an example ed here in 1976), an account of his arrest of the times we live in. 37 Text of Osadchy’s letter it impossible for me to pursue any literary To the American people, the Senate, and or artistic work, but have also sentenced President Carter: me to death. Because my novel, Cataract was published in the West, I was sentenced For the seventh year I am being con­ to seven years in a special regime camp fined in the world’s most terrible con­ and three years of exile in Siberia. With centration camp for political prisoners — the goal of destroying me sooner, in 1974, recididivists. The address of the camp is the KGB, using criminals, beat up my Mordovia, Sosnovka, ZhKh 325/1-6, aged mother and then me at the deporta­ RSFSR. tion point in Potma (January 5, 1975). I am 41 years old, Ukrainian. I am On May 5, 1975, in Sumy, again using married, have two children (11 and 9); criminals, they killed my 33-year-old my mother is 70 years old. When I still brother Volodymyr Hryhorovych Osad- had my freedom, I published a number of chy. literary and artistic works. I defended my They warned me that I would be killed dissertation, and the All-Union recom­ in exile. I have less than a year left in mendation committee approved my ba­ exile, that is, until the date of my death. chelor’s degree in philology. Many of my I know that no society in the world can literary essays were published. I worked as save me, a slave without rights, sentenced a senior lecturer at Lviv University and at to incredible degradation. other schools. I want to die a citizen of the USA, a Without any reason, I was twice repres­ nation which, in accordance with my sed, in 1965 and 1972, because of political deepest convictions, is a fortress of peace, motives. I have been a prisoner to this day. justice, freedom and a friend of Ukrainians The KGB organs have not only made and Ukraine.

Letter from Iryna Stasiv-Kalynets A letter dated November 8, 1978 from But this is the only river, because everyone Iryna Stasiv-Kalynets who is now in is in the spirit of the carols, the voices banishment was recently made available become stronger and tears cover the eyes. in the West. There is an unbelievable longing for the Excerpts from the letter appear below. churches in the foreign lands, especially “...What should I write about myself? during the holidays. In Mordovia, a small Lviv was my cradle, I was born there, community of us sat at a plain table beside went to school there, completed my uni­ a candle made of the wax which covers versity studies there (Slavic studies), and cheese. Sometimes we were able to obtain from there the machine took me away to a foreign land. On the eve of the separa­ a branch of a fir tree — and we had a tion — on Christmas Day — I walked Christmas tree. From pearl-barley — past all the churches in Lviv with the Kyiv ‘kutia’ to which we added honey, poppy poet, Vasyl S. (now in Kolyma). The chur­ seeds, nuts — anything we had saved for ches are filled during the holidays, the the holidays from the scant parcels we re­ crowd spills out onto the streets; this is ceived. And we sang carols... And Ukraine a moving river, the people make way for was near us, and all our distant and close those who are freezing outside the church. countrymen... 38 Memories did not abandon us for a where there are several white houses. It minute, because in the closed spaciousness was there that I spent the summers of my of the foreign lands one lives only through childhood, because I visited my grand­ memories. Here it is as though it was father every summer. There, in that ‘pre­ freer, the space here is boundless, but it served settlement’, the secrets — thanks to is so boundless, so distant, that it is in­ which I am unfolding the past — of the subordinate to the feet. The Bouriat step­ Ukrainian holidays, traditions and rituals pes are difficult to describe — one must were revealed to me. Because in our past, see them. Here the horses appear to be in memories, and in the Bible, there are toy horses, and the village — a peculiar some five centuries. card in infinity. Perhaps that is why it is I do not regret that fate led me to such so foreignly foreign here. ‘Ukraine’ is in unexpected travels. I suffered in remote our room. Ihor decorated the wooden places like a simple city dweller such a partition with various cards — Scythian vegetative existence, but how can one mementos, portraits of Mamays, Ukrainian ‘exist’? In my, in our, homeland the people clothing, scenes of Lviv, and several post­ are the same as before, only drowsier, like cards of paintings by Yaroslava Surmach. autumn flies, they become revived during Books. A portrait of Taras. An icon of the holidays, they emerge from somewhere, Mary embroidered by my friend, two- and no one is alone... more icons. And several of my embroider­ I would like this letter to reach you ies — ‘servetky’ and ‘rushnyky’... before St Nicholas’ feast day, and for it The first days when I was here alone to serve as a gift — most sincere words I longed for my language, for the sound and wishes of health, Kozak strength and of a native word. This longing I know faith. May the good spirits of the home­ from long ago, for me it is intolerable. land protect you. And may the memory I would like to be with you, near you, of the homeland warm you in the distant as I was in my childhood with my grand­ foreign country, because all of us — I and father. He is from Malinivska Volya — my husband, our daughter (Zvenyslava), there is a village by that name near Malniv our parents, our friends and acquaintances (there is an ancient church and a unique will think of you often, will keep in touch icon here) in Lvivshchyna (formerly Dro- with you thousands of kilometers away hobychchyna), from a small settlement — we greet you! Your Iryna.” Horrors of a Soviet Russian Prison Camp Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov has When my gaze came upon the swing- made available to Western reporters in beam barrier, the fence, the gates of the Moscow copies of a 27-page letter he has guard post, the barbed wire and the guard received describing in vivid detail life and dog kennels, I had the impression of seeing conditions in a Soviet prison camp. To a yawning trap, the Gates of Hell sud­ avoid reprisals, Sakharov has withheld the denly thrown open. name of the author, who is serving a long From the outside you can see the sentence in a Sosnovka “special regime” watchtowers at the corners of the fence, camp in the Mordovian Autonomous Re­ and in winter you can see smoke rising in public in Central USSR. a liquid stream from our stoves. I have only seen the outside of our camp The inside of the camp produces a no from the guard post. less grim impression. 39 We have been living in this building for What do I mean, revolting? six years and for six years we have been After all, you can’t please every taste. suffering from the damp, from carbon One man likes pineapples while another monoxide fumes that escape through the can’t stand them and prefers roast grouse. chinks in our stoves, from wet walls and But this is not a question of taste. I mean ceiling, which get drenched when it rains that our meals are cooked with spoiled and in the spring from the melting snow, rotting food for which we pay 16 rubles because there are holes in the roof. (§24) a month. From one day to the next, The latrines are never cleaned or di­ we chew the same old cud. sinfected regularly. I should add that the In the morning five times a week we stench is omnipresent, persistent and per­ get 55 grams (1.9 oz.) of fish (the regula­ manent. We bathe in foul odors and we tions permit about 75 grams — 2.6 oz.), walk on filth. rotting fish, and a basin of runny gruel. Our washstand we made ourselves out For lunch we get 21 grams (0.7 oz.) of of an old cistern, which was already rusted tainted lard, thin smelly soup made either on the inside. Water collects in it over­ of onions or decaying cabbage. In the night and in the morning it runs out along evening we get more smelly soup and a a narrow pipe with small holes pierced in it. piece of bread about the thickness of a In the cistern there is a layer of filth, finger. rust, worms, dead mice... Vegetables, which we are supposed to We are forced to do dangerous work­ get on ration, we practically never get. grinding cut glass on grinding wheels and The whole camp suffers from intestinal metal lathes with the use of abrasives. We and stomach pains, yet we lack regular are forced to do it and we enjoy no pri­ medical care. vileges at this work — we are allowed You know how (imprisoned dissident no milk and no supplementary food, Yuri) Galanshov died. He died of a sto­ though we do a full day’s work. mach ulcer after an operation. He had The work is especially harmful and been treated for that ulcer for several dangerous to our health because we lack years. However, an ulcer nowadays is a technical protection. It took six years of curable ailment and in civilized countries complaints for them to give us anti-dust people do not die of ulcers or say tu­ breathing masks, but there is still no berculosis. ventilation to clear the air in the work­ However, 30-year-old K. died of an shop. ulcer, 22-year-old V. died of tuberculosis There are no washing facilities in the and so did 40-year-old T. From not re­ workshop. It is heated by a stove and in ceiving medical care in time, V. died of a winter the workshop fills up with carbon heart condition, aged about 40. monoxide fumes... These are those who died in the prime A word about the high rate of injuries: of their life, but what about those in their ground glass and sliver cut fingers, work 50s and 60s? They are dying like flies. their way into the body and fly into your They should be in hospital, but the face. A finger touching a fastspinning lathe hospital does not admit them. is immediately flayed. A prisoner with cut In the event of sudden illness, you can­ fingers may go for one or two weeks in­ not reach the doctor. Dr. Y. rarely visits capable of work. the camp. Two weeks after you fall ill Yet, no measures to reduce injuries are you can make an appointment with her taken and no records of accidents are kept. for the following month. As for the food — it is revolting. It is no better in the hospital. 40 There you are kept under lock and key. papers in the residence block. Almost every The food there is no more nourishing. The day the supervisor or camp chief checks doctors do not make regular rounds, but the cells, looking for forbidden articles, see a patient once or twice while he is in searching under our mattresses and in our hospital. As a rule no treatment is prescrib­ lockers. ed. And you can be discharged for the Here I will close. I hope that somehow slightest infraction of the regulations (no we will meet, Dr. Sakharov. matter what your condition). With respect, In accordance with the regulations, we A Prisoner of the Sosnovka Concentration are allowed to keep five books or news­ Camp.

Lew Shan-sky The Teaching of "Holocaust” PART III All violent feelings... produce in us a said Dr. Arendt, could be trusted by the falseness in all our impressions of ex­ Nazis to compile lists of persons and their ternal things, which I would generally property, to secure money from the de­ characterize as the “Pathetic Fallacy”. portees, to defray the expenses for their John Ruskin (1819—1900) deportation and extermination, to supply police forces, to help seize Jews and get While discussing the problems of Jewish them on the trains.” In this attitude of the collaborators with the Nazis in the ghettos Jews themselves, i.e., in the attitude of the and in various concentration camps and victims, Dr. Arendt saw the dreadful ef­ facing some shocking cases of this col­ ficiency of the Nazi totalitarianism. laboration, Simon Wiesenthal, the famous Thus, this is not only the case of saints hunter of the Nazi murderers, responsible and sinners, or of cowards and heroes. Of for the discovery of Adolf Eichmann in a course, the saints and sinners, the cowards South American hideout, exclaimed in his and heroes exist in all races. The Poles, memoirs: “Like all races, we have had our Lithuanians, and Ukrainians have also saints and sinners, our cowards and our their saints and sinners, their cowards and heroes”, (The Wiesenthal Memoirs, ed. by heroes. But in the case of the Nazi totali­ Joseph Wechsberg, New York, 1967, p. tarian efficiency one must reckon with the 129). The same problem was discussed possibility that heroes in normal conditions also by Dr. Hannah Arendt in her book: could have been turned cowards under the Eichmann in Jerusalem: The Banality of conditions of this dreadful efficiency. The Evil (London 1963) asserted that Jewish efficient Nazi totalitarians were not only leadership “almost without exception” successful in shattering the will to resist collaborated with the Nazis in the among their Jewish victims, but also in deportation and in the extermination driving otherwise normal people to become of Jewish victims of the “Holocaust”. murderers. The dreadful totalitarian ef­ “Jewish officials and Jewish policemen,” ficiency was also able to mobilize the 41 worst imaginable rabble on earth not only reasons for this fact in the dreadful Nazi for'killing the Jews, but also for the re­ efficiency, but in the “existence” of some alization of other Nazi aims. To quote unbelievable, inconceivable, incorrigible only one example: they had organized the “anti-Semitism” of the entire peoples in so-called Dirlewanger SS Brigade which Eastern Europe, of the Poles (30 million was composed of the worst criminals and in 1941), Lithuanians (4 million), Ukrain­ perverts in the Nazi concentration camps ians (40 million). Imagine, 74 million and had been thrown into Warsaw to sup­ “anti-Semites” in Eastern Europe in 1941, press the Warsaw uprising. The Dirle­ which meant that the chances of the Jews wanger SS Brigade went into battle with for survival and resistance in this region elan and in three days of fighting, had were reduced to zero. Accordingly, the murdered more than 20,000 civilians, in­ authors of the study guide published by 15 cluding women, children, hospital staff, Jewish organizations in the USA advise to priests and the wounded and sick in­ pose the following question to their surgents in their sector. Dirlewanger was children: “How did the anti-Semitism of rewarded with the Knight’s Cross of the non-Jewish East Europeans (Ukrainians, Iron Cross for his action in Warsaw. Lithuanians and Poles) affect the Jews’ Dr. Hannah Arendt, herself a Jewish chances for survival and resistance?” Well, emigre from Germany, was able to con­ if 74 million anti-Semitic East Europeans ceive the truth, behind the Nazi Holocaust did exist in reality, the Jewish chances for of the Jews, which neither the scriptor of survival and resistance were, indeed, very "Holocaust”, nor Titus Productions, nor bad. However, we would like to have this the authors of the study guide issued by racist concept of “anti-Semitism” of the 15 Jewish organizations in the USA, were entire peoples in Eastern Europe interpreted able to conceive. Miss Arendt was empha­ more clearly. What is it? The Polish Under­ sizing the terrible strength of totalitarian­ ground at the time of the Nazi occupation ism, not the weakness or bestiality of its of Poland founded an official institution victims. By bureaucratizing murder, the called the Council to Save the Jews (Rada Nazis enabled the malleable men to com­ Pomocy 2ydom). Is a sign of anti-Se­ mit passionless atrocities without a sense mitism? On the third day of the Warsaw of doing wrong. Nazi totalitarianism as Uprising, the leader of the Jewish Re­ she diagnosed it, was an attempt to reduce sistance in Warsaw, Isaac Cukierman masses to a single malleable material serv­ (Antek), issued a proclamation on behalf ing the Nazi purposes. Miss Arendt feared of the Jewish Fighting Organization sum­ that it may be successful because in its moning all fighters and all able-bodied satanic way it uses precisely all the aw­ Jewish young people to join the Polish ful sinews of the modern states from pro­ insurgents. The proclamation ended with paganda to random terror, to drive even an appeal: Join the ranks of the Insurgents! cohesive and spirited people beyond de­ Through battle to Victory, to a free, in­ spair to anomy. The totalitarianism has dependent, strong and just Poland! The not died; it continues its dreadful effi­ Jews joined the rank promotions and ciency in the Soviet system. military distinctions were distributed among Well, if there were Polish, Lithuanian them according to the Polish Army re­ and Ukrainian collaborators with the gulations and even a Jewish woman, Sho- Nazis in the killing of the Jews, the scripter, shona Kosower received the Polish Cross Gerald Green, the Titus Productions, the of Valor and the rank of second-lieutenant authors of the study guide do not see the in the Armia Kraiova (Home Army) for 42 her bravery. And the learned authors of into millions of victims shot, put into death the study guide are fantasizing in their camps, or having been killed in partisan booklet that “when the Jews did fight warfare. Was under such conditions any with the Polish resistance they did not say anti-Semitic activity imaginable? A fair they were the Jews! What’s the matter? idea of this may be gained from the of­ Are the Poles anti-Semites or the authors ficial German publications of the SS and of the study guide are the Poland-hating the police of District Galicia, from Octo­ racists? ber 1943 to June 1944. On the basis of The Lithuanian anti-Semitism? For new German law “to combat anti-German twenty and one years in this century, there activities”, promulgated on October 2, existed a free, democratic Lithuania. Did 1943, no less than 1,541 Ukrainians were somebody ever hear of Lithuanian anti- sentenced for various political offenses, Semitism in the Republic of Lithuania economic and industrial sabotage, parti­ from 1918 to 1939? Were there pogroms cipation in partisan warfare, etc. Included in Lithuania or were the Jews treated as in this list were 102 Ukrainians who were second-class citizens in the Republic? How­ executed for helping or concealing Jews ever, when the Russians invaded Lithua­ (Judenbegunstigung). This is a substantial nia in 1940 as allies of Nazi Germany, number when we take into consideration and installed a fake Lithuanian Soviet So­ the following facts: 1) Only a part of the cialist Republic, they were greeted by the Ukrainians who helped Jews were ap­ majority of the Jewish population with prehended and executed; 2) In many in­ enthusiasm. This Jewish predilection for stance those guilty of this “offense” were Bolshevism in Eastern Europe was a very executed on the spot and do not figure in strange phenomenon, but it was a factor the official statistics; 3) The death sen­ in Eastern European politics. The first oc­ tences cover only nine months (Oct. 1943 cupation of Lithuania cost the Lithuanian — June 1944) and the list includes only people some 500,000 people shot on the a part of the Ukrainian territory, the so- spot or deported to the Gulag Archipelago. called District Galicia, perhaps the most For a small nation of 4 million people it nationalistic of all Ukrainian districts. All meant that 12,5 percent of the people were these statistics with official German an­ destroyed, often being denounced to the nouncements have been deposited with the Soviet police by the Jewish enthusiasts of Yivo Institute, for Jewish Research in New the sovietization of Lithuania. York. The trouble with all Jewish accusations of Ukrainians is the prejudice that the So not all Ukrainians were anti-Semites Ukrainians were somehow privileged under and collaborated with the Nazis. One can the Nazi regime in Ukraine. They were be sorry that the children in the USA will not! As an “inferior” Slavic people de­ never know this. Instead, they will learn stined for destruction by the Nazi supermen, direct Ukraine-hating from a prestigious they were persecuted and they could claim study guide published almost by all Jewish the Nazi Holocoust of their own, leading organizations in the USA.

There are no beds in Poland because the Party is on guard, the enemy is awake, the patriots are behind bars and the workers are sleeping on roses.

43 Wishes of National Independence to Bulgarian People Dr. I. Docheff traditional historical friendship between Chairman of the Bulgarian National Front Ukrainian and Bulgarian nations will grow P.O. Box 1204, Grand Central Station and the great Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Na­ New York, N.Y. 10017 tions will strengthen through this close USA co-operation. Your personal courage as a young Dear Dr. Docheff: fighter in the Anti-Communist struggle in It is an honor and privilege for me to Bulgaria will serve as an example to Bul­ send to your liberation organization the garian youth in your homeland and in best greetings and wishes to the heroic exile. Bulgarian nation in the struggle for na­ We are confident that the Bulgarian na­ tional independence and freedom on the tional front as an integral part of the occasion of the great Bulgarian national Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations in the anniversary. common struggle will contribute greatly to The Bulgarian nation stands in the the destruction of Russian imperialism and first front of the common Anti-Russian and communism and the renewal of the na­ Anti-Communist struggle for the disin­ tional independent states of the subjugated tegration of the Russian empire and the nations. annihilation of the communist system. With best wishes and greetings, I remain, The Bulgarian national front under Sincerely Yours, your leadership has great merits in the li­ Yaroslav Stetsko beration fight and common front of the Former Prime Minister of Ukraine and subjugated nations. We hope that the President of ABN An Appeal OLYMPIC GAMES IN OCCUPIED ESTONIA Whereas the International Olympic Therefore the Government of the Re­ Committee has decided that the Olympic public of Estonia, now in exile, considers Games in 1980 shall take place in the it imperative to stress: Union of the Socialist Soviet Republics, That the Republic of Estonia is not a par Whereas the USSR by arranging a part to the USSR, but a separate State, now of the games, the sailing regatta, in Tallinn, unlawfully occupied by the USSR, that is, in the capital of another state That this standpoint is shared by a num­ unlawfully occupied by it, has failed to ber of States, including the USA, who do comply with the decision of the Interna­ not recognize the forceful incorporation of tional Olympic Committee, Estonia into the USSR, Whereas the aim of such devious pro­ That this sandpoint of non-recognition ceedings, among others also issuing coins is based on the right of all peoples to self- with the picture of Tallinn on one side the determination and independence which coat of arms of the USSR on the other right was proclaimed by the Atlantic side, is to create an appearance as if the Charter, by the Charter of the United Republic of Estonia were a part of the Nations, by the Universal Declaration of USSR, Human Rights, and finally made legally 44 binding as a treaty obligation by the contravention of international law, or the International Covenant of Civil and Po­ object of acquisition by means of such litical Rights, as well as by the Interna­ measures or the threat of them. No such tional Covenant of Economic, Social and occupation or acquisition will be recognized Cultural Rights. Both these Covenants, as legal.” ratified by the USSR, entered into force Therefore the Government of the Re­ in 1976, and consequently their provisions public of Estonia wishes to draw the atten­ are obligatory for the States who have tion of the International Olympic Com­ ratified them. The article of these Co­ mittee, of the Member States of the United venants states that all peoples have the Nations and of the Secretary General of right to self-determination and that the the United Nations to the above facts, and States parties of these Covenants shall pro­ wishes to leave it to the conscience of the mote the realization of the right of self- athletes and organisations concerned whether determination. they should participate in the Olympic That, furthermore, the Final Act of the Games in the USSR, and especially in Conference on Security and Cooperation Tallinn, unless the USSR will observe the in Europe, of August 1, 1975, states in its fundamental human rights. They ought to section III — Inviolability of Frontiers: be aware that coming to Tallinn they are “The participating States will refrain from coming to the capital of a State occupied any demand for, or act of seizure and and oppressed by the USSR by force and usurpation of part or all of the territory violating international law in contraven­ of any participating State.” And in section tion of treaties entered by the USSR itself. IV — Territorial integrity of States: “The participating States will likewise refrain Copenhagen, March 26, 1979 from making each other’s territory the August Koern object of military occupation or other Minister for Foreign Affairs in the direct or indirect measures of force in Government of the Republic of Estonia Orest Szczudluk Ukraine’s Independence January 22, 1979, was designated as anthem, Very Rev. Peter Ohirko, pastor “Ukrainian Independence Day” in Mas­ of Christ The King Ukrainian Catholic sachusetts and in Boston respectively by Church, delivered the invocation. Greet­ Governor Edward J. King and Mayor ings were extended by Boston City Coun­ Kevin H. White. cillors Frederick C. Langone and Albert O’Neil. Mayor White’s proclamation stated National Flag at City Hall in part: “the sixty-first anniversary of “We congratulate you for your determ­ Ukrainian independence dramatizes the ination in keeping up the tradition of legitimate right of all people and nations Ukrainian independence and for your re­ to pursue freedom and national indepen­ minding us about the value of freedom,” dence.” stated Edward J. Sullivan, vice mayor of Orest Szczudluk, a vice president of Boston, in opening the flag raising cere­ the Boston Chapter of the Ukrainian mony at Boston City Hall Plaza on Mon­ Congress Committee of America, spoke day, January 22, 1979. briefly about the present struggle for na­ After singing of the Ukrainian national tional and human rights in Ukraine. 45 Resolutions by City Council other means to restore national and human On January 9, 1979, Councillor Fre­ rights in Ukraine and free Valentyn Mo­ derick C. Langone introduced and all nine roz, Mykola Rudenko, Oleksiy Tykhy councillors adopted following resolutions and hundreds of Ukrainian patriots from in the Boston City Council; Soviet Russian jails; and to demand the “Whereas, January 22, 1979, is observed restoration of Ukrainian Catholic, Ukrain­ as “Ukrainian Independence Day” in ian Autocephalous Orthodox and Ukrain­ Boston, commemorating the 61st anniver­ ian Protestant Churches in Ukraine.”. sary of Ukraine’s independence; and “Whereas, the Ukrainian people continue In Congress to struggle to regain their full national In separate letters, the Boston Chapter independence and sovereignty; and of the Ukrainian Congress Committee of “Whereas, the Ukrainian Americans in America (UCCA) asked Massachusetts Boston continue to support the right of Congressmen to make appropriate state­ the Ukrainian people for full national ments in Congress in regard to Ukraine’s independence; and independence. “Whereas, hundreds of Ukrainian pa­ Several Massachusetts Congressmen par­ triots languish in Russian communist pri­ ticipated in the observance: Speaker of the sons as a result of their fight for the re­ House of Representatives Thomas P. storation of national and human rights in O’Neill, Jr., John Joseph Moakley, Silvio Ukraine; O. Conte, Brian J. Donnelly and Robert “Therefore, be it resolved that the Drinan. Boston City Council appeals to our na­ Congressman John J. Moakley was tional leaders to continue to support the asked to introduce copies of governor’s right of the Ukrainian people for national and mayor’s proclamation and Boston City independence; and to exert all the efforts Council’s resolutions into the Congressional possible through the United Nations and Record. A Proclamation 1979 WHEREAS: January 22, 1979, marks of national and human rights in captive the 61st anniversary of the proclamation Ukraine and all captive nations in Eastern of free Ukrainian National Republic as Europe; the sovereign State of the Ukrainian NOW, THEREFORE, I, EDWARD J. people; and KING, Governor of the Commonwealth WHEREAS: The Ukrainian people of Massachusetts, do hereby proclaim have not accepted the status of Soviet Rus­ January 22, 1979, as sian enslavement and are continuing to UKRAINIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY struggle to regain their national sovereign­ and urge all citizens of the Commonwealth ty and independence; and to take appropriate cognizance of the WHEREAS: Ukrainian Americans in event and to participate fittingly in its Massachusetts support the Ukrainian observance. people in their struggle for full national Given at the Executive Chamber in self-determination; and Boston, this sixteenth day of January, in WHEREAS: Ukrainian Americans in the year of our Lord, one thousand nine Massachusetts appeal to our President and hundred and seventy-nine, and of the Congress to take affirmative action at in­ Independence of the United States of ternational forums for the implementation America, the two hundred and third. 46 Declaration WHEREAS: The Ukrainian people in legitimate right of all people and nations Boston and the world over will mark the to pursue freedom and national independ­ sixty-first anniversary of the independence ence: of the Ukrainian National Republic on January 22, 1979; and NOW, THEREFORE, I, Kevin H. WHEREAS: This sixty-first anniversary White, Mayor of the City of Boston, do of Ukrainian independence is a fitting hereby proclaim Monday, January 22, 1979 opportunity to direct public attention to UKRAINIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY the continuous violations of Ukrainian and direct that the Ukrainian National rights by the govenment in Moscow; and Flag be raised at City Hall Plaza on WHEREAS: This sixty-first anniversary January 22, 1979, to commemorate this of Ukrainian independence dramatizes the special occasion.

{Piom iTwh C CULTURAL GENOCIDE C VTINUES IN LITHUANIA “Since the very first days of the Soviet ‘transgressor’ against the occupying power. Russian occupation, books in Lithuanian It may pass the filters of threefold censor­ and other languages whose contents and... ship (the author’s, the editor’s and the ideas hamper the occupying power and its censor’s). And yet it may be destroyed local collaborators in the realization of even after that process — by special order, their pernicious plans in Lithuania — to break down Lithuanians morally and then if the author trespasses against the govern­ to denationalize them completely — are ment in some way at a later date, or if he torn and sliced to shreds, burned, and is generally disliked. This is what happen­ otherwise destroyed.” ed to the writer and poet Tomas Venclo- “The persecution and physical annihila­ va, the courageous defender of human tion of the Lithuanian word continues rights in Lithuania, who was forced by today. That printed word is not always a KGB persecution to emigrate to the US. KGB CAUSE FREEDOM FIGHTER’S SUICIDE A Ukrainian dissident committed suicide Eight of the raids carried out in Ukraine after KGB security police raided his home were believed by the dissidents to be con­ during a night of searches carried out nected with the prosecution of Oles Berd- around Kyiv, Leningrad and Moscow. nyk, a founder of the local Helsinki group. Historian and poet Mikhail Melnik Three raids in Moscow and two in Lenin­ drank poison after the KGB searched his grad appeared to be linked to police ac­ home in a village outside Kyiv. The homes tion against a Leningrad chemistry teacher of 13 other persons were also searched, who had been collecting documents de­ some of the raids lasting all night. tailing the history of the dissident move­ Melnik was a member of “Helsinki”, a ment. dissident group that has been the focus of The KGB officers said their search war­ a broad official crackdown. rants were issued in connection with the 47 continuing investigation into the activities 1977, the most active and visible members of Helsinki, a group that monitors Soviet — including founder Yuri Orlov and dis­ Russian compliance with human rights sidents Anatoly Shcharansky and Alexan­ provisions of the 1975 Helsinki accords. der Ginsburg — have been jailed or forced Since that crackdown began in January to emigrate. New Arrests, Trials and Executions members of the Ukrainian human rights movements. He served his term in a con­ centration camp in Mordovia, and was re­ Vasyl Striltsiv, member of the Kyiv- leased on March 5, 1977. based Ukrainian Public Group to Promote Mykhaylo Melnyk, historian, married the Implementation of the Helsinki Ac­ father of two children, active in the cords, was sentenced at the end of 1978 to Ukrainian human rights movement. Found three months imprisonment for participa­ dead in his home near Kyiv on March 6, ting in a strike. He had already spent ten 1979. Dissident sources termed his death years in prison (1944—1954) for his po­ suspicious. litical convictions. Striltsiv was born in 1929. After he completed his ten-year Crimean Tatars prison term, he worked as a teacher of the English language in the city of Dolyna, Mustafa Dzhemilev, a fighter for re­ Ivano-Frankivska oblast. In 1977 he re­ cognition of national equality for the Ta­ nounced his Soviet citizenship and expres­ tar nation, and for the right of deported sed a desire to emigrate to England with Tatars to return to Crimea, was arrested his family. on February 7, 1979, in Tashkent, Uzbeki­ Yosyp Zisels was arrested at the end of stan. Born in 1943, he spent eight years in December, 1978, in the city of Chernivtsi. prison between 1966 and 1977. He was Born in 1946, he is a physicist and engineer freed in November 1977. During the time for a television studio in Chernivtsi. He of his imprisonment, he participated in a was an organizer of moral and material ten-month hunger strike. support for persons placed in Soviet psychiatric prisons for their convictions. During the search which preceded his ar­ Armenia rest, the KGB confiscated from Zisels a On the basis of allegations that they had file on dissidents who are in psychiatric organized a bombing in the Moscow sub­ prisons. way, three Armenians were sentenced to Vasyl Ovsiyenko was sentenced on death on January 26, 1979. They were February 8, 1979, in the city of Rado- executed immediately after the trial: myshl, Zhytomyrska oblast, to three years Stepan Sadikyan, born in 1947, was an imprisonment, on the accusation of re­ active member of the Armenian resistance sistance to police. Born in 1949, he is a movement and spent five years (1967— graduate of Kyiv University, and has 1972) in prison for his activities. At the worked as a teacher of Ukrainian language time of the bombing in the Moscow sub­ and literature. He was first arrested on way, he was not even present in Moscow. March 5,1973, and sentenced to four years Executed along with him were Saven imprisonment for his acquaintance with Bagdazaryan and Akop Stepanyan. 48 Robert Nazaryan, member of the Ar­ agent. Shabata has previously been im­ menian “Helsinki” group, was sentenced prisoned for his human rights activities. He on December 2, 1978, to five years im­ is seriously ill, after suffering a heart at­ prisonment and two years exile. Born in tack in prison. 1946, his parents repatriated from Ruma­ Jin Chmel, a 24-year-old geophysicist, nia in 1946. A graduate of the Faculty of was sentenced in October, 1978, to eigh­ Physics at Yerevan University, Nazaryan teen months imprisonment for allowing worked at the Byurakan Observatory, and several people to sign “Charter-77” in his at the time of arrest he was a group di­ apartment. rector at the Armenian State Project In­ Frantisek Hrabal and Jiri Volf, both stitute. On April 1. 1977, Nazaryan, along aged 26, were sentenced on October, 26, with Samvel Osyan and Eduard Aruyunyan 1978, to three years imprisonment, for dis­ formed the Armenian Group for the Im­ seminating “Charter-77” documents and plementation of the Helsinki Accords. He other “anti-party and anti-social texts”. was arrested in December, 1977. Petr Cibulka, a 2 8-year-old worker, Libor Chloupek, a 23-year-old librarian, and Petr Pospichal, a nineteen-year-old printer’s apprentice, were sentenced to two

VSSS/SS' -S/fS/ZS/SS/SSSSS/S/'s '//'//////' - V years, twenty months, and eleven months imprisonment respectively, for organizing Avtandil Imnadze, Georgian film pro­ private performances of musical and other ducer, was arrested in April, 1978, after non-conformist groups and of duplicating he had publicly demanded that the Ge­ and disseminating typewritten and tape orgian language be recognized in the new recorded samizdat writings. Georgian Constitution as the official language of the Republic. He was sentenc­ ed in December, 1978 to five years im­ prisonment and four years exile for pre­ paring and distributung Georgian samizdat Leymonis Niyedres, a Swedish citizen of materials. Latvian heritage, was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment. He was accused of ties with the "Latvian National Front”, which, with the help of the Peoples Re­ public of China, was alleged to be organ­ izing the desertion of soldiers from the Yaroslav Shabata, one of three official pre-Baltic republics. representatives of the Czecho-Slovakian movement for the defense of human rights “Charter-77”, was sentenced in Trutinov in January, 1979 to nine months of strict- regime imprisonment. He is 52-years old, Henryk Yagello, a lieutenant in the and was a professor of psychology at the Polish Navy, was sentenced on November University of Brno. On October 1, 1978 30, 1978 to one year imprisonment for he was assaulted by state security agents distributing the Polish samizdat magazines on his way to a meeting with Polish dis­ “Opinia” and “Bratnyak” (The Hostel), sidents. After this he was arrested and which is put out by the Students’ Commit­ charged with insulting a state security tee for Solidarity. Valentyn Moroz in the US, shortly after his release from Soviet Russian concentration camps, appeals to the West for the release of Ukrainian and other political prisoners in the USSR. ABN calls for mass actions to free political and religious prisoners of the subjugated nations in the USSR and in the satellite states. ’You Will Achieve Sovereign Independence For Ukraine Or Die [n The Struggle For It.”

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) 1929 — 1979

Verlagspostamt: München 2 July - August 1979 Vol. XXX. No. 4 C O N TE N T S: Nation-killers and Russificators on the Advance . 1 V. Moroz “Russian Empire Built on Dynamite” .... 3

V. Moroz Kremlin Feeling the Breath of the Wind from the G rave...... 8 Byelorussia Demands Independence .... 10 50 Years of O U N ...... 13

Joseph Prunskis Lithuanian Political P r iso n er s...... 15 Janka Kupala — Byelorussian National Poet . 21 In Defence of Yuriy Shukhevych...... 22 Mykhailo Melnyk Murdered by the KGB . . . 25 Ukrainian-Americans Valuable National Resource 26 US Military Warns C a r te r ...... 28 WACL Against Russification...... 29

Baymirza Hayit Islam in the Soviet U n io n ...... 34

Peter Worthington The Unreported H olocausts...... 40 From Behind the Iron C u r t a in ...... 42 Book R eview ...... 47

ÂBJÏÏL ********* Herausgeber: American Friends of the Articles signed with name or pseudonym Antibolshevik Bloc of Nations (AF ABN) do not necessarily reflect the Editor’s o- Inhaber: B. Fedorak — Chairman of pinion, but that of the author. Manuscripts AF ABN sent in unrequested cannot be returned in Beide: 136 Second Avenue, New York, case of non-publication unless postage is N. Y. 10003, USA enclosed. Zweigstelle Deutschland: Zeppelinstr. 67, It is not our practice 8000 München 80 to pay for contributed materials. Publisher: American Friends of the Anti­ Reproduction permitted but only bolshevik Bloc of Nations (AFABN), with indication of source (ABN-Corr.). 136 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10003, USA Schriftleitung: Redaktionskollegium. Verantw. Redakteur Frau Slava Stetzko. Editorial Staff: Board of Editors. Zeppelinstraße 67/0, 8000 München 80, Editor-in-Chief: Mrs. Slava Stetsko, M. A. Telefon: 48 25 32 8000 Munich 80, Zeppelinstr. 67/0 Druck: eGmbH “Cicero”, München. West Germany. Zeppelinstraße 67, 8000 München 80 Nation-killers and Russificators on the Advance

The “Workers Newspaper”, published under the auspices of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CC CPU), dated May 23, 1979, brings us news from Tashkent about an All-Soviet Scholarly- Theoretical Conference on the subject of “The Russian Language — the Language of Friendship and Cooperation of Nations in the USSR.” Leonid Brezhnev, the greatest russificator of all times, sent his “greetings” to the Conference, and M. O. Prokoviev, the All-Soviet Minister of Education in the USSR, also spoke. This russificator, in his speech on the subject of “The Road to the further improvement of learning and teaching of the Russian language in the Soviet Republics”, insisted that the learning of the Russian language should start in the pre-school years and continuously develop on the dif­ ferent levels of scholarship. His presentation is characteristic of the plan­ ned and systematic total russification of schools and pre-schools, including kindergartens, where the children of all the enslaved nations are to speak in Russian and learn the “Great(?) Russian language”. S. R. Rashydov, the First Secretary of the Central Committe of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan underscored the fact, that the Russian language, “is the language of the “great” Lenin, the language of a “great” nation, which has ... a culture of the highest order, rich . . . democratic traditions... it always carried out progressive historical functions — for the toilers of other nations and peoples, it carried the light of knowledge, progressive ideas, socialist culture” — so carried on the traitor of the Turkestani people. And Brezhnev, the tyrant of the highest order, in his “hearty greetings” ascertained the following historical nonsense: “In the condition of develop­ ed socialism, when the economy of our country has developed into a single national economic complex, a new historical community has ap­ peared — the Soviet nation, objectively the role of the Russian language has grown as the language for international cooperation in the building of Communism and the education of the new individual. The fluent use of the Russian language, voluntarily(?) accepted as a common historical ac­ quisition of all the Soviet peoples, will aid in the further strengthening of the political, economic and spiritual unity of the Soviet (Read: Russian Supemation) nation.” “The studying of the Russian language by Soviet people of all na­ tionalities has become an object of general concern and attention... Lenin’s dream, to make it possible for every citizen of our country “to have the opportunity to study the great(?) Russian language, ‘is becoming success­ fully realized'” . . . ended the great tyrant. Such were the intentions of the

1 russificator Lenin, and different Sovietophiles call upon “Lenin’s national policy” . . . Who has ever heard here on God’s planet about someones “GREAT” language? This is possible only in the minds of Russian chau­ vinists, the Muscovite-Nation-killers! And, so we have the widespread and implemented plan of the rus­ sification of all the enslaved nations in its unusually menacing manner. The Central Committee of ABN has taken not only an official position, but has instigated widespread actions on the international forum against russification and genocide. (ABN CORRESPONDENCE, Russification and National Genocide, A Statement of the Central Committee of the Anti- Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, Vol. XXX, No. 2, p. 9, March— April 1979.) The time has come for the development of widespread actions of entire national communities against genocidal russification, especially because we have received an appeal from behind the Iron Curtain to mobilize the entire world community for a total uncompromising effort with all available resources, to force the Russians to halt their advances on the soul of the enslaved nations!

Slava Stetsko (ABN) delivering a speech at the Plenary Session of the X II WACL Conference held in Asuncion, Paraguay, April 23—27 1979.

2 ’’Russian Empire Built on Dynamite” The following are excerpts from the statement delivered by Valentyn Moroz at the House of Commons, London, June 18, 1979

Illusions Created by Moscow When will the West finally come to understand that it cannot trade with Mos­ Here are some of the illusions: One cow on the basis of credits? All trade must concede to Moscow, otherwise there agreements must stipulate full payment in will be a world war. The opposite is true. advance, because Moscow continuously Concessions only lead to new demands, as promises but never delivers. A perfect the Munich treaty enticed Hitler to new example of this is the prisoner exchange. aggressions. In this case Britain was for­ Soviet dissidents were exchanged for two tunate. Forty years ago Chamberlain Soviet spies convicted in the United States. brought home a scrap of paper from We were told during our flight to free­ Munich. I more than once saw this paper dom that the terms of the exchange also in old newsreels. When Chamberlain step­ included the release of our families. The ped off the plane he stated that this piece spies left for the Soviet Union a long time of paper would safeguard peace for a ago, but our families continue to be held whole generation. We now know the true in the USSR*. Yes, this confirms once again value of that treaty, but at that time that Western compliance should only be Britain was fortunate. And now a similar forthcoming after Moscow has kept its document will be brought to Washington. part of the bargain. You cannot trade with Yes, several days ago President Carter Moscow on the basis of credits or promises. signed the SALT Treaty in Vienna. Vienna The unprincipled and inconsistent policies is not very far from Munich. The spirit of the West with regards to Moscow has of Vienna is even closer to Munich than lost much for the West. its geographic distance. World Stability? SALT The West is now committing the same Senator Henry Jackson aptly pointed mistakes towards Moscow as it has in the out that the SALT agreement may be past towards Iran. Western politicians long another Munich treaty. Again it will be argued that the Shah’s regime was a sta­ said that this new agreement will ensure bilising factor in the region. We know peace. And intelligent people will once what happened with the stability of the again listen to these words with irony. Shah’s regime; it ended in disarray. Simi­ Where are the guarantees that Moscow larly the totalitarian systems in eastern will uphold the SALT agreement? You do Europe and Asia are not built on a founda­ not have to accept what I say about tion of granite, but on dynamite. At their SALT; I am a dilletante in these matters, core one finds dynamite which suddenly but it is interesting to note that Lt. Ge­ explodes leaving no trace. The same will neral Rowney, President Carter’s advisor happen with Moscow. on SALT, has elected to retire. He believes It is an illusion to think that together that the SALT agreement poses a great with Brezhnev one can seek world sta­ threat for America and therefore refuses to take upon himself the responsibility of * On July 5, Moroz’s wife and son left the supporting it. USSR for the United States.

3 bility; that with Brezhnev one can sign tering on the abyss of disaster. Yes, the lasting agreements. I do not know what Pope fulfilled a role in Poland, one beyond fate awaits Brezhnev; whether on the one politics and politicians. A new turbulent hand he dies a natural death because he world is upon us, a world where politics is a long-time alcoholic, or whether he will will not suffice; where electoral and demo­ perish in the Kremlin as Alliende did in his cratic institutions will not suffice. The time presidential palace. of internal turbulence is also imminent for Moscow with all the turmoil and problems But I know that tommorow’s decisions in that it presents. the Kremlin will not be made by Brezhnev but by others. He is sitting on a volcano The most important characteristic of the and to sign agreements seeking stability new Pope is his deep understanding of the with such a power is simply naive. East and ability to live in an environment of turbulence, something that the West has There is yet another illusion that Mos­ yet to learn. The new Pope has possibly cow weaves: it is that Moscow creates done more for the cause of freedom than stability within its domain and that this all of his predecessors combined. The new is good for maintaining the status quo. Pope has recognised that he is an ambassador And many say that we should not chal­ of Catholicism in the world and not Mos­ lenge this power because it may draw us cow’s representative in the Vatican. into an another Vietnam war. My answer to this is a firm one — there will be more The West does not know to live in a wars, whether we like it or not. The turbulent world, thereby suffering defeats question that remains is whether they will time after time: Vietnam, Angola, Af­ end in victory or defeat. ghanistan. These defeats were caused by the inability of the West to adapt to a New Era of Turbulence world environment of unrest. In this we We are entering a new era, an era of Ukrainians can do much for the West. turbulence. Reston of the New York Times Ukrainians are not a poor people begging and even a great friend of the Soviet for help. We understand that true co-ope­ Union, Helmut Schmidt, has stated so. ration must be based on principles of mu­ Yes, the 1980’s will be interesting and tual benefit and partnership. turbulent throughtout the world, including We do not intend to compete with the the Soviet Union, eastern Europe and all West in the realms of theory and material unstable areas under totalitarianism or prosperity, what we do have is that which dictatorships because these dictatorships the West lacks; we understand how to are built on dynamite. live in a turbulent world. A nation that When Iran fell into turmoil and the has yet to achieve independence will al­ Ayatollah appeared on the scene, all be­ ways have a propensity to armament and not disarmament — will always bear the lieved this to be a uniquely Iranian pheno­ motto “live turbulenty”. menon. We have recently witnessed shat­ tering effects of the Pope’s visit to Poland. Ukrainian Nationalism Has there ever been such an inspiring Pope or such a Papal mission to a communist Our credo, as Ukrainian nationalists, is country? It was as if there was no Com­ based on the spiritual values and deep munist regime in Poland. Anyone can understanding of our national heritage; clearly see that the Polish regime is tee­ that it is our duty to build an independent

4 and better life for our country. We do not alien concept to the West, because the vassilate. We are committed to our goal. greatest achievment of Western civilisation The first point of our credo states: “You is the rule of law. will achieve sovereign independence for The Baltic states were fortunate. Al­ Ukraine or die in the struggle for it”. though they were incorporated into the I know of Moscow’s propaganda Russian imperial system, they were never warning the West not to link itself with annexed spiritually because of their tra­ those who dare to struggle. Moscow argues ditional orientation to Western civilisation. that they will draw the West into disaster Ukrainians were less fortunate. Their nation and new wars. My response to this is — was spiritually ravaged by Moscow. But, as long as the world has existed so have in a sense, we also gained. We gained a disasters. The only question is whether we genuine insight of what our enemy, Rus­ are prepared to confront them and pre­ sia, really is. We know beyond any doubt pared to deal with them. The West needs that Russia recognises no laws, recognises a Churchill and not a Chamberlain. The no rules. No-one knows Russia as we do West needs leaders who will not bury their and this is our greatest obligation to expose heads in the sand, but rather leaders who the true face of Russia to the free world. face problems squarely and view them re­ I am often asked about SALT. I will alistically, so as to overcome them with answer with a Georgian anecdote: “A minimal cost. cunning fox was making its way down a road and came upon a tempting scrap of Russia Recognises no Laws meat. While carefully inspecting the meat, Moscow and the East play a game in the fox concluded, although there is no which they recognise no rules. This is an apparent danger, there must be a catch.

Valentyn Moroz, a Ukrainian freedom fighter, released from Russian concentration camps, in a private audience with His Holiness Pope John Paul II on June 28, 1979.

5 So the fox steered clear and went on his terranean. How desperately we need such way.” “eccentrics” in our contemporary world; We are well aware of this game without people who understand that there can be rules and therefore we will never accept world stability only after the dismantling that which the East gives freely. We know of the Russian Empire. Russian tanks that the East never gives freely; there is moved to the Elbe in 1945, but Moscow’s always a catch. Brezhnev has offered advance began in the 17th century. SALT to President Carter. If I were Carter I would know that this gift was not Decolonisation without a catch. I would not be too eager We Ukrainians live within the pathos to accept SALT. of nationalism, within the pathos of wars of liberation. It is natural for Britain, The Russian Empire Must Be with its traditions of Empire, not to trust Dissolved nationalism and trends to liberation. But I am not advocating a destructive act, it is critical to understand that the threat for to destroy the Russian Empire is pro­ of national liberation has long ago diverted gressive and constructive. By its very its guns towards the East and not the West. existence, the Russian Empire undermines The decolonisation of Africa is nearly the quest for stability and world balance. complete. The new forum for decolonisa­ There was a senator in the days of the tion, where genuine movements towards Roman Empire who would conclude each national liberation exist, is in the East and of his speeches with the words “Carthage the Soviet Union. There one can find must be destroyed”. He was considered an eccentric. This “eccentric” understood that several dozen nations, large and small the only way to safeguard Roman authority which await their liberation and decolo­ throughout the Mediterranean was by des­ nisation. It is these specific issues — deco­ troying Carthage. There was no room for lonisation and liberation — which are the two Romes or two Carthages in the Medi­ greatest political resource for the West.

Mrs. Raissa Moroz, with her son, reunited with Valentyn Moroz upon their arrival in New York on July 5, 1979.

6 Human Rights and Communists manifest themselves in the form of com­ A Communist who languishes in a Nica­ munism, will achieve nothing. raguan jail deserves to be defended as Offensive and Defensive Strategy does each and every individual. But before It is necessary to go on the offensive we begin our defence campaign we should against these destructive forces, to develop think twice with regards to the most ef­ a psychological attitude of attack. I sup­ fective means at our disposal. We should pose the British can best remember that recall a very important truth: “Today we the individual who established the founda­ save a Communist — tommorow we will tions of Britain was William the Conque­ be saving ourselves from Communism”. ror. The psychology of victory is grounded These are very complex matters and in the concept of offensive and not de­ Britain has always stood as a centre for fensive strategy. unravelling such issues. It was Britain The contemporary world has shrunk. which understood in 1943 that not only Strategic missiles launched in Siberia can must a wall be erected against Nazism, reach California in a matter of minutes. but also against Communism, to keep the The English Channel is no longer a de­ horde of Western Europe. The British fence, nor is the vast Atlantic. We should strategic mind understood this. The tragedy finally cast off antiquated ideas. Britain lies in the fact that strategic military power should not delude itself into thinking it was on the other. Today the new govern­ has created a stability where there are no ment of Britain has the greatest respon­ threats. In our shrinking world the sibility in the world. This is not merely a problems that have beset Ukraine are government, but a force which can make equally important to Britain. If the British the world understand the meaning of the want to maintain their way of life then term, responsibility. It is in the best po­ this necessarily means that they must join sition to realise that to simply resist the the struggle for the right of Ukrainians to destructive forces in the world, which be Ukrainian.

ABN Conference in Miami, Florida, held on March 3, 1979.

7 V. Moroz Kremlin Feeling the Breath of the Wind from the Grave Preface to the “Ukrainian Political Prisoners in the Soviet Union”, published by the Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine and Studium Research Institute, Inc., Toronto, 1979.

I have tried to remember many facts in these agitated and chaotic two weeks. Here, in the depths, things are a little calmer because they have lain there, gray and monotonous, year after year. Imprisonment can make everything gray. People in prison hunger after colors, and on that long road of many years there are sudden flashes of color, flashes of faces, flashes that will never be erased from the memory. First of all there is Mykhailo Soroka, a knight of iron who radiated strength and inspired others. I had the good fortune to be with him for one month, and during this month I became fully formed. The last touches were added by Mykhailo Soroka. It was a small camp in Mordovia, no. 17, hidden deep in the woods. No automobiles could be driven there in rainy weather, and sometimes that was to our advantage. Next to the camp was a dairy farm. Under Moscow’s system of things, and especially where there are no roads, everything is delayed for weeks. But milk does not understand politics and sours after a day. They had to sell it to us, although that was against the law. Then a KGB man appeared and the selling stopped. Summer came. They were mowing hay in the off-limits zone between the fences, and beyond them the pine woods were growing dark. The most difficult time in the camp is when you smell the newly mown hay. To look through the window at the woods and meadows, at freedom —- that is very dangerous. Then, imperceptibly, the armor falls from the soul, and every touch is very painful. And you must have an armor there, because a prisoner breaks down quickly when he stands naked amid the snows. The KGB know what they are doing when they take prisoners from Mordovia to Ukraine and drive them through the Carpathian Mountains. They made this offer to me several times. I refused. Mykhailo Soroka, he is not listed here, as many others also are not. Some day we will carve a long list in granite and the first name will be Kalnyshevsky, the first Ukrainian to serve 25-years in prison in that large and senseless country which one of our eminent polemicists has cal­ led the kingdom of vulgarians. I speak here of those on the list who are no longer numbered among the living in order to remind everyone that we must hurry. Behind the barbed wire, in the woods, beyond the Baykal live Ukrainian minds, Ukrainian poetry, Ukrainian art. The aim of the

8 regime consists precisely in the attempt to kill, through long imprison­ ment, the creative potential of Kalynets, Sverstyuk, Rudenko. Sometimes there are variations: The body steps out into freedom but the spirit re­ mains behind wire. This is called being let out but not being set free. Let us teach the West (and ourselves) that holy restlessness, that feeling of guilt that gnaws at the heart and says: Have we really done every­ thing we can to make sure Plakhotnyuk will not remain imprisoned fox- seven years in a psychiatric chamber of tortures? That Shukhevych’s re­ maining prison term, for having done nothing at all, will be revoked? There was a time that the leaders of the West signed treaties with Moscow without reading them. It was a sort of absurd race to see who could sign a treaty with the Kremlin the quickest and then boast about it to the voters. To sign a treaty with Moscow was considered the mark of a good politician. Times have changed. Now Moscow looks only too often for chances to demonstrate that her relations with the West are good ones. Out of the five pivotal powers of the world, four (America, Europe, Japan, China) are increasingly holding on more tightly to each other, and Moscow has found itself before the frightening specter of isolation. The four are already in the same boat, which is leaving the harbor, and the distance between the shore and the boat is growing. Moscow is making a desperate attempt to jump into the boat, and will give up much to re­ alize this goal. At the edges of the empire’s horizon, death has appeared with its scythe, and the Kremlin can already feel the breath of the wind from the grave. A Ukrainian woman from America wrote me a moving letter (I have received many such letters lately) in which the most interesting sentence was, “My husband said that Moroz would never be freed.” Moscow has created a very strong stereotype. No one really believed that the wall could be cracked. Yet it was. And it is naive to explain this fact by thinking that Moscow got rid of people that it did not want. The KGB would never have let me go if it did not have to. Moscow is bankrupt and wants to sell its dissident ware at any price. And those who have the determination to stand firm can strike a very good bargain. Let us then create an atmosphere in which the world will know that it cannot conduct any talks with Moscow without consulting us. The Jews have created such a situation. Must we always lag behind? Let us make the world aware of the slogan that is now the timeliest for Ukrainians, the slogan heard at the May 12 youth manifestation in New York: Today Moroz. Tomorrow Shukhevych.

9 Byelorussia Demands Independence

Byelorussian Democratic Republic The Byelorussian Democratic Republic shall embrace the whole territory inhabited Sixty one years ago, at the end of World by the Byelorussian people as a majority. War I, The Council of the Byelorussian The Council of the Byelorussian Demo­ Democratic Republic solemnly proclaimed cratic Republic confirms all those rights the national independence of Byelorussia. and civil liberties which were granted by This important action occurred on the me­ the act of March 9, 1918. morable day of March 25, 1918, in the ca­ Proclaiming the independence of the pital city of Minsk. The Act of Indepen­ Byelorussian Democratic Republic, its dence of the Byelorussian Democratic Re­ Council hopes that all the freedom loving public, The Third Constitutional Act, says nations will render assistance to the Byelo­ as follows: russian people in their endeavor to secure “One year ago the people of Byelorus­ full realization of their political ideals of sia, jointly with the peoples of Russia cast statehood. away the yoke of the Russian monarchy, March 25, 1918, in Minsk which was oppressing Byelorussia most of Council of the Byelorussian Democratic all. Without consulting the people, the Republic Czar had involved our country in the tra­ After 125 years of slavery and oppres­ gedy of war, which razed Byelorussian sion by the Czarist Russian Government, towns and villages. Now we, the Council the Byelorussian people, with great enthu­ of the Byelorussian Democratic Republic, siasm and sacrifice, began the restoration are liberating our country from the last of their own statehood. The new Byelo­ vestige of state dependency imposed by russian Government organized the ad­ the Russian monarchy upon our free and ministration of the country, the formation independent country. From now on the of military forces, diplomatic activities, Byelorussian Democratic Republic is pro­ and schools, and the revitalization of the claimed a free and independent state. The puppets stated by the Moscow Govern­ peoples of Byelorussia, through their elec­ ment. ted Constituent Assembly, shall them­ selves determine the future relations of Byelorussia Reconquered by Soviet Byelorussia with other states. Russia This present act nullifies all previous However, after the seizure of power in relationships which gave a foreign govern­ Russia by the Bolsheviks at the end of ment the power to sign the treaty in Brest, 1917, the new Soviet Russian Government also on behalf of Byelorussia, the treaty started an aggression and conquest of the that spells death for the Byelorussian recently restored independent non-Russian people and cuts their country into pieces. states, formerly dominated by Czarist On the basis of this present act, the Go­ Russia. These conquests were made under vernment of the Byelorussian Democratic the disguise of the formation of ethnic Republic shall approach the interested puppet stated by the Moscow Government. parties and propose the revision of that On January 1, 1919, in the city of Smo­ part of the Brest Treaty which concerns lensk, the Bolshevik Government of Mos­ Byelorussia and the conclusion of the peace cow, in opposition the independent Byelo­ treaty with all belligerent states. russian Democratic Republic, proclaimed

10 formation of the Byelorussian Soviet So­ their own Byelorussian state the Byelorus­ cialist Republic (BSSR), a fictitious state. sian Soviet Socialist Republic forced upon Subsequently, the Soviet Russian Army them by the Moscow occupants. attacked Byelorussia and finally conquered 3. To inform all governments and peop­ it in 1921. les in all the world that the voice of Mos­ Byelorussia was completely subordinat­ cow and the Union of Soviet Socialist Re­ ed to the Moscow Government and ruled public in Byelorussian affairs does not have as a colony. About half of the Byelorussian any legal power and all so-called Byelo­ ethnographic territory was annexed to the russian Governments, created by Moscow, Russian SFSR. Byelorussian people were do not have any legal competencies, be­ deprived of all their national, economic cause they are not acknowledged by the and human rights. Using mass terror, the Byelorussian people. Therefore, all the Moscow Government during the years of agreements or political decisions of govern­ its rule, annihilated over six million of the ments: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Byelorussian population. The communist or the formerly existing Poland and of the system imposed total economic exploita­ contemporary so-called government of tion of the working people and natural Poland in exile, concerning territory of resources. In this way the Moscow Go­ Byelorussia and Byelorussian people, which vernment was able to develop its mili­ were formerly achieved or which will be tary potential to the present global ag- made in the future the Second Byelorus­ gresssive capabilities. sian National Congress proclaims as de­ Desire for national independence, for­ prived of legal power as well as the other mulated and proclaimed by the representa­ possible efforts for partition of Byelorus­ tives of the Byelorussian people sixty-one sia by other states and peoples. years ago, was approved later by the 4. The Byelorussian Central Council Second Byelorussian National Congress in with President Radoslau Astrouski at the Minsk on June 27, 1944. The Resolution head is acknowledged today as the only of this Congress says as follows: legal representative of the Byelorussian “The Second Byelorussian National Con­ people and their country.” gress, assembled in Minsk a quarter of a The Byelorussian National Guard had century after the First Byelorussian Na­ fought for independence against Soviet tional Congress and having heard the Russian invaders, but this time Byelorus­ speeches concerning the records in Byelo­ sia was conquered again by Soviet Russia. russian at the time between both congresses, decided unanimously the following: At the present time the Moscow Govern­ ment, using systematically deeping russi­ 1. To acknowledge as right and to ac­ fication, deportations of Byelorussians to cept again the historical resolution of the Siberia, and the colonization of Byelorus­ Council of the Byelorussian Democratic sians into a Soviet Russian homogenous Republic, which had authorization from people. the First Byelorussian National Congress in 1917 and which on their assembly on The new Constitution of the USSR, ap­ March 25, 1918, with the solemn Third proved in 1977, and the new Constitution Constitutional Act determined to finally of the BSSR, approved in 1978, did not break off Byelorussia from Bolshevik Mos­ bring any changes to the conditions exist­ cow and the Russian state in all its forms. ing in Byelorussia. These Constitutions are 2. To state, that the Byelorussian people distorting history and misrepresenting the never accept in the future as a form of existing reality.

11 In Chapter 8, Article 70, the USSR The new Constitution does withdraw Constitution states that the USSR was the previous right of union republics to created by a free self-determination of the maintain their own armies. nations, and a voluntary union of equal Articles 73 through 81 and 108 through in rights Soviet Socialist Republics. 142 give full ruling power to the central In reality, there was a military ag­ Government of Moscow over the entire gression, conquest and destruction of the USSR, limiting union republics to subordi­ Byelorussian Democratic Republic by the nated colonial status. Soviet Russian Armies, creation of a pup­ Presently the Soviet Russian Government pet state, the Byelorussian SSR, by the is expanding its domination throughout Government of Moscow, and forced incor­ the entire free world, using misinforma­ poration of Byelorussia into the USSR tion, economic corruption and military in 1922. pressure. Its misinformation, about the USSR as an ideal solution for national Article 72 of the Constitution acknow­ problems of the entire globe, is a shame­ ledges to each union republic the right for less public fraud, that can be easily verified the free separation from the USSR. How­ by its treatment of Byelorussia, and other ever, the slightest expression for national captive nations as well. separation by a non-Russian people is pu­ To stop Soviet Russian expansionism nished most severely by deportation to a and achieve peace, security and national concentration camp, confinement in a justice in the present time, it is necessary psychiatric asylum, or imprisonment. to liberate all the non-Russian subjugated According to Article 80 of the Consti­ nations, including Byelorussia, from the tution, each union republic has the right Soviet Russian colonial bondage and re­ to be in direct relations with foreign store their independence. The Russian states, conclude treaties, and exchange state within its own ethnographic bounda­ diplomatic and consular representatives. ries will not be capable of global ex­ However, to this very day this right exists pansionism and will disappear as a threat only on paper. to world peace.

Ihor Zwarycz (Ukraine) addressing participants of the W YACL Conference, April 1979.

12 50 Years of OUN

In 1979 patriotic Ukrainians in Ukraine to Evhen Konovalets, the OUN made a all over the world are marking the 50th great and historic decision, unprecedented anniversary of the formation of the Or­ in the history of other nations — to wage ganisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) a struggle on two fronts: against the which has carried the brunt of the struggle strongest powers of the day — Germany of the Ukrainian people for their national and Russia. At the initiative of OUN the freedom and independence in the most re­ restoration of the Ukrainian State was cent historical period. proclaimed on 30th June, 1941. The chair­ The Organisation of Ukrainian Natio­ man and members of the Ukrainian • State nalists has grown on the basis of the he­ Government, headed by Jaroslaw Stetsko, roic struggle of the Ukrainian nation in the present leader of the OUN, the leader 1917—1921 for its sovereignty and in­ and members of the Supreme Executive of dependence, on the traditions of the OUN, despite German terror and im­ Ukrainian underground organisations of prisonment in concentration camps, re­ the 1920s, such as the Ukrainian Military fused to revoke this historical act. The Organisation (UVO), whose founder was OUN then called into being the Ukrai­ Colonel Evhen Konovalets and who later nian Insurgent Army (UPA) which waged united various nationalist formations into war on two fronts. At the initiative of the single Organisation of Ukrainian Na­ the OUN and UPA there took place in tionalists (OUN) in 1929. Ukraine, in 1943, the First Conference of the Nations Enslaved by Russian Bol­ Ideological justification for the struggle shevism. By now it has grown into the of the OUN gave Dmytro Dontsov, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) most eminent theoretician of modern which has come forward with the only Ukrainian nationalism. realistic conception of liberation by the The OUN began a new stage in the re­ peoples’ own forces. volutionary liberation struggle of the The period 1943—1950 was marked by Ukrainian nation. It closely related its na­ the heroic deeds of the great strategist of tional and political struggle with the the Ukrainian national revolution, the struggle for social justice, defending the C.-in-C. of the UPA, General Roman Ukrainian people and all its strata from Shukhevych (nom-de-guerre Taras Chup- exploitation by foreign occupants. rynka), the leader of the OUN in Ukraine. The front against all the occupiers of Ukraine, reliance on Ukrainian people’s In 1946—47, representing at the time own forces, and cooperation only with the revolutionary political sovereignty of those external factors which recognise the our nation, the Ukrainian Supreme Libera­ idea of the disintegration of the Russian tion Council (UHVR) which came into empire and the restoration of a free, being at the initiative of the OUN, suc­ sovereign united and independent Ukrai­ cessfully organised a boycott of the “elec­ nian State and other national states of the tions” to the Bolshevist “parliaments” by peoples at present enslaved by Russia — the population of Ukraine. The nation­ this is the signpost of the OUN. wide uprisings in the years 1943—53, i.e. During the period of leadership of Ste­ over a period of ten years, organised by pan Bandera (1940—1959), the successor OUN-UPA, saved many Ukrainians,

13 especially in West Ukraine, from mass de­ mean the collapse of the biggest contempo­ portations and physical annihilation. rary empire in the world — that of Rus­ In the next period, 1953—1959, strikes sia. As a result the political map of the and uprisings initiated by imprisoned world would change radically. OUN is in members of the OUN and UPA fighters the vanguard of Ukraine’s struggle for spread in the concentration camps of Si­ freedom. beria and Kazakhstan, seriously under­ On the 50th anniversary of the OUN mining this system of slavery. we pay tribute to all the freedom fighters, At present, the young generation which heroes of Ukraine, members and non­ has grown up on the ideological founda­ members of OUN, who during the last 50 tions of OUN-UPA, the generation of years gave their lives for the freedom and Valentyn Moroz, has begun a great fight happiness of their country. in the literary, artistic, scientific and Though the struggle is still far from publicistic fields, in particular by clande­ finished, their sacrifices have not been in stine literature. vain. New heroes are born and join the Ukraine is the revolutionary problem of ranks of fighters. Truth, Justice and Free­ the world, because its independence would dom will prevail.

The President of the Republic of Paraguay, Gen. Alfredo Stroessner, receiving the members of the WACL Executive Board, April, 1979. From left to right: Prof. Rafael Rodriguez Lopez, Mrs. Slava Stetsko, Dr. Juan Manuel Frutos — WACL President, President Stroessner, Dr. Carlo Barbiéri Filho.

14 Joseph Prunskis Lithuanian Political Prisoners

Lithuania, one of the Baltic states, was lecting material about Lithuanian guerilla one of the first victims of Soviet Russian fighters. He was condemned again for 10 colonialism. About one tenth of Lithua­ years in a strict regime concentration camp nia’s population was exiled to Siberia and and to 5 years in exile. He was deported thousands died in slave labor camps and to the Soviet Union. His last know ad­ jails. dress : This did not squelch Lithuanian resi­ Mordovskaja ASSR stance. About seven underground papers Zubavo-Polianski rajon, are published in Lithuania. Many books, pos. Sosnovka uz 2e 385-1. banned from circulation in Lithuania, are Balys Gajauskas is a member of the secretly translated, published and distribu­ Lithuanian Helsinki monitoring group. ted in Western countries. Some Lithuan­ 2. JUSTAS GIMBUTAS, bom 1925. ians, such as Romas Kalanta, self-im­ After the Soviet occupation in 1944 he molated shouting in flames "Freedom for was a freedom fighter in the Kretinga Lithuania”. district, the Skuodas area. He was captur­ Moscow has troops and KGB in Li­ ed, condemned to 25 years in a strict re­ thuania. People are severely oppressed and gime concentration camp and deported to dissidents are placed in slave labor camps, Mordovia, camp 385/9. Transferred from jails and even in psychiatric wards. Here one jail to another he reached northern is a list of some of the more important Siberia. There he was additionally punish­ Lithuanian dissidents, but their number in ed to 5 more years. He underwent extreme reality is many times greater. pressure to become an informer. He was 1. BALYS GAJAUSKAS, son of Jonas, tortured. During the 1977 New Years born February 24, 1926, at Vygreliu vil­ Eve, when prisoners were taken to a hall, lage, Vilkaviskis district. For member­ he stepped forward, raised a paper and ship in the guerilla fighters he was arrested said, “What is written here is written with in 1948 and on September 18, 1948 con­ my own blood. I, Justas Gimbutas, state demned for 25 years. He was deported to that no torture whatsoever could break the Soviet Union and kept in the con­ my faithfulness to Jesus Christ and to centration camp at Mordovia. After com­ Lithuania”. pleting his entire punishment sentence, he After that he was again severely beaten was released on May 3, 1973. He returned and placed for 6 months in a lockup room. to Kaunas and took up residence with his His health is very poor. old mother at Kaunas, Spynu St. 3-8 and His last known address is: worked as an electrician. Justas Gimbutas On April 20, 1977 he was arrested Moscow, again, jailed, interrogated and condemned USSR, 5110-1 ZH because: 1. He gave a Polish book, “Bol­ 3. HENRIKAS KLIMASAUSKAS gra­ shevism”, to another person to read. 2. He duated from the Construction Institute and translated one chapter of Solzhenitsyn’s received a senior engineer’s degree while book “Gulag Archipelago” from Russian he was still a deportee in Irkutsk, near into Lithuanian. 3. He compiled a list of Lake Baikal. Subsequently, he worked on Lithuanian political prisoners and was col­ various construction projects and, on the

15 eve of his return to Lithuania, had risen rest is deducted for “room, board and to the rank of chief engineer at the local medical treatment”. Whenever his family construction board. Back in Lithuania, he visits him, four Russians bring him in and continued working in his specialty and supervise the conversation, which is to be became chief of the production department conducted in Russian only. of Kaunas Construction Trust No. 2. Elta, October, 1978, No. 10. In his job, Klimasauskas met up with a 4. VLADAS LAP1ENIS, son of Anta- rather common fraudulent practice. He nas, born June 6, 1906, economist, gra­ observed how some individuals included duate of the department of Economics at non-existent work projects in their reports the Vilnius University. He was arrested and were awarded prizes and bonuses. on October 19, 1976, and accused accord­ Conscientious as he was, he wrote a com­ ing to the criminal code, paragraph 68, plaint to the LSSR People’s Control Board. part 1, of keeping “anti Soviet” literature, When that office failed to investigate, of distributing “The Chronicle of the Klimasauskas submitted a complaint to the Catholic Church in Lithuania” and of USSR People’s Control Board. Following Solzhenitsyn’s “Gulag Archipelago” part I. an investigation, the director of the trust, In July, 1977, he was condemned to a Vitkus, and the chief engineer, Stanke- 3 year sentence and deported to a con­ vicius, both members of the Communist centration camp in the Soviet Union. Party, were each fined 500 rubles. They Because his health did not permit him to retaliated by denouncing Klimasauskas to perform heavy work, he was twice locked the KGB. in the punishment lockup room. He is On February 13, 1976, Klimasauskas married and is already 72 years old. was arrested on his way to work. His of­ His last known address is: fice and apartment were searched. During Mordovia the search, security agents discovered more Tengushevo rayon than a dozen copies of Solzhenitsyn’s Barashev “Gulag Archipelago” in Lithuanian transla­ ucr. ZhX 385/3/51 tion. Klimasauskas was promptly arrested. In his letter Vladas Lapienis writes (see For a while he was kept in the Vilnius ELTA, No. 8, August, 1978): “From De­ prison and was then transferred to a cember 9, 1977, to January 27, 1978, I psychiatric hospital. He was then diagnos­ was in a hospital. On February 17, the ed as an “invalid of group two”, i.e., suf­ commander told me that a committee of fering from a persecution mania. He was physicians (which I have never seen) de­ said to suffer from a “delusion” that KGB scribed me as healthy, fully able-bodied, were persecuting him. and classified me as belonging to the third On August 1976, Klimasauskas was sent invalidity group, which gives the camp to a psychiatric hospital in the former administration an unlimited right to assign East Prussian town of Insterburg (Isrutis, prisoners to any kind of work. I was im­ in Lithuanian). Its present address is: mediately ordered to go to the boiler room 238100 Kaliningradskaya Oblast, Gorod and to start working as a stoker. This is Cherniakhovsk, Psichicheskaya bolnitsa, difficult work: one must carry in coal USSR. In the morning, he is taken to the from the outside, saw wood, carry out city where he supervises construction coal and ashes, stoke the burner... I replied projects. At night, he is again placed to him that my old age and poor health behind locked doors with the mental (frequent exhausting headaches, low blood patients. His official monthly wages are pressure, radiculitis and a weak heart) 120 rubles, but all he gets is 12 rubles. The would make it impossible for me to per­

16 form such work... They locked me up for the Catholic youth organization “Ateiti- seven days, forbade me to receive food ninkai” he was arrested in 1947, sentenced parcels this year, and forbade me to pur­ to 10 years and deported to a slave labor chase food in the camp store during the camp in Siberia. There he received an ad­ month of February. ditional punishment of 10 years, however, 5. PETRAS PAULAIT1S, born 1904 in as a minor he was released after 6 years. Kalnenai, Jurbarkas county, Raseiniai He graduated from a middle school in district. From 1926 he attended the Uni­ 1957, but the same year during Christmas versity of Milan, Italy, and received a he was again arrested and sentenced to 8 doctor’s degree. In 1939 he returned to years, and again deported. After comple­ Lithuania. He was chairman of the district ting his term of punishment he returned of Raseiniai, a teacher of Latin and Ger­ to Lithuania. man at Jurbarkas High School. During He is a graduate of the University of the Nazi occupation he worked under­ Vilnius, a specialist in Lithuanian litera­ ground, in the movement agitating the ture but was barred from working in his Nazis in their fight for a “New Europe”. profession. He was punished for his par­ In October 1943 he was detained by the ticipation in a Catholic youth organization Gestapo, but managed to escape. He con­ and for distributing books written by tinued to hide for some time. emigre writers which had been written Under the Soviet Russian occupation he before Lithuania’s annexation into the was an active freedom fighter, working Soviet Union. in the information section. He was arrested Lately he has been residing in Vilnius by the Soviet forces on April 10, 1947 at and working as a sacristan at the church. Batakiai woods, district of Taurage. For During the trial of human rights activist 6 months he was kept in solitary confi­ and Amnesty International member Sergei nement at Vilnius KGB headquarters and Kovalyov in December, 1975, Petkus was sentenced to 25 years in a concentration detained by the police in order to prevent camp. After an amnesty in 1956 he re­ him from attending the trial and front turned to Lithuania. He worked in a can­ meeting other human rights activists. ning factory in Kaunas. He was arrested Being a dissident activist he was one of again in 1957 and accused of activities the organizers of the Helsinki monitoring among the students of the Polytechnical group in Lithuania. He was arrested on institute. On April 12, 1958 he was sen­ August 24, 1977, jailed, and subjected to tenced again to 25 years in a strict regime intense interrogations. His trial started on concentration camp and deported to Mor­ July 10, 1978. He refused to go to the dovia. He had to be released on April 12, court hall and was forcibly taken there 1973, however, he still remains in his place with his eyes blindfolded. His trial con­ of punishment. He has been suffering in tinued for three days. Despite favorable Soviet slave labor camps for more than statements by witnesses, on July 13, 1978, 30 years. In his letters he complains, he was sentenced to 3 years in a strict jail, “Medical conditions are poor. Almost to 7 years in concentration camps and to nothing is available in our drugstore”. 5 years in exile. His last known address is: Petras Paulaitis He was kept at the Vladimir jail and Mordovskaja ASSR later transferred to: 422950 Tatarskaja St. Potma, P /ja 2H KH 385/19-3 ASSR, g. Christopol UE-148 St. -4. 6. VIKTORAS PETKUS, born 1929 For a certain time he was confined to in the Raseiniai district. For his activity in a psychiatric hospital.

17 7. PETRAS PLUMPA-PUURAS, born district. In 1955 she completed the 1939, district of Rokiskis, worker, married, Anyksciai middle school. father of two children, resided in Kaunas. She was arrested on August 27, 1974, He was arrested in 1957 at the age of 18, accused, interrogated and charged with accused of keeping weapons, actually possession of the 11th issue of the a knife for home use, some rusted parts of “Chronicle of the Catholic Church in a gun and a grenade without an activating Lithuania”, found in her typewriter when device. He was condemned to a 7 year her apartment was searched by the Soviet sentence and kept in a concentration camp secret police. in Mordavia. Upon completion of his During the preliminary hearing Nijole sentence in 1965 he returned to Lithuania. refused to reveal anything to her inter­ He was arrested again in November 19, rogators, who then threatened to have her 1973, interrogated, and for duplicating put into a psychiatric hospital. For two and distributing “The Chronicle of the months no food was allowed to be brought Catholic Church in Lithuania” on De­ to her from outside. At the end of cember 24, 1974 he was sentenced to 8 January, 1975, she wrote the prosecuting years in a strict regime concentration camp. attorney a letter of protest about the way He was deported to the Soviet Union. His her hearing was conducted and about the last known address is: threats to have her taken to a psychiatric District of Perm hospital. 618263, Cusovoj kraj, Kuchino, In March the members of the invest­ VS 389/36-2, USSR. igating committee contacted two of the 8. NIJOLE SADUNAITE, daughter of local psychiatric hospitals in the city of Jonas, born 1939, Dotnuva, Kedainiu Vilnius inquiring whether Nijole Sadu-

Korean and ABN delegates at the 12th WACL Conference held in Asuncion, Paraguay, April 1979. From left to right: Mr. Yeong-Soo Sue (Korea), Dr. Basil Mailat (Rumania), Prof. S. Halamay (Ukraine), Prof. G. Corbi (Argentina), Dr. N. Labrada Bernal (Cuba).

18 naite had ever been a patient there. The mily of Simas Kudirka. On March 5, 1974 answer from both hospitals was negative. he was sentenced to 6 years in a strict In April, 1975 Nijole’s case was regime concentration camp under Penal transferred from case No. 345 to a separate Code 68. He was deported to Mordovia. file numbered 416. His last known address is: While awaiting her trail in prison, Ni- Moskva, ucr. 5110/1 VS USSR Permskaja jole Sadunaite was seriously ill with bron­ obi., 618623 Cusovskij raj., pos. Kucino, chitis and angina. ucrezd. VS 389/36 On June 16-17, 1975, her trial took Sarunas Zukauskas. place and the decision of the court was read: “Nijole Sadunaite has been found 10. ALGIS 2YPRE, son of Pranas, born guilty according to the Criminal Code of July 7, 1927 at Pakalniskiu village, the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Skuodas county, Kretinga district. His paragraph 68, of the publication and mother was deported to Siberia and he distribution of the “Chronicle of the had been in hiding since 1944. Later he Catholic Church in Lithuania” and is joined the freedom fighters. When amnesty sentenced to three years compulsory labor was declared for the partisans, he tried to and three years in exile.” By the decision enter a school but was not granted permis­ of the court her typewriter was confiscat­ sion. He then worked on construction. He ed. was arrested on April 23, 1958, and On the afternoon of June 20, 1975, sentenced to 25 years, disregarding that security agents took all of Nijole’s papers fact that amnesty was granted all freedom and, having searched her belongings once fighters and disregarding the fact that the again, they brought her to the concentra­ penal code was changed to a maximum tion camp at this address: punishment of 15 years. Mordovskayia ASSR He was to be released on January 14, 431200 Tengushevskiy ray. 1973, however, he is still being kept in a pos. Barashevo, uchr. Zh X 385-3-4. concentration camp at Mordovia. After his sentence had ended he wrote to the ap­ In 1977 she was exiled to Krasnojarsk propriate justice departments asking to be region her address there is: released. After repeatedly writing petitions SSSR, Krasnojarskij kraj, 663430 to be released, he was on October 13, 1973, Boguchani, Partizanskaja 17 kv. 1 locked in the psychiatric ward at the Bara­ Sadunaite Nijole, Jono shevo concentration camp 385-3-12, in During her stay in the concentration Mordovia. camps and exile Nijole survived a heart Here he was kept in isolation from the attack. She later contracted a flu and an outside world, his window completely ear inflammation, but no medical help covered. He was not permitted to walk in was available. Ever since then her hearing has been partly impaired. the fresh air. He was severely beaten on October 20, 1973 and on February 7, 1975. 9. SARUNAS 2UKAUSKAS, born 1950 He received injections of chemicals that in Kaunas, student at the school of me­ damaged his mentality. He was kept at dicine in his third year. He was arrested in 1973 and jailed for keeping and the Moscow Butyrki jail. His health is distributing forbidden literature, for under­ poor. Damaging chemicals deteriorated his ground activities, for editing the under­ heart, he is getting weak and gradually ground paper Naujasis Varpas (The New losing his sight. He has severe internal Bell), and for giving support to the fa­ pains. He is permitted to receive only one

19 package per year. His last known address But she, too, received only three of my is: 420082 Tatarskaya ASSR last five letters... Mutilation by drugs is gorod Kazan 82 UE 148 constant here., they do not intend to stop st. 6 Zipre A.P. (section 7) giving aminazine to me... They have kept me in the same ward with seriously ill As informed by ELTA (February 1979, patients, they made me lie on a mattress No. 2), the Lithuanian Information Ser­ wet with urine... (in the psychiatric ward), vice in the USA, Mr. Zypre in his letter I am the only political prisoner. The cor­ communicated: “Since April 7, 1978, I respondence of the original (criminal) have been in Kazan. Here, they are prisoners... is not restricted... The shortage exercising methodical pressure on me of drugs here is complete... Physicians are from all sides. I am totally forbidden to not independent when they are treating correspond with anybody, except my sister. political prisoners...”

Prime Minister of Bavaria, Germany, Dr. Franz Josef Strauss, meets Ukrainian delega­ tion. From left to right: Mr. A. Melnyk, Mrs. Slava Stetsko, Mr. Valentyn Moroz — released Ukrainian freedom fighter, and his translater — Mr. Roman Szuper.

REPORT FROM THE BERIA RESERVE the protest writings of VALENTYN MOROZ edited and translated Peter Martin Associates Limited by John Kolasky 35 Britain Street Toronto, Canada M5A 1R7

20 Janka Kupala

(July 8. 1882 — June 28. 1942) Byelorussian National Poet

Janka Kupala (Lutsevich) was the most After the establishment of Russian Com­ talented and prominent writer of poetry munist rule in Whiteruthenia Janka Ku­ and prose in modern Whiteruthenian (Byelo­ pala wrote very little. In 1930 he attempt­ russian) literature. He was born on the 8 th ed suicide in protest against the sharp of July, 1882, in Vyazynka, in the Vya- anti-Whiteruthenian and Russianizing po­ leyka district of central Whiteruthenia. His licy of Moscow. He was saved and cured, parents were tenants of a small farm. His but from that time onward was kept first works were published as early as 1905, under the close surveillance of the Soviet and the first collection of his poems, “The police. In 1942 a second attempt at suicide, Flute,” which appeared in 1908, de­ which proved successful, freed him from monstrated the unusual talent of the bard spiritual slavery. of the Whiteruthenian peasantry. Kupala’s The main sources of Kupala’s writings poetic horizons soon began to expand are Whiteruthenian oral folk literature and beyond peasant problems and experiences, his own knowledge of his people’s way of and the idea of national liberation pene­ life. He wrote much about the life of the trated his writings. At the same time he Whiteruthenian peasants, and about the li­ was perfecting himself as an artist. It was beration of his country. His works include not long before he became not only the a number of political satires. There are also most prominent and representative poet of poems about nature, and love lyrics, such Whiteruthenian literature but also the as “She and I,” as well as poems based on spiritual leader of his people, who were folk legends. awakening to national political conscious­ Technically, Kupala’s poetry has unu­ ness. sually vigorous and musical rhythms, rich and varied forms, and vivid imagery per­ His next poetic works were “The Bard” vaded by spiritual feeling. (1910) and his most artistic and mature Kupala’s influence on the Whiteruthen­ collections, “Along the Road of Life” ian people was immense. The younger ge­ (1913), “Heritage” (1922) and “Name­ neration of Whiteruthenian writers was less (1925). nourished on his works. From the artistic Kupala was not only a poet but also a point of view his writings enriched and writer of prose and plays. He wrote two developed the literary language of modem symbolic dramatic poems. “Eternal Song” Whiteruthenia. But his works were also an (1908) and “A Dream on a Burial Mound” inspiration to his people, a forceful stimulus to them in their struggle for national li­ (1910); a dramatic show, “The Halt,” a beration in 1917—1921. comedy in prose “Paulinka” (1912), a na­ The patriotic poetry of Kupala has not tional social drama “The Scattered Nest” lost its national revolutionary influence (1913), a farce “The Bridegroom Accepted even today. Kupala has become the into the Family” (1914), and a satirical acknowledged poet and prophet of the tragi-comedy “The Natives” (1920). Whiteruthenian national rebirth.

21 In Defence of Yuriy Shukhevych

Testimony of Walter Chopiwskyj before the 34th Legislature State of Arizona, Senate Judiciary Committee.

Mr. Chairman, Members of this Com­ the Ukrainian Public Group to promote mittee. implementation of the Helsinki Agreement My name is Walter Chopiwskyj, Presi­ was in “flagrant violation of human rights dent of the National Captive Nations and an affront to the United States, as Committee — Arizona Branch, an or­ signatory of the Helsinki Agreement” ganization established in accordance with stated in Illinois House of Representatives the Joint Congressional Resolution signed Resolution 47. into Public Law 86-90 by President Eisen­ The Memorial before you, examplifies hower. one particular case of a young man, who The Resolution calls for observance of at the age 15, was arrested, convicted and “Captive Nations Week” each year until... sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment for “freedom and independence shall be achiev­ crimes he never committed, only because ed by all nations”... enumerated in the he was the son of a General of the Ukrai­ resolution. nian Insurgent Army, who fought the Since that time, we have drastically Nazi and the Soviet Russian occupational moved from the position of cold war and forces of Ukraine. confrontation to "peaceful-coexistance”, “cooperation, detente”, and the Helsinki In 1950, General Roman Shukhevych agreement, which brings us to the issue was killed in a battle with the security of Human Rights. units of the KGB, then under the name of We are all aware of the situation behind MVD. His son already a political prisoner the Iron Curtain, especially in the Soviet for two years, was offered release from Union. National rights and human rights prison on the condition that he publicly are not being observed. On the contrary, denounce his father. The moral conviction the number of prisons and concentration of the boy dictated him that he could not camps has tripled since the Stalin era, ac­ do it. His answer was a clear NO! Fi­ cording to the testimony by a former po­ nishing his 10 years of imprisonment, the litical prisoner before the Committee of offer was repeated, and the answer was the United States Congress. the same — NO! As a result of this, (based The russification process is being enforced on trumpt-up) charges of anti-soviet acti­ in all of the non-Russian nations occupied vities while in prison, he was sentenced to by the forces of the so-called Soviet Union. an additional 10 years of incarceration. Those who are defending their national After having served a total of 20 years rights, their cultural heritage, language and in prisons and concentration camps, Yuriy tradition, are persecuted, prosecuted and Shukhevych was released and exiled into placed in prisons, concentration camps and Siberia and prohibited to return to his psychiatric asylums. According to nume­ native Ukraine. rous testimonies and article in “Battle While in Siberia, Yuriy married and Line”, an ACU publication, 70% of the had a son named Yarema. But he only political prisoners are Ukrainians. enjoyed 4 years of relative freedom in a The recent arrests of Mykola Rudenko foreign land, when he was arrested again, and Oleksa Tykhy for being members of this time just because he had signed a col­

22 lective letter in defense of Ukrainian hi­ 26 years in prisons, almost a two-thirds of storian Valentyn Moroz, who was sen­ his lifetime. Will he be able to survive tenced to imprisonment for Ukrainian 4 more years before his scheduled release? Nationalism. — Moroz, has now become Will he be released — or will he draw 10 a symbol among all political prisoners of more years of incarceration? the USSR. There is a large number of Ukrainian- Yuriy Shukhevych received a sentence Americans and Ukrainian Canadians who of 10 years imprisonment in the most cruel are ready with a moral and financial sup­ prison — the Vladimir prison in Moscow. port, such that the Shukhevych family will His son, was only 2 years old, when Yuriy not become a burden for this country. was taken away for the third 10 years of Mr. Chairman, Members of this Commit­ imprisonment. His wife and his son now 9 tee, I humbly ask you for passage of this years old, are suffering severe hardship. Memorial. Yuriy himself, now 46 years old, has spent Thank You.

Concurrent Memorial

Introduced by Senator Usdane (State of Arizona)

Urging the President and the Congress of Whereas, during his ten year imprison­ the United States to open negotiations ment he drew an additional sentence of ten with the Soviet Union for the Release of years incarceration for refusing to de­ Yuri) Shukhevych. nounce his father and the underground; and To the President and the Congress of Whereas, in 1968 he was released and the United States of America: banished from Ukraine into Siberian exile; Your memorialist respectfully represents: and Whereas, the President of the United Whereas, in March 1972, on the fabri­ States has expressed deep concern for cated charges of the KGB of “national human rights in the world; and activities”, Yurij was rearrested and sen­ Whereas, the President and Members of tenced to another ten years of imprison­ the United States Congress have interve­ ment; and ned in several cases on behalf of individu­ Whereas, during the brief time of free­ als who have been deprived of their human dom, he married and had a son; and rights in the Soviet Union; and Whereas, his wife and son have suffered Whereas, Yuriy Shukhevych, a Ukrai­ enormous hardships as the family of a nian, has been incarcerated in Soviet prisons Ukrainian political prisoner; and for almost thirty years; and Whereas, the crimes committed by Yurij Whereas, in 1948, when only fifteen Shukevych cannot be considered crimes in years old, Yurij Shukhevych was arrested any civilized society; and and sentenced to ten years of imprison­ Whereas, Ukrainian-Americans have in­ ment simply because he was the son of a dicated their willingness to support, moral­ Ukrainian General of the Ukrainian In­ ly and financially, the Shukhevych family; surgent Army; and and

23 Whereas, the people of the State of request an exit visa for him and his family Arizona are gravely concerned over the and extend to them political asylum in the treatment of Yuriy Shukhevych and his United States. family and condemn the action of the 2. That these negotiations with the Soviet Government for arresting Yuriy Soviet Government for the release and Shukhevych at the age of fifteen years and emigration of Yuriy Shukhevych and his keeping him imprisoned for almost thirty family offer, if necessary, an exchange years. similar to numerous exchanges already Wherefore your memorialist, the Senate consummated to secure freedom of victims of the State of Arizona, the House of Re­ of the Soviet Union’s unjust penal system. presentatives concurring, prays: 3. That the Secretary of State of the State of Arizona transmit certified copies 1. That the President of the United of this Memorial to the President of the States, the Secretary of State of the United United States, the Secretary of State of the States and the Members of the Congress United States, the President of the United of the United States immediately open States Senate, the Speaker of the House of negotiations with the government of the Representatives of the United States and to Soviet Union to seek the release of Yuriy each Member of the Arizona Congressional Shukhevych from imprisonment and to Delegation.

Young members of the Republican Party in Arizona created a committee for the release of Yurij Shukhevych.

24 Mykhailo Melnyk Murdered by the KGB

The murder on March 6th of Mykhailo to labour camps prominent intellectuals, Melnyk, a historian and poet, was the re­ students, workers and faithful of many sult of his close connection with the Ukrai­ churches, the KGB also persecutes their nian Group For Monitoring the Obser­ wives, children and relatives. Oksana vance of the Helsinki Human Rights Meshko, who herself spent 10 years in a Agreement by the Russian Government. Russian concentration camp, is constantly This is yet another example of the price being subjected to raids and searches by many have to pay to courageously resist the KGB for belonging to the Ukrainian the Soviet-Russian system of intrigue and Helsinki Monitoring Group, while her repression. son Oleksander Serhiyenko languishes in a Mykhailo Melnyk died under suspicious Russian concentration camp. A similar circumstances following a raid by the KGB fate has befallen Raisa Rudenko, whose on his home outside Kyiv. During this husband Mykola, a poet and leader of the same time, Oles’ Berdnyk, the noted wri­ Ukrainian “Helsinki” Monitoring Group, ter and philosopher who became the leader was sentenced to 12 years deprivation of of the Ukrainian “Helsinki” Monitoring freedom last year. Group after the arrest of Mykola Rudenko It is clear from these incidents and tra­ last year, has apparently vanished with­ gedies that the KGB, already notorious for out a trace which strongly suggests that its unbridled campaigns involving intrigue he too was arrested by the KGB. and repression, will stop at nothing to This is not the first time that prominent crush one’s love of freedom. Where perse­ Ukrainians have become victims of KGB cution and harassment do not bring the plots; there have been many others. Barely desired results, it resorts to eliminating a year has passed since Rostyslaw Palets- those brave men and women who dare to kyj, a well-known artist from the Odessa speak out against the destruction of their region of Ukraine, died under similar sus­ culture and of their desire for freedom picious circumstances following a visit by which they hold so dearly. a stranger to his house. The events which These actions by the KGB are clearly a led to the death of Alla Horska in 1970, mockery of the Helsinki Human Rights another talented artist, also strongly sug­ Agreement which the Russian government gests that this was the result of a well signed. thought out plan on the part of the KGB. We hope that you will raise your voice Thus Russian colonial imperialism finds of protest by appealing to the media and many ways to eliminate Ukrainian patriots your representative to parliament. who demand freedom for Ukraine. It is therefore apparent that the KGB Committee in Defence of campaigns of harassment and repression Ukrainian Political have no bounds! Besides arresting, confin­ Prisoners ing to psychiatric asylums and deporting 49, Linden Gardens, Londen, W. 2

There are no beds in Poland because the Party is on guard, the enemy is awake, the patriots are behind bars and the workers are sleeping on roses.

25 Ukrainian-Americans Valuable National Resource

The following article is by George Woloshyn, a Federal attorney who is working with ACU in setting up the Alliance for Freedom, a group which will promote greater involvement by Americans of European origin in America’s political process.

Mention the word “Ukraine” to the can equal the intense loyalty and pa­ average American and you’ll draw either triotism Ukrainians have toward their a total blank or a vague comment that it adopted American homeland and tradi­ is part of “Russia”. But to two million tional American virtues. It would be hard Americans of Ukrainian origin, this vague to find a Ukrainian in a welfare line, in miscomprehension is an everyday source of prison, or in a “peace” demonstration. chagrin and concern. For, most Ukrainians Ukrainians started arriving in this will tell you, and many Sovietologists will country in substantial numbers in the confirm, that the future of Western ci­ 1870s, although there is some evidence that vilization may well be decided in this solitary soldiers of fortune, such as John geopolitically vital link between Europe Adams (“Adamchuk”) had arrived even and Asia. earlier to help in the American Revolution. Ukraine has long been an object of Destitute peasants flocked to our coal bitter contest among European powers. mines and factories to work as laborers and Russia, Germany, Poland, Austro-Hungary, domestics. By 1945, they had established Turkey and France have all vied at one a viable base for absorption of the 100,000 time or another to gain control or influence highly nationalistic professional and skilled over the fabulous resources and wealth of workers that sought refuge from Nazi and Ukraine. As the second most populous Soviet repressions. state in the Soviet Union and third largest In the last two decades there has been nation in Europe, Ukraine has the poten­ a virtual explosion of Ukrainian communi­ tial of playing a leading role in world af­ ty activity fueled by the zealous political fairs. Without Ukraine, the Soviet Union passions of the new arrivals. Their energy would never have been able to challenge and faith infected the earlier generations the peace and security of the Free World. of Ukrainian-Americans and together they Few nations have been blessed with such set out to construct a framework from an abundance of wealth and beauty, variety which to pursure their ancestral dream of of climate and terrain. Ironically, however, Ukrainian freedom. even fewer nations can claim the devasta­ Two-thirds of the Ukrainian community tion and bloodshed that these gifts have is concentrated in the states of New York, brought upon its people. The toll of human Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Illinois and life in Ukraine during the 60-plus years Ohio. They have established educational of Soviet rule has been estimated at 20 institutes ranging from kindergartens to million ■— a “holocaust” of unprecedented colleges. They developed a dynamic and proportions designed to eliminate the spirited media network consisting of ap­ Ukrainian threat to Soviet Russian hege­ proximately 60 periodicals and dozens of mony. radio broadcasting programs. Their children It is no wonder then, that Ukrainians find wholesome release of their energies in cling so tenaciously and fiercely to their a national network of scout and youth national identity, culture, and pride, and camps and resorts. yet, very few communities in this country Four Ukrainian insurance companies and

26 several dozen savings institutions serve the Democratic Vice-Presidential candidate), financial needs of the community. Touring Dr. Joseph V. Charyk (President of theatrical, dance, choir, opera and “rock” COMSAT), Dr. George Kistiakowsky groups provide cultural nourishment and (former Chairman of the President’s an outlet for creative talent. After a long Science Advisory Commission), Igor Si­ and intensive campaign, Ukrainians contri­ korsky (of helicopter fame), Alexander buted several million dollars to Harvard Archipenko (the world renowned sculptor), University for the establishment of a Gen. Samuel Jaskilka (retired Assistant Ukrainian research and study center where Vice Commandant, Marine Corps), Walter scholars can earn doctoral degrees in Tkaczuk (New York Rangers), and Miss Ukrainian studies. Annelise Ilchenko (Miss USA, 1976). Almost every large community is serv­ In sum, the Ukrainian-American is pro­ ed by stores selling Ukrainian books, arti­ foundly “American” and “conservative” in facts, records, greeting cards, etc.; clubs that he wholeheartedly embraces and per­ and “national homes” for organizational sonifies those principles that dominate the and social affairs; and hundreds of profes­ conservative movement: a fierce hatred of sional, educational, cultural, charitable, tyranny; disdain for government hand­ athletic, political and religious organiza­ outs; impatience with criminal-coddling tions of local, regional and national di­ laws; a deep concern about the decline of mensions. Several major resorts host thou­ American power and prestige; a proponent sands of Ukrainians from around the of greater intelligence activity; and a rug­ world for summer or year-round recreation ged, make-do, assertive individualism. and conventions. Every year, for example, In addition, he is fired with a deep and one major resort in the Catskills is host unceasing concern about the fate of the to 10,000 Ukrainians rallying during the peoples behind the Iron Curtain, and a Labor Day weekend in support of their willingness to make all necessary sacrifices political aspirations. in confronting and destroying Soviet Rus­ Ukrainians have a well-earned reputa­ sian power. Above all, he realizes that a tion as a hard-working, thrifty and am­ free and independent Ukraine would bitious people. They place great value on necessarily spell the doom of Soviet Rus­ education and a far greater proportion of sian expansionism, and conversly, the con­ Ukrainians attend private schools and col­ tinued subjugation of Ukraine and the leges than the national average. Five times other captive nations lends momentum to as many Ukrainians are enrolled in post­ Moscow’s dream of world domination. graduate courses than the average for Ame­ From all available data it appears that ricans in general. The income of Ukrainian the aspirations of the Ukrainian-American families exceeds the national average by are shared by his 45 million brethren in 15-20 percent and home ownership exceeds the Soviet Union, who, according to re­ it by 25 percent. ports from former denizens of the Gulag, Today, Ukrainians proudly boast of comprise 70 percent of the prison popula­ such successful Americans as Jack Palance, tion and hundreds more who are daily Sandra Dee, Judge John S. Gonas (former rising in defiance.

“We are as unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed.” II. Corinthians, VI, 9.

27 US Military Warns Carter

More than 170 retired generals and jectives represented “a real and growing admirals have warned US President Jimmy threat to Western security”. It said Soviet Carter of what they describe as an “in­ Russian influence and power had expanded creasing Soviet challenge” to the United in the eastern Mediterranean, the Red Sea States. and the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan had In an open letter, they said a national come under Soviet Russian control and intelligence estimate that is described as “anti-American forces” were harassing the “the most authoritative US Government governments in Iran and Turkey. evaluation of intelligence data” had final­ Cuban mercenaries were described as ly acknowledged that the Russians were carrying out Soviet policies in Angola, “heading for superiority, not parity, in the Ethiopia, Zaire, Syria and Lebanon. military arena”. The writers also mentioned a point raised The letter said a US inter-agency study by nuclear scientists, academic students of on the global military balance concluded Soviet policy and many foreign and US recently that “in a non-nuclear conflict intelligence analysts: “Soviet defence li­ between the Soviet Union and the United terature expressly rejects the Western States in the Middle East, Israel alone doctrine of ‘mutual assured destruction’. might deter Soviet combat forces’ in­ It rejects specifically the notion that tervention or prevent the completion of nuclear war means suicide. Soviet forces such deployment”. are structured to fight, survive and win a Were it not for the ability of Israel’s nuclear war.” ground forces, the officers declared, the United States would have to station signi­ ficant forces and equipment in the Middle Wolfsang Strauss East. The signers, among whom were six ge­ nerals, 15 lieutenant-generals and four admirals, included Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, NATIOH former chief of naval operations; Gen. Paul Freeman, former army commander oder in Europe; Gen. T. W. Parker, former army chief of staff in Europe; Gen. Albert Wedemeyer, who was commander of the KLASSE China theatre of operations at the end of the Second World War; Maj.-Gen. John 60 Jahre Kampf gegen die Singlaub, former chief of staff, US forces Oktoberrevolution - in Korea and Maj.-Gen. George Keegan, Geschichte des former chief of intelligence, US Air Force. Widerstandes in der The Soviet Union’s “imperial objectives” UdSSR were described as the neutralization of Western Europe, partly by denying it ac­ cess to oil, the encirclement of China and the isolation of the United States. The letter said the Soviet Russian focus on the Middle East to reach these ob­

28 'WACL Against Russification

Resolutions passed at the X II WACL Conference in Asuncion, Paraguay April 28, 1979

Defence of National Independence for of mass anti-Russian demonstrations in the Subjugated Nations Georgia and Armenia; Because Russian Bolshevist imperialism Because russification is directed at the aims at the conquest of the whole world destruction of national entities by means and the subjugation of all nations and of a forceful removal of mother languages people, through constant aggression, pro­ of subjugated nations and instead the in­ vocation of constant new peripheral wars troduction of the Russian language in in Asia and Africa, through the military schools, public offices, mass media, in lite­ support to communist upheavals under the rary works, in humanistic and other disguise of so-called national liberation sciences, “soc-realism” in cultural creativity wars, through internal subversions and (namely enforced Russian ways of life — turmoils inside free nations, through dis­ bolshevism, Russian traditions), the co­ integration by Marxism, Communism and lonization of non-Russian subjugated left liberalism of national and human countries by Russians, deportations and morale inside free societies of the world, mixing of peoples, aimed at the artificial through the negation and destruction of creation of so-called Soviet people — national traditions and religious beliefs, namely a Russian supernation — streng­ through sharpening of national conflicts thened the resistance and counter-action of in the Middle East in order to get access the subjugated nations aimed at defending to the Persian Gulf and warm waters; their own spiritual, cultural, national and Because while the subjugated nations are biological existence; fearlessly fighting by all possible means for Because the new constitution of the USSR their national independence, for the dis­ as the most reactionary basic law of all solution of the Russian Empire and the empires ever known aims to guarantee the liquidation of the communist system, Rus­ absolute supreme role of a Russian super­ sian chauvinism, racism and communism by nation, the indivisibility of the Russian its linguicide, ethno-, cultural-, geno-, and Soviet empire and total subjugation of na­ natiocidal policy (the total russification of tions and individuals; subjugated nations) strives to crush the Because Russian imperialism and bolshe­ subjugated nations. vism endeavors to crush the national libera­ Because in November 1978, the Rus­ tion revolutionary struggle of the subjuga­ sian chauvinists and racists, with the help ted nations as the main obstacle in con­ of its colonial government of the Ukrainian quering the world and simultaneously is SSR issued a decree of total russification preparing by the accumulation of an un­ of schools and pedagogical institutes in heard of armament to unlesh through an Ukraine, similarly decreed in Byelorussia, accelerated tempo and unexpected attack, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Kazakhstan the third world war; or as in 1978 when they tried to abolish from the constitution of Georgian and The 12th Conference of WACL decides Armenian SSR their mother languages and 1) To support, as possible alternative to to introduce instead the Russian language a third world war, the independent so­ as the sole official language, but were vereign force on the world political arena compelled to withdraw under the pressure — the subjugated nations in the Soviet

29 Russian empire, their national liberation of the most natural rights of a child — revolutions — namely, of Ukraine, to learn in its own mother language in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Byelorussia, Byelorussia, Kasakhstan, Caucasian Re­ Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, North publics and in languages of national groups Caucasus, Turkestan, Cossackia, Idel-Ural, included in the Russian FSSR and to de­ Siberia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, mand restoration of sovereign rights to Poland, Eastern Germany, Slovakia, mother languages for all countries occupied Czechia, Croatia, Albania, Cuba, North by Moscow. Korea, Vietnam and other subjugated na­ 5) To appeal to President Jimmy Carter tions in their struggle for national in­ to incorporate as an integral part of US dependence and freedom. foreign policy towards the USSR the re­ 2) To protest against the attitude of alization of the American Congress Law considering the liberation of the subjugated on the national independence of the na­ nations and the realization of national and tions subjugated by Russia and communism human rights as an internal problem of the nations from 1959, UN resolutions on de­ Russian empire but instead, according to colonization — it means, dissolution of all international law agreements and resolu­ empire of the world, including the Russian, tions of the United Nations and according UN resolutions of legality (from the inter­ to human and God’s laws to consider the national law point of view) of military disintegration of the Russian empire and support to the liberation struggle of the the establishment of independent national subjugated nations against colonial empires; states as the basic foundation of the new 6) To appeal to President Jimmy Carter just order in the world for which the and governments of other free world entire free world should strive. countries to stop economic and techno­ 3) To appeal to the governments, par­ logical support etc. to the USSR and its liaments and public opinion of the Free satellites until the political and religious World to organize actions against the rus­ prisoners of the subjugated nations are sification of the subjugated nations and the released, the concentration camps and annulment of the Ukrainian SSR govern­ psychiatric prisons are disbanded, the rus­ ment’s decree dictated by Moscow (see sification is stopped, the persecution of the Nov. 11, 1978 Radianska Osvita [Soviet churches is ceased, the Russian occupation­ Education] — “Raising the standard of ary armies and Russian apparatus of ter­ learning and teaching of the Russian ror is withdrawn from the subjugated language in schools and pedagogical insti­ countries and the national and human tutes of the republic”) by which the Rus­ rights in the subjugated countries are re­ sian language in Ukrainian schools re­ alized; ceived privileged position ousting the 7) To appeal to the enemies of the Rus­ Ukrainian mother language, similar to the sian empire to consider in the unavoidable tyrannical Tsarist Ems Ukas (decree) a war with the Russian empire the subjuga­ hundred years ago wherein the Ukrainian ted nations with their strivings for national language was forbidden or to the Valuev independence and freedom who constitute Ukas (decree): “non-existence of the almost 2/3 of the population of the Rus­ Ukrainian language”. sian empire with the satellites as the de­ 4) To condemn similar criminal violations cisive factor.

30 On the Liberation of Byelorussia from Soviet Russian Slavery

WHEREAS, the communist Soviet for the limitless exploitation of the work­ Russian empire, called officially the USSR, ing people; has recently superimposed its dominating WHEREAS, the Government of the influence on Angola, Mozambique, Ethio­ pia, Afganistan, South Yemen and Cam­ USSR is using the present time to increase rapidly its own potential for the inten­ bodia; tion of world domination: by an artificial WHEREAS, the USSR is preparing unification through enforced Russification further expansions in Oman, North Yemen of the multi-national population of the and Iran, encircling the largest oil depo­ USSR; 2) by achieving a completely sits around the Persian Gulf, with the aim centralized economy for the entire USSR, of applying the policy of oil strangulation while ignoring the local needs of union against Western Europe, Japan and other republics; 3) by increasing its military free countries; might to a magnitude, surpassing any pos­ sible combination of the free world in this WHEREAS, the immense military ca­ respect; the new union republics’ Con­ pabilities and effective strategic positions stitutions of 1978 are serving this purpose of the USSR are openly demonstrated by — the previous right of union republics its presence and activities on the entire to maintain their own armies has been globe, threatening the freedom and in­ withdrawn. dependence of existing sovereign states; NOW, THEREFORE, the 12th WACL WHEREAS, this tremendous might of Conference is urgently recommending the the USSR has been developed and built on decolonization of the Soviet Russian em­ the basis of its colonial possessions and pire and liberation of Byelorussia and all exploitations of many non-Russian captive the non-Russian nations, with the resto­ nations, including Byelorussia; ration of their national independence. WHEREAS, the Byelorussian Demo­ cratic Republic, proclaimed on March 25, 1918 in Minsk by the Council of the First Byelorussian Congress, was attacked and Igor finally conquered by the Soviet Russian Armies in 1921; Shankovsky WHEREAS, the Byelorussian SSR, created by the Moscow Government, is a fictitious state, ruled by the central govern­ SYMONENKO ment of Moscow; WHEREAS, about half of the Byelo­ a study in russian ethnographic territory is annexed semantics to the Russian SFSR; Byelorussian people are deprived of all of their national and 1977 economic and human rights; through the UKRAINISCHES INSTITUT FÜR use of terror, the Moscow Government an­ BILDUNGSPOLITIK — MÜNCHEN nihilated over six million people of the e.V. Byelorussian population; using the super­ imposed communist system of the economy

31 For Ukraine’s Independence from Russian Colonialism

Whereas the Ukrainian nation and other secutors, also candidates selected by the subjugated peoples are fighting for na­ KGB; tional independence, the realization of whereas the said constitution deprives social justice and other human rights; the subjugated nations of realizing national whereas the so-called policy of detente and human rights through subordination has turned out for the West to be a of these rights in the interest of “the Soviet complete failure and has created for the people” (Russian people), the Communist Russian imperialists a convenient opportu­ party, “the working class” and the USSR; nity for advancing on Afghanistan, Cam­ whereas the introduction of the “new” bodia and some areas of Africa; imperial constitution and massive pro­ whereas the “new” USSR constitution paganda for an artificial “new historical is in essence the constitution of a cruel entity” called “the soviet people” together empire which, while creating an artificial with extreme centralization have streng­ structure, s.c. Soviet people and in reality thened a bold and pressing russification a Russian supernation, places the highest since the Russian language has been given authority into the hands of the Politburo the status of a privileged language aiming and Russian government in Moscow and at the denationalization and assimilation of officially sanctions terror as the governing Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Lithuanians, system by granting the General Public Georgians, Latvians, Estonians, Turkestani, Prosecutor (the KGB) uncontested rights North Caucasians etc; and privileges to appoint or approve the whereas the severe and relentless russi­ appointees by the republican public pro­ fication is being forcefully imposed upon

Delegates at the plenary session of the 12th WACL Conference in Asuncion, Paraguay, April 23—27, 1979.

32 Ukrainians and other subjugated peoples Lithuanians, a.o. in order to break the will by perfidous methods of discrimination of of nations so that they accept the artificial non-Russians, by decreeing the teaching of structure of the so-called "Soviet People”; the Russian language to Ukrainian children 4) WACL strongly protests the per­ en masse starting with the first school secution of Ukrainian freedom-loving grade, by increasing the numbers of Rus­ writers, cultural workers, poets and philo­ sian teachers inside the entire Ukrainian sophers such as Yurij Shukhevych, Irena educational system and other methods as Senyk, Viacheslav Chornovil, Ivan Svit- reported in the newspaper “Soviet Edu­ lychnyj, Ivan Hel, Sviatoslav Karavansky, cation” — November 1978; Father Romaniuk, Vasyl Stus, Ihor Kaly- whereas the forced deportation of many nets, Oksana Popowych, Leonid Lukya­ young and adult Ukrainians from Ukraine nenko and many others, especially members to distant parts of the USSR (Siberia, of the Organization of Ukrainian Na­ Gulag, a.o.) and the simultaneous “import” tionalists (OUN) and of the Ukrainian of Russians into the Ukrainian regions of Insurgent Army (UPA) condemned to 25 Donbas, Kharkiw, etc. are designed to or more years of imprisonment; produce various aspects of russification and 5) WACL appeals to the US Congress Russian colonization. The persecution of and Government as well as to all free Ukrainian patriots and the atheistic demoli­ nations to apply by means of proper po­ tions of Churches (Ukrainian Catholic, licies and channels to exercise adequate Orthodox and Protestant) lead toward pressure upon Soviet Russian and commu­ the annihilation of the ethno-national, cul­ nist regimes that they stop russification, tural and religious, ideological and phi­ because he who kills the language of a na­ losophical, folkloric and traditional, lin­ tion kills the soul of that nation, which in guistic and even biological substance of turn leads to the despiritualization of the Ukrainian and other nations in the USSR life of mankind, for the world culture subjugated by Russia; consists of a mosaic of national cultures; whereas the cultural, ethnic and physical genocide is systematically carried on by 6) WACL appeals to the Government the Russian invaders inside the USSR be it of the USA that it apply the UN Resolution resolved that: on World Decolonization — the Declara­ 1) WACL strongly supports the national tion on the Granting of Independence to liberation fight of the heroic Ukrainian na­ Colonial Countries and Peoples of De­ tion for national independence and human cember 14, 1960 not only to the areas of rights; Asia or Africa but also to the USSR, which 2) WACL condertms all acts of im­ means the dissolution of the Russian em­ perialist subjugation of Ukraine and other pire into national independent states of the enslaved peoples by Russian communists subjugated nations; and imperialists; 7) WACL appeals to the US government 3) WACL condemns all acts of the KGB to include in its foreign policy as its in­ and other agencies in the prison of nations tegral part the US Congress Resolution of of the Russian regime perpetrated upon 1959 on the support to the liberation of Ukrainians, Georgians, Byelorussians, the subjugated nations.

33 Baymirza Наук Islam in the Soviet Union

Text of lecture at the IVth Conference of World Assembly of Muslim Youth in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, held on 21/3/1979. Dr. B. Hayit is the Chairman of the Turkistan Research Institute in Cologne, West Germany.

Before dealing with the subject at hand: whose territories comprised historically “The Problems of the Defence of Islam more than 4.5 million square kilometres, under Communist Rule”, it would perhaps and who numbered more than 30 million, be expedient to make some comments were continuously striving to free them­ about the extent of Communist rule in selves from Russian domination. Both Rus­ Islamic countries in the present-day Soviet sian defeat in the First World War and Union, in order that the overall problem the revolutions weakened the power me­ may first be recognised. chanism which Russia had established over In February 1917, socialists of all types the Islamic peoples under its domination. — social-democrats, social-revolutionaries Relations between the Russians and the and communists — joined forces to over­ Moslems were so strained that a reconcilia­ throw the Czar of Russia. Shortly after­ tion between rulers (Russians) and ruled wards the Communists adopted a radical (Moslems) seemed impossible, even in the course, they overthrew the social-liberal age of Communist rule. Russia’s Com­ government in Russia and, in October munists recognised these tensions and sought 1917, took power. With this act, com­ a solution. munist rule came into being for the first On November 15th 1917, eight days time in the history of the world. after assuming power, the Russian Com­ Before the emergence of communist munist leadership issued the Declaration of power, the Russian Empire had been one Rights of the People of the Russian Empire, of many nations. The Islamic peoples — in which it conferred on non-Russian Azerbaijanians, North Caucasians, Turki- peoples the right of secession from Russia.1 stani, Baschkirians and Crimean Tartars also On December 3rd 1917, after Commu­ formed part of this empire. Russia’s military nist rule had been in existence for twenty- aggression towards the Islamic peoples began six days, the Communist government of in the middle of the 16th Century and Russia went further and published an Ap­ ended at the close of the 19th Century peal to the Moslems of Russia and the with the conquest of Turkistan. Of the Orient. In this proclamation, too, it was Islamic countries of the Russian Empire, stressed that Moslems had to be masters in the states of Buchara and Khorezm had their own countries.2 been protectorates since the end of the In 1917—1918, following the collapse 19th Century and had sovereignty over of the central government in Russia and their internal affairs. Between 1921 and on the basis of the above-mentioned de­ 1924 the Communist government of Rus­ clarations, the Moslems of the Russian sia recognised the sovereign right of the Empire formed their own national states. states of Buchara and Khorezm, these The Communist leadership in Russia now monarchies having been transformed into had to oppose their own declarations and Peoples’ Republics in 1920. promises, in order to reestablish the unity The Moslems of the Czarist Empire, of the Russian Empire. Armed conflict

34 between Russians and Moslems now be­ Berdyayev, the distinguished Russian philo­ came inevitable. The Communist leaders of sopher writes: Russia were endeavouring to suppress by “Russian communism is a distortion of force of arms those Moslem national states the Russian messianic idea . . . which had come into being after the Com­ Communism is a Russian phenomenon”.4 munist Revolution. Thus, the Russians What, then, is the significance of this began the second conquest of the countries Russian messianism? It originated in the of Islam. In Turkistan, where Moslems 15 th Century, after the conquest of By­ lived in closely-knit communities, conflicts zantium by the Turks. Russian clerics between Russians and Moslems assumed preached that Moscow should become the particularly large proportions. In February third Rome (after Rome itself and then 1918, a struggle began against Communist Constantinople as the second Rome), and Russia for the liberation of Islam and the should purge and rule the world in the people in Turkistan. These conflicts, which name of Christianity. This idea of world were conducted by Communist Russia domination by means of the Christian with alarming brutality (and included the religion was for centuries the political leit­ use of aeroplanes and tanks, the poisoning motiv of Russian rulers. With the victory of springs and mass murders) and by of Communism, Moscow abandoned the Turkistan Moslems with bravery and idea of messianism on a religious basis; exceptional faith in the triumph of Islam, and, instead, the Russian leadership adopt­ ended in 1935 with the take-over of power ed Communism as its tool for world do­ by Communist Russia in Turkistan.3 mination. With the adoption of Com­ However, it became apparent that the munism, Russia had a new concept for Moslems of Turkistan were not prepared world domination which has had a drastic to abandon their determination to be free. effect on the world right up to the present We can recognise this in the action of day. The Russian philosopher Berdyayev Turkistan Moslems and of other Moslems rightly notes: from the Soviet Union at the time of the “Instead of the third Rome, the Third Second World War, when than 400,000 International (Communist) has been Moslems, including more than 270,000 successfully realised... In the West from Turkistan, joined forces with the it is far from understood that the Germans in the fight against Communism. Third International is not an ‘inter­ Since the emergence of Communist national’ but a Russian, ‘national’ power in the Russian Empire and up until idea”.5 the present day, the Moslems in the Soviet Russian Communists also currently main­ Union have striven to free themselves from tain the following view -.“The establishment Russian Imperialism and Communism. of Communism in the USSR is a begin­ However, they have not been able to ning and an integral part of the rise and reach their intended goal. Another reason consolidation of Communism as a world­ for their failure lies in the fact that Com­ wide unit” S’ munism achieved power in Russia and It is evident, from references of this merged its ideology with Russia’s tradi­ nature and from daily life in the Soviet tional sense of being a great power. The Union, that Communism is an instrument ideology of Communism took shape within of Russian imperialism. the framework of traditional Russian Communism as a power has now been Chauvinism. Many Russian philosophers in in existence since 1917. As a power, it fact affirm this. For example, Nikolay has been able, particularly since 1945, to

35 bring several countries under the control both the East and the West up till now.7 of the Communist concept. China, the Whilst Russia’s Communist national Balkan States (Albania, Yugoslavia, Hun­ leadership fought against Christianity with gary, Bulgaria, Rumania), the countries of the help of Russian Christians, not one Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia), Moslem was prepared to fi'ght Islam on East Germany, Cuba, North Korea, Cam­ behalf of Communism. Consequently, bodia and Vietnam all serve as examples. former Christians, now atheists, themselves Angola, Ethiopia, South Yemen and Af­ took charge of the Anti-Islam Movement ghanistan are 'Other examples of the for­ amongst Moslems in the Soviet Union. It mation of Communist power. should also be pointed out that, up till the Outside the Soviet Union, there are many Communist takeover in Russia, there was Moslems who live within the sphere of in­ not a single Communist amongst the fluence of other Communist-controlled Moslem population. countries. For technical reasons it is not The radical fight of the Communist ré­ possible here to deal with the problems of gime against Islam began in the years these Moslems and of Islam. I should like 1929— 1932 and continues to this day. to make a brief statement here on the fate The Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs of Moslems within the country of origin of the Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah, of Communist power, namely the Soviet Saudi Arabia, was kind enough to publish Union. my views on the tragic situation of Islam Communism, as a materialist concept under Communist rule in the Soviet Union, was, and is, closely bound up with the with Turkistan as an example.8 Some facts theory of godlessness. Communism categori­ concerning the anti-Islamic policy of the cally rejects religion and thereby belief in Communist régime may be gleaned from Allah . Consequently, the Communist re­ this publication. In spite of this, I should gime, which also extended to the Moslems like to point out that the fight against of the former Russian Empire, could not Islam in the Soviet Union has been carried behave in a neutral manner towards re­ out in the cruellest of ways. It is, however, ligions, particularly Islam. regrettable that the tragic situation of The godless leadership of the Soviet Islam in the Soviet Union under the do­ Union was not, however, in a position to mination of godlessness has not been com­ take immediate and radical action against piled in a documentary, chronological and Islam. Until 1930, the Communists looked systematic fashion and published in the for a way of concluding the fight against Islamic world. It is, therefore, hardly Islam. On the one hand, the Communist surprising that young Moslems outside the leadership was prepared to defer both sphere of influence of the Communist re­ initiating the development of godlessness gime can hardly imagine what is happen­ amongst the Moslem in an immediate and ing to the Moslems and to Islam under radical manner and taking political measures Communist rule. against Islam. The Communist leadership It is well-known that Communism pur­ also tried to win some of the Islamic sues, on the one hand, an intensive anti- priests over to Communism. At the same Islam policy within its sphere of influence time, the Communist rulers of Russia and, on the other hand, pro-Islam policies tried to interpret Islam from a Communist and propaganda in those Islamic countries standpoint, i.e. to falsify the teachings of outside the Soviet Union. Thus the ungodly Islam. Several essays and pamphlets which ones are pursuing their twin objective of serve to show the irreconcilability between conclusively suppressing Islam within their Islam and Communism have appeared in sphere of influence and of winning

36 Moslems from outside the Soviet Union and as a result of continually enforced over to Moscow’s foreign political goals. anti-Islam measures, Moslems are forced In order to get an idea of the apparent to defend Islam in a predominantly illegal defeat of Islam under Communist rule, it manner and to perform their duties, as is necessary to answer the question: What far as possible, inconspicuously. The Com­ has Communism achieved with its anti- munist Party and the agencies of the Islam policy? It is possible to answer this Soviet have established that Moslems still as follows: believe in Islam. The defence of Islam by — Islamic spiritual leaders have been the Moslems in the Soviet Union can be arrested and many have been executed. summarized and interpreted in the fol­ Moslems have been left without trained lowing way: religious personalities 1. Creed (Kalima-yi Shahadat): As is — Mosques and Medresehs have been known, since 1930—1937, Moslems have closed and Avkaf properties have been had no religious leaders at their disposal confiscated who were trained and in a position to — The education of youth on the basis continue the teaching of Islam to Moslems of Islam has been forbidden and to constantly remind them of their — Islamic religious life (Prayers, Ra- duties. Nor are there any Islamic religious madzan, Zekat, Pilgrimages to Mecca) has writing from which our youth might, at been forbidden by law. least, be able to recognise the meaning of — The publication of religious tracts Islam and from which they could learn. has also been forbidden Furthermore, there is no religious teaching — Communism, as the ideology of Rus­ amongst Moslems. The teaching of the sia, has had every possible means at its Islamic faith is forbidden by law, both in disposal in the fight against Islam the Soviet education system and on a — The anti-Islamic education of our private basis? In spite of this, Moslems youth has been pursued up till the present from the older generation have tried, and day as an integral part of the Communist are still trying, to convey the fundamental education policy. principle of Islam, the Kalima-yi Shahadat, — The Communist theory and practice to Moslem youth. of godlessness has been an integral part of This teaching takes place neither at the substructure of the State. Instead of meetings of young people nor by any writ­ this, the Moslems have their inner, un­ ten form of communication, neither by shakable belief in Allah. radio nor in a mosque, but in the family. — It is also a fact that Communism is In the family, the eldest family member training some godless youth groups from reminds the younger members of the sig­ Islamic families, who are, in their turn, nificance of the Kalima-yi Shahadat and now helping the Russians in their fight attempts to implant it in their minds before against Islam. However, these remain in they begin their education in Soviet Com­ the minority amongst Moslems. munist schools. Children learn the Kalima-yi Having looked at the rise of Commu­ Shahadat by heart and repeat it, or rather nist power in the Soviet Union in general, must repeat it, silendy and constantly. and the intensive anti-Islam policy of When the children have reached adulthood Communism and the Soviet State in par­ and have taken on some responsibility in ticular, we can now turn to the problems life, they are asked by their elders about of the defence of Islam by the Moslems the content of the Shahadat. Today under Communist rule. It must, first of all, Moslems born before the rise of Commu­ be noted that, because of legal stipulations, nism are few and far between. But those

37 who were born before its rise and who own timetables. They must say their have studied the Kalima-yi Shahadat pass prayers in silence, as far as possible, as the it on to the next generation. They see this law forbids religious life to be conducted as the preservation of their tradition, and in state offices, schools and other public as a sign of respect for the spirit of their places. And so they pray in silence, with­ ancestors. According to their tradition, out drawing attention to the fact that they young Moslems still respect their elders and are doing so. In the villages, prayers are are, thus, readily responsive to the older also conducted in tea-house. Although the generation. construction of mosques without official In this way, our Creed has been main­ permission is not allowed, Moslems in the tained in the forefront up until the pre­ Soviet Republic of Tadschikistan, for sent day. example, have risked the building of 27 2. Prayer: According to Soviet Law, it new mosques. They have registered them as is forbidden to pray in mosques. Under the teahouses or clubs. It is not obvious, from Religious Law (Article 4), Moslems are the outside, whether a building is a mosque obliged to seek registration if they wish or not, but inside the Mehrab has been to pray together in a mosque. To obtain erected. In order to keep this secret from permission, at least twenty Moslems must the authorities, Moslems have covered the submit an application to the municipal Mehrab with a portrait of Lenin, whenever authorities for the registration of a religious prayers are not in progress. Allusions of community and for the opening of a this nature signify that Moslems are trying, mosque. Only after the application has by all the means at their disposal, to been approved by the Council for Reli­ retain their Islamic community spirit. gious Affairs of the Ministerial Office of 3. Fasting: Communist Religious Law the Soviet Union, in Moscow, may Moslems makes no mention of Ramadzan. However, undertake common prayer. However, this does not mean that the State permits Moslems do not seek registration. Religious fasting. On the contrary, fasting is vigo­ services in mosques are rare, since there are rously opposed by the regime, since it hardly any mosques in existence and since maintains that fasting hampers the work Moslems want to protect themselves against process and is, therefore, detrimental to possible criminal prosecution by the Com­ Communism. Despite this, many Moslems munist State. Most prayers are conducted, fast without drawing attention to them­ not in public, but privately and in secret. selves. Fasting Moslems indicate to one Even in the family, prayers are conducted another that they are fasting and then only if the head of the family is of the give one another support. Both the Fasting opinion that no member of the family is Festival and the sacrificial offerings do­ an agent of the State or of the Com­ nated by pilgrims are forbidden in the munist Party. In those mosques which are Soviet State, yet religious ceremonies are approved by the authorities, Moslems, often held in closed circles. For social predominantly of the older generation, are reasons, too, Moslems are not in a position allowed to pray. It is estimated that about to hold religious ceremonies. 200 mosques are open in the Soviet Union 4. The Zekat: Communist Religious Law at the present time.10 Before Communist also remains silent on the question of the rule there were 24,321 mosques in a good Zekat. However, because of the living condition, of which 12,733 were in conditions under Communism, nobody is Turkistan.11 The voice of the Muezzem, socially in a position to fulfill his obliga­ calling the Moslems to prayer, has disap­ tion to the Zekat. Instead of the contribu­ peared. Moslems pray according to their tion to the Zekat, Moslems continue to

38 offer relief to distressed Moslems, even new world order. Ashraf Publications, Lahore though the organisation of relief funds is 1947, 446 p. forbidden by law. A regular contribution Abdur Rahim Dard, The Attitüde of Islam towards the Practice and Theory of Com­ to the Zekât has almost vanished from munism, Rabwahi 1957, 62 p.; Moslem life. Khalifa Abdul Hakim, Islam and Commu­ 5. Pilgrimages: Pilgrimages to the Holy nism, Lahore 1969, 232 p.; Maxime Rodinson, Marxisme et Monde City of Mecca may only be undertaken Musulman, Paris 1972, 698 p.; with the approval of the Soviet Govern­ Walter Kolarz, Religion in the Soviet Union, ment. According to our information (what London 1962, (Chapter 13); we have heard from Moslems in the Soviet Hans Braeker, Kommunismus und Weltreligio­ Union), more than 50,000 Moslems an­ nen (Communism and World Religions), Part I: Kommunismus und Islam (Communism and nually await approval to undetake the Islam), Tübingen 1971, 456 p.; pilgrimage to Mecca. Occasionally the Alexander Benninsen & Chantal Lemercier- Soviet Government allows 18—20 persons Qualquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, Lon­ to make this journey. Allah alone knows don 1967, 272 p.; Religion in the Soviet Union, published by how many of these pilgrims are direct the Institute for the Study of the USSR agents of the Communist régime. In any (Islam — pp. 143—167), Munich 1960; case, all those who are permitted to make Baymirza Hayit, Documents: Soviet Russia’s the pilgrimage are, as always, investigated Anti-Islam Policy in Turkistan, Düsseldorf- by the Soviet Secret Service. All the others Köln 1958, 2nd part 1959; ditto, Sovjetler Birliginde Islam tatkikati masalasi (The continue to wait to таке the pilgrimage, Problem of Islam Research in the Soviet yet receive neither approval from Moscow Union), “Milli Turkistan”, 1964, No. 103, nor foreign currency. pp. 16—21; ditto, Zur gegenwärtigen Lage des Islams in der Sowzetunion (The present situa­ FOOTNOTES tion of Islam in the Soviet Union), “Basler 1 Baymirza Hayit, Sowjetrussische Orienls- Nachrichten” (Switzerland), 23/5/1964; ditto, politik am Beispiel Turkestans (Soviet-Russian Al-Islam fi häkimiyeti al-shu’iya (Islam under Orient Policy with Turkistan as an example). the Rule of Atheism), in “Nadwa”, Mecca, Köln-Berlin 1962, p. 25. 28/11/1968; ditto, Sovjetler Birliginde Islam faciasi (The Tragedy of Islam in the Soviet 2 This proclamation was published in all the Union), “Sabah”, Istanbul, 17. 1. — 3. 2. 1972; languages of the Orient. For the English text, Allen Hetmanek, Islam under the Soviets, see: Spector 7, p. 33—35. Washington, 1963; .3 Baymirza Hayit, Turkestan im X X . Jahr­ Ivar Spector, The Soviet Union and the hundert (Turkistan in the 20th Century), Muslim World, Seattle/Washington, 1959 Darmstadt 1956, p. 200 s See: Bulletins of IMMA of the King Abdul 4 Nikolay Berdyayev, Russkaya ideya (The Aziz University, Jeddah Russian Idea), Paris 1971, pp. 250—251 3 For more specific details about the ban 5 Nikolay Berdyayev, Istoki і smysl russkogo on religious education in schools, see: “The Kommunizma (The Sources and Thought of Decree of the Council of the Russian Peoples’ Russian Communism), Paris 1955, p. 118 Commissariat”, January 23rd 1918, (Article 9) 3 Osnovy nauchnogo Kommunizma (Prin­ and the new “Religious Law of the Soviet ciple of Scientific Communism), Moscow 1967, Union of June 23rd 1975” (Article 18) p. 569 110 Die Welt (Newspaper, Bonn), 6/7.-1- 7 As an example, the following publications 1979, p. 1 (books, brochures, articles) may be cired: 11 Baymirza Hayit, Türk dünyasinda Rus Mirza Muhammad Husain, Islam and So­ imperyalizminin izleri (Traces of Russian cialism. A critical analysis of Capitalism, Com­ Imperialism in the World of the Turks), munism, Socialism, Fascism and Nazism as Istanbul, 1978, p. 333 consistent with the Qu’ranic conception of a [To be continued)

39 Peter Worthington The Unreported Holocausts

Most people seem to agree that the TV ment began posthumous rehabilitation of movie Holocaust was important to remind the massacred peoples. Yet no one says ourselves and kids of the events that led “We must not let this happen again!” up to the Nazis’ genocidal policies. “We In fact there is sublime irony in the must never let such a thing happen again,” world’s tolerance for Soviet-Russian crimes is a common response. against humanity (by no means the only It is this observation that needs examina­ offender, but the world’s most persistent tion. We assume, by being horrified and enemy of mankind and liberty). In 1940, angered at Nazi atrocities, that we are v hen Hitler and Stalin were allies carving vaccinating ourselves against a repeat. up Poland, the Soviet-Russians executed The unfortunate, unfair and maybe even some 4,000 Polish officers in what has dangerous thing is that there have been become known as the Katyn Forest Mas­ other Holocausts in history, and no one sacre. Ever since, the Soviet-Russians have cares. There are Holocausts going on in tried to blame the Germans. the world today, yet it is neither fashion­ When Poles in Britain sought to erect able nor profitable to examine them. a monument in Chelsea to the victims of For example the Holocaust in Ukraine, Katyn, opposition came from a variety of where, in 1932 Stalin unleashed History’s quarters, notably the British Foreign Of­ first and only man-made famine, in order fice, the local council and the Church of to bring Ukrainians to heel and to collec­ England. They said a monument would be tivize the farms. The crop of 1932 was disturbing to old-age pensioners in the about 12% below normal, but Stalin raised area (!) and that it would be alien to the food procurements from the peasantry by “spirit of reconciliation” that both the 45% and exported Ukraine’s grain to Church and the Foreign Office sought Europe. The world ignored this famine, with the USSR. It seems that Holocaust which was denied by the Soviet-Russian was not fashionable to recall! government. Some 7 million died from hunger or disease, plus those executed by Britain committed its version of Holo­ Stalin (he later told Churchill that col­ caust at the end of World War II when lectivization cost — 10 million lives). Who it introduced forced repatriation of mil­ commemorates that Holocaust, or says it lions of refugees and escapers from So­ must never happen again? vietism, back to Stalin and reprisals. Who recalls the Holocaust of the So­ Britain has purged its official records of viet Union’s genocide of seven national this gross inhumanity. Few urge that this groups, before and during World War II? be remembered, so as to “ensure that it That is virtually ignored — seven natio­ never happens again.” nalities systematically, imprisoned, deport­ The world’s greatest on-going Holocaust ed or liquidated because their loyalty was that no one wants to be reminded of — es­ suspect. The seven, for those interested in pecially Western peace activists — is Cam­ historical research: The Chechen-Ingush, bodia, where twice the number of people Crimean Tartars, Volga Germans, Kara- were killed in one year of peace (one mil­ chai, Kalmyks, Balkars, Mesketians. Some lion) than were killed in five years of war 25 years later the Soviet-Russian govern­ (500,000). Even Communists turn queasy

40 at the barbarism of the Cambodian Khmer In Mozambique, the Holocaust is “re­ Rouge. education” camps for those who are against Hanoi has its Holocaust of “re-educa­ the neo-Marxist regime of President Ma- tion” camps throughout South Vietnam chel, where Amnesty International reports where hundreds of thousands ). 'rished or over 100,000 are incarcerated under harsh live in purgatory. Indonesia has been a unreported conditions. Holocaust for the leftwing which have Holocaust is being a Kurd in Iraq where experienced massacres — just as the Indo­ the regime is waging a campaign of anni­ nesian Communist party planned its own hilation and “pacification”. Holocaust was Holocaust had it achieved a coup 13 years in Tibet where the Chinese have broken ago. the people, committing cultural genocide. Africa is a continent of unreported Holocaust is the Naga people of India, Holocausts — places like Equatorial Gui­ where repressions and punishments are nea where slavery is still practised and the routine. bulk of the population has fled the con­ Those who say the showing of the movie tinent’s greatest tyrant, President — for-life will help ensure that there will be no Macias. repeat of Holocausts are deluding them­ In Ruanda and Burundi Holocaust re­ selves and others. And that is dangerous sulted in genocidal annihilation of the and hypocritical, for it increases compla­ giant Tutsi. We all know of Idi Amin. If cency, encourages selective indignation you are the wrong tribe in Africa, a con­ against injustice, and guarantees repetition tinent without a single practising demo­ and perpetuation of the Holocaust men­ cracy, it can prove fatal. Holocaust is a tality. fact of daily life. The Toronto Sun, May 18, 1978.

Funeral of V. Ivasiuk, a Ukrainian composer, at the Lychakivskyj Cemetery in Lviv (Ukraine). He was murdered by the KGB in April 1979.

41 New Abuses in the Soviet Gift Parcel Operation

For the last three decades the Soviet the required customs fees were not too communist regime has been economically high. Soon, only new articles of clothing abusing the US citizens of Eastern Eu­ were permitted and much higher customs ropean roots by means of their Gift-Par­ fees were imposed. Later on from year to cel Operation. year, new limitations were dictated not In Stalin’s era any contact with the only in the form of steadily rising customs non-communist world was considered fees but also other fees, such as for li­ dangerous for the regime and, therefore, censing, service and insurance. was strictly forbidden. After World War Besides these fully prepaid packages, II, and particularly after Stalin’s death, small unprepaid envelopes or small parcels the Iron Curtain — separating the West­ are permitted but the duty, notably in­ ern from East-European countries — was creasing, has to be paid by the receivers. raised slightly and through its carefully Except for the Soviet government and guarded slits the severely isolated Soviet the governments of its satellite countries citizens were permitted to have contacts nobody knows how many millions have with their relatives in the free world — flown into their treasuries, but by now it first through correspondence and soon is estimated that all together the sum thereafter through gift-packages. amounts to billions! With these rightful privileges taken for Until the stability of the American dol­ granted in the free world the Kremlin re­ lar on the international markets was gime intended to kill two birds with one shaken, the duty on prepaid packages had stone: to manifest to the free world the to be paid in dollars. Since then, the liberalization of the regime, particularly continuously increasing duty has been during Khrushchev’s “peaceful coexistence” charged in rubles at the dictated rate of era, and to alleviate the misery of its exchange. The recently imposed parity of people living under severe deprivation of exchange rose to $1.56 for one ruble, thus daily needs. Simultaneously, the regime increasing the required duty by 50°/»!! would come into possession of American What this means for the victimized sender dollars, still strong at that time, and badly is shown by an example for sending a needed for its expenses abroad for its of­ small prepaid parcel with three large ficial representatives, its communist pro­ woollen kerchiefs at the sale price of $ 10.50 paganda, its subversive activities, and its each. With the imposed duty together with spies — not to mention its imports. the license fee totaling 18 rubles at the Thus, it permitted its unfortunate en­ above indicated exchange rate, and with slaved people to communicate with the a service fee of $20, insurance fee of $3, free world by mail and to ask people of and air mail postage of $10.44, the expense good will for help. In this way the Gift- for sending just one such kerchief amounts Parcel Operation started. to $20.34 which is an exhorbitant 200%> Used clothing was permitted in packages of its market value! (According to an ori­ up to 44 pounds only for a short time, and ginal bill of a Parcel Service).

42 In a similar way the Soviet Union’s own into “the haves and have-nots” — a si­ citizens are also victimized by the increas­ tuation theoretically incompatible with the ed duty on items of clothing in unprepaid equality of a communist “paradise”. It gift parcels, in effect since June 1978, e.g. assured some means of survival for those jeans or jean jackets — Rubles 50; ker­ whom the regime would rather see not chiefs, small — R. 20, large — R. 25; survive. It dispelled the proclaimed superio­ sweaters — R. 25, etc. rity of the communist economy over that The result of this merciless exploitation of the “foul capitalist world” and denied of both the senders and recipients of these the communist leadership in industrial gift parcels has been that neither the production. It finally intended to halt the senders nor the recipients can afford to liberalization of the regime which started pay the enormous fees imposed on both after Stalin’s death and which has led to sides by the Communist governments. protests and strikes in the Soviet Union Consequently, many of the firms in the and in the communist satellite countries. West representing the Soviet “Vneshposyl- This is not to say that nothing has been torg” (official Soviet Trade Organization) done for the defense of the unscrupulously are closing their profitable businesses and abused people on this side of the dividing the recipients are returning the unprepaid barricade. There were many protests in the packages. press against the abuses, there were nu­ It is also known that particular re­ merous appeals of the organizations for cipients, notably the dissidents and former defense of human rights. Already in 1959 as well as present political prisoners have there was an investigation by the Congres­ been forced to sign declarations denying sional Committee on un-American Acti­ the acceptance of even the prepaid pack- vities culminating in a report about the kages. In addition, prepaid packages in­ extraction by blackmail of millions of sured for guaranteed deliveries are being American dollars from American citizens. sent back without the return of collected There was a Congressional hearing during duties. which it was proposed to include this It might be worthwhile to analyse Mos­ issue of economic abuse into the proposed cow’s change in stance on their Gift- US — USSR trade agreement granting the Parcel Operation from encouragement to USSR the favored tariff terms (put forth restrictions, inspite of the colossal profits by Sen. Henry T. Jackson). However, all and inspite of Lenin’s “prophetic” words these endeavors to protect the abused about Soviet trade with the West: “When citizens were to no avail because the com­ the Capitalist World starts trading with munist government has maintained that us — on that day they will begin to fi­ these good-will intentions constitute inter­ nance their own doom.” ference in their internal affairs and US officials have been afraid of spoiling the First of all, this Gift-Parcel Operation policy of detente. has proved to the exploited population in their “Paradise on Earth” that there must Thus, trade with the greatest deceiver be something wrong with that “paradise” in the world goes on.... The greatest com­ if the gift parcels alone can immensely munist “prophet” has clearly defined the improve the entire economy of a huge meaning of the trade of the West with the world power. This Gift-Parcel Operation communist countries, but by whom was increased the trade on the black markets it said that “we can trade even with can­ to a level comparable with the official nibals”?! trading. It also divided the population M. L.

43 KGB incites hatred toward Stus The Soviet secret police is waging a tea, rich dehydrated milk, canned soup.” campaign of inciting hatred toward Vasyl In another article, Supriaha wrote that Stus, a Ukrainian poet who was arrested Stus was known as a poet only among the and sentenced in the aftermath of the 1972 kind of people who he said did not want KGB crackdown in Ukraine. to work for the best interests of the Soviet Stus, 42, was sentenced to five years Union. Supriaha added that “these chance incarceration and three years exile. After persons fall prey to anti-Communist circles”. completing his imprisonment term in the In the final installment, Supriaha said Mordovian region camps, Stus was exiled that Stus concealed anti-Soviet material in to the Tenkivsk region, Magadan oblast, his Kyiv apartment. Supriaha said that where he works in the coal mines. Stus was sentenced for that crime. Magadan is the northern-most region of Soon after the appearance of the articles, the USSR. The average winter temperature a meeting of the miners was held to there is between minus 19 and minus 48 discuss Stus’ conduct. The Ukrainian poet degrees Celsius. spoke up in his own defense at the meet­ Attacks against Stus began in July 1978. ing, charging that “all officials are on the The local newspaper published a series of side of those liars”. He said that it would articles by A. Supriaha, castigating Stus. be a waste of time to try to prove his in­ Follow-up articles were also published nocence. which cited the original three. Using “nationalist” in the sense of Supriaha interviewed many persons for phauvinist, Stus said: “In your opinion I am his articles, among them Stus’'co-workers, a «nationalist». In my opinion I am a infirmary personnel and the sister of the Ukrainian patriot, citizen of a sovereign infirmary’s administrator. Ukrainian state.” The author hoped to have Stus branded “I am a Ukrainian poet, I translate Rus­ as a fascist. The sister of the infirmary’s sian, Byelorussian, German, Spanish, administrator told Supriaha that Stus re­ French, and English poems. I am the minded her of the three fascist soldiers she author of some two-dozen literary cri­ saw as a child during the war. tiques. Yes, I love my Ukrainian people, “Three fascists approached me. They I consider myself its loyal son. That is were blue from the cold. They had smiles why I deeply respect other nations. I never on their thin lips, but in their eyes was allowed myself to insult the dignity of anger. The same kind of anger I saw in any nation. Among my longtime friends the eyes of the person in our infirmary,” are persons whom I call brothers: Rus­ said the woman. sians and Byelorussians, Jews and Ukrain­ Another person told Supriaha that Stus ians, Armenians and Moldavians, Lithuani­ was a “fanatic”. ans and Tatars, Georgians and Latvians. “He was filled with enemy ideology to And what about those, who in the world such an extreme point that I could not of Kirasev, tell me that if I had a machine believe it,” said one person. Another ad­ gun I would shoot all those “khakhly” (a ded: “He must have friends in foreign derogatory reference to Ukrainians),” said places. He receives packages from West Stus. Germany and Canada. If only it was some­ He added that Ukrainians are not worse thing worthwhile, but it is only oatmeal, than any other nation on earth.

44 Dr. V. Horbovy Fears Starvation

Eighty-year-old former prisoner Dr. package was addressed exactly as the re­ Volodymyr Horbovy last year wrote to ceived letter. Workers of the Dolyna post the first secretary of the Central Commit­ office assured me that they had never sent tee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, back any package addressed to me. V. Shcherbytsky, that he is “threatened 2. This is also the case with packages with starving death”. and letters from the United States. The full text of the letter, dated Au­ These facts lead to the conclusion that gust 15, 1978, appears below. certain powers are involved which willful­ Complaint. ly violate and limit elementary human I hereby inform you that I am threaten­ rights, rob me of means to live and pre­ ed with starving to death. pare my physical destruction. The afore­ In August 1972 I returned from impri­ mentioned citizen stated candidly that he sonment to my native village, Obolonnia, will “leave me to rot and that nothing and took up residence in my home at 112, will happen to him as a result of this”. It T. Shevchenko St. I immediately contact­ is not difficult to comprehend on whose ed the Dolyna regional branch of social protection he depends. welfare about the matter of material aid On January 30, 1977, I appealed to the in my old age (I am nearly 80 years old; chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme 1 was born January 20, 1899). I was not Soviet of the USSR, L. I. Brezhnev, to help given a pension. Instead the Obolonnia me make use of the provisions of the Final village council provided me with 6 hectare Act of the 1975 Helsinki Conference to of land near my home. Nevertheless, at emigrate from the Soviet Union to friendly about the same time, the same authorities Czecho-Slovakia. My son, Roman Hor­ gave permission to another citizen (in­ bovy, lives in Prague with his family; I cidentally, a brother-in-law of mine) to lived there, too, until my groundless im­ build a house and farm buildings on the prisonment. There I was socially insured, same parcel of land. Therefore, I am still and I am eligible for a pension which will left without any means for survival, al­ prevent my death from starvation. though Article 43 of the Constitution of I ask you to use all means to remove the USSR recognizes my rights to main­ any obstacle to delivery of my mail so that tenance and life. I would be able to receive the correspon­ Until recently I was able to make use dence and packages addressed to me, and of the help of good people abroad, but in also to hasten my emigration. 1978 this contact was severed: not only do my letters disappear, but so do packages, although Article 56 of the Soviet Con- Eugen Malaniuk sitution guarantees the secrecy of mail. The DAS following incidents are proof: WESEN 1. On August 4, 1978, I received a re­ DES gistered letter from Dr. Sigmund Mann­ BOLSCHEWISMUS heim of Munich in which he wrote that the package he had sent me in the spring 1978 — UKRAINISCHES INSTITUT of 1978 was returned to him by the postal FÜR BILDUNGSPOLITIK — MÜNCHEN e.V. authorities of the USSR and was marked “addressee unknown”, although the

45 Former Member of UPA persecuted since 1940 Myroslav. (Myron) Symchych, a former cember 7, 1953, to 10 additional years of soldier of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army imprisonment under provisions of the (UPA) was sentenced in 1940 to 25 years Criminal Code of the Soviet Russian SFSR. imprisonment and five years curtailment On August 2, 1956, the commission of of rights. After Symchych was sent to the the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet Magadansk oblast to serve his sentence, commuted Symchych’s sentence to 10 years the Khabarovsk court sentenced him to an imprisonment. As a result he was released additional 10 years imprisonment. on December 7, 1963. Symchych is now confined in Perm In 1967, the KGB and the prosecutor’s camp VS 389/35 and is scheduled to be office received new information about freed this year. Symchych’s activity in the OUN. The In the summer of 1976, he wrote an information revealed that Symchych was appeal- to the Presidium of the Supreme involved in reprisals against members of Soviet of the USSR in which he described the Communist Party, Soviet activists and his case and the conditions to which po­ citizens. This was not previously revealed litical prisoners are subjected. to the military tribunal. The last document about Symchych, a The Presidium of the Ivano-Frankivske review of his case by a Soviet judicial oblast then decided on January 19, 1968, tribunal, was marked “Attention! Secret to cancel the sentence handed down by document. Not to be released to the the military tribunal and to give the case convict.” It is excerpted below. over for further inquiry. A judicial tribunal for the criminal af­ An inquiry conducted in 1968—69 into fairs of the Supreme Court of the USSR Symchych’s activities found that he was reviewed on January 20, 1970, the protest indeed involved in reprisals against Soviet of the first assistant to the prosecutor of citizens during 1944—47. Symchych was the Ukrainian SSR concerning the deci­ then accused under additional articles of sion of the Ivano-Frankivske oblast court the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR. (January 19, 1968) to nullify the sentence The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the military tribunal of the Ministry of the USSR decided on December 19, of Internal Affairs of the Stanislaviv (now 1969, to overrule the decision of its Com­ Ivano-Frankivske) oblast handed down in mission (August 2, 1956) and to commute the case of Symchych. Symchych’s sentence. The military tribunal had sentenced The prosecutor’s office of the Ukrainian Symchych to 25 years imprisonment under SSR then brought the case before the the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR judical tribunal of the USSR Supreme for being a member of the Organization Court. of Ukrainian Nationalists and a leader of After reviewing the above information, its “bandit groups” which conducted armed on January 20, 1970, the judicial tribunal warfare against Soviet Russian authority decided that Symchych was to serve the during 1944—48. remainder of the sentence handed down by While serving this sentence in a correc­ the military tribunal in a corrective labor tive labor camp, Symchych joined an exist­ camp. The tribunal also decided that the ing “bandit group” in the camp which af­ time Symchych had spent under guard flicted punishments on prisoners not of (since 1968) while his case was being re­ the group’s liking. For this, the Khaba­ viewed would count toward the comple­ rovsk court sentenced Symchych on De­ tion of that sentence.

46 Bo©Ic Reviews

“Nations in Chains” violability of its frontiers. This act was It is under this title that the Swiss corroborated by the Soviet-Finnish peace Eastern Institute published a book that pact of 1920. The Soviet Union signed will assuredly become a valuable source the same clauses of confirmation with the of information about the subjugation of Baltic nations as well as with Poland. non-Russian nations of the USSR for the Already in 1939, the USSR signed a German speaking 'world. This book is a “friendship pact” with Nazi Germany, collection of speeches which were pro­ which in reality repeated the worthless nounced at the European conference in de­ pieces of paper of all previous “eternal fense of human rights and self-determi­ pacts” with the Baltic countries, Finland nation. This organization’s deliberations and Poland. In the secret pact with Ger­ which are dedicated to enslaved non- many it was decreed to liquidate all these Russian nations, took place in Lucerne, independant countries and to divide their Switzerland from January 13 to 15, 1978. territories respectively. The author reminds Representatives of the non-Russian na­ us that the Russian tsars also treated their tions subjugated by Moscow, who now different “eternal pacts” similarly. Further­ live outside their countries’ boundaries, more, Prof. Reves observes the con­ took part in these deliberations. The pre­ temporary “proximity of nations” in the sident of the Swiss Eastern Institute, Dr. USSR, which in reality has as its objective Elgar Eler, is one of the most important the russification of non-Russian nations, Swiss organizers. as well as the realistic significance of One of the valuable works submitted Soviet educational politics and so-called to the collection is a speech presentation “international” education. by Prof. Lazio Reves entitled, “The Na­ In other chapters of the book, other tional Subjugation in the USSR”. The au­ authors treat the individual situations of thor closely links the contemporary russifi­ the non-Russian nations in the USSR. Dr. cations and imperialistic measures of the T. Leonti dedicates a paper to Ukraine’s Soviet regime with those of Tsarist Russia. situation. Based on the contemporary self­ This is further indication that from the publications of Ukrainian documents, he beginning of 1920 the USSR continues to analyzes the russification politics in all brutally break all undersigned “friend­ facets of life. As proof he presents an entire ship” or “non-aggression” treaties: In the list of statistic data. Moreover, the article Soviet-Estonian peace pact of 1920, it is observes the contemporary Ukrainian anti- stated that Soviet Russia recognizes Soviet movement and its significance of Estonia’s independence and self-govern­ continuing struggle for the national rights ment unconditionally and voluntarily of the Ukrainian nation. Dr. Bajmirza renounces the era of sovereign rights which Hayit talks about Turkestan, Prof. Josyf Russia seized from the Estonian nation Uralgiraj reviews the Crimean Tatars, Amts and country. Similar “eternal” peace Lyijk discusses Estonia, Julijs Kagelis ob­ pacts were signed with two other Baltic serves Latvia and Stasys Lozorajtis reviews nations, namely Lithuania and Latvia. In Lithuania. The paper presentations are fol­ 1932 Moscow signed a peace pact with lowed by articles about Eastern and Finland in which it guaranteed the in­ Finnish Karelia (author Esmo Ridalja)

47 about North-Eastern Prussia (Gerhard 16th-19th centuries) in church architec­ Prengel), about Byelorussia (V. Bortnik), ture, home dwellings and their accessories. about Azerbajzan (F. Aekiner), about This culture, as the author mentions, be­ Germans in the USSR (Andreas Maser), longs to the whole part of Ukraine: it is about Tatar-Bashkiri (Ali Akish) and an integral part of Ukrainian cultural about Northern Caucasus. heritage. The Ukrainian introduction, Even today the original pro- Russian written by Pavlo Miliar, mentions the complex weighs heavily upon the West. Lemkos’ deportation by Poland. The mo­ For the Western world, everything that is nograph is divided into two parts: part found outside Poland’s or Rumania’s one, by Olha Chmukh, consists of 7 chap­ boundaries is usually Russia. Strangely ters and deals with the “Ukrainian wooden enough, the West is of the opinion that architecture and the wooden architecture the freedom fight of different African of the Ukrainian Carpathians”; the nations or tribes is more understandable anthropological and linguistic characteristics and more topical than the freedom fight (including clothing, dwellings, husbandry of the non-Russian nations in the USSR. and church architecture is presented by The collection “Nations in Chains” is Antin Varyvoda; “Architecture of Lem- an original and sensibly written ency­ kivshchyna” is by O. Volynets; the clopaedia of knowledge for the Western “Wooden Churches in Lemkivshchyna” is world. M. S. by Roman Reinfuss; the “Old and new Dr. Alexander Sokolyszyn houses in Lemkivshchyna” is by Pavlo Wooden Architecture of Ukrainian Stafniv’sky. These chapters are written in Carpatians. (ed. John Hvozda, The Ukrainian. “Wooden architecture of the Lemko Research Foundation, Inc., New Ukrainian Carpathians”, written by Antin York, 1978) Varyvoda is presented in English. This With the help of a board of editors, part, consisting of 68 pages, ends with a consisting of Michael Czereszniowsky, a summary of Lemkivshchyna’s history well-known Ukrainian sculptor, Nicholas (also written in English) and a map of Duplak, a professor at one American this region. Part two consists of “Selected University, Bohdan Gerulak, engineer, illustrations of the wooden architecture of husband of one well-known artist of the Ukrainian Carpathians”, with re­ Ukrainian ceramics, and Myron Mycio, an productions of original aquarelles (partly UPA member, Prof. Dr. John Hvozda in colour), with diagrams, constructions was able to publish an original mono­ plans and scales. This book is of value not graph dealing with the wooden architecture only for art historians, but also for con­ of the Ukrainian Carpathians. This region struction students and engineers. The entire was always a bastion of Ukrainian cultural special section contains 178 artistic draw­ and religious heritage, professed by the ings by maestro Antin Varyvoda. It in­ Ukrainian regions of the Hutzuls and the cludes a description of the wooden struc­ Lemkos. Both Ukrainian ethnic groups tures collected and presents a historically were in the Ukrainian provinces of Gali­ documented value monograph. Varyvoda’s cia and Carpatho-Ukraine, including Mara- article about Lemkivshchyna also has a morysh and Bukovyna. However, there selected bibliography and finally, at the were only Hutzuls in Bukovyna and not end, a description of the location, date of Lemkos. The foreword by Prof. John construction and illustrations are given. The Hvozda (written in English and Ukrai­ World Lemko’s Federation President, Prof. nian) presents the role of the Lemkos’ Dr. John Hvozda, deserves a great compli­ wooden material culture (especially the ment for publishing this valuable work.

48 The Tragedy of the Sudeten Germans rible revenge on the 3V2 million innocent Christian Sudeten Germans. By Austin ]. App., Ph.D.; 96 pages, eleven This book of 96 pages tells the genocidic illustrations, index. Published by Boniface story — in three sections: 1. the Sudeten Press (8207 Flower Avenue, Takoma Park, Germans until the Munich Pact, 1938, pa­ Md. 20012), 1979. ges 1 to 16 (republished from Reason, The 3»/2 million Sudeten Germans for February 1976); 2. the vicisitudes from the 700 years cultivated and converted their Munich Pact to the Potsdam Conference, land, about the size of the state of Mary­ 1945, pages 17-37 (republished from Step- land, 10,000 square miles, situated around pingstones, Spring, 1977; Summer, 1978); the edges of what the peace dictators of 3. the fate and "holocaust” from the Un­ Versailles called Czechoslovakia, into one conditional Surrender to the present, pages of the most Christian and flourishing spots 38—82, published for the first time. of the world. From their ranks came many The entire book is a historical and re­ scientist, scholars and missioners. alistic account of the ups and downs of But in 1919 their Golgatha began. They the Sudeten people. It describes in stark were torn away from Austria and forced detail the terrible atrocity committed into a minority of second-cl^ss citizens of against the Sudeten Germans in the fight­ Czecho-Slovakia. ful genocide of 1945—46 — after the Un­ Because in 1938, in the Munich Pact, conditional Surrender. In this mass atrocity Hitler induced the victors to let the Su­ 241,000 were brutally clubbed, burned and deten Germans self-determine themselves shot to death. back to Austria, the self-proclaimed Some eleven illustrations, properly cap­ “Democrats” of Prague, after the Uncon­ tioned, tend to reinforce this stark story ditional Surrender in 1945, took a hor­ of genocide.

UKRAINIAN HERALD Underground Magazine from Ukraine Issue IV Containing details on the trial of Valentyn Moroz and the brutal murder of Alla Horska, unpublished poems by Vasyl Symonenko and news of repressions agains the Ukrainian intellectuals. Poetry translated by Vera Rich. ABN Press Bureau Zeppelinstrasse 67 8000 München 80 Germany ORDER FORM I would like to order the following: □ Nation oder Klasse, by Wolfgang Strauss Softcover, 189 pp...... 8 4.90 □ Das Wesen des Bolschewismus, by Eugen Malaniuk Softcover, 55 pp...... 8 3.50 □ Symonenko — a study in semantics, by Igor Shankowsky Hardcover, 212 pp...... 8 8.00 □ Russian Oppression in Ukraine, Reports, Documents, P h o t o g r a p h s ...... 8 12.00 □ Russischer Kolonialismus in der Ukraine, Berichte, Dokumente, Abbildungen, Softcover 447 pp...... 8 12.00 □ In the Whirlpool of Combat, by Yuriy Boretz Hardcover, 322 pp...... 8 15.00 □ Cataract, by Mykhajlo Osadchyj. Hardcover, 111 pp...... 8 12.00 □ Annexation or Reunification, by Mykhajlo I. Braichevsky Harcover, 139 pp...... 8 12.00 □ Revolutionary Voices, Ukrainian Political Prisoners Condemn Russian Colonialism Harcover, 269 pp. (Revised e d i t i o n ) ...... 8 9.00 Softcover, 156 pp...... 8 4.00 □ For This Was I Born, The human conditions in USSR slave labor camps, Softcover, 190 p p ...... 8 2.50 v □ History of the Russian Empire, by Nicholas Chirovsky X' Harcover, 449 pp...... 8 15.00 □ Captive Nations, by Bernadine Bailey, Softcover, 191 pp. . f ...... 8 1.00 ][ □ Las Negras Acciones Del Kremlin, Softcover, Two Volumes, 633 pp. and 797 pp...... j. 8 10.00 □ Please send me, free of charge, your title and price list of other available publications. I am en clo sin g ...... US8. Prices include postage.

Name Address

7k John G. Diefenbaker 18. 9. 1895 — 16. 8. 1979 The Greatest Champion of Freedom and Independence

John George Diefenbalter, Prime Minister of Canada from June 21, 1957 to April 8, 1963, and the highest-ranking government of­ ficial in the West to publicly support the independence of Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and other subjugated nations in the USSR and satellite countries, died at the age of 83, on August 16, 1976. He entered into the history of nations subjugated by Russian Imperialism and Communism as the most outstanding defender of their independence and supporter of their liberation struggle.

Verlagspostamt: München 2 September — October 1979 Vol. XXX. No. 5 CONTENTSJ Prisoners Against Russian Imperialism . . . 6 Two UPA Veterans Face Harassment . . . 7 Contribute to the ABN Liberation Fund . . 8 Fifty Years of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (O U N )...... 11 Total Violation of Human Rights in the USSR . 15 Baymirza Hay it (Turkestan) Islam in the Soviet Union .... 21 Situation in the Subjugated Countries . 27 Valentyn Moroz (Ukraine) Hard M elo d ies...... 30 American Ideals and Captive Nations . 34 Dr. M. Ausala (Latvia) Message to a K in g ...... Rumanian Workers Demanding Their Right . 38 Mysterious Death of Ukrainian Composer in Lviv 39 Zena Matla-Rychtycka Let’s Call a Spade a Spade...... 40 I. Kolasky Russian Racism and the Ukrainian Language . 42 Australian Government Asked to Denounce Russian Imperialism...... 44 M. Shpontak AFABN Inc. Meeting August 29, 1979 . . . 45 How to buy SA L T ?...... 46

Herausgeber: American Friends of the Articles signed with name or pseudonym Antibolshevik Bloc of Nations (AF ABN) do not necessarily reflect the Editor’s o- Inhaber: B. Fedorak — Chairman of pinion, but that of the author. Manuscripts AF ABN sent in unrequested cannot be returned in Beide: 136 Second Avenue, New York, case of non-publication unless postage is N. Y. 10003, USA enclosed. Zweigstelle Deutschland: Zeppelinstr. 67, It is not our practice 8000 München 80 to pay for contributed materials. Publisher: American Friends of the Anti­ Reproduction permitted but only bolshevik Bloc of Nations (AFABN), with indication of source (ABN-Corr.). 136 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y. Schriftleitung: Redaktionskollegium. 10003, USA Verantw. Redakteur Frau Slava Stetzko. Editorial Staff: Board of Editors. Zeppelinstraße 67/0, 8000 München 80, Editor-in-Chief: Mrs. Slava Stetsko, M. A. Telefon: 48 25 32 8000 Munich 80, Zeppelinstr. 67/0 Druck: eGmbH “Cicero”, München. West Germany. Zeppelinstraße 67, 8000 München 80 Center of Natiocide — Site of the 1980 Moscow Olympics Especially at the present time \when ' in the USSR and in the Russian empire as a whole, natiocide, genocide, linguicide, ethnocide and cultu- ralcide are on the increase, countries of the world deceived by the attrac­ tiveness of détente, have completely forgotten the frightening reality in the captive nations and the everpresent threat, which is hanging over the yet free world from Russian imperialism and its modern personi­ fication — Communism, Bolshevism. Moscow is constantly conquering new countries in Africa, Latin America, in the Near East, aiding their fifth column to come to power. The hand of Russia, the war instigator, is involved in the deadly critical for the West — oil crisis. The most outstanding British and other experts in matters of Bolshevik aggression visibly and convincingly prove Moscow’s participation in terrorism, which is starting to take root in the very heart of free nations, dividing the free communities and swaying the governmental apparatus. MOSCOW — THE FATHER OF WORLD TERRORISM The very governments do not believe in the fact that in every country of the free world exist two comparties: one visible, the other — under­ ground, which is best exemplified through the system of brutal terrorism. Training, arming and aid of all sorts are given to the terrorists by Mos­ cow, either directly or through its sattelites. In the face of this obvious proof of Moscow’s crimes and the entire openly criminal system, official circles in the West remain dumb, hiding their heads in the sand! Reve­ lations of terrible crimes perpetrated by Bolshevism on various dissidents have not helped. One of the greatest criminals-natiociders of all times, Leonid Illyich II — a “peacemaker”, who “has to maintain himself in power through com­ promises”, so that other tyrants, “worse than him”, would not come to power. The criminal attack on Czecho-Slovakia is blamed on Podgorny and Shelest, who “overrid” the wishes of the “peacemaker” and “good father”, Brezhnev, viewed similarly as Roosevelt viewed favorably the “good father” ‘Joe’ Stalin, always surrounded by his KGB agents. RUSSIFICATION — NATIOCIDE Meanwhile, on our very eyes, Brezhnev’s XXV Congress of the Com­ munist Party of the USSR (CPSU) in its resolution “on the further im­ provement of educating and teaching students of general schools and their preparation for employment” decided to increase the pressure on the teaching of the Russian language in the national schools — the language “of friendship and brotherhood of nations in th USSR”. In the implementation of this resolution the “ministry” of the Russian colony “the Ukrainian SSR” in November of 1978 decided to make plans during 1978—1985 “directed at the fundamental usage of the Russian language 1 in the upcoming generation, and from 1980, the instruction of the Russian language in schools of general education with Ukrainian as the language of instruction will begin with the first grade of instruction. Simultaneously the alarm has been sounded from Ukraine, calling for action in defense of the native languages of the captive nations, pointing out that with the new school year at the expense of the native language, the Russian language will prevail in the primary schools. Presently in large cities almost all the schools have converted to Russian language instruction. Brezhnev is continuing the policy of the czars. He is actua­ lizing that, which in 1870 the Minister of Education of the Russian- Czarist empire, D. Tolstoy, announced that “the end result of the education of the non-Russians, must be their total Russification and assimilation with the Russian nation”. From the time of the “reactionist” Czars the CPSU has not come up with anything new. The new “Czars” are continuing and prolonging the policies of the old Czars. In 1958, as a result of the efforts of Nikita Khruschev, new school regulations were imposed upon Ukraine and other so-called “republics”, which gave parents “the right” to choose, to which school to send their children — to schools with Ukrainian instruction or to schools with Russian instruction. Russians did not get this “right to choose”. In their native country they continued to send their children to schools with instruction in the Russian language. THE NEW WAVE OF THE ADVANCE OF RUSSIFICATION The Resolutions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU dealing with the matter of Russification is being systematically realized. The All-Soviet Scholarly-Theoretical Conference, “The Russian Language — the language of friendship and cooperation of the nations in the USSR”, which was held in May of this year in Russificated Tashkent, had the assignment of not only laying a foundation for the neccessity of the imperialistic aspect of Russification, but also to develop a plan for the Russification of the languages, therefore the linguicide of the captive nations. The Red Czar, Brezhnev, in his letter-greeting to the conference pointed out the neccessity of Russification as the result of the founding “of the new historical community — the Soviet people”, and the objec­ tive neccessity of a common “Russian language, as the language for inter­ national cooperation” in the Russian colonial empire. To strengthen his position, he recalled “the dream” of the first Red Czar — Lenin, “to make it possible so that every citizen of our country will have the oppor­ tunity to learn the great (?) Russian language”, reiterating, this “dream is becoming realized“ during the reign of Illyich II. In his lecture, the All-Soviet Minister of Education, M. O. Prokoviev, layed out a plan for the complete Russification of the languages with the 2 aid “of a strong system for the learning of the second language”, which is becoming the primary language and is replacing the native language in schools. His main emphasis was put on the “pre-school age”, on kinder­ gartens and nursery schools, with the requirement “of the continued development of learning on all levels of education” .. . The traitor, the Turkestani S. R. Rashydov, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, underlined the importance of the Russian language, as the “language of our unity and brotherhood”, the language “of a great nation”, which has “a culture of the highest order”, and “rich democratic traditions”, as “the most important commodity of exchange in the spheres of economics, scholarly- technical and socio-political activity”... Having proven the enforced policy of the colonization of Uzbekistan by Moscow and other non-natives, which (colonial occupation) he charac­ terized as “brotherly aid”, which (for example, during the Tashkent earthquake of 1966) from among “all brother nations came to aid the capital of Uzbekistan .. PLANNED ETHNOCIDE AND CULTURALCIDE Therefore Moscow, in unity with their traitors, are following the plan of linguicide, at the time when all colonial empires have fallen and the culture of newly found nations and countries are on the rise, when the scholarship of their traditions is beginning to rise, as well as their spiri­ tual creativity, their language and culture, meanwhile nations with thousand year old traditions of culture and nationhood are being destroyed by Russian barbarians and wild men. Irish, or Basques, the Welsh or Jews are cultivating their once forgotten languages and cultures, but Moscow, as barbarians are trampling age-old languages and cultures. Russification is not only linguicide, it is a complete system of methods of destroying the captive nations with the help of mixing of nations, the camps of forced labor, exile, the colonization by Russians of occupied lands, countries, imposing upon them the Bolshevik socio-economic order, collectivization, cultural-political captivity with the aid of socio-realism, therefore the cult of the conqueror of the conquered, of a military atheism, which is contrary to the spiritualism of the captive nations, where the national idea is joined with the religious one, the forced implementation of state “orthodoxy” of domineering power, the army service outside one’s country, the destruction of cultural and religious relics, the burning of museums and archives of age-old cultural documents, the falsification of history, the colonial administration, the colonial indu­ strialization, and development of lines of communication with regards to the interest of the empire and as a culmination of these undertakings, the artificial creation of a so-called Soviet nation, therefore a Russian supernation, the cult of Russian racism — all of this is RUSSIFICATION. 3 The destruction of national elements in music, art, sculpture, the in­ troduction of Russian elements, the forbidding of national creativity, folklore, their falsification with Russian mixtures, the doing away with national instruments such as the bandura, and substituting the native instrument with the balalaika, the falsification of national dances, me­ lodies, the introduction of stray material and other falsifications into native folklore, the restrictions of native national songs, of age-old re­ ligious customs, which originate in the pre-Christian era — all of these are components of the proccess of Russification, all of this is Natiocide! THE CAPTIVE NATIONS MUST STRENGTHEN THE STRUGGLE Following the example of the revolutionary Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) on Western Ukraine territory in the thirties, it is necessary to implement in the captive nations a wide-scale educational action, starting with children and ending with parents and grandparents. The native language must be demanded exclusively in native schools, especially in kindergartens, in pre-schools and on all levels of education, including universities and institutes. Everywhere and always the native language should be spoken, in public places, in government, in shops, in factories, in installations, on collectives, in the media, to sing national and patriotic songs in the native language, to play national instruments, the boycotting of the Russian language on native soil, using the native language in conferring with foreigners, who should know the language of the nation on whose territory they live! Soldiers should demand military service on their own territory! Youth should resist assimilation with the “whole” and remain on their own native land! They should steadfastly hold on to their native territory! Protests should be mounted against the colonization of the occupied territories by Moscow! They should return from their jobs in Kazakhstan or Siberia to their native lands! Protests should be mounted against the forced mixture of peoples! One should proudly acknowledge one’s own national affiliation! AID FROM ABROAD Documents about Russifiction’s natiocide should be made known in foreign languages and propositions made to educational, literary, art and cultural institutions of all kinds in the free nations, that they defend the culture of nations, and stand in the defense of culture of the world — because without national cultures, there is no world culture. We must act quickly in order to save the culture of humanity! The matter of documented linguicide and natiocide should be turned over to the United Nations, calling upon not only the Universal Declara­ tion on the Rights of Man, but also on the resolution calling for the decolonization of all the empires of the world from 1960/1972, because 4 linguicide and natiocide are — the results of an imperialistic and colo­ nialist occupation by the herrenvolk-Mosco-w of the nations held captive in the USSR and in the satellite countries. Governments and Parliaments of the free nations, individual political figures and publistics, who sympathize with our efforts, should receive documentation for their actions against the Russian colonialists. Profes­ sional organizations, student organizations, and youth organizations of all kinds, journalists and especially professors, teachers and many others should be motivated to action. It would be a great accomplishment, if children, pupils, students would demand for their peers the freedom to learn in their native langu­ age, for their is not a greater barbarism, than to take away the native language of a child in pre-school or in kindergarten! All organizations on all levels of cultural, professional and political- governmental life should be mobilized in defense of teaching children and youth in their native language in the kingdom of Czarist tyrrany! The youth of the free nations should take to the streets, in defense of the most elementary of rights — the right of the child to speak and learn in the language of its mother! Only a barbarian would take this right away. Television, radio, the press, all the forms of media should be presen­ ted with documents, to protest the linguicide, culturalcide, because a poet can best create in his own language, with which in turn he is en­ riching the spiritual creativity of the human race! The loss of the native language is the path to assimilation! OUR DIRECT AID It is of the utmost urgency that political, public, professional, youth, women’s, combatant and especially scholarly, cultural, literary and artistic organizations of our emigration use all the avenues at their dis­ posal to mount actions of protest against the total Russification perpetrat­ ed by the colonialists — the Russian racists. Protestive assemblies, mani­ festations, demonstrations, marches against Bolshevik missions and institutions, and also manifestations in front of governmental parliaments, and even certain cultural institutions and institutions of higher learning with the handing over of appropriately documented memoranda which are certain to have their necessary effect. It is very important that scholarly and in general cultural institutions and persons from the West raise their voices of protest! It is especially important that Nobel prize recipients also raise the fight against Russi­ fication! The free world should state, if it still has an iota of some sort of pride and honor: that until in the Russian prisons and concentration camps, in “insane asylums” and in exile, there still suffers at least one political 5 or religious prisoner, until concentration camps and psychiatric prisons still exist, until the Russificator’s linguicide, culturalcide, ethnocide, genocide and natiocide exist, until the colonial empire of tyrants and nationkillers exists, until they still murder, hang priests, artists, writers, fighters for freedom, until that time not one sports person of the nations from the free world, which guarantee their citizens human rights, for beings created in the image of God, will set foot in the Moscow “Olympic” games. Therefore, we call upon the free world to boycott the 1980 Olympics in Moscow! A time will come when the West will be sorry that it did not heed our warnings! Let long live the freedom and independence of nations and the freedom of the individual! Death to the Russian prison of nations and people! Long live the national revolution of the captive nations — the path to liberation! September 1979 THE ANTIBOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS (ABN)

Prisoners Against Russian Imperialism Fifteen political prisoners of various Mordovia: Balys Gajauskas, Aleksandr nationalities incarcerated in the Soviet Ginzburg, Nikolai Yevhrafov, Sviatoslav Union signed a document supporting the Karavansky, Lev Lukianenko, Bohdan fight against Soviet Russian imperialism Rebryk, Oleksa Tykhy, Danylo Shumuk and colonialism. and Edward Kuznetsov. The 1979 statement was addressed to Castigating the Soviet Union for being the secretariat of the Group 72, the Mos­ a “prison of nations” and for its “savage cow and Ukrainian Helsinki monitoring despotism”, the political prisoners called groups, U.N. Secretary General Kurt on the governments of the world, all po­ Waldheim, the 35th session of the U.N. litical parties and the Churches “to firmly General Assembly, governments which raise the question of the liquidation of all signed the Helsinki Accords, and all ci­ forms of national and colonial subjugation tizens of the free world. — the inseparable companion of mankind’s The document was written and signed final empire, the Soviet Russian — the by six inmates of the Chystopol special prison of nations, which today near the prison: Razmik Zahrobian (Armenian), end of the 20th century, is the principal Anatoly Shcharansky (Jew), Vladimir Ba- retarding force in the world’s develop­ lakhanov and Michail Kazachko (Russians) ment.” and Vasyl Fedorenko and Yuriy Shukhe- One of the first points raised in their vych (Ukrainians). statement was the “suffocation of the na­ It was co-signed by nine prisoners of tional liberation struggles of the non- the concentration camp near Sosnovka in Russian nations.” In protesting against the 6 deportations to the eastern-most regions of rialism on the territory of the USSR and Siberia, the prisoners demanded to be re­ beyond its borders.” turned to their original native lands. Their motto was “For the freedom of The political prisoners declared a day each of our nations” and “For your and of silence on July 26 in protest against our freedom.” national discrimination. They objected to “However we realize that solidarity the camp administration’s refusal to allow among the captive nations is not enough them “to fraternize with the camp’s admi­ and we are therefore counting on the nistration, personal and business corres­ support and sympathy for our cause of all pondence, to speak in languages other than freedom-loving countries on Earth, first Russian during meetings with family mem­ of all from those which recently attained bers, to read books, to listen to the radio, their independence, and the entire Third to watch movies in the native language, World as well as all democratic countries to observe national holidays and dates, to of the West”, they wrote. foster their national customs and rituals, The political prisoners hope that the 10 to organize along national lines.” Days of Solidarity become “a new warning August 3 was designated by the political against the dangers to peace and freedom prisoners as the day to commemorate a of the West,” they wrote. nation’s right to decide its own future. On Writing that their reality is in constant that day the 15 political inmates marked threat of becoming a statistic, denatio­ the signing of the Helsinki Accords by nalized and unified into one entity called “protesting against the brutal violation by the “new historical community of people the Soviet government of Article VIII of — the Soviet nation,” the political pri­ the declaration of principles of the Final soners warned the countries of the world Act and demanding the immediate im­ that “our today would become your to­ plementation of its most important inter­ morrow” and that “civilization could be national principle concerning all prisoners trampled under the boots of the Krem­ of Soviet Russian colonialism and impe­ lin’s global hegemony.” Two UPA Veterans Face Harassment Two veterans of the Ukrainian Insurgent ported to be in poor health and in 1970 Army, who have been incarcerated since he was declared an invalid of the second the late 1940’s and early 1950’s have been category. transferred to a prison camp for criminals. Symchych, who was born in 1923, was The two veterans, Vasyl Pidhorodetsky sentenced by a military tribunal in 1949 and Myroslav Symchych, were transferred to 25 years imprisonment and five years from Camp No. 35 in the Perm Oblast exile for his involvement with the UPA to a special zone in the town of Chyvakha. and the Organization of Ukrainian Na­ Pidhorodetsky is currently serving his tionalists. second sentence. He was sentenced in 1952 to 25 years in prison and in 1976 he was In 1956 a commission of the Supreme sentenced to a six-year prison term. Soviet of the USSR commuted his sen­ Pidhorodetsky is a former officer of the tence to 10 years in prison, but four years UPA and a former member of the staff later an additional five-year sentence of Gen. Taras Chuprynka, commander-in­ was added to his original 25-year con­ chief of the UPA. Pidhorodetsky is re­ finement. 7 Contribute to the ABN Liberation Fund Sovereign politics of a captive nation without its own finances do not exist! This law, this truth has been confirmed one-hundred fold by the history of liberation struggles of the captive nations. “Liberators” do not carry freedom for the subjugated, but rather the will of their rule on foreign territory. One, who liberates oneself, will remain free, one, who is “liberated”, will be taken into captivity! On the background of the last several decades of history many different international organizations of captive nations have disappeared, which existed solely at the will and thanks to the financial support of foreign powers and interests. From the moment the egotistical interest of the superpowers did not require the political play of the captive na­ tions, when the politics of “liberation”, the politics of “containing” Bol­ shevism was foresaken in the interest of “peaceful coexistence” and eventually for the politics of détente and cooperation with Bolshevism, with the Russian tyrranical empire, — the superpowers halted the financing of “assemblies”, “green” or other “internationals”, and other “projects”, and very quickly many different international formations, which were not founded on independent financial resources, disappeared. The oldest international antibolshevik organization of captive nations with a thirty year history of struggle is the Antibolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN)! Only because of own independent financing, the ABN was able to maintain itself and spread its worldwide scope of activities and has become the symbol of an uncompromising anti-Russian and anti-Com- munist struggle for the national idea against the imperialism, for national states of nations held captive by Russian imperialism and communism, built on the ruins of the Russian empire. ABN has become the flag-bearer for liberation struggles of captive nations and the guiding light for patriotic national anti-bolshevik forces of the world. The Russian empire is the main enemy of the captive na­ tions. All the activities and the struggles on all fronts of the captive nations, are directed against the Russian prison of nations of whichever color it might be and against Bolshevism, as the modern form of Moscovite imperialism. Before ABN today are the following important tasks: a) the spreading of the world front against Russification, as the main element employed by Moscow for the enslavement of the captive nations, implemented in forms of linguicide, culturalcide, ethnocide and natiocide; b) the widespread attempts for the liberation of national-political, religious and all other freedom fighters-prisoners, from Russian prisons and concentration camps, for the liquidation of concentration camps and psychiatric prisons; 8 c) to change the politics of détente to policy of liberation; d) for the decolonization of the USSR — for the dissolution of the Russian empire into independent national states of all the captive nations; e) for the mobilization of the citizenry of free nations against the Olympics in Moscow in 1980. These very important and timely assignments, ABN is already im­ plementing. Proof of this — the approval of the resolutions against Russification, for the freeing of political prisoners, against the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and for the dissolution of the Russian empire — by the World Anti-Communist League (WACL) and the World Youth Anti-Communist League (WYACL) 1979. Is not the pride of the ABN its periodical — ABN CORRESPON­ DENCE, which has appeared for over thirty years, exclusively, thanks to its own strength and independent finances?! Where is another international anti-communist organization of free or captive nations, which over long years has published a periodical of this sort? How many serious publications, books in foreign languages, always dealing with the matter of the destruction of the Russian empire and the independence of nations, books of translations of underground publications were published by the ABN in the duration of the last several years? How many international conferences were organized, or its delegates took part in continental or international congresses?! How many meetings were held with governmental heads or with political and cultural leaders of free nations? How many trips and lectures were organized for the world that is not familiar with the plight of the captive nations. Especially because of the achievements of ABN during the past decades are possible the further successes of the fighters for freedom, which are arriving presently to the free world. Without this tremendous action, the present achievements would not be possible. Loudest in the entire world was the action taken in Stockholm, Swe­ den during Khruschev’s visit there! The entire world press, all forms of media in the countries of the world picked up the matter of freeing the captive nations, when the dictator of the Russian empire attacked the President of the ABN for the famous honoring of the greatest enemy of Moscow, Hetman Ivan Mazepa and his Swedish ally, King Charles XII. In the situation, when the Russian empire as a military power sur­ passes the United States, when it makes advances in the world’s oceans and endangers the United States with its oceanic connections with other continents, when in the so-called “third world”, Moscow is strengthening its positions, as for example in: Angola, Ethiopia, the invasion from Angola into Zaire, communist victories in southern Yemen, in Afghani­ stan, the occupation of Vietnam with their military bases there, Muscovite military bases in Ethiopia and Libya, also military air force units in 9 Cuba, the march of Vietnamese forces into Cambodia with Soviet support, the conference of so-called neutral nations in Havanna, Cuba at Moscow’s initiative in September of 1979, the actions of the ABN are of greater importance! An international conference of the ABN with representatives of na­ tions of the free world is very timely! The spreading of psychological and political warfare in the world, but especially the political mobilization of the strength of the captive nations on their native territories including the dispatching of periodical and non-periodical ABN literature is the command of the moment! A well developed financial base is needed to at least partially satisfy the uncommonly large needs of the various ABN projects! Therefore, we call upon the emigration of nations enslaved by Mos­ cow: to generously contribute their voluntary donation to the ABN Liberation Fund! Without your financial support the work of ABN will not be possible! ABN is not subsidized, even in the smallest amounts, by the world’s superpowers! ABN is strong only and because of YOUR strength! Collect funds for the ABN also among sympathizers of the free nations! Who from the free nations helps the ABN, helps himself! Moscow — is the enemy of all freedom-loving peoples! FINANCIAL DEPARTMENT THE ANTIBOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS September 1979

LETTER TO THE TORONTO SUN EDITOR Millions of people on the North Ameri­ mention that 50% of those shot at Babi can continent have had a chance to view Yar were not Jews and if they were not a feature film “Holocaust”. There were a Jews, why were they eliminated together number of direct inferences that Ukrai­ with the Jews? Why not ask thousands of nians helped the Germans to eliminate Jews who have been saved from the Ger­ Jews, while in practice Ukrainian peasants mans and then from the Russians and are were the ones ‘who were risking their lives now Israeli citizens, who it was that helped by providing accommodation and food to them save their lives? There were thou­ the homeless and hungry Jewish families. sands of Jews that fought hand-in-hand Had the producers of “Holocaust” been with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) objective, they would have depicted such from early 1942 until 1950. Why wasn’t factual stories and there were thousands this undeniable fact mentioned in the film? of them, not only in Ukraine, but in most of the European countries. Why not ask Walter Pawluk some of those who survived just how they Editor’s reply: saved their necks? Why was there not any It was a failing in the film. 10 Fifty Years of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Statement by the former soldiers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA)

Fifty years have passed since in Vienna, 1920, which was led on three or some­ the capital of Austria, the first Congress times four fronts ended in the “tetragon of of the Organization of Ukrainian Natio­ deaths”. Ukrainian armies were destroyed, nalists (OUN) was held. At this congress, not so much by the military victory of Colonel Evhen Konovalets, commander of enemies, but by an artificially spread epi­ the corps of Sitch Riflemen during the demic of typhus. Even today, in popular Ukrainian liberation war in 1917—20, was songs, the shawm weeps for the 40.000 elected unanimously the Head of the “Ukrainian flowers” — Ukrainian com­ Leadership of the Organization of Ukrain­ manders and soldiers who died in this ty- ian Nationalists. From the very beginning phonic catastrophe, while the mighty of of its existence, the OUN nourished the this world were looking on idly. And in idea of a military struggle, remindful of 1921—1923 on the steppes of Ukraine, Ukrainian military traditions, revived in 40.000 Ukrainian insurgents, sons and the stormy revolutionary years of the li­ daughters of the Ukrainian nation, who beration struggle of 1917—1920. The OUN did not accept Russian overlordship over itself continued these traditions through Ukraine and led against it an unrelentless its underground struggle by its precise partisan war, died in the heavy struggle shots into the representatives of occupa­ against Red Moscow. Even Lenin writes tionary administration and its active hire­ about this time: "Soviet rule in Ukraine lings, and by its overt military struggle exists only formally because during the which led to the creation of the Ukrainian nights, in reality, Ukraine is ruled by Insurgent Army (UPA) and to the crea­ Ukrainian insurgents” (XXXI, pgs. 310— tion of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation 312). Council (UHVR). On the outset of its At that time, in the full understanding existence, the organization considered it­ that the Ukrainian liberation war is not self a military revolutionary organization, yet ended and that it should continue, Col. which follows orders with great discipline. Evhen Konovalets and other high-ranking Its members have chosen either — to regain commanders of Ukrainian armies called the Ukrainian state or to die in the struggle into being the Ukrainian Military Or­ for it. ganization (UVO). It was to be a military The ground for the creation of OUN revolutionary organization, which had to was prepared for many years. Several ge­ continue the Ukrainian liberation war by nerations of Ukrainian patriots worked other, non-conventional, military means. hard and with dedication in order to This organization was structured in a mili­ develop the national consciousness of the tary manner and was composed predomi­ Ukrainian people, following appeals in the nantly of former commanders and'soldiers literary works of Ukrainian spiritual of the Ukrainian army. Military acts of leaders such as Taras Shevchenko, Ivan UVO showed to the alien occupants in Franko and Lesia Ukrainka. When the Ukraine, that the Ukrainian nation does time was ripe, Ukrainian people began to not recognize foreign rule and does not realize their national right — to build an agree with the imposed order. independent and united Ukrainian state UVO started to accept new members on all its ethnographic territories. But the into their ranks, who because of their age fierce and blood-shedding war from 1918— had not previously been in the Ukrainian 11 army, but well remembered the period of kyj’s time, the Ukrainian population was Ukrainian statehood. UVO constantly re­ as ready psychologically for a military minded its members and the Ukrainian struggle against the occupant, as they nation that the liberation of Ukraine can were at the outbreak of the Second World only come about as the consequence of a War in 1939”. nationwide military struggle. Among this Because of the efforts of the OUN, the youth, which was destined later to play a Ukrainian nation was ready and willing decisive role in the OUN and UPA, the for a military struggle against its occupants. conception of an armed Ukrainian struggle In Carpathian Ukraine in 1939, hundreds began to circulate, which rapidly spread of Ukrainian youth under the leadership of over the entire Western Ukraine. such renown members of the OUN as Ze- The idea of the regeneration of a non Kosak and Mykhajlo Huzar-Kolo- Ukrainian military force, in order to re­ dzinskyj participated in battles of “Kar- gain Ukrainian independence in a united patska Sitch” against the alien occupants. state and to secure it, became the guiding There were a number of military clashes light of OUN and later, of the entire with the withdrawing Polish army in 1939 Ukrainian population of Western Ukraine. and against the fleeing Red army in 1941. Simultaniously, Colonel Evhen Konovalets Already in the years 1939—41 during the and the executive of OUN in Western first Soviet Russian occupation, there was Ukraine began to propagate and to con­ a military underground of the OUN in solidate the ideas of OUN in the Central Volynia and Halychyna (Galicia) which and Eastern territories of Ukraine. In its was armed with the weaponry taken from activities, OUN embraced all Ukrainian the Polish army. After the proclamation territories and incorporated all Ukrainians of the restoration of the Ukrainian state abroad in its liberation struggle. Col. Evhen on June 30, 1941 in Lviv at the initiative Konovalets was assasinated in Rotterdam, of the OUN, in many places in Volynia Netherlands, while organizing a liberation and Halychyna, there existed Ukrainian struggle in the Central and Eastern terri­ military detachments, armed with weapons tories of Ukraine. of the fleeing Red army thanks to the cou­ OUN cultivated the idea of an armed rageous initiative of OUN. Arms gained Ukrainian struggle, of heroism and dedica­ by members of the OUN from the fleeing tion. It organized gatherings of youth at fifth Soviet Army in Volynia and the first Makivka and Lysonia, sites of former bat­ Soviet Army in the Carpathian Mountains tlefields for Ukrainian independence. Often served for the armament of UPA detach­ such gatherings clashed with police and ments in 1942. communists. OUN organized celebrations All these actions were accomplished by of Pentecost,on Ukrainian military ceme- the OUN. The OUN also played a main taries, school actions for the defense of the role in such military formations as Kar- Ukrainian language, strikes of peasants and patska Sitch, Druzhyny Ukrainskich Na- workers against their exploitation and the tionalistiv (DUN) — military units of colonization of Ukrainian territories. They Ukrainian nationalists — and corps of sabotaged the foreign occupationary system, Kholodnyj Yar in Rivno. It created a organized military educational seminars physical basis for the organization of UPA, and spread patriotic publications of by having the Ukrainian nation accumu­ “Chervona Kalyna” (a Ukrainian under­ late arms and accept training in their use. ground publication). But the foundation was not only physical! About this period a historian of UPA UPA was born in the struggle against Nazi writes: “Only perhaps during Khmelnyts- and Russians occupants of Ukraine. It was 12 the OUN, which, led by Stepan Bandera, sequence of the liberation concept of the started the decisive war against Nazi Ger­ OUN — a common front of the subjugated many and appealed to the Ukrainian nations — military units of other subjugat­ people to join the OUN in the struggle, ed nations such as Georgian, Armenian, immediately after the Germans voiced their Turkestani (Uzbeks), Tatars and others disaproval of the Act on the Restoration were integrated into the framework of the of the Ukrainian State on June 30, 1941, UPA against Russian invaders. This friend­ when they imprisoned Stepan Bandera and ship on the battlefields was wimessed by Yaroslav Stetsko, Premier of the newly the first conference of the subjugated na­ restored state. In the months of August tions which was convened on the initia­ and September 1941 the Nazis conducted tive of OUN-UPA during November 21— mass executions and arrests of OUN mem­ 22, 1943. The representatives of 15 na­ bers. These Nazi repressions did not break tions of Eastern Europe and Asia fought the OUN. It remained the leader of the in the ranks of the UPA against Hitlerites Ukrainian nation’s struggle against Nazi and Russian Bolshevist occupants. Repre­ invaders. It organized this struggle and sentatives of 12 nations participated in the strengthened it daily, turning the struggle conference. It is precisely out of this friend­ into an overt war led by the Ukrainian ship among the subjugated nations on the Insurgent Army. Thus OUN created not battlefields of the UPA that the Anti- only a physical basis for the UPA struggle, Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) originated. but also gave it a moral foundation. During the subsequent 33 years, under the Through its attacks against Nazi occupants, leadership of the Premier of the Ukrainian the OUN defended the honor of the Government from 1941, former prisoner of Ukrainian nation during World War II Nazi concentration camps in 1941—44, and by blood, decreed its right for inde­ now the Chairman of the OUN and pendence and freedom. member of the World Anti-Communist The two front war of the UPA — League (WACL) Presidium — Yaroslav against Germany and Russia — was the Stetsko — tries to acquaint the world with political concept of the OUN which gave the liberation struggle of Ukraine and the UPA ideological and political guidance. other nations subjugated by Moscow. This The nationwide revolt led by the UPA is clearly and straightforwardly expressed against the Russian occupants during the in the slogan of the 2nd Congress of the decades was possible only because the UPA OUN in 1941 — “Freedom for Nations, was united inseperably with the OUN and Freedom for Individuals”. On the initiative because it defended the western territories of the OUN and by their uninterrupted of Ukraine — Lemkiwshchyna and Kholm- struggle, UPA and OUN rescued through shchyna (Lemko region and Kholm region) their heroic efforts the so-called Zaker- against Polish communists and their armies. sonia — Lemkiwshchyna and Kholm- UPA became a national Ukrainian shchyna — populations of Western army, which embraced Ukrainian patriots Ukraine’s territories from mass genocide regardless of their political views, who by the Russians. The OUN played a fought against Nazi German and Russian unique role under the leadership of Stepan occupants. Thanks to the pan-national Bandera, in the development and struggle politics of OUN, numerous Ukrainian high of the UPA. It is not a coincidence that officers, many of whom deserted the Red such experienced members of OUN as Ro­ Army, organized military units of UPA, man Shukhevych-Chuprynka, Dmytro trained them and led them in the struggle Hrytsaj-Perebyjnis, Oleksa Hasyn-Lytsar, against the enemies of Ukraine. In the con­ Wasyl Sydor-Shelest, Dmytro Klatchkiv- 13 skyj-Savur and Hrabets-Batko led the Anniversary of the OUN’s existence. The struggle of UPA or were co-creators of nation, which gave birth to such an or­ its ideological political platform like P. ganization as the OUN, an organization Poltava, O. Hornovyj, Taras Majivskyj which stood in the past and still stands and others. And it is not coincidence that together with its nation, the organization Ostap, Jasenj, Hrehit, Shabluk, Halajda, that taught the nation to believe in itself Kruk, Khmara, Ren and many others who and in its liberation, can courageously look were commanders of the UPA units, also into the future. This nation will be vic­ were “old members of the OUN” because torious and will once again regain an in­ the OUN sent many of its cadres into the dependent and united Ukrainian state. staff and rank and file of UPA, many of Society of former UPA soldiers whom distinguished themselves in battle. OUN sent its members to the military in the USA schools organized by UPA and from which came later such outstanding commanders as Serednyj, Krutish, Bryl and others. And of primary importance, OUN, on all its levels, coordinated its activities with the actions of UPA, putting at its disposal the entire organized structure. The OUN took over the main burden of security service and intelligence, material provisions and supply, medical sanitary service (through special service — underground "Ukrainian Red Cross”), propaganda, political service (underground printing houses, publications and a radio station) and technical service for special tasks. Strikes, disturbances and revolts of pri­ soners in Russian concentration camps from 1953 to 1959 and in the subsequent years were politically organized and car­ ried out mainly on the initiative of the OUN members and former members of UPA, who jointly created a great period of struggle for the liberation of the na­ tions subjugated by Russia. Thus, in the fire for the struggle for the liberation of Ukraine, a very deep friend­ ship and understanding developed between the soldiers of. the UPA and the OUN members. Jointly, they shared the joy of victories and together they grieved over their failures and defeats. Exactly, this Commémoratives issued on the occasion friendship that was molded on the battle­ of the 50 Anniversary of the Organiza­ field in the uneven struggle for Ukraine’s tion of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) freedom, we, the former soldiers of UPA, and the 35 Anniversary of the Antibol­ would like to commemorate on the Fiftieth shevik Bloc of Nations (ABN). 14 Total Violation of Human Rights in the USSR Testimony of Valentyn Moroz before the Comission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, July 19, 1979 Mr. Chairman, Members of the Commission, The issue of human rights is the first successful initiative by the West in the psychological struggle with Communism. This is the first instance in the post-World War II era when the West has seized the initiative, as partially manifested by the Helsinki Accords, and therefore is in an undefeatable position. Previously, the various forms of the psychological struggle were dictated by Moscow and the Communist world in general. Having achieved their goals even before the issues reached the field of psychological battle, Russia was able to preclude any chance of victory for the West. The initiative was always in the hands of Russia, leaving the West in a defensive “reactionary” posture, thereby precluding the pos­ sibility of any Western offensive alternatives. However, a situation has arisen similar to that in the Ukrainian fable of the “Fox and the Crane”: “A fox invited a crane for dinner, but then served the meal on a flat plate so that the crane was unable to grasp anything with its beak. The crane was also cunning and decided to return this insult. The crane, in turn, invited the fox to dinner, serving the meal in a long vase, which did not allow the fox to reach the food at the bot­ tom.” Let us all welcome the Western “crane”, which for the first time has outsmarted the Muscovite “fox”. Indeed, Russia exploits the fact that in the West there are also human rights violations. It is natural and understandable that the world today does not possess a system where everything is good, where all human rights can be fully guaranteed. But there can be no real comparison between the East and the West. In Russia and the Communist world in general there is a systematic and total denial of human rights. Whereas in the West, human rights violations occur on the basis of exceptional cases in specific areas, which, therefore, do not lend themselves to any parallels with the East. As a result, the platform of human rights is the most useful weapon in the hands of the West. It has become the issue by which the West can wage a victorious battle in the psychological struggle. The cause of human rights is not some kind of an artificial invention. The quest for individual rights has become a priority in the world today. The 20th century, as the age of industrialization, has created elaborate structures and colossal systems, which threaten to undermine human and individual rights. This threat is not necessarily posed only by Communist totalitarian systems in the East or by totalitarian dictatorships in Africa — known as “mono-party democratic states.” There are many similar systems in the West. We can clearly see the trend in supra-national events; 15 that our age is the age of systems. Therefore, the question of defending individual rights has become a priority issue for the world. Russia vainly expects the campaign for human rights to be short-lived, but the issue of human rights will be with us for a long time to come. For example: A female worker applies for a job in an Italian factory. On the job applica­ tion form she is asked, “What are your relations with your husband?” She is given to understand, that if she does not respond to this question her chances for employment are lessened. It should therefore be obvious that such circumstances will cause concern not only for those who are actively engaged in defending human rights, but generally for everyone who is concerned with the question: “Does the individual have a chance to survive in the contemporary world?” — irrespective of whether the individual is in the East or the West. I was asked here as a witness to testify about violations of human rights in the Soviet Union. I am prepared to answer all questions. I can povide 100,000 personal accounts of violations of human rights. I can begin with an example from my first arrest, when I saw in the possession of my KGB interrogator a blank indictment form already signed by the prosecu­ ting attorney; thereby providing the interrogator with the freedom to list whatever names, dates and events that he may contrive to substantiate the indictment. The final great injustice perpetrated against myself, im­ mediately prior to my release, was the witholding of my writings — my 122 notebooks — which were taken from me without any legal grounds. This step was taken irrespective of the fact that a Soviet court had ruled that over one-half of these writings were my personal property. Yes, one could provide a wealth of testimony with regard to human rights viola­ tions in the Soviet Union. This Communist system in practice represents, in and of itself, a total denial of human rights. It should suffice to recall several facts. If an individual is denied the right to emigrate, then such a country is nothing more than one large prison. Therefore, it is not neces­ sary to list concrete violations when 250 million people are themselves already victims of one mass violation. If an individual in the Soviet Union is denied the opportunity to read a newspaper from the West, denied the right to subscribe to periodicals from the West, what more needs to be said about violations of human rights. What further testimony is neces­ sary? If in the Soviet Union all political parties, except for the Communist Party, are banned, is it necessary to cite specific denials of human rights for specific individuals? Yes, the Soviet Union, the Communist system, represents a total denial of human rights. And is it not meaningless to speak of personal matters? Truly, I could provide you with statistics of, for instance, how many socks were taken away from me by the KGB and what colors they were. But, I mention this only with irony. I believe, that to provide further evidence of violations of human rights in the Soviet Union would be superfluous. 16 This should be evident to everyone. The only question that remains is: How are we to continue the struggle against violations of human rights in the Soviet Union? I would like to speak at this time not in the role of a witness, but in the role of one who has come to remind you — it is time for us to move on from simply talking about human rights violations to joining in the struggle against these violations. Testimony as such can go on without end. I have gained the impression, that for those in the West who are concerned with human rights, it is difficult to move to the next plateau, from talk to action. We can do a great deal to protest, to struggle against human rights violations in the Soviet Union, and in a very practical sense. We should take a look at the Arab world. The Arabs have little political experience. They are developing nations. But, they have outdistanced the West in utilizing their resources to achieve their political goals. Our age is the age of food and energy crises. Arabs have come to understand this well. When the Canadian Prime Minister sought to move the Canadian Em­ bassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, the Arabs immediately re­ sponded: “We will no longer provide you with oil”. Canadian government leaders failed to apply this Arab mentality and respond: “We shall cease to provide you with Canadian wheat”. It should be enough to provide you with this one example. Canada and the United States, taken together, represent the greatest producer of wheat for the world. If they understood how to exploit this resource, as an instrument of world politics, they would be able to do a great deal for the cause of freedom and human rights in the world. Today, Moscow finds itself in a catastrophic situation with regards to providing foodstuffs for its population. If the United States firmly declared that it will withhold all grain shipments to the Soviet Union until ge-

Valentyn Moroz, after his release from Soviet Russian concentration camps, addresses a Ukrainian rally in Munich, West Germany, June 24, 1979. 17 nuine changes are implemented by Russia in its human rights policy — until it ceases spreading its falsifications and exploitation of man — Mos­ cow would be forced to give serious consideration before responding. Rus­ sia is faced with serious shortages and ever-depleting reserves, which, if not replenished, will bring about ruin. In other words, if the United States, Canada and the West in general seriously wanted to and knew how to utilize their resources, they would be able to coerce Moscow into imme­ diate changes of policy in many areas, and specifically in the area that we are discussing here today, human rights. To appeal to the conscience of the Kremlin regime is a comical self-delusion. We should not appeal, but demand, that American enterprises not sell crucial goods that Russia needs until specific changes are instituted in the realm of human rights. No, I am not calling for a halt of trade and relations with Moscow. I am calling for a trade policy which is not unilaterally beneficial to Mos­ cow. We should say to Moscow: You need our products and in return we need a free flow of information and ideas and the right of free emigration. We should say to Moscow: if you need American shoes then we demand that each pair of shoes be accompanied with a copy of the New York Times. The struggle for human rights requires concrete actions. To struggle against violations of human rights in the East and the Soviet Union means to struggle against such psychiatrists like the one from Switzerland, who visited the Serbsky Institute of Forensic Psychiatry. There he was not shown living people, but rather papers that provided the diagnosis that these individuals were mentally ill. Upon his return to Switzerland, this psychiatrist testified that the patients in Serbsky are mentally ill because it so stated on the papers he was shown. In the West there are many people such as this psychiatrist. Some of them do not fully understand the im­ plications of their actions and some cannot comprehend what they had seen over there because of their naivete and inability to believe that life in the Soviet Union can be so brutally different from their own. These shortsighted and naive people are the greatest reserve of Moscow in the West. To struggle against human rights violations in the Soviet Union and particularly in Ukraine means to protest against the airing of the film Holocaust. I would respect naive individuals who claim that Ukraine is anti-Semitic only if these individuals sincerely believed this. But, I am not so naive as to believe in their naivete. They know of the Russian slogan — “Beat the Jew to save Russia” — they know of the countless Russian pogroms against the Jews. Why then is not Russia singled out as the center of world anti-Semitism. And people with foresight, who see the absolute necessity of cooperation with the Ukrainian liberation movement should themselves protest against this KGB inspired thesis — that Ukraine is some sort of world center of anti-Semitism. What I know is that in 18 Western Ukraine the Jewish population represents the largest per capita minority in the world. What kind of anti-Semitic country could this be if Jews flock to it rather than flee from it? In Ukraine there have always been many Jews who have never felt antagonized. This false thesis was contrived by the KGB for the express purpose of dividing the two most powerful movements in the Russian Empire, the Ukrainian and Jewish dissident movements. When I am confronted with the statement that Ukraine is anti-Semitic, I respond that I will not try to justify myself before you now. Some day when we have our own independent state and Ukraine is a force in its own right, you will cease to speak of Ukrainian anti-Semitism. To struggle against violations of human rights in the Soviet Union requires the creation of an atmosphere that would convince President Carter that unless he raises the demand for a general amnesty in places such as Vienna, he will return to Washington to face a new “Watergate”. We should create an atmosphere that would channel all types of dialogues with the Kremlin toward the demand for a general amnesty for all political prisoners and only then can we begin discussions on other matters. I am not speaking here of an amnesty comparable to those issued in the West. I am speaking of liberating people who are sitting behind bars in prisons, concentration camps and psychiatric asylums, for many years, for ab­ solutely no reason. To maintain its self-respect in its negotiations with Moscow, the West must begin each negotiating session with the demand: amnesty for all political prisoners. We expected that President Carter would raise the demand for amnesty for political prisoners during his trip to Vienna, but unfortunately an odd situation developed. Carter held all of the cards in his meeting with Brezhnev, but for some inexplicable reason he didn’t play them; he left them behind in Washington. Before even the ink of the signatures was dry on the SALT II treaty, Brezhnev lashed out at President Carter as if he were the president of Czecho-Slovakia and not the United States of America. This is a perfect example of how one can possess all of the arguments and resources to win and still achieve nothing. Is it possible to utilize the resources of the West in the struggle for human rights? The new Pope in his trip to Poland clearly demonstrated that we can. He showed us that even in a Communist country with a Com­ munist regime one can emerge victorious. His conduct gave one the im­ pression that there was no Communist regime in Poland. A very important component of human rights is national rights. One often hears the argument that the Helsinki Accord cannot be applied in na­ tional rights issues because it recognizes only individual and not collective rights. It must be made clear that every individual right is an inherent part of group and social rights and vice versa. For every individual his national rights are a concrete component of his individual rights. When people speak to me of human rights I state: For me the first and most 19 sacred right is the right to be a Ukrainian. National rights are the most sacred of human rights. This is what I understand to be nationalism. In Africa and Asia the drive for decolonization is almost complete. In Eastern Europe it is only beginning. In Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union there are several dozen large nations that await their liberation. If we want to seriously address ourselves to the question of human rights in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union there is no honest way that we can overlook the issue of national rights. It is important to note that the ideal of human rights is not complete without a recognition of national rights. The final thesis of human rights should be: Freedom For All Na­ tions — Freedom For The Individual. There is yet another aspect of human rights in the Soviet Union which does not always gain attention. A right which is most important for those who write and paint — the creative strata of society. For these in­ dividuals, that which they write or paint is often more important to them than their physical selves. Yes, I can emphatically state that there is more of myself in that which I have written than in my physical self. The fate of my works is more dear to me than my personal fate. My 122 notebooks, my creative work over many years was left behind in Moscow; this is something that causes the greatest anguish for me. This is not a personal matter, this is a matter of principle. The West would gain a great weapon for itself if it was able to secure the release of the literary — creative works of political prisoners that have remained behind in the hands of the KGB. Therefore, I would be most grateful if the Congressional Helsinki Commission would place before the Russian regime the demand for the release of my writings. What’s more, over one half of my writings, taken away from me upon my release, were declared my personal property by a Soviet court, which found them not to be anti-Soviet or anti-Communist. I have come before you as a witness of the reality in the Soviet Union with regard to human rights violations. But, first and foremost I come before you as a Ukrainian. Ukrainians comprise 50 percent of all political prisoners in the Soviet Union. Ukraine and Ukrainians have made a major contribution to the struggle for freedom. I believe that to have only one Ukrainian released out of the nine that were recently allowed out is not enough. The West unnaturally devotes relatively little attention to the struggle of Ukraine for human and national rights. I call on all who are working for freedom and human rights in the world to devote more of their attention to the struggle being waged in Ukraine. Thank you for your attention. There are no beds in Poland because the Party is on guard, the enemy is awake, the patriots are behind bars and the workers are sleeping on roses.

20 Baymirza Наук (Turkestan) Islam in the Soviet Union (Continued from the previous issue) Until now we have been trying to pre­ when it comes to the defence of Islam sent a brief survery of the five main pil­ under Communist restrictions: Which lars of Islam and how they are complied forces may he considered as the key factors with. Let us now turn to the question of of Islamic life under Communist rule in Islam customs. What is happening to re­ the Soviet Union? To find the answer to ligious marriage (Nikah)? Religious mar­ this question, we must look at the Moslem riage on the basis of the Law of Schariat way of life. It must not be forgotten, has already been forbidden. The regime above all, that Islam determines Moslem does not tolerate any public Nikah cere­ thinking and the Moslem way of life. Islam monies. But Moslems are unwilling to ac­ and the life of the individual form a whole. cept this Soviet Russian decree and, there­ Thus the Communist State in Russia has fore, marriages based on the Law of vot succeeded in its attempts to expel Islam Schariat are only conducted in the most rom Moslem life, that is, to render all intimate circles and by someone who has . Moslems godless. Of course, the path of some knowledge of Islamic Marriage rites. Islam has had to be redrafted completely After the ceremony, the couples register as a result of the restrictions imposed upon at the State Registry Office, as the State it by Communism. This means, in effect, does not recognise any other form of mar­ that Islam cannot make itself felt so mani­ riage. Moslems marry amongst themselves. festly, but must exist in the heart of each Moslem women and girls, in particular, individual Moslem. In this way, Islam remain close to their tradition; they do not dwells on in the hearts of Moslems as the marry Russians. Even the marriage of determinating factor of everyday life. This young Moslem men to Russian girls is a “immigration” of Islam into peoples’ rare occurrence. hearts enables it to survive, inspite of the Circumcision: This custom continues to power of the State and intense anti-Islamic be practiced, even though it is constantly propaganda and education. being attacked by godless propaganda and At present there are more than 50 mil­ even though those who have been circum­ lion Moslems living in the Soviet Union cised are held in contempt, particularly in under the domination of the godless re­ the schools. The policy of godlessness has gime. The Moslem population is increasing a fruitful impact upon one area of Islamic continually. This situation is a cause for life, at least, on the custom of circumcision alarm to the Communist leadership in the (Sunnat). Moslems justify circumcision to Soviet Union. The birth rate in Turkistan the authorities on the grounds of hygiene. has risen, particularly since the Moslem Other facts concerning circumcision have tradition of having large families is very emerged from publications in the Soviet much alive.12 Even Communist experts Union. The religious administrative bodies consider the Soviet Republics in Turkistan concerned with the religious affairs of to be the most reproductive areas of the Moslems in Turkistan have announced that Soviet Union. In 1970, 45°/o of the po­ circumcision is not compulsory for Moslems. pulation of Turkistan consisted of persons However, despite this annoying decision, below the age of fifteen.13 From 1959-1970, Moslems continue to adhere to the custom the number of inhabitants below the age of circumcision. of fifteen fell by 3.9%> in the Soviet Union The following question is of importance, as a whole, whereas in Turkistan the 21 number of young persons in this age group But what is the meaning of this socialism, rose by 6.8°/». Many Moslem families are towards which Mufti Babakhanov wants extremely large. In the Soviet Republic of to guide the Moslems? The Communist Usbekistan, there are 645,000 families leadership believes that “Socialism, is the which may be considered “large”, each first step towards a Communist society’’ . having more than 10 children. The Mos­ According to Lenin, “Communism must lems in Turkistan live predominantly in develop out of socialism” ,10 In the Soviet villages. They do not leave their villages Union many religious leaders of Babakha- voluntarily.14 It is evident, from these nov’s kind attempt to bring Islam closer facts, that under Communist rule Islam to Communism and vice-versa, claiming has sufficiently large resources of human that this way can guarantee the existence potential. of Islam under the rule of Communism. In 1941, the Soviet Government permit­ Views of this nature are, of course, a ted the formation of a central administra­ danger to Islam since the godless can very tive body for dealing with Moslem reli­ easily use them to confuse the younger ge­ gious affairs. In 1943, this one organisa­ neration, because they have every means tion was replaced by four religious ad­ against Islam at their disposal and various ministrative bodies, in the Soviet Union. methods of falsifying the teaching of Islam. These are to be found in: Transcaucasia; Mawlana Raghib Ahsan Rahmatuallah, North Caucasus; the European part of the from Pakistan, now Bangla Desh, has Soviet Union and Siberia; and Turkistan. rightly made the following observations These administrative bodies exist in name about this religious body: only, since they have no powers what­ “The religious administration in Tash­ soever to safeguard the interests of Islam, kent is not a body which supports re­ i.e. to defend Islam against Communist ligion and takes over responsibility for attacks. Of these religious administrative religious education, but is merely a go­ bodies, the religious administrative body vernment office enabling the Commu­ for the Moslems in Turkistan, has a parti­ nist Russians to control religion”.17 cular role to play within the framework Regardless of the functions which such of Soviet foreign policy. The Chairman of Moslem religious administrative bodies this fictitious religious administrative body possess in the Soviet Union, such a mani­ for Turkistan, Mufti Ziyauddin Ischan festation of religious life serves to streng­ Babakhanov, ranks as the leading actor on then Moslem consciousness. Moslems do the stage of the Soviet Union’s Islamic not believe that their religious agencies can policy within the Islamic world. This fi­ play an active role in the defence of Islam, gure, known even in the Orient as the but they use such institutions as proof of “Red Mufti” has made the following the effectiveness of Islam under Commu­ statement: nist rule. For this reason, they support “The religion of Islam is actively on such administrative bodies, both morally the side of the construction of socialism and financially. and Communism. The Moslems’ re­ Moslems have recognised that the defence ligious administrative bodies and every of Islam must be taken up in conjunction leader of the religious organisations of with the movement for national liberation. Central Asia and Kasachstan (Turki­ Communist publications themselves admit stan) consider it their prime task to care that “Religious and national ideology are for the moral integrity of their people closely bound up with one another”.18 and to carry the Moslems along the path Moslems in the Soviet Union do not have of Islam and of socialism”.15 a sufficient number of spiritual leaders to 22 lead religious life. There is only one Medreseh munist regime. However, it has become in the Soviet Union, Mir-Arab, in Bukhara, clear to those Moslems working within where no more than 50—60 students study Communism that they are not in a posi­ Islamic theology. Several of the graduates tion to change its nature. of this Medreseh are engaged, not in taking It is tragic enough that historic Islamic care of religious life amongst Moslems in cultural monuments have progressively the Soviet Union, but, rather, in the disappeared from the face of the earth. employment of Middle East countries, Only a few the most famous mosques and within the framework of Soviet foreign Medreseh have been spared from Commu­ policy. The students of this Medreseh nist vandalism. The Soviet Union is now master the teachings of Islam and of com­ contemplating restoring several historically munism simultaneously. Moslems outside and architecturally beautiful mosques which the Soviet Union constantly hear that have not been destroyed. For example, the there is an Islamic college in Bukhara, for Bibi-Chanim Mosque in Samarkand, built the training of priests. It should not be in the 15 th Century, is to be restored. forgotten that Bukhara was once consider­ However, this restoration programme ed to be the centre of Islamic learning and serves not the preservation of Islamic ci­ that 185 Medreseh were in existence here vilisation, but tourism. This can be clearly before the rise of Communism.19 Now, illustrated by the following comments in about 50 million Moslems in the Soviet a Soviet publication: “The unique, ancient Union have one single Medreseh and even architectural monuments in Samarkand this serves not the Moslems but Soviet Rus­ have developed into one of the major sian foreign policy. It is a tragic fact that centres of international tourism. Between there is even a street near the Medreseh in 1970 and 1975, more than 100,000 foreign Bukhara which bears the name “Godless” tourists and about 3 million Soviet tourists (Bezbojnaya).20 Moslems have looked for visited Samarkand”.21 Moslems themselves a way to meet their need for religious are making every effort to protect these leaders. Wherever Moslems live, there are historic mosques, which have been spared also numerous teachers, officials, even from destruction, and to preserve them by leaders of the Communist Party organisa­ all possible means. tions acting illegally as religious leaders. Paragraph 52 of the Soviet Constitution During the daytime, these people carry allows freedom of conscience, i.e. every out their duties according to the demands individual has the right to believe or not of the regime, but, at the same time, in to believe in God (or Allah), to attend re­ the evenings, they lead the religious life, ligious ceremonies or to distribute atheist conducting prayers, reciting the Koran, propaganda. Under the guise of Islam, interpreting Islam or giving advice on Soviet propagandists' abroad point out this moral questions. paragraph in the Soviet Constitution and At present the tendency for Moslems to claim that Islam is, thus, free. Although it infiltrate the Communist Party is parti­ is an unequivocal fact that people are free cularly noteworthy. Moslems have learned to take part in religious ceremonies, this from experience that in certain respects does not, however, mean that they are they can expect sympathy from Commu­ free to propagate their beliefs. In addition nists who were once Moslems. Many good to this, the conduct of religious ceremonies Moslems have also become Communists in is governed by legal stipulations. In this order to defend Islam and the Moslems paragraph of the Constitution of the from within the regime or to hamper the Soviet Union, atheistic propaganda is re­ radical anti-Islam measures of the Com­ ferred to, but no mention is made of re­ 23 ligious propaganda. Nobody in the Soviet were organised against Islam.23 In the Union has the right to publicly propagate Turkmenian Soviet Republic an average of Islam. Even the Soviet ’Red Muftis’ are 9,000 lectures have been organised each fully aware of this situation. “Moslems of year against Islam.24 Moslems have no the Soviet Orient”, the only newspaper right whatsoever to organise public confer­ published by the religious administrative ences or lectures about the truth of Islam. body of Turkistan Moslems, in Tashkent, They merely have the opportunity to give and printed in Uzbek, Arabic, English and oral instruction about the meaning of Islam French, is not seen as a platform for the in order to uphold the spirit of their faith. defence of Islam, but as a mouthpiece of One of the most important questions is Communist propaganda. Moreover, only the education of youth. The Communist very few copies of the Uzbek edition are powers wish to educate children as loyal printed and it appears only at irregular Communist subjects. Paragraph 52 of the intervals. The Moslems in the Soviet Union Soviet Marriage and Family Law stipulates have no newspapers or other publications that “Parents must bring up their children for getting information about Islam. And in the spirit of the moral codex of the so they are compelled to reproduce by hand structure of Communism”.25 Moslems have some short Sura from the Sacred Koran or a different interpretation of how to edu­ a few extracts from the Islamic Duties and cate their children, an interpretation which to distribute these among the Moslems. In contravenes this law. Moslem families have such endeavours, the Kalima-yi Shahâdat, upheld their family traditions. We can see in the Arabic language and in Cyrillic this once again from a Soviet sociological script (Arabic script was dispensed with survey. In the Soviet Republic of Uzbeki­ among Moslems in 1928/29), with a stan, 2,500 people were asked about their translation into the mother tongue, plays way of life. Nearly 80°/o of those asked a particularly important role. said that they preferred a marriage in the As the ruling force, the Communist re­ old tradition. In the towns, 88%> of the gime has the unrestricted right to hold anti- Moslems (Uzbeks) questioned said that the Islamic lectures, in order to incite godless­ approval of their parents was necessary for ness amongst Moslems. Soviet sociologists them to marry. In the villages, the figure have disclosed that nearly 23°lo of former was 92°/o.20 From these figures, it is clear Moslems no longer believe in Allah. It is that the family is the true bearer of the impossible to ascertain the credibility of spirit of Islam. this statistic. The régime wishes to in­ Islam lives on in the hearts of the Mo­ crease the number of godless ones, to the slems as a selfmotivating dynamic force, detriment of Islam. Thus, the Communist under Communist rule. Islam under Com­ régime frequently organises series of provo­ munist rule receives no support whatsoever cative lectures. For example. M. Tokjigi- from outside the Soviet Union. On the tov, a former Moslem, now godless and in other hand, there are many personalities in the service of the Communist anti-Islam the free countries of Islam outside the movement, informs us in his essay The Soviet Union who have been swept away Truth about the Koran (Koran turali aki- in the tide of Communist propaganda. For katlar), that he has often given lectures on example, Dr. M. Fahham, leader of the the theme 'Why is Allah on the Side of Egyptian Moslem delegation, has stated Atheists?-- Communist anti-Islam pro­ that “Religious freedom is a reality in the paganda of this nature goes even further. Soviet Union; I have seen this with my In 1977 in the province of Ashkabad, for own eyes... Moslems, Christians and Jews example, more than 2,000 conferences can carry out their religious obligations 24 everywhere”.27 Dr. Lufti Dogan, the former active moral support from the free Islamic President for Religious Affairs in the countries. A great many Moslems in the Turkish Republic, declared, after returning Soviet Union feel that the free world of to Turkey from the Soviet Union, that Islam has forgotten oppressed Islam. It is Islam enjoyed freedom in the Soviet also recognised that a few expressions of Union.28 It is astonishing that assertions of sympathy from free Moslems for those this nature should be made by a person living in the chains of materialism and who, for years, was at the very forefront atheism are insufficient to relieve the of Islamic religious life in Turkey. People misery of their fate. Nor has the free such as Dr. Fahham and Dr. Dogan, who Islamic world tried to maintain radio dance to the tune of Communist hypo­ contact with the Moslems living under the crisy, can also be found in other Islamic power of godlessness or to continue ex­ countries. With their ignorance about the plaining the teachings of Islam to them. tragic situation of Islam under Communist Special attention as well as gratitude is rule, or with their misleading statements, due to those young Moslem in the Soviet such people prejudice the efforts of op­ Union, who are continuing the Islamic pressed Moslems to defend Islam and add tradition of their parents, although they weight to the unhindered advance of Com­ receive no formal religious education of munism against Islam. any sort, know little about Islam, and have Communist ideologists unequivocally to live with the continual anti-Islamic state that the movement of the nation policies of Communism. towards godlessness is a legitimate process.29 Since the free Islamic world has paid no From statements of this nature, it can be attention to the affairs of Islam under seen that the Soviet regime would not Communist rule; has taken a passive stance only like to render the individual godless, on the question of the defence of Islam; but te nation as a whole. Moreover, and has taken up no arguments with Com­ they state that “Islam is trying to present munism within the Communist sphere of itself as protector and interpreter of the influence, many Christian missionaries have national independence of the peoples of tried to make inroads into the life of the the East and of their national interests”.'50 Moslems and atheists. The Nordic-Swedish For this reason, also, the Communist Mission, for example, has organised radio leadership wants to continue the fight broadcasts about the Christian doctrine in against Islam. all the languages and dialects of Moslems Many Moslem leaders in the Soviet in the Soviet Union. Naturally, this mis­ Union take the view that “Islam will also sion would like to make the Christian exist under Communism, obviously not in doctrine popular to Moslems in the Soviet its present form,but in a modernised form... Union and to win new converts to Chri­ Without religion, the spiritual life of Man stianity, but the Islamic world has no such is void".31 Certainly, Moslems are trying radio contact through means of which in various ways to keep Islam alive, under support for Islam could be given. the conditions of Communist rule. Nugman In the future we must find answers to Ashirov, a former Moslem, and now a the following questions: “Why, both as an godless author, has amply documented this ideology and state power, does Communism in his book.32 make an impression everywhere in the Moslems in the Soviet Union under the countries of Islam? Why does it try to domination of godlessness are dependent convert Moslems to Communism and why entirely on themselves in their efforts to do free Islamic countries remain silent on defend Islam. Until now they received no the position of Islam under Communist 25 rule, instead of adopting an offensive po­ of Allah. The two concepts — the godless sition against Communism in a religious materialist concept of Communism and the sense? Why does Communism want to Moslem concept based on Allah — stand, combat Islam and why is it allowed to do today, in radical opposition to one another. so while Islam mobilises no forces what­ Those without God — the Communists — soever against it? Why don’t personalities take the view that: “Belief in Allah, belief in the Islamic world view Islam as in­ in the necessity to fulfill Moslem obliga­ divisible, and hence Islam under Commu­ tions as the moral norm, must give way nist rule as an integral part of the whole to the scientific materialist perception of of Islam? What, up till now, have we free the world and to belief in the realisation Moslems seriously undertaken in defence of our Communist ideal... The conquest of of Islam under Communist rule? Do we the rest of Islam is a long process and posses any state or public organisation any­ calls for the harmonious amalgamation of where in the free Islamic world which is the complex of atheistic measures... Moslem concerned with the problems of the Mo­ preachers say: “Islam is eternal and will slems under Communist rule in the Soviet not disappear”.33 Union? Do we have any journal which The fact is, that, unlike the case with supplies the world at large, including Mo­ Communism, Moslems are convinced that slems, with information about Moslems in Islam is eternal. In this respect, Moslems the Soviet 'Union? How many minutes do take the following view: As long as a radio stations in the Islamic world transmit single copy of the Holy Koran is available, broadcasts about the teachings of Islam to Islam will endure, even under the regime Moslems under Communist rule? — and of godlessness”.34 There can be absolutely in their own language? Do we have any no doubt about such a comment. The fight documentation centre for the compilation between Communism and Islam will be a of all the documents recording the anti- long one. We are not in a position, today, Islamic policies of Communism? Do we to foresee what further measures the Com­ possess an Islamic Foundation which munist rulers of Russia will adopt against would finance measures for the defence of Islam, in order to stamp it out once and Islam? Which Islamic university holds for all in the Soviet Union. We can, how­ courses in the history and current affairs ever, predict that Moslems will defend of Moslems under Communist rule? Islam. Islam in the Soviet Union can only What have we, in the free Islamic world, gain genuine freedom through national, done so far as regards the question of na­ independent states, without Communism tional liberation for Moslems living in the and without Russia. Soviet Union? Our Brother in Islam, Sheikh Those Moslems who are oppressed by Mohammad Al-Chazali, was kind enough Communist rule and by the Imperialism of to ask in his latest book: “What have we Russia live with the constant hope: “Allah done for Turkistan”? There are a great biz bilen”! — many other questions to be asked. Let the answer to all these questions be a task for “Allah be with us". the future. Whatever happens, Moslems in FOOTNOTES the Soviet Union, in exactly the same way 12 Oezbekistan Kommunisti (Journal of the as in the case of Moslems under Commu­ Academy of Science, Tashkent), 1978, No. 1, nist rule in China, are firmly decided, p. 41 13 ibid. (12) even without the fraternal aid of Moslems 14 Voprosy Ekonomiki (lournal, Moscow), in the free world, to defend Islam and to 1978, No. 8, p. 39 keep it alive and effective, with the help 15 Nugman Ashirov, Evolutsiya Islama v 26 SSSR (The Evolution of Islam in the USSR), the Soviet Union the opportunity to appear Moscow 1972, p. 77 on Turkish television and why he had spoken 10 Osnovy nauchnogo Kommunizma (6), pp. of freedom of Islam in the Soviet Union (See: 290—291 Hergun (Newspaper, Istanbul), 20-12-1978). 17 Baymirza Hayit, Soviet Russian Colo­ Beginning on February 3 1979, the Istanbul nialism and Imperialism in Türkis tan as an newspaper, Sabah, published a series of articles example of Soviet type Colonialism of an on the situation of Islam in the Soviet Union, Islamic people in Asia, Köln 1966, p. 47 taken from my book Türk diinyasinda Rus 18 Kazakhstan Kommunisti (Journal, Alma- imperiyalizminin izleri and without prior con­ Ata); 1978, No. 4, p. 95 sultation with me, in order to repudiate the 10 Olga A. Sukhareva, Bukhara XIX — na- assertions of Lutfi Dogan and Ziyauddin Ba- chalo XXv. (Bukhara at the turn of the 20th bakhanov. Century), Moscow 1966, p. 71 28 See: Ashirov (27), pp. 38—72 20 Walter Kolarz, Die Religionen in der 30 ibid. p. 142 Sowjetunion (Religions in the Soviet Union), 31 N. Ashirov, Evolutsiya Islama v SSSR Freiburg 1963, p. 431 (The Evolution of Islam in the USSR), in 21 Oezbekistanda Ijtmai Fanlar (Journal, “Nauka i Religiya” (Journal, Moscow), 1971, Tashkent), 1978, No. 3, p. 57 No. 4; 22 Kazakhstan Kommunisti, 1978, No. 3, B. Hayit, Der Islam und die Anti-Islam Be­ P- 57 wegung in der Sowjetunion (Islam and the 23 Turkmenistan Kommunisti (Journal, anti-Islam Movement in the Soviet Union), Ashkabad), 1978, No. 4, p. 33 “Osteuropa” (Journal, Aachen), 1972, No. 2, 24 ibid. 1979, No. 1, p. 53 p. 118; ditto, ABN-Correspondence (Journal, 25 G. R. Gol’st, Religiya i Zakon (Religion Munich), 1972, No. 3, p. 20; also in "Religion and the Law), Moscow 1975, p. 102 und Atheismus in der UdSSR” (Periodical, 20 Oezbekistanda Ijtmai Fanlar 1979, No. 1, Munich), 1971, No. 6 (44); “Digest des p. 41 Ostens” (Journal), 1971, No. 10; “Dergi” 27 Nugman Ashirov, Islam i Natsii (Islam (Journal), 1971, No. 65, pp. 64—69; “Al- and the Nations), Moscow 1975, p. 113 Muhajirun” (Journal, Munich) 1971, No. 29, 28 Milliyet (Newspaper, Istanbul), 21-9- pp. 8—15 1978, pp. 1 & 7 Ali Gurbuz, member of the 32 See: Ashirov (15), 152 pp. Turkish National Assembly, demanded that 33 Rashid Rahmatullayevich Mavlyutov, Lutfi Dogan explain to Parliament why he Islam, Moscow 1974, pp. 166—7 had given the alleged religious leader from 34 Die Tat (Newspaper, Zürich), 8-8-1961

Situation in the Subjugated Countries ABN Report to the 12th WACL Conference in Asuncion, Paraguay

While the subjugated nations are fear­ munists, with the help of its colonial go­ lessly fighting by all possible means for vernment of the Ukrainian SSR issued a their independence, for the dissolution of decree of total russification of schools and the Russian Empire and liquidation of the pedagogical institutes in Ukraine, similarly communist system, Russian chauvinism and as they did previously in Byelorussia, Lat­ communism by its linguicide, ethno-, via, Lithuania, Estonia and Kazakhstan or cultural-, geno-, and natiocidal policy as in 1978 they tried to abolish from the strives to crush the subjugated nations constitution of Georgian and Armenian which constitute the strongest barrier Soviet Socialist Republics their mother against the inaudition of the free world by languages and to introduce instead the the bolshevist flood. Russian language as the sole official langu­ In November 1978, the Russian com­ age, but they were compelled to withdraw 27 under the pressure of mass anti-Russian of nations with deeply rooted national and demonstrations in Georgia and Armenia. cultural traditions, which fearlessly defend Russification is directed at the destruc­ their national essence. tion of the last vestige of national educa­ In the course of 35 years (1943—1978), tional systems; the persecution of the na­ the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations has tional churches and faiths of the subjuga­ been conducting very dynamic activities. ted nations (the Ukrainian Catholic In many countries of Europe, in many ci­ Church, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, ties of the United States and Canada, in the Ukrainian Protestant Churches, the Latin America, as well as in such distant Byelorussian Catholic and Orthodox countries as National China, Japan, India Churches, the Lithuanian Catholic Church, and Australia, ABN has spread vital in­ the Georgian and Armenian Orthodox formation about the nations subjugated by Churches and the Islamic faith in Turke­ Russian imperialism and communism in the stan and North Caucasus). The cultural, USSR and the so-called satellite states. ethnic and physical genocide is systematical­ Thus ABN has endeavoured in the noble ly carried out in an attempt to achieve the task of awakening the Free World’s opi­ ultimate goal of total Russification and to nion to the dangers of the expansion of create a so-called Soviet people — a single ruthless Russian domination over the rest Russian nation.. of still free countries. Surely by applying The new constitution of the USSR as many-sided methods ABN has penetrated the most reactionary basic law of all em­ the Iron Curtain. Not only has ABN sent pires ever known, aims to guarantee the memoranda and petitions to governments absolute supreme role of the Russian super­ of Western countries and to the conferen­ nation, the indivisibility of the Russian ces of Major Powers; not only has it estab­ Soviet empire and total subjugation of lished international contacts, participated nations and individuals. in international forums, organized cam­ After 35 years of ABN’s existence, it is paigns and rallies of ABN, but also ideolo­ clear how realistic the main strategic policy gically and otherwise influenced the me­ of the First Conference of the Subjugated thods of struggle of the subjugated nations Nations of Eastern Europe and Russian inside of the “prison of nations”. dominated parts of Asia was. The concept Over the course of many years im­ of pan-national revolutions of subjugated portant activities of ABN were accomplish­ peoples as the road to liberation, is the only ed by its branches and dedicated member­ realistic solution, and also an alternative to ship. The ABN appealed to Western de­ a nuclear holocaust. mocracies that they withhold supplies of In the face of ruthless Russification, military hardware, logistics, oil, clothing, ABN raises the issue of cultural creativity etc. to the Russian communists, because and freedom, because, should nations die, our nations have known their true nature culture shall also die, and the dehumaniza­ for many decades. Instead, the Western tion of life shall set in. Should nations countries ought to provide moral and ma­ disappear, the heroic conception of life terial support to the national freedom shall also disappear, and with it, man as a fighters. spiritual being. The 35 years of ABN’s experience ABN is not an emigre formation of na­ proves that our position was correct. Had tional communities in exile, because these the appeals of Ukrainian, Byelorussian, are only a part of their respective spiritual Lithuanian insurgent armies not fallen on organisms-nations. ABN is a community deaf ears, had England, the United States 28 and their allies given effective support to centration camps periodically arrange spe­ their struggle for the political independence cial evenings devoted to the strengthening of Ukraine, Turkistan, Slovakia, Croatia, of common ties among the freedom fighters Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, Cuba and of nations of ABN. Several literary works, other subjugated nations — this much can poems, novels, short stories positively be said today — we would not have had develop the ideas of a common struggle to live through this unfortunate turmoil against a common enemy — Russian im­ in Iran, nor would the United States have perialism. lost tens of thousands of brave soldiers during the Korean and Vietnam wars. Nor Here we shall quote one representative would we have to witness tens and hundreds of the young generation of cultural work­ of lengthy, humiliating, fruitless, ineffectual ers, a historian — Valentyn Moroz, who meetings with Russia in reference to SALT was incarcerated for 14 years behind bars: (Strategic Army Limitation Treaties). “The present events (in Ukraine) are It only suffices to point out the fact also a turning point: the glacier of ter­ that not very long ago, a secret military ror which had firmly bound the spiri­ organization was discovered among cland­ tual life of the nation for many years is estine officers of the Red Army, whose breaking up. As always, they (the Rus­ contacts extended from the Baltic Sea to sian imperialists) put people behind bars the Caucasus Mountains. Also, we can and as always deported them to the judge the extent of the cooperation among East (i.e. Siberia). But this time, these the nations of ABN behind the Iron Cur­ people did not sink to obscurity. To the tain by the frequency and the intensity of great surprise of the KGB, public opinion the Russian attacks in their press and their has risen. For the first time, the KGB radio transmissions, which often tried to felt powerless to stiffle all this”. besmeare ABN as a whole, as well as in­ dividual leaders and in particular its Pre­ This modern development in Byelorussia, sident — Yaroslav Stetsko, Central Com­ Armenia, Ukraine, Georgia, Lithuania, and mittee Members like Prince N. Nakashidze other subjugated nations deserves much (Georgian), Dr. C. Pokorny, Prof. F. more attention in the Free World. Here we Durchansky (Slovak), Gen. F. Farkash need to state, that this neo-Stalinist tyran­ (Hungarian), Dr. B. Hayit (Turkestani), ny in the Soviet Union may take many Col. D. Kosmowic (Byelorussian), Dr. D. victims, but it is foredoomed to ultimate Waltscheff (Bulgarian) and many others. defeat because our nations are strong be­ Many of these attacks were published not lievers in individual freedom and national only in Russian but also in Czech and state independence above all. And they are other languages. There were also several radio programs devoted especially to ready to fight for them. The communists critisizing ABN’s symbols and actions. We are killing our freedom fighters behind the wish to draw your attention to the adverse Iron Curtain but they are killing the leaders effects of such propaganda, because the of our liberation movements in the free persecuted people of the “prison of na­ world as well. They killed Ukrainian Na­ tions” i.e. the Russian empire, instead of tional Hero, Stepan Bandera, outstanding developing a hatred for ABN, have learned leaders of Croatia (over 20), Byelorussia, about its activities. Azerbaijan, and just recently two Bul­ We are in possession of documentary garians in Western Europe. But the strug­ evidence that cultural workers in con­ gle for national independence is growing. 29 Valentyn Moroz (Ukraine) Hard Melodies Dedicated to the pure memory of My- people suddenly very strong, and suddenly khailo Soroka. very weak. Tike a mountain stream fed by Proud, we carry your coffin, and there rainfalls, which knows no middle course: is iron in our footsteps. it either roars menacingly downhill in a One does not weep on the grave of a swollen flood or vanishes, powerless, in Chief of the Cossack Camp.1 People like shallows, among dry pebbles. you are beyond weeping, beyond pain, and You knew how to be a Chief of the the accustomed word “sorrow” is not for Cossack Camp. You existed to lead. And them. You are not dead. While still alive, it was not the people who made you Chief you became a monument; people came to of the Cossack Camp but the voice of the touch it to feel its strength. Among them Order. For people do not long worship was I. the idols which they put up themselves. A black eagle soars above Ukraine. The Both in times of bitter frosts, and in times body of the Chief of the Cossack Camp is of fierce rainlessness, your sources breath­ carried to its rest. According to the law of ed in an even pulse — with the strength of the living, your heart was bound to stop a Leader. Their strength was not born of beating a long time ago — nevertheless it a rainfall. You were not dependent on was beating still. An iron heart forges its weather, and because of it you were a own laws for itself. It could not stop Leader. beating — it was moved by the Order. We, who came to the camp from uni­ It could not stop beating — you were the versity benches, knew a lot about wisdom heart of our community. You were the and evaluated everything in the world by Chief of the Cossack Camp. Your years its criterion. Only we did not know what had been counted off by the cuckoo long strength meant. You upset our criteria. You ago but you went on living, you went on differed by something, although you were living beyond your time — and you kept not among those who had a striking ap­ an iron heart in your breast. You were pearance. You differed from the general not sure to whom to hand it over. crowd by something but we could not re­ Where would you find a breast that cognize by what, because the scales which would not be burned through by it? we had brought along from the university Where would you find hands capable did not set aside a place for you in the of carrying this weight of stone? front row. We saw a leader and did not You were the Chief of the Cossack know what it was, because in the world Camp. And your camp stood beyond the from which we came there were no leaders. Danube, under foreign stars. And over There were only drivers there, and we there, in the far-off distance, the tallest thought that the leader and the driver were falling under the cold winds of no­ were Siamese twins, and we hated them stalgia. But you supported them with your heartily. To us you pronounced the word iron arm because you were Chief of the Leader purified from dirt, and it rang in Cossack Camp. Many would have fallen our ears like a psaltery unused for a if it were not for your iron arm. It is more thousand years. We brought to you our difficult for the Chief of the Cossack golden hearts, but we knew nothing about Camp than for the Hetman.2 Even in the the iron heart because the world from Great Dnieper Meadow,3 in our native which we came did not have iron hearts. land. By day and by night — among That was the kingdom of deadened hearts, 30 and we were accustomed to think that an our palms. We knew and imagined that iron heart was a rusty heart, and hated our knowledge was a firm foundation. them both heartily. You showed us an iron Time winnowed off feathers — there re­ heart cleansed from rust, and for the first mained but a heap of broken pieces on the time we believed that iron could shine tavern yard. They were brought and left brighter than gold. Thick-skinned palms there by casual guests. Anyone threw were not a rarity for us, but we had whatever pleased him upon that heap. Our always seen a thickskinned head associated house, too, is a tavern in which anyone with them and firmly remembered that may spit on the floor, and our soul is like this was inseparable: thick-skinned palms our house. Thus, we knew already that and thick-skinned heads. O, there was no there was no foundation and that our shortage of them in our world! — of cal­ erudition was merely a huge storage heap loused palms. Our entire reality was a kind of rusty scrap metal which we would have of wooden symphony, with callouses in­ to remelt to obtain a hard monolith. A stead of sharps and keys. And every time heart was needed which would be able to that children wanted to have something, melt iron — but we did not have it. Fire they would be shown wooden fingers. And was needed — but we were unable to every time when they wanted to see, the catch fire. We just looked on that heap of world would be screened off from them broken pieces and went on fetching more by a wooden palm. We used to ask but and more of them. No longer with joy, they did not know how to answer us and however. hid behind toiling hands. Callouses re­ We came upon some kind of a barrier, placed everything. Callouses replaced we had to proceed farther, but farther — everything: heavy bovine callouses from there was fire. Like the hero of the Edda, long rubbing of a wooden neck by a we had to get across to the middle of the wooden yoke. In the heavy woodenness circle, to the world of the hardened, strong, one forgot already that this had been and sound, where Odin — the warrior god caused by the yoke. of the gods — was ruler. And we saw Bovine necks are usually strong. Beauti­ clearly that slyness would not help us be­ ful — never. cause the fire was round and the world You, however, had beautiful hands. You of the strong was there, within the circle. had beautiful calloused hands — the hands There is only one path to the world of the of a fighter, and we liked them, although strong — through the fire. they were with callouses. We had been looking for you for a long Callouses may be beautiful — but not time. Without believing that you were from the yoke. possible — we were looking for you. To And everything was not as we had con­ take off for a flight, one has to run up strued it. Everything in your world seemed along a hard path first. to be very hard — this was because our These were our wanderings to the water hands were very soft and were not capable of life. A foreboding told us that someone of holding. would come and would strike a strong Everything in your world appeared to fire to ignite us. And that we had to be coarse — just as the heavy monumen­ fathom one more — the hardest — wis­ tally of the ancient idol found in the dom — the ABC of hardening. river Zbruch4 appears to be somewhat But you, the cold ones, with wooden coarse to a person whose taste has been foreheads — do not rejoice! You knew cultivated on Baroque’s rich variety. We very well that the heaviest apparel to knew a lot but there was no hard skin on wear was dirt, and that children would 31 overstrain their legs before they would — because strength does not like to crawl out upon a clean spot if they have wither away unused; inherited a dirty path from their parents. — because something cannot be nothing; You would have forgiven him everything — because the sweetest music in the if only he would allow you to dab his world is born by iron. conscience with just one, just a single spot. The huge glows of fire at the funeral For the most precious inheritance (you feast burned themselves out; the white knew this well) are those who depart pure smoke from your body rose in wisps and and leave a pure path after themselves. disappeared, like Svyatoslav’s sacrificial And he, powerful and heavy, made a offering, but your heart did not die down deep mark upon your consciousness, like a — it was unburnable, immortal — and we meteor that flew in God knows from have recovered it from the ashes. For it where. has been beating for a thousand years, You have departed. since that grey primeval time in which the You have departed in white robes, like legendary Bozh° is king, and it has no Svyatoslav.5 power to stop beating; and it must search A huge glow was burning in mighty for a breast which it would be unable to pillars at the funeral feast, and golden burn through, and it must search for hands eagles tore away from it to the sun. capable of holding a weight of stone. A huge pyre at your feast was roaring It must do so! — because a nation in with its mighty wings, and white horses which no one is capable of carrying an dedicated to the gods broke loose from it iron heart disappears, because God becomes and galloped to the sun. angry and takes away the sword from the feeble who are incapable of wielding it. And we, the young ones, stretched out With our caps we were throwing black our hands to harden them — and they be­ Ukrainian soil upon your grave... and now came hard as if adamantine. And we, the it is time to march off again. Let us lift young ones, raised our swords, and they your iron heart on our rifles like a bles­ rang out clearly, and we knew already sing. We know already that it is a great what it meant — golden arms. And then we crossed the bonfire with our swords burden. But you have taught us a great and our horses, and we came out, renewed, majesty, very heavy, like all the stone on the other side. And the spirit of the fire crosses in the world taken together — the spoke from us, and we recited the oath, majesty of hardness. and named fire our God — the pure Mid­ The years of tempering did not pass in summer Night’s fire,6 and that spring fire vain. through which the Hutsuls7 drive their Our hands have become hardened cattle and through which they themselves already. pass. We drank from Svyatoslav’s springs We accept the iron heart from your and the luxurious music of “I am coming hands. at you!”8 rang for us. Translated by Wolodymyr B. Mykula “I do not like you, golden eagle, be­ NOTE. This "poem in prose” by V. cause you have a fierce heart”. Moroz is dedicated to the memory of My- But an eagle is just powerful; it is not khailo Soroka, a Ukrainian nationalist who his fault. He is powerful because he has died in a Soviet Russian prison camp in strength. And as long as eagles live in the 1971. This work was memorized by its world the healthy voice of “I am coming author in imprisonment, was restored to a at you!” will not grow silent, written form after his release in April 32 1979, and was publicly read for the first the leadership of Stepan Bandera. H e was time at the Ukrainian Youth Rally in New released in 1949, then rearrested again and York on May 12, 1979. sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment for Mykhailo Soroka was born in 1911 in having been a member of “ underground Western Ukraine. Arrested as a member of organizations in concentration camps”, the so-called “OUN-North” . Shortly before the completion of his final term of im­ prisonment he was murdered by the Rus­ sians on June 16, 1971. The authorities refused to grant the permission to take his body away from the camp and bury it in Ukraine.

1 Ukr. “koshovyj” — Chief of the Sich camp of the Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossacks on an island below the Dnieper rapids (16th — 18th C.) 2 Hetman — Head of the Cossack State; Commander-in-Chief. 3 The Great Dnieper Meadow (Ukr. “Vely- kyi Lull”) — the region on the Lower Dnieper where the Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossacks had their main base. 4 The idol of Svyatovyd (Sventovit), an ancient Slavonic deity, hewn out of a square- section bloc of stone, with bas-relief images of the god looking four ways. 5 King Svyatoslav the Conqueror (960— 972), ruler of the Old Ukrainian Kyivan Rus’ State, — Transl. 0 Midsummer Night — in Ukraine it is known as Ivan Kupala’s Night and is connect­ Mykhailo Soroka ed with customs the origins of which go back to ancient pagan times: bonfires are lit near river banks, young men try their skill in the Organization of Ukrainian Nationa­ jumping over them, girls make wreaths of lists (OUN) by the Polish police, he spent flowers and set them adrift on rivers. 7 years in Polish prisons prior to 1939. He 7 The Hutsuls — a Ukrainian ethnic group was rearrested by the new, Soviet Russian in the Eastern Carpathians. 8 “I am coming at you!” — this was the occupiers in 1940 and sentenced to 8 years’ laconic message which King Svyatoslav used imprisonment for being a member of the to send to his enemies when he set out on a Territorial Directorate of the OUN under campaign against them.

“We are as unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed.” II. Corinthians, VI, 9.

33 American Ideals And Captive Nations Speech by Dr. Askold Skalskyj delivered at the Captive Nations Week Rally on behalf of the American Friends of ABN, Inc. in Central Park, N.Y.C., on July 15, 1979 Today we mark the 20th observance of litical forum are by no means universally the proclamation of Captive Nations Week. welcomed. As in the past, participants here and 1. We know for example that pro­ throughout the United States will again minent members of the political establish­ march with their banners and in their re­ ment have tried to repeal the Captive Na­ spective national groups; once again we tions resolution: George Kennan in 1961, will hear speeches, prayers and proclama­ Sen. Fulbright in the mid 60’s, Dean Rusk tions on behalf of this cause. It would seem in 1975. that there is little new to be said today which — in one way or another — has 2. We remember that in 1977 Pres. Car­ not already been said on such occasions ter almost failed to make the annual pro­ in the past. We here today know very well clamation and did so only at the last mi­ who the Captive Nations are, what they nute under pressure from Captive Nations stand for, what it means to share in their groups. fate. 3. We note that the presidental texts of Unfortunately, we also know some other the Captive Nations proclamations, as things : well as many of their lower level variants, We know — if past experience is any have been reduced to a string of generali­ guide — that our manifestation here will ties and pious abstractions that — in them­ largely be a non-event to the influential selves — no regime anywhere on earth news media of this city and of the country can quarrel with. in general, so that few Americans will be 4. Yet, when the specific intent of the aware of this occasion and even fewer of Captive Nations proclamation is noted, its significance; we know also that what then we discover some very strong and we do here will be almost wholly ignored unequivocal reactions, reactions such as by those who are presently conducting the those in an article by a prominent colum­ United States foreign policy in regard to nist in the Washington Post, which ap­ the nations that we represent; and, finally, peared last year immediately before the we also know that our manifestation will Captive Nations Week observance. The be quickly dismissed — if not actually author writes that the Captive Nations is scorned — by much of the intellectual a “deeply flawed” concept because it dares elite of the powerful Liberal establishment to call for the dissolution of the Soviet which contributes so decisively to the for­ bloc and for the dismemberment of the mation of American public opinion. USSR. Fie goes on to suggest that the These are unpleasant, uncomfortable Captive Nations observances are pursued truths — but they must be acknowledged by aging ethnics who — using the Captive and remembered; their reality makes our Nations forum as a vehicle of anti-com­ presence here today that much more signi­ munist and anti-Soviet extremism — are ficant, our efforts on behalf of the Cap­ out to create a “dangerous” world situa­ tive Nations that much more difficult, even tion by provoking the Soviet Union. The discouraging. For we must remember that author of the article expresses satisfaction the whole concept of the Captive Nations that the message of Captive Nations has, and its intrusion into the American po­ for the most part, been ignored, and has 34 been ineffective in making an impact on may be enlightened in liberal doctrines US policy. through American unilateral restraint, We must not think that these are iso­ understanding, and a polite turning away lated views, rather, they are representa­ from the crudities of totalitarism. From tive of the thinking of perhaps , the majo­ this follows that the consolidation of Soviet rity of the American political elite, and conquests is unopposed, the suppression of we should carefully note not only the as­ national and human rights is viewed with sumptions of such arguments but their in­ “benign neglect”. Thus, we see influential sinuations as well. senators recommending an arms limitation Thus, the Captive Nations supporters treaty because its passage would avoid are viewed as somewhat narrow-minded “shocks” to the Soviets; we hear it said that provincials, motivated by ethnic biases and our policy towards the USSR should re­ dated antagonisms that no enlightened in­ flect “mutual interests” and address “mu­ dividual any longer entertains in this tual problems” of the US and the USSR. modern and supposedly complex world. We read important foreign policy pro­ Then, of course, come the standard and nouncements by men like George Kennan timeworn labels: — the Captive Nations who pictures Brezhnev as a man of “peace” supporters are right-wing extremists, be­ and the head of a “moderate, conservative nighted anti-communists, rabid nationa­ regime”. What wonder then that at this lists pursuing selfish goals, and all this cri­ very time administrative spokesmen have ticism is accompanied by a condenscending, become apologists for the USSR, putting sneering tone that effectively closes off the most positive interpretation on Soviet any serious debating of the issues. How behavior in order to provide a favorable often, in one form or an other, have we all climate for the acceptance of the Soviet heard or read innumerable variations of status-quo. such biases and mistaken assumptions? This official unshakeable American belief These are the reasons why we will look in in so-called “established realities“ of So­ vain for any news of this even on the viet and Chinese power, this desire to sta­ pages of tomorrow’s New York Times; bilize the Soviet Russian empire, this deep Or why there is no representative from the fear of change, the fear of alienating mi­ White House here today. litarily powerful empires and regimes whose Yet it would be naive for us to be sur­ governments are illegitimate, non-popularly prised at such attitudes. For the policy of elected — what can all this have in com­ the US towards the USSR, for much of mon with the ideas of the Captive Nations the last 20 years has been anything but one Week? Doesn’t our presence here today of encouragement for the Captive Nations. expose, the sham of such a foreign policy? In this policy, whose contours shift uncer­ An American journalist in Moscow re­ tainly between containment and accomoda­ cently wrote that the most conspicuous tion, the USSR and other communist re­ characteristic of life in the USSR is the gimes are viewed to be pretty much like enormous constrast between Soviet claims many other states around the world: back­ and Soviet reality and, consequently, the ward and politically and economically great capacity for self-delusion of the re­ inexperienced nations, only now emerging gime’s rulers, I would like to extend that onto the intricate arena of international comment to today’s observances. For the affairs. Such states must be educated, and significance of Captive Nations Week seems gradually introduced to Western values; to me to be likewise concerned with certain tensions towards such states must be relaxed, gaps between claims and realities, claims opposition minimized so that their rulers made not only by the likes of Brezhnev or 35 Deng Chou Ping but by the many Ame­ ture, and possibly for that of the future rican political leaders, government officials, of humanity, we dare not forget what hap­ and general opinion makers. On American pened to us in this century of mechanized soil and in the face of American indif­ civilization, in the heart of ’cultured’ Eu­ ference and opposition the spokesman for rope.” And Begin goes on to say: “The the Captive Nations have had to point out world does not pity the slaughtered. It the discrepancies between false claims that only respects those who fight. For better or would perpetuate the Russian Empire and for worse, that is the truth.” the reality of such an empire. We have had These are strong words, and I think that to point out the discrepancy between tradi­ they are applicable to us here today also. tional American ideals and the reality of We have tried to keep the world from their practical absence when it comes to forgetting: it is time now to do more than the Captive Nations. For at least 20 years that; time to make our critics uncom­ we have had to live with the reality of the fortable, to embarass those who ignore us, sufferings of our peoples while watching it is time to fight. We have an example in a whole procession of illusory, dangerous men like Menachem Begin: his dedicated experiments in moral indifference: East- nationalism, his criticism of what was once West Trade, Disarmament, Bridge-Building, also thought of as enlightened Western the Sonnenfeldt Doctrine, Detente, Hel­ policy, even his para-military activities — sinki — the whole sorry line of policies all this has not hurt him in the esteem of from Yalta to Salt II. posterity, quite the contrary. So it seems that our commemoration here I am not suggesting that we must emu­ today is, one of those bitter, though in­ late the Jewish liberation movement. But structive ironies of our times. For the I am suggesting that we must somehow ideals of freedom and national indepen­ jolt the consciousness and conscience of dence for millions of forgotten human those, who at present find the Captive beings has been kept alive by us, by those Nations expendable. We must expose their who believe in the Captive Nations cause, ignorance, their lack of principles, and — in their liberation struggle. For 20 years quite often — even their arrogance. How the hope for the Captive Nations has been we do that is something that we must de­ fuelled not by powerful statesmen and cide between now and the next Captive leading politicians of the mightiest country Nations observation. But we must take the in the free world but by a small group of initiative, knowing that we can only in­ immigrants and their descendants and fluence that fate of the Captive Nations friends who doggedly and selflessly have by what we do here in the US. And in acted as a moral thorn in the side of an spite of our modest numbers, of past set­ American policy that would just as soon backs, of misunderstandings among our­ forget these unpleasant facts and be satis­ selves, we must realize that we have much fied with stable spheres of influence and to teach the foreign policy makers of the getting on with the business of economic US. We are told we live in an era of well-being and technological progress. progress, in an era of supposedly uni­ That is what we have been trying to do, versal nominal commitment to human but it is not enough. Menachem Begin, rights, an era of increasing technological justifying his opposition to British policy achievment, when world public opinion can in Israel in the 40’s, writes about the short be mobilized as a moral force by modern memory of the world in regard to the communications media. We live in an era Jewish people and he gives this warning to when, for example, the Gilbert Islands his countrymen: “For the sake of our fu­ with a population smaller than that of 36 Jersey City can enjoy freedom and full brutal reality. And such an attempt is sel­ political independence. In such an era the dom popular. Captive Nations can no longer be treated On the other hand, let us also decide as the “dirty little secret” of international that we have played the game of docility affairs, and any rationalizations or evasions long enough: somewhere, sometime in the concerning an active liberation policy on future, history will remember that for 20 their behalf must be challenged and ex­ years the so-called “ethnics” from Asia, posed no matter how politically powerful Eastern Europe and Cuba, with few re­ or socially prestigious the oppositions. sources and on the periphery of American We can, therefore, derive a paradoxical political life, carried the burden in an satisfaction from the fact that our meeting unequal struggle on behalf of over a dozen here today will not receive the attention it nations whose people could not speak for deserves; for the idea we represent is a themselves. Let us hope that we have the truly radical one in today’s world and it perseverance to continue that task. Let us is we who are the true revolutionaries; we believe that in the next 20 years we will who dare to criticize the gaps between the have played a decisive role to make that claims of an outmoded realpolitik and the task unnecessary.

Dr. M. Ausala (Latvia) Message to a King

Blue gardens of dreams Flooding the waves with light Shimmering through the dusk, And playing with amber pieces on the Visions of the unknown. dunes. My eyes There is my land, Are two weary pilgrims My kingdom of legends Seeking your land, And there your kingdom of legends, Once upon a time Tangun Wanggom. Your twin brother Lach-plee-sis was found My heart carries a message Under the shadows of pine trees From your twin brother Mothered by a golden bear Far away beyond time and space like you A message before he became a mighty king. Marked with holy signs, Only his hair was as fair as the sand on The last mystery of God and men, the dunes and his eyes as blue as your gardens of Over the plains of China dreams, Lazy rivers murmur to ocean. The Sun rises Tangun Wanggom. Leaving behind faded deserts, Take the message Snowy peaks of ragged mountains, out of my heart Desolate Siberia’s tundra And let your smile And smoky cities great and small. Close the circle of things gone by and things to come. On the calm waters of the Baltic sea To the IV INTERNATIONAL WORLD The sun goes down CONGRESS OF POETS in Seoul, Korea 37 Rumanian Workers Demanding their Right In February 1979 the Free Labor Union 212 of the Council of Rumania on of the Working People in Rumania (in October 1, 1974. Rumanian: Sindicatul Liber al Oamenilor Upon its formation, the SLOMR de­ Muncii din Romania — or SLOMR) came clared its affiliation with the International into being in Bucharest, Rumania. Its Confederation of Free Trade Unions. It founders, a group of twenty have succeed­ also declared its solidarity with the acti­ ed in sending to the West a programmatic vities of all organizations in Rumania and manifesto, in which they announce the abroad, that fight for the respect of the establishment of SLOMR and call for help fundamental rights of man, and especially from all labor organizations in the world. those rights that are derived through labor The establishment of the SLOMR was relationships. announced to the West at a press conference The founders of SLOMR deemed it held in Paris by the distinguished Ru­ necessary to form such an organization manian. writer and dissident Paul Goma because of the Economic, Social and Cultu­ on March 5, 1979. The contents of the ral situations in Rumania. SLOMR, unlike original signed document, that was smug­ the state “union” apparatus, is to exercise gled out of Rumania, were broadcast on its activities freely and will not serve as Radio Free Europe, also in March 1979. a conveyor of any political force or ide­ The formation of this “dissident” labor ology. SLOMR sees as its main task: the union comes on the heels of the formation fight for the defence of the rights of Ru­ of other similar groups in Ukraine, Latvia, manian citizens, in virtue of the Universal Lithuania and other parts of the Soviet Declaration of the Rights of Man, ratified Russian Empire. by Rumania in the afore-mentioned decree. By March 25, 1979, it was reported that The declaration proclaims the ideal of the all founding members of the Union had human being freed from fear, and the either been arrested or threatened with SLOMR intends to put into effect Article internment in a Psychiatric Hospital. Some 11 of the Pact for Economic, Social and had been severely beaten, and one, the Cultural Rights that provides the right of Orthodox priest George Calciu was beaten everyman to a sufficient standard of living, nearly to death for his “association with with respect to food, clothing and housing. enemies of the state”. A day later, on The free union also calls on the Govern­ March 26, 1979, Paul Goma drafted a let­ ment of Rumania to cease discriminatory ter on behalf of the group to AFL-CIO practices against workers, especially those President George Meany, informing him practices that are associated with Com­ of the group’s existence, their objectives munist Party politics. and asking for support of the SLOMR’s Besides the twenty founding members efforts. from Bucharest and Turnu-Severin, forty In the preamble of the SLOMR Charter, others have subsequently rendered member­ the organization outlines the legal basis for ship applications. A one thousand member its existence calling upon the international Free Union of Targu-Mures was formed: and national pacts signed by Rumania, in and, upon learning from Radio Free Eu­ accordance with Article 22 of the Interna­ rope about SLOMR, promptly affiliated tional Pact of Civil and Political Rights with it. News of the formation of other and in accordance with Article 8 of the free unions in the cities of Brasov, Pitesti, Pact of Social, Economic and Cultural Craiova and Ploesti have also reached the Rights, respectively, granted by Decree West. 38 Consequently the Government of Ru­ on families, on friends, on their work­ mania, under the auspices of the Security mates and on their neighbors. Police, is taking steps to counteract the Their statement concludes with the now widespread “free union fervor” in knowledge that perhaps they might be Rumania. Reports of Security Police physically destroyed and their goals not abuses are commonplace, with widespread attained in their lifetime, but eventually charges of torture, blackmail and pressures victory will be theirs.

Mysterious Death of Ukrainian Composer in Lviv The body of popular Ukrainian compo­ der to scare the nationally conscious po­ ser Volodymyr Ivasiuk was found hang­ pulation, particularly the young people, ing and mutilated in a forest 10 km. out­ who have recently become more outspoken side of Lviv on May 18. Ivasiuk, a phy­ concerning the lack of freedom in Ukraine. sician by training was best known for Ivasiuk was a highly principled and na­ his compositions “Chervona Ruta” and tionally conscious individual. At the time “Vodohray.” of his death, Ivasiuk was working on a The 30-year-old composer had been opera about the Kozak period of history. missing since late April when he was re­ Ivasiuk’s grave has been the site of nu­ ported to have been dragged to a black merous rallies and memorial services, fre­ unmarked KGB vehicle by two men while quently numbering several hundred per­ on his way to the Lviv Conservatory. sons. Some of the participants read spee­ Ivasiuk had been under KGB surveil­ ches or poetry dedicated to him and others lance following a visit to Canada and the sang songs. Ivasiuk’s grave was covered US and had been threatened with psy­ with flowers, wreaths and photographs of chiatric incarceration for his protests over him. the KGB harrassment and lack of creative On the night of June 4-5, several un­ freedom. known persons, who were suspected of Ivasiuk’s funeral on May 22 became a being secret police agents, set fire to the massive demonstration of several thousand. grave. Despite the vandalism, his grave As news of his death spread across Uk­ was again covered with fresh flowers on raine, writers, composers, artists and thou­ the following day. sands of his admirers began to converge Soon after the fire, the crowd at Iva­ on his grave to lay wreaths and to sing his siuk’s grave was addressed by Vasyl compositions. Tourists report that the Striltsiv and Vasyl Sichko, two members atmosphere in Lviv has become extremely of the Ukrainian Helsinki monitoring tense particularly following clashes be­ group. Following their return to Ivano- tween police and youth who gather at Frankivske, Striltsiv and Sichko were public places to sing Ivasiuk’s songs. No summoned to the local KGB headquarters credence is given to the official version and warned that if they do not cease their regarding his death by the youth of Uk­ activity, they will be arrested and im­ raine who have threatened with reprisals prisoned. against the KGB. Sichko, 22, the youngest member of the They are convinced that the KGB was group, was subsequently arrested along responsible for Ivasiuk’s death and did with his father Petro, also a member of not attempt to cover up the killing in or­ the group. 39 I

Zena Matla-Rychtycka Let’s Call a Spade a Spade... Not many people really think about the governments are located in Moscow (ca­ names that they use. We all, in an off­ pital of Russia or RSFSR), they have no hand manner, in conversations and even armies, no law enforcement agencies, no in print, talk about the Soviet Union, postal service, nor educational agencies — USSR, Russia, never deeply reflecting or everything is centralized and directed by considering what territory, country or go­ the government establishment of Russia or vernment we are talking about. RSFSR. These countries are nothing more What is the Union of Soviet Socialist than vassals of Russia, not full-fledged Republics (USSR)? As such, it does not members of any union, as are, for instance, exist, it is nothing but a myth, perpetrated the countries compromising the European by one country, one government, one Common Market. Russia, duly realizing people, to misinform the world in general that the time for empires, as such, is past, about the status of said country’s empire. perpetrated the myth of the USSR, a In the Western world, we know of many union, consisting of a number of countries, unions, labor, social, educational, religious, all “willingly” remaining members of trade and even international, as exampli- said union, all “willingly” giving up their fied by the European Common Market. rights to independence and self-govern­ They all have one thing in common — ment, all “willingly” donating their na­ membership in such unions is purely on a tural resources and industrial gains to their voluntary basis. However, no one asked conqueror, all “willingly” transferring Ukraine, Byelorussia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, their inherent rights to their own defense, Moldavia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ar­ law enforcement or educational systems to menia or Turkestan (Kazakhstan, Uzbeki­ their conqueror. stan, Kirgizia, Tadzhikistan and Turk­ In a very benign mood, we might for­ menistan) whether they desired to join give the West its naivete in giving cre­ and become part of the USSR. These dence to such fables, as enumerated above; countries were forcibly occupied by the however, it seems beyond the most primi­ Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Re­ tive human logic or sane reason, to under­ public (RSFSR), namely Russia, a country stand statements of some of our own consisting of a territory populated in a countrymen, members of nations occupied majority by Russians. Many parts of by Russia, desiring to change only the re­ Ukrainian, Byelorussian and other nations’ gime in their countries, the system, de­ ethnographic territories, which would siring to only lessen the Russification of belong to the different respective sub­ their languages, desiring at least some jugated nations if they were free, have human rights in their countries. Hey, been appropriated by the RSFSR and an­ wake up! Stop thinking in Russian ca­ nexed to its territory. tegories! We, members of occupied nations are nothing more than slaves of Russian In the Western world, all members of a imperialism, no matter what beautiful union are equal, having the right to ter­ “unified” names Russia calls us. Let’s not minate their membership at will at any lose our perspective. It is very noble to time. The member-countries of the USSR fight for human rights all over the world, have no say whatsoever as far as fate of but let the people of the free West do it. their peoples are concerned, their real Our main and foremost fight should be for 40 the first God-given human right, the right with its people was no less imperialistic, of freedom, independence, self-determina­ no less cruel to the countries occupied by tion, self-government. All of our force in it, with tsarist concentration camps, same the free world should be marshalled toward as today’s concentration camps, being filled the one and only aim, the destruction of with non-Russians, who fought the con­ Russian imperialism and the dissolution of querors. See, nothing changes — just colors the USSR into self-governing, independent of flags! countries, without even the slightest Rus­ A lot of Germans, after the war, might sian influence. have said that they did not know what What about the “regime” or “system” in was going on. Sorry, but no such excuse Russia itself? Well, in the opinion of the is possible for the Russian people. Each author, a country with over one hundred and every Russian is perfectly aware of twenty million population of one nation­ Russian occupation of the enslaved ality has exactly the kind of government it countries, of Russian imprisonment and desires. Russians are not unhappy with genocide of non-Russian peoples — each their government, they are proud to be and every Russian man and woman is the rulers and masters of one hundred responsible for it. At such time that all of fifty million people of countries occupied our countries are again free, which hour, by them, they do desire to russify the one I personally believe, is not far, the only hundred and fifty million people in order reparation we can obtain from Russian to build one Russia, with one Russian na­ people will be material, with maybe some tion, language, etc., consisting of over concentration camp commanders being quarter of a million population. And why sent to prisons. However, let us not despair not? Perusing Russian history, we find — “vengeance is mine” said God — and that this kind of behavior is nothing new. let us not forget the four horsemen of the During Tsarist times, the Russian nation Apocalypse...

The funeral of Volodymyr Ivasiuk, a Ukrainian composer murdered by the KGB, Lviv, Ukraine. 41 Russian Racism and the Ukrainian Language The denial of the existence of the forced destruction of the native language Ukrainian language, as well as Ukraine, of the nation, but a “voluntary” and as a separate nation, has been the corner­ “natural” course for the assimilation with stone of the national policy of the Russian the language of “the brother nation”, with empire. V. H. Belins’kyj, a Russian liter­ the language of “the greatest revolutionary ary critic and a so-called “revolutionary proletariats”. With the announcement of democrat”, who called Shevchenko, “a the theory of “closer ties” and “a fluid jack-ass”, and Ukraine — “Little Russia”, mixture” (assimilation) with the Russian wrote: language, Russification became the official “Little Russians have always been a policy of the Party and Government. tribe and never a nation”. Although Russification was extended to This "tribe” did not have its own all fronts, special attention was given to language, but spoke in a “dialect”. children. In 1958, despite strong opposi­ When it became impossible to deny the tion from the public, a new school re­ existence of Ukraine as a separate nation, gulation was put into effect in Ukraine, Russian rulers tried to forbid the use of which gave Ukrainian parents the “right” the Ukrainian language and in this man­ to choose the language of instruction for ner attempted to russify the Ukrainian their children — Ukrainian or Russian. nation. Russians ordinarily did not have the The Russian occupiers have always benifit of this “right”. They continued to understood that one of the most important send their children to schools with in­ characteristics that distinguishes one struction in the Russian language. This nation from another — is its language. “right to choose” was extended only to By destroying the nation’s language, one Ukrainians. With the inception of this might be able to destroy the nation. law, the number of schools with Russian D. Tolstoy, Minister of Education in the instruction greatly increased. Russian empire, made a clear and open Although Khruschev has been con­ statement to that effect in 1870: demned, the pressure of Russification has “The ultimate goal in the education of not let up under Brezhnev. Yet, the sought non-Russians must be their Russification after goals have not been attained. Fright­ and assimilation with the Russian nation”. ful signals deploring the poor state of For some time following the “October acceptance of the Russian language by Revolution” the Bolsheviks permitted the students in schools started to appear in rebirth of other, non-Russian, languages newspapers and magazines, (“The Russian and cultures. At the beginning of the Language in the National School”, No. 3, 1930’s, when the new regime had develop­ 1972; “Communist”, No. 10, 1972, and ed a firm base, the road of cultural re­ others). birth was condemned as a nationalist de­ This matter was brought up at the viation, and the Ukrainian elite, including XXV Congress of the Communist Party Party and Government leaders were de­ of the Soviet Union, which in its reso­ stroyed. lutions “On the further improvement of During Khruschev’s reign the policy of education and teaching of students in Russification reached new heights. It re­ schools of general scholarship and their ceived a philosophical foundation and a preparation for employment” decided to legitimization. Russification became not a step up the effort for teaching of the 42 Russian language in the national schools language, some courses are taught in the — the language “of friendship and Russian language. In large cities, almost brotherhood among the nations in the all the schools have converted to in­ USSR”. struction in the Russian language. The The decisions of the Central Com­ goal of these plans is to give the Russian mittee organs are binding with the effect language an added advantage in schools of law on the “republics”. The Ministry of smaller cities, where instruction is still of Education of the Ukrainian SSR im­ held in the Ukrainian language, and to mediately implemented plans for the con­ culminate the process of the Russification tinued improvement of the teaching and of education in Ukraine. instruction of the Russian language and These new plans are obvious evidence literature in schools, pedagogical institutes, and implementation of Russification in pre-schools and institutions in the Republic, Ukraine. Ukrainian students in the pre­ (“Soviet Education”, November 11, 1978). paration for employement in their native The Ministry decided to implement methods Ukraine, must have a fluent knowledge, during the years 1979 to 1985 “directed not of the Ukrainian language, but of the at the fundamental usage of the Russian Russian. language among the upcoming generation,” Against these systematic plans of Russi­ which will enable the active participation fication, will be a new opposition of the of the workers in the development and Ukrainian nation. But the struggle is dif­ the public life of the country. ficult and uneven. There will be new arrests and convictions. And new victims Among such plans will be the pre­ of the Russian occupation in Ukraine will paration of new lecturers in the Russian march the path to Siberia, similar to the language and literature; the dividing of one that Shevchenko trodded, the path to classes of Russian language instruction, concentration camps and exile. for the better comprehension of the Rus­ sian language; extracurricular activities for It is the duty of every freedom-loving students (in 1979, a competition for the individual and organization in the free best composition, dedicated to the 110 world to protest against these renewed Anniversary of Lenin’s birth). But the efforts of Russification in Ukraine, and most important — beginning in 1980, the lend their support to Ukrainian patriots instruction of the Russian language will in their struggle for the liberation of their begin in the first grade of the general nation from Russian imperialism. school of Ukrainian instruction (pre­ 1. Kohtsky viously the instruction of the Russian August 1, 1979 language in such schools began only in the The Ukrainian Echo second year). A person not familiar with Soviet reality, might surmise that all these efforts are made for the impro­ Eugen Malaniuk vement of instruction of the student’s DAS second language. But, meanwhile, the in­ WESEN struction of the first, Ukrainian language, DES is neglected. Some libraries of Ukrainian BOLSCHEWISMUS schools are lacking works of Ukrainian 1978 — UKRAINISCHES INSTITUT classics. Often, because of the shortage of FÜR BILDUNGSPOLITIK — Ukrainian textbooks and instructors, which MÜNCHEN e.V. are fluent in the usage of the Ukrainian 43 AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT ASKED TO DENOUNCE RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM We, the undersigned naturalized Au­ members of other National Republics in the stralians of Ukrainian origin, having just USSR will cease. completed a 24-hour hunger strike in order DEMANDING the release of all Ukrain­ to emphasize the strength of our sincerely- ian prisoners, whether political or former held convictions: members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army HUMBLY PRAY that the Australian (UPA), many of whom are still in con­ Government will act with vigour and de­ centration camps after 30 years. termination through the United Nations, through diplomatic channels and by other And your petitioners as in duty bound appropriate means in pursuing the fol­ will ever pray. lowing objectives — STEFAN MISKO, B. de SHEMET, S. JASKEWYCH, G. ODLYHA, G. BA- DENOUNCING Russian imperialist ZALICKI, G. KOMYSHAN, W. expansionist policies. OSTROWSKY, S. CHWYLA. SUPPORTING the cause of self-deter­ mination for Ukrainian and other National Authorised by the Federal Council in Republics in the USSR. Defence of the Nationally and Politically INSISTING that USSR adheres to the Persecuted in Ukraine, P.O. Box 314, Universal Declaration of Human Rights DICKSON, A.C.T. 2602. and the Helsinki Agreements, so that all CANBERRA 22, forms of genocide against Ukrainians and January 1979.

Outstanding representatives of the Ukrainian emigration in Australia holding a protestive hunger strike in Canberra, Australia.

44 AFABN Inc. Meeting August 29, 1979 Suggestions for the future activities of the ABN and a short identification of the AF ABN and what it stands for. The Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations is for the conquest of the non-Russian lands, a multinational organization and an alli­ already liberated, free and independent ance of national liberation centers fighting neighboring countries of Byelorussia, Geor­ for the just democratic order in the world gia, Armenia, Cossackia, North Caucasia, based on national independence and so­ Idel-Ural, Ukraine and others; — later vereignty of all nations within their ethnic on, in 1939, under the treacherous Molo- territories, and on social justice for all tov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Baltic nations of peoples and each individual. To achieve Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia were con­ their goal, the member national groups of quered by Moscow; and after the Second the ABN work and fight for the eventual World War, the other neighboring lands, downfall and destruction of the Soviet the satellite countries, Poland, Slovakia, Russian colonial empire and of all Com­ Hungary, Czechia, Bulgaria, East Germa­ munist tyrranical systems in order to re­ ny and others were incorporated, with the establish free democratic national societies. aid of Communism, into the Russian em­ The American Friends of the ABN is pire, with the aim, . as many of the an American organization created almost liberals of the time used to say, “to secure 30 years ago by Americans of Eastern the boundaries of the Soviet Union.” and Central European descent, whose The Soviet Russian involvement in the national representations belong to the so-called “socialistic wars of liberation” ABN. has proven that there is no limit to the imperialistic appetite of Moscow, and Now allow me to make some practical therefore each man of good will should be suggestions in regard to our future acti­ concerned with the Bolshevik revolution. vities. In order to help our fellow Americans On November 7 of each year, the Rus­ to better recognize the continuous danger sian Communists, the Bolsheviks, observe coming from the Bolshevik imperialistic the anniversary of the so-called “Great conquest and to expose the outright an­ October Revolution” (October 27, 1917) nihilation of our subjugated peoples by by which Lenin with his butchers using the Russian Communists through periodic deception, fraud and brutal power brought mass deportations and Russification, — on the Provisional Kerensky Government November 7 of this year, we must bring down and established the tyrannical Bol­ out our people into the streets of New shevik despotic system. York City and picket the Soviet Union Had the Russian Communists stayed in Mission to the United Nations at 67 Street Moscow with their Bolshevik revolution to expose to the American public today’s and limited their bloody revolution to greatest source of evil in the world. Seve­ Russia, within its ethnographic boundaries, ral hundred individuals with appropriate the revolution would have been a Russian slogans, short speeches, national and re­ internal affair. However, inspired by the ligious songs and other street demonstra­ Marxian utopian-proletarian world re­ tion rituals, could accomplish a good volution, the Communist and the tradi­ job to attract media and reach American tional Russian imperialists conceived the people reminding them about the plight of idea of Communism as the ideal means our enslaved nations. 45 Our next event should be a scholarly not sure how many millions, but in any panel discussion of a high level with the case a large number of good Americans. participation of our college professors And hopefully the discussion of the last with the following proposed topics: topic will conceive the creation of a pre­ 1. Contradictions and Weaknesses of election Political Action Committee of the the Soviet Russian Colonial System, AF of the ABN. 2. The Peking-Moscow Conflict and its The next event should be a folklore Effect on the Subjugated Nations, evening of subjugated peoples to encou­ 3. Russification as a means of Moscow’s rage a free culture exchange and to use Colonial Expansion, the possible net income from the event 4. The Participation of the AFABN for some noble cause, like for instance, the Nationality groups in American politics; aiding of the Baltic peoples to rebuild Suggested time, 15-20 minutes for each their vandalized Shrine in Flushing (on presentation followed by the questions and the grounds of the former 1964 World’s a discussion period. This panel discussion Fair) dedicated to the victims of Com­ should be held on a Saturday afternoon in munism and to the freedom fighters of the late November or early December, de­ Baltic nations. The folklore evening should pending on the availability of good spea­ be held sometime in March 1980 after the kers. carnival season. The proceedings of the panel discussion should be publicized and disseminated to And the fourth event, we should extend the American public, especially to our our attention and become responsible for fellow citizens of Eastern and Central the observance of the Captive Nations European descent, which number, I am Week in 1980. M. Shpontak How to buy SALT? On May 9 this year, seven years after of monitoring the implementation of the the conclusion of the SALT agreement, agreement, and the USSR does not have the SALT-II negotiations were completed. the reputation of a partner in whom one During the Vienna summit (15-18 June), can place complete trust. Moreover, the Carter and Brezhnev put their signatures USA has recently lost two electronic to a treaty which Brezhnev defined as listening posts in Iran. The loss of these a “sensible compromise” and the Carter could have been offset — at least to a team considered a success. Meanwhile, an certain degree — by reconnaissance flights analysis of the text, insofar as it is avail­ of U-2 aircraft along the Turkish-Soviet able from deliberate leaks from American frontier. The Turkish government has circles and the course and circumstances made its agreement to such flights subject of the negotiations, especially during the to the approval of the Soviet authorities. final phase, tend to point to the conclusion — The agreement does not take in the that SALT-II is a success for the USSR Soviet supersonic “Backfire” bombers, and an imprudent compromise on the part which Moscow insists are “tactical”. Some of the United States. Or rather, a success­ 30 of these are produced annually. At pre­ ive capitulation of the West to the un­ sent, the Soviet Union has about 100 of yieldingly expansionist policy of Moscow. them. Carter was content with a verbal The following facts, in particular, evoke assurance from Moscow that the scale of reservations regarding the agreement. production of these aircraft will not be — SALT-II does not define the problems increased. 46 — The agreement does not cover the So­ the world, vis-a-vis the silent consent of viet SS-20 (medium range) rockets which the West to the expansion of the Commu­ are aimed at more than 100 key points nist ideology and armed forces.) in Western Europe, Japan and the Pacific, So far the price which Moscow has had nor the SS-18 intercontinental rockets. to pay for this is exceptionally low. — The agreement ignores changes in the — On April 23, five imprisoned dissidents, makeup of the forces associated with So­ Valentyn Moroz, Alexander Ginsburg, Ed­ viet Russian expansion in Africa and the ward Kuznetzov, Mark Dymshits and the Far East paralleled by the withdrawal of Baptist leader Georgi Vins, were exchanged the USA from Taiwan, Iran and Korea. for two Soviet spies sentenced in the — Before the period when the agreement USA to 50 years’ imprisonment. comes into force, the USSR is significantly — At the end of April, the beaming of increasing the accuracy of its missiles (at microwaves at the US Embassy building present it is considerably less than that in Moscow was halted. of the American missiles) and since the — In April, the number of Jews emigrat­ ceiling of the number of missiles is very ing from the Soviet Union for the first high, the relative growth of the strength time exceeded 5000 in a single month. It of Soviet arms will be very large. is predicted that in 1979 the total number — In the agreement, the USA renounces of Jews emigrating from the Soviet Union the development of several types of arms, will exceed 50.000 (in 1978, it was while the USSR has agreed only to the 31.000). numerical reduction of the most obsolete — On 19 April, five Jews sentenced in types of missiles. December 1970 to ten years in a labour — The agreement eliminates the possibili­ camp for their part in the Leningrad ty of the USA ensuring a defence “um­ hijack attempt were released 14 months brella” for Western Europe and other before the expiration of their sentences. “grey zones” in which the USSR does not (Three others have not been released.) possess tactical superiority. —Eight Jewish families from Leningrad In this situation, there exists the have received visas after waiting for al­ possibility that the Senate will not most 10 years. approve the agreement (in its present form — The poet Andrei Voznesensky, author — it is difficult to deny the need for of the almanac “Metropol” received a actions to limit armaments), although this passport to go to the USA. would only be the lesser evil. For the US­ — Aleksei Shibaev, head of the Soviet SR is playing a complex game in which, Trade Unions, in his talks with the head after several withdrawals which were in of the Australian Trade Unions, an­ fact only a sop to the principles of the nounced that the USSR would permit the rule of law, it is striving to achieve three emigration of all Jews who had been wai­ aims. Firstly, to obtain the consent or the ting at last five years for their visas (in­ Senate to the agreement, secondly to pro­ cluding the best-known “refusniks” Men­ cure the “most favored nation” status in delevich, Slepak and Nudel), and also the trade with the USA, and finally to pre­ release of Anatoli Shcharansky and eleven vent the West from withdrawing from other Jewish dissidents. However, this was the Moscow Olympic Games. (Such a denied a week later by Jewish circles in withdrawal might not weaken the Soviet Moscow. Union’s strategic position, but it would And on the very day when the USSR, damage “detente” in the Soviet sense of in exchange for the two spies, got rid of 47 five undesirables, of whom two had not impression on every member of the Senate the least desire to leave the country, a So­ as they do on Carter and his Secretary of viet Trade delegation appeared in Wa­ State. It is clear that one can take head shington, seeking the “most favored na­ of Carter’s arguments, but the change of tion” status. This once-off increase in the saving 30.000 million dollars over 10 years numbers of those permitted to emigrate is not a compelling attraction. The sum is made Carter resolved to suspend for a hardly 25% of the annual military budget year the Jackson-Vanik amendment of of the USA. One does not have to agree 1974, which made American trade con­ with Brzezinski’s thesis that the post- cessions to the USSR dependent on the Brezhnev Soviet Union will be even more latter’s emigration policy. expansionist and dangerous, and hence it From the released opposition activist is bound to tear off the muzzle of SALT Moroz, we have news that a high official II. (It may even be postulated that the of the KGB assured him that before the USSR will never observe the spirit of the opening of the Olympic Games in 1980, agreement, but will have to accept it and an increased number of dissidents will be respect it to the letter). released from the camps. And even if it really turns out that af­ As for the question of trade, one may ter Brezhnev has vanished from the scene, concede that this is a matter relating ex­ Moscow becomes more aggressive, the clusively to the two interested states question will be wether it will choose to (though one must not forget that it fosters ratify SALT-III other than on its own the continuation of the Soviet-Russian im- terms, or if it will even need SALT-III perium), while the phenomenon of the at all. persecution of dissidents and racism in the At present, it is buying SALT-II in Soviet Union is a problem that demands great haste and for a radiculously low the concern of the entire civilized world. price. In the forthcoming year, perhaps One can have no doubt that the arms more perspicacious vendors may appear race and the ever-more-evident Soviet in the White House. superiority demands the rapid adoption of KSS/KOR Biuletyn Informacyjny, a universal preventive action. For it is No. 4, 1979 becoming a real danger to the existence of the whole globe, or at least its existence in a condition fit for human life. Never­ theless, SALT-II in the proposed form LETTER TO THE EDITOR does not remove this threat. On the con­ Sirs: trary, by about 1985, inter alia as a re­ I have been on your press list for many sult of SALT-II, Moscow will most pro- years. I am a newsman and lecturer who pably be dominant in strategic weapons. writes, speaks and broadcasts frequently (Even today, Soviet superiority in strategic on foreign (international) affairs. forces and especially conventional wea­ I also ran for Congress last November pons is regarded as a well-documented and with strong support from the Ukrainian proven fact). community. Of course, the USSR does not fully I hope you will continue to carry me appreciate the role of Congress and public on your press list. opinion in the shaping of American fo­ Thank you, reign and defence policy. Spectacular Charles Wiley deeds certainly do not make such a great Parlin, New Jersey, USA 48 John Diefenbaker Confronts Khrushchev Excerpts of the speech by the then Canadian Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker at the United Nations General Assembly on Sept. 26, 1960. JOHN G. DIEFENBAKER: I turn now to a subject dealt with at great length by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the subject of colonialism. He asked for and advocated a declaration at this session for “the complete and final elimination of colonial regimes”. Since the last war seventeen colonial areas and territories, comprising more than 40 million people, have been brought to complete freedom by France. In the same period fourteen colonies and territories, comprising half a billion people, have achieved complete freedom within the Com­ monwealth. Taken together, some 600 million people in more than thirty countries, most of them now represented in this Assembly, have attained their freedom — this with the approval, the encouragement and the guidance of the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and France. I pause to ask this question: how many human beings have been li­ berated by the USSR? Do we forget how one of the postwar colonies of the Soviet Union sought to liberate itself four years ago, and with what result? I say that because these facts of history in the Commonwealth and other countries invite comparison with the domination over people and territories, sometimes gained under the guise of liberation, but always accompanied by the loss of political freedom. How are we to reconcile the tragedy of the Hungarian uprising in 1956 with Chairman Khrush­ chev’s confident assertion of a few days ago in this Assembly? Mr. Khru­ shchev said: “It has been and always will be our stand that the peoples of Africa, like those of other continents striving for their liberation from the colonial yoke, should establish orders in their countries of their own will and choice”. That I accept — and I hope that those words mean a change of attitude for the future on the part of those he represents. What of Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia? What of the freedom-loving Ukrainians and many other Eastern European peoples which I shall not name for fear of omitting some of them? Mr. Khrushchev went further and said: “Complete and final elimination of the colonial regime in all its forms and manifestations has been prompted by the entire course of world history in the last decades”. .. There can be no double standard in international affairs. I ask the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR to give to those nations under his domination the right of free election — to give them the opportunity to determine the kind of government they want under genuinely free conditions. If those conclusions were what his words meant, for they must apply universally, then indeed will there be new action to carry out the obligations of the United Nations Charter: then indeed will there be new hope for all mankind. My hope is that those words of his will be universally acceptable and that he will give the lead towards their implementation here and now. ABN Press Bureau Zeppelinstrasse 67 8000 München 80 Germany ORDER FORM I would like to order the following: □ Nation oder Klasse, by Wolfgang Strauss Softcover, 189 pp...... 8 4.90 ö Das Wesen des Bolschewismus, by Eugen Malaniuk Softcover, 55 pp...... 8 3.50 □ Symonenko — a study in semantics, by Igor Shankowsky Hardcover, 212 pp...... 8 8.00 □ Russian Oppression in Ukraine, Reports, Documents, Photographs...... 8 12.00 □ Russischer Kolonialismus in der Ukraine, Berichte, Dokumente, Abbildungen, Softcover 447 pp...... 8 12.00 □ In the Whirlpool of Combat, by Yuriy Boretz Hardcover, 322 pp...... 8 15.00 □ Cataract, by Mykhajlo Osadchyj. Hardcover, 111 pp...... 8 12.00 □ Annexation or Reunification, by Mykhajlo I. Braichevsky Harcover, 139 pp...... 8 12.00 □ Revolutionary Voices, Ukrainian Political Prisoners Condemn Russian Colonialism Harcover, 269 pp. (Revised edition) ...... 8 9.00 Softcover, 156 pp...... $ 4.00 □ For This Was I Born, The human conditions in USSR slave labor camps, Softcover, 190 pp. . . . . 8 2.50 □ History of the Russian Empire, by Nicholas Chirovsky Harcover, 449 pp...... 8 15.00 □ Captive Nations, by Bernadine Bailey, Softcover, 191 pp...... 8 1.00 □ Las Negras Acciones Del Kremlin, Softcover, Two Volumes, 633 pp. and 797 pp...... 8 10.00 □ Please send me, free of charge, your title and price list of other available publications. I am enclosing...... US8. Prices include postage. Name ...... Address Verlagspostamt: Miinchen 2 November - December 1979 Vol. XXX. No. CONTENTS: Proclamation of Ukrainian Catholic Patriarch . 7 V. Moroz Ukraine Is Not Socialist...... 8 A. Radygin Those Poor P rison ers...... 19 “Blame the Jailer” ...... 25 Human Rights Violation in Byelorussia . . . 26 W. Parchomenko Fair Information On All Dissidents Needed . . 27 Political Abuses of Psychiatry in Romania . . 31 R. Solchanyk The New Constitution — Hard Questions for U k ra in e...... 33 Banderas Assassination Date Receives Mass Press C overage...... 35 Secret Seminary in Lithuania ...... 38 Symposium on the OUN H e ld ...... 39 Tokyo Hosts 25th APACL Preconference Meeting 42 From Behind The Iron Curtain...... 43 Book Review...... 47 ILLUSTRATIONS ON FRONT COVER. 1. Col D. Kosmovych, Byelorussian leader, ABN representative expressing his sympathy; 2. Ukrainian bishops and clergy, old and young assembled in prayer; 3. B. Mailat, Rumanian leader and ABN representative speaking at the commemorative celebrations; 4. Prominent guests at the tributory ceremony; 5. J. Stetsko, former Prime Minister of Ukraine, Chairman of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the ABN President, addressing the au­ dience during the commemorative ceremony; 6. The burning of the Russian Communist flag before the apartment where Stepan Bandera was murdered. 7. Youth marching to pay their tribute. Munich, Germany — 13th of October, 1979. ABM Herausgeber: American Friends of the Articles signed with name or pseudonym Antibolshevik Bloc of Nations (AF ABN) do not necessarily reflect the Editor’s o- Inhaber: B. Fedorak — Chairman of pinion, but that of the author. Manuscripts AF ABN sent in unrequested cannot be returned in Beide: 136 Second Avenue, New York, case of non-publication unless postage is N. Y. 10003, USA enclosed. Zweigstelle Deutschland: Zeppelinstr. 67, It is not our practice 8000 München 80 to pay for contributed materials. Publisher: American Friends of the Anti­ Reproduction permitted but only bolshevik Bloc of Nations (AFABN), with indication of source (ABN-Corr.). 136 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y. Schriftleitung: Redaktionskollegium. 10003, USA Verantw. Redakteur Frau Slava Stetzko. Editorial Staff: Board of Editors. Zeppelinstraße 67/0, 8000 München 80, Editor-in-Chief : Mrs. Slava Stetsko, M. A. Telefon: 48 25 32 8000 Munich 80, Zeppelinstr. 67/0 Druck: eGmbH “Cicero”, München. West Germany. Zeppelinstraße 67, 8000 München 80 Jaroslav Stetsko We Accuse Moscow and Remind the Free World On the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the Assassination of Stepan Bandera October 15 marks the 20th year since the assassination of the leader of the Ukrainian liberation struggle Stepan Bandera, the head of the Or­ ganization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). Stepan Bandera was murdered by an agent of the KGB, Bohdan Stashynsky, on the territory of the German Federal Republic by means of a poison gun. The murder was carried out on a directive of the Soviet Russian government of N. Khru­ shchov and on the explicit order of the KGB chief, Alexander Shelepin, which were approved by the head of the Supreme Soviet K. Voroschilov. We accuse the government of the USSR, the Central Committee and the Politburo of CPSU of genocide and murder, a policy and practice which is being conducted systematically to this day. A similar assassination, also planned and ordered by the Soviet gov­ ernment, took place in 1957 when the Ukrainian exile politician and aca­ demician, Prof. Dr. Lev Rebet was murdered, also by Stashynsky. Ac­ cording to the testimony of Stashynsky before the German Federal Court in Karlsruhe, an assassination attempt was also to be carried out against the former Ukrainian Prime Minister and current head of the OUN and the ABN — Jaroslav Stetsko. The German Supreme Court in October 1962 convicted the assassin Stashynsky for his complicity in the murder to 8 years imprisonment, while the actual guilt for the assassination was ascribed to the Soviet Russian government, specifically to Alexander Shelepin, the former head of the Committee for State Security (KGB). Such criminal methods of liquidating leading members of the liberation movements of the captive nations by the Soviet Russian government have not changed to this day, neither on the territory of the so-called USSR nor in her satellites, where the security services are under the direct control of the KGB. The same applies to the persecution and liquidation of such leaders in the free world, who oppose Russia’s colonial rule. A latest example of this was the assassination of the Bulgarian author and contributor to the BBC in London, Georgi Markov, by the KGB controlled Bulgarian secret service. The murder weapon was a poisoned needle at the tip of an umbrella. Bandera’s assassin Stashynsky, in 1962 told of plans of precisely this na­ ture when he testified about the potential assassination of Jaroslav Stetsko. He literally said: “We may well have used a poisoned needle released from a device by air pressure which would leave no trace behind.” The recent kidnapping of the Lithuanian sportsman Vladislavas Ces- siunas who sought political asylum in Germany is a stark reminder of the impunity with which the KGB continues its operations on the territory of sovereign Western states. Yet it appears that the German government is more interested in helping the Kremlin to cover up this sordid affair. ASSASSINATIONS CONTINUE In the last several years the KGB was involved in the murders of the following Ukrainian activists: the artist A. Horska with an axe; R. Pa- leckij; two Ukrainian Catholic priests Luckiy and Luchkiw, as well as the 1 composer V. Ivasiuk, were hanged; the author H. Snehirov was murdered in a hospital; a member of the leadership of the Organization of.the Ukra­ inian Nationalists, M. Soroka, was murdered on the eve of his release from 25 years imprisonment. There are hundreds of unknown others. Most recently, members of the Ukrainian Helsinki monitoring group in Kyiv — Lev Lukianenko, M. Rudenko, O. Tykhy, M. Marynowych, V. Ovsienko, and others have been sentenced to terms of up to 15 years imprisonment and exile by Russian occupational courts. Hundreds of Ukrainian authors, artists and scientists, were sentenced to brutal terms of imprisonment of 12-15 years in 1972 on the sole grounds that their works contained Ukrainian Patriotic and Christian elements. Among these are: I. Svitlychny, I. Hel, I. Kalynets, E. Sverstiuk, V. Stus, S. Karavanskiy, and many others who still languish in prisons, concentra­ tion camps and psychiatric asylums. Unprecedented is the persecution of Y. Shukhevych, the son of the commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), Yuriy Shukhevych has been sentenced several times for a total of 30 years imprisonment because he refused to denounce the legacy and ideals for which his father fought and died. Numerous members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) are routinelly sentenced in secret trials for upto 15 years isolation in high security prisons, while some of them have been secretly executed. GENOCIDE THROUGH RUSSIFICATION The 25th Congress of the CPSU passed a resolution regarding “further improvements in the education and training of students in public schools”, which in fact directed that all schools in the non-Russian republics are to increase the teaching of the Russian language as the “language of friend­ ship and brotherly relations of the peoples of the USSR”. As a result of this resolution, the colonial Ministry of Education of the Ukrainian SSR decided in November 1978 that in the period 1979—85 the Russification processes will be intensified and “upcoming generations are to have a complete knowledge of the Russian language”. Consequently, beginning in 1980, the Russian language will be introduced in the first grades of all public schools in Ukraine. This move has alarmed the population of Ukraine and calls for the maintenance of the mother tongue have already been issued. Among the many protests, it was pointed out that in the next school year the Russian language will assume a dominating position not only in the public schools but also in the kindergartens at the cost of the Ukrainian language instruction. This situation is already evident, com­ pounded by the fact that in the larger centres in Ukraine most schools already provide instruction exclusively in the Russian language. It has become clear that the current leadership of the USSR is in fact continuing and intensifying the Russification and assimilation of the former Russian czars. Today, the policy objectives of the czarist Minister of Education, D. Tolstoj are being realized. Tolstoj had stated in 1870 that “our goal in the education of the non-Russian peoples...... is their Rus­ sification and assimilation with the Russian nation”. Further proof that the policy of assimilating the non-Russian peoples is being stepped-up systematically, was offered this May at an academic conference in Tasch- kent, Turkestan, where the Minister of Education of the Soviet Union presented in his speech precise party directives concerning increased Rus­ sification programmes beginning at the kindergarten level. 2 MILLIONS IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS According to a recent document signed by Ukrainian political prisoners: M. Matusewych, Z. Antoniuk, V. Marchenko and the Russian dissident, Yu. Orlov, there are currently five million citizens (2% of the Soviet popula­ tion) in Soviet Russian prisons, labour camps and in exile. In the document; written in April 1979 out of a Perm concentration camp Yu. Orlov states the following: “The nationality policy being conducted by the USSR is reflected in the composition of the inmates of the camps. Accordingly the inmates of the camps in the Urals and Mordovia are composed of 40% Ukrainians, up to 30% Balts and ca. 30% other nationalities. The major burden of the struggle against the arbitrariness in the camps today, as in the Stalinist camps, falls upon the shoulders of Ukrainians. If the sea of unemployed is considered to be a typical evil of the capitalist system, then the equally strong contingent of human beings who are condemned to forced labour must be considered as a typical evil of the totalitarian so­ cialist system”. OLYMPIC COINS MADE IN GULAG One of the most shameful moments of this century must surely be the consent of the free world to hold the Olympic Games in Moscow — the centre of horrible genocide and murder, the capital of the vast and most brutal colonial empire in the world, and the administrative centre of con­ centration camps, psychiatric asylums and Russification policies. To add to this sad spectacle, it has become evident that the medals and souvenirs of these Olympic Games are being produced by the forced labour of po­ litical prisoners whose work norms are being increased through punitive isolation, torture and lower food rations. The sale of these Olympic items to western tourists will provide the USSR with lucrative profits. Facts concerning this were revealed at the International Sakharov Hearings in Washington this September by M. Scharygin, recently released Ukrainian political prisoner whose 10-year imprisonment provided him with insights into the production of these items. We appeal to the free world, for the sake of its own honour and dignity, to take the following position concerning the Moscow Olympics: as long as human beings are being imprisoned in Russian prisons, concentration camps, psychiatric asylums or exiled for their political or religious beliefs, as long as the assimilation of the captive nations robs them of their national, linguistic, ethnic, and cultural identity and as long as due to the Soviet Russian colonial policies, priests, artists, writers and freedom fighters are being murdered and hanged, no athlete of the free world should set foot on Moscow’s Olympic stadiums. A SPIRITUAL REVIVAL Today we are witnessing in Ukraine, as in other subjugated nations, a spiritual and ideological renaissance of the young generation in a na­ tional and religious sense. The ideas of materialism, Marxism and Leninism are dead. The youth strives for the ideals of God, of their nation and fatherland, for spiritual values, for an understanding of the great epochs and personalities of their nation’s past. “Back to our traditions” — is the revolutionary slogan of the current struggle, a slogan which is not only confined to Ukraine. The self-realization of a nation’s traditional, spiritual, cultural, ethical, social and political values, and the spontaneous struggle for them in all 3 spheres of life in opposition to the forced foreign bolshevist concepts is typical of the current phase of our liberation struggle. This is a struggle between two world-views, two philosophies, two opposing concepts of3the natural order, two conflicting concepts of culture, a fight between differing concepts of social and economical order, where the idea of nation is op­ posed to the philosophy of imperialism, religion against atheism, indi­ vidualism against collectivism, heroic humanism against barbarism and terror, the idea of man as a God-created being versus hatred and the trampling of human dignity. As freedom fighters behind the Iron Curtain have stated, we live in the age of liberational nationalism which is diametrically opposed to im­ perialism, chauvinism, rascism and totalitarianism. In view of this, the ideals of national liberation and demands for the dissolution of the Rus­ sian empire must become an integral part of the foreign policies of the West, just as Marxism/Leninism has become an integral component of the foreign policies of the Soviet Union. HUMAN RIGHTS CANNOT BE ATTAINED WITHOUT NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE The human rights of the subjugated nations in the Soviet Union cannot be realized unless they gain their complete national sovereignty and in­ dependence through the decolonization of the Soviet Russian Empire. Any hope for a possible democratization and liberation of the Soviet Russian empire is a delusion. The maintenance of an empire is synonymous with the rule of force over other peoples and thus excludes any possibility of respect for their individual human rights. History knows no example of respect for individual human rights coupled with the denial of national independence and the right to national identity. S. Bandera gave his life in the struggle for the national independence of Ukraine and for the dissolution of the Russian colonial empire, and consequently, also for the national and human rights of all oppressed peoples in this empire. The fact that he has become a symbol for this struggle is signified by the extensively used term “Banderivtsi” to de­ signate all those who fight for their national liberation, as a precondition for the realization of their human rights. We advocate the idea of national revolutions of the enslaved nations through which Russian colonial im­ perialism and communist tyranny will be destroyed from within. Our concept of freedom is, therefore, not based on any models of a global nuclear war but on the principle of national revolutions as the only pos­ sible alternative to precisely such an apocalyptic war. National uprisings within the Russian empire provide the only possible means to secure peace, not the current policies of “detente” which will sooner or later lead to a catastrophic global atomic conflict. The approaching 80’s provide all indications of notable changes in the Russian Empire. The majority of the population of the USSR consists of oppressed non-Russian peoples: Ukrainians, Estonians, Latvians, Byelorus­ sians, Lithuanians, Turkestanis, Georgians, Armenians, N. Caucasians, Siberians, Azerbaidjanians, Idel-Uralians, Cossacks, and others. We must also take into account the oppressed peoples in the so-called satellite states: East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czecho-Slovakia, Albania, Bul­ garia and Rumania. The forces of the dominating Russian nation, of which its own members reject the Communist system, constitute less than a third in a sea of oppressed peoples. These proportions are also reflected in the 4 composition of the armed forces which constitute the Warsaw Pact. We must not forget that there is no such phenomenon as a “Soviet nation” behind the Iron Curtain, but rather a ruling Russian nation which through Communist tyranny dominates numerically stronger oppressed nations. This Russian colonial empire is today a monstrous anachronism in an age when decolonization and the dissolution of former imperial complexes is the order of the day. NATIONAL LIBERATION AS A SIGN OF OUR ERA In the same measure that Russia’s Imperial drive proceeds towards the conquest of new lands, grow the weaknesses of the empire and the number of its enemies within its specific spheres of influence as well as globally. There are no signs that the opportunistic forces of the West will again come to the assistance of this colonial empire as they did during the last two world wars. The idea of national liberation among the oppressed na­ tions coupled with their fervent patriotism and unconquered religious belief, is gaining strength. National uprisings, which will occur sooner or later will bring an end to the reactionary, totalitarian, bolshevik rule of terror. In our era, when numerous former colonial nations and regions on all continents have been granted sovereignty and have been admitted to the United Nations, there can be no justification for the existence of this Russian Empire which enslaves nations with 1000 year old cultures and traditions. The western world cannot afford to remain silent and un­ concerned about the struggle of Ukraine, Latvia, Byelorussia, Georgia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovakia, Turkestan or Hungary. A decisive moment in the fight against Russian imperial rule and communist tyranny is in the offing and the free nations of the world have a duty to draw the necessary conclusions in this situation. WHERE IS THE POLITICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNTER-OFFENSIVE OF THE WEST? We do not demand that western soldiers fight and die for our freedom and independence. The current international situation, however, demands that the West take measures to save itself from the red flood. Here the maxim “he who helps us helps himself” is applicable. It must not be forgotten that the enemy’s weapons are in the hands of our people who can turn them at the appropriate moment against their oppressors. Primarily, we ask that no more aid be given to our and the free world’s enemy as has been repeatedly done on the political-psychological, eco­ nomic, technological and even military level in the past. There can be no repetition of the silence and inaction by the West while uprisings in Hungary or Ukraine, or revolts in Soviet Russian concentration camps are brutally put down by the Russians. The constitution of the USSR states that the govenment and the Party are compelled to support all so-called “wars of liberations”, insofar as they aid the communist world revolution, with all possible means. This is being done systematically to the extent that the USSR provokes and even begins such wars in Africa, Latin America, Asia and in the Near East. In contrast to this, the constitutions and laws of western states do not even allow that the imprisoned members of the Helsinki monitoring groups, who have renounced their Soviet citizenship, be granted citizen­ ship of those western states, e.g. the USA for which they formally applied. Today, Russian troops are stationed under various guises in Angola, Ethiopia and Cuba. Terrorists falsely labelled as “freedom-fighters” are 5 being trained in the USSR for the disruption of Western states and their social and legal order. What in turn has the West done in support of the liberation struggle of the captive nations? Despite various resolutions and conventions of the United Nations concerning decolonization, national self-determination, and independence, the West has not seen fit to utilize instruments on a political or diplomatic level with respect to the USSR. An example is public law No. 86—90 adopted by the United States on July 19. 1959 regarding the captive nations. This Act obligates the US Congress to give its active support to the liberation of Ukraine and all other nations enslaved by Russian Imperialism and Communism. How has the US implemented this law? The UN declaration concerning “decolonization and the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples” adopted by the UN General Assembly on Dec. 14, 1960 and the “Action Programme” for the full im­ plementation of the declaration adopted by the same body in 1970, should be directed by the Western powers at the Soviet Russian empire and all steps taken toward the establishment of independent democratic states in place of the present imperial conglomerate. On Dec. 20, 1976,107 member states of the UN General Assembly voted not only for the right of independence for the African state of Na­ mibia but also declared its support for Namibia’s “armed liberation strug­ gle” terming it just on international, legal, moral and political grounds. It is only correct and just that the same principles be extended to Ukraine, a nation of 53 million, with 1000 year old traditions and a centuries-long independence struggle and to all other nations oppressed by Russia. We demand that the Ukrainian national liberation movement be given re­ cognition through the accreditation of the Organization of Ukrainian Na­ tionalists (OUN) at the United Nations on the same legal basis and with similar status enjoyed by the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). Such recognition should be also extended to analogous organizations of the other captive nations. (Statement at the Press Conference held on October 11, 1979 in Munich, Germany, before the international press, radio and television.

Compliments of the season and sincere wishes for the coming year to all our friends and readers of ABN - Correspondence Central Committee of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations

6 Proclamation of Ukrainian Catholic Patriarch Concluding remarks of His Beatitude Patriarch Joseph Slipyj at the banquet held at the Cavalieri Hilton, Rome on Sunday, September 23, 1979. Your Excellencies, Reverend Fathers, Venerable Sisters, Honorable Gathering, With this banquet we conclude the celebration of our great anniver­ saries which we held in preparation to the happy celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the acceptance of Christianity in Rus’-Ukraine. God grant that all of us live to attend it. We thank you for your sincere greetings, your attendance, and all that you did here to make known in Rome and the entire world to its farthest corners, the Ukrainian name and assert Ukrainian rights and the truth. God bless you. This banquet is one of the high points of our celebrations. At it you had the opportunity to express your thoughts and desires — you had an occasion to talk from your heart. The conclusion from your expressed sentiments is but one: our Church through her suffering in Ukraine and despite forceful incorporation into the Moscow Patriarchate, exists as a Particular Patriarchal Church. Her status as a Patriarchal Church is the only possibility to revive Christian life in Ukraine, to separate herself once and for all from the Moscow Patriarchate, and abolish the tragic consequences of the Pereyaslav Treaty. Patriarchal status will serve as a defence against the ambition of the Moscow Patriarchate and the in­ corporation of our Church into the Latin Church. Remember that a Pa­ triarchal status does not perish because it is not tied to my person. We have achieved it and it exists and with it, with God’s blessing, coura­ geously face the future. God is with us. Thank the good Lord for all the blessings of the past and may our pro­ found gratitude gain God’s blessing for us in the future. Blessed be Thou Christ, our Lord, who gave us this food and all goods at this time. Fill us also with Thy Holy Spirit and be with us for the rest of our lives. Amen. f Joseph I Patriarch and Cardinal VIOLATION OF AGREEMENTS PROTESTED TELEGRAM Your Holiness Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Pope John Paul II We consider it a violation of the Vatican agreements concluded in the Union On behalf of fighting Ukraine, I of Brest and the decree of Eastern respectfully express our sorrow and Churches promulgated by the Second indignation regarding the manner Vatican Council, and the rights of in which the recent nomination was the Particular Ukrainian Greek made to the sede vacante in the Catholic Church. Philadelphia Archeparchy. This no­ Yaroslaw Stetsko mination was made without the Last Prime Minister of Independent knowledge and consent of His Beat­ Ukraine and Chairman of the itude Patriarch Joseph I of the Ukrainian Liberation Movement 7 Valentyn Moroz Ukraine Is Not Socialist Excerpts from the Press Conference of Valentym Moroz with the Ukrainian Press — May 7, 1979 — New York I am happy to be able to finally meet idea for the Ukrainian press to attend all the Ukrainian press. Today, I have come the events at which I speak. Sometimes home. I feel as if I were attending a reports of press conferences, given for celebration. American correspondents, only cite parts I am touched by the presence of the of my speech and do not use the rest. In Byelorussian press. After my release in these unused parts, one can find things 1969, I also began to fight for the Byelo­ suitable for the Ukrainian press. russian cause. My essay “Moses and Da- Q: Is it true that the administration of than„ is an answer to the Byelorussian Soviet Russian camps is trying to send writer, an author of the regime, Eudoxia Ukrainian political prisoners to as many Los. Although my answer to her also en­ different camps as possible, and if so, why? compasses Ukrainian problems, the Byelo­ Is there cooperation among political pri­ russian question has always been of interest soners from different areas of Ukraine, and to me and to Ukrainians. is there cooperation among prisoners of Q: Is there any new information about different nationalities? Is there slave labor the proposed creation, by Father Roma- in the camps? Is there free correspondence? niuk, of a Committee for the Defense of Is there access to reading material? Are Religious Rights? there changes, in comparison with the A: I know Father Romaniuk and I know Stalin era? There are political prisoners about his efforts to revive the religious that are well known. Are there many that movement in Ukraine. As far as the crea­ are not well known and what is their tion of a Committee, I have no concrete number? information, since for the last few months A: The scattering of political prisoners I was in solitary and had no contacts with through various camps is common practice. other prisoners. Since Father Romaniuk However, in camps not of the severe re­ was sent into exile on January 12th, it is gime, the authorities cannot forbid prison­ not possible for me to have more precise ers to meet, and prisoners roam the entire information about this question. camp. As far as the Vladimir Prison is Q: Could you please write essays or concerned, there was a concerted effort short memoirs suitable for Ukrainian not to put Ukrainians together or Jews youth? together. This was an avowed policy. For A: From the first days of my stay here, a long time I demanded to be put together I saw that a great part of my attention with Ukrainians, but was not successful. and my writing should be directed towards When I asked to be put in the same cell as the Ukrainian youth in America. As a Shukhevych, the doctor (naturally a mem­ matter of fact, the work I have just ber of the KGB) said: “Is Shukhevych a spoken about, is directed more towards Jew? If so, you will be put together. If youth than towards anybody else. My he is a Ukrainian, they will not put you works contain not theses, but slogans, not with him.” Political prisoners of different logic, but passion. Youth reacts and under­ nationalities cooperate well in the camps. stands this language. I can say that, traditionally, Ukrainians I also think that it would be a good have had very good relations with Lithuan­ 8 ians, both in the old and new camps. The! J There was an opportunity in the camps Lithuanian group, like the Ukrainian, wasl Jto subscribe to reading matter. This is always very active and visible. In the camp ^called “Books through the Mail”. But of where I was, relations with Lithuanians course these books are published by Soviet were good; there were never any problems. publishers. Books published in Poland can­ One can also note the cooperation between not be obtained. We would sometimes re­ Jewish and Ukrainian prisoners. As an ceive the newspaper "Our Word”; this example, take my relationship with Ari only happened when someone in the camp Vudka. Vudka speaks Ukrainian well, and administration got careless and thought although we never met, we corresponded that since it was printed in Cyrillic, it and exchanged ideas. Now it seems that came from Kyiv. I will finally be able to meet him, after Q: What is the status of the Ukrainian many years, after a long acquaintance. language in colleges in Ukraine. Do The question of differences between po­ children of political prisoners encounter litical prisoners from the different areas of difficulties in being admitted to higher Ukraine has not existed in Ukraine for education or in obtaining positions? a long time. It is true that the dissidents A: The question of language is two- from the Dnipro region are brought up faceted. On one hand, language is the on the ideas of the renaissance of the most treasured possession. We all know this 1920s, while those from Western Ukraine and need not discuss it. A Ukrainian, with­ are brought up on events that occurred out a knowledge of Ukrainian cannot ful­ there. But now there are no differences ly call himself a Ukrainian. But we can­ between them. not take this idea to its extreme. Berladianu According to the rules of the camps, who says that the occupants [of Ukraine] forced labor is obligatory. Solitary confine­ must be chased out of the country with ment is the punishment for refusing. Further bayonets, writes in Russian, because in refusals are punished by transfer from Odessa the intelligentsia is brought up to camp to prison. We organized many pro­ speak Russian. In Ukraine there are many tests of this regulation, since work is sup­ people who speak and write in Russian. posed to be voluntary for anyone who has In Kyiv, (but not in Lviv) it was a com­ the status of political prisoner. However, mon thing to hear two dissidents talk to the administration does not take this into each other in Ukrainian and then turn account. around and speak to the taxi driver in Let me give you an example about cor­ Russian. This is a very natural pheno­ respondence. I have been told about the menon, in light of three hundred years of thousands of letters sent to me by Ukrain­ assimilative pressures. ians in the free world. In 1975 I received Every one knows that any attempt to 12 Christmas greetings from England and raise the question “Why do we not talk in Australia and several letters. This is all Ukrainian?” can mean the loss of a job. I have received in nine years. Such a If the question is pursued consequences state of affairs should not be tolerated by can be even harsher. This spreads fear. American authorities, for in such cases Only the generation of the 1960s was able letters are not private matters but en­ to break away from this fear and begin a croach upon relations between states, since new era. Despite everything, language they are stamped with the official national still remains the rallying point, since it is stamp. I would not consider this a private the visible mark of a nation, that which matter and would interfere and react distinguishes a native from a foreigner. I strongly. would like to give you an example from a 9 kindergarten in the scientific town of the now, all the subjects, with the exception of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The Russian literature, will be taught in Ukrain­ members are all scientists, trained in the ian. Spontaneously all began to applaud; pure sciences (nine tenth of them physi­ such was the reaction of the elite of the cists and chemists). They began to protest Komsomol, if one can use the word elite that the language spoken in the kinder­ in relation to the Komsomol. There are garten was Russian. They protested for great differences as to the language used a long time and finally won; the school in various universities. In Lviv, where I began to be run in Ukrainian. At the studied, almost everything is in Ukrainian. University in Lviv, when I was studying It is the same throughout Western Ukraine. there (at the time the situation was even In the Dnipro region the situation is dif­ more difficult) we protested many times ferent. In Kyiv the lectures are in Ukrain­ when a lecturer came in and asked in ian, since there are many conscious Ukrain­ what language he should lecture. There ians there; actually Kyiv is in a category were arguments and discussions and we by itself. However, in Donets or Odessa, fought for the Ukrainian language. After most of the lectures are given in Russian. the XXth Party Congress in 1956, when Although the Crimea was incorporated the secret letter about the cult of personal­ into Ukraine for economic reasons, the go­ ity was read to the lecturers und student vernment does not want to see the con­ activists (those actively engaged in Kom­ sequences of this incorporation. Ukrainian somol work) one of the professors, taking there was introduced into the schools as this opportunity, said that many errors just another subject. There were some pro­ were committed in the area of language tests even about this on the part of [Rus­ during the era of the personality cult, sian] chauvinists, who felt that there was during the time of Stalin, and that from no need for Ukrainian. Some of my stu-

At the grave of S. Bandera on the 20th Anniversary of his assassination by a Russian Communist agent in 1959. 10 dents were from the Crimea and they manner as the traditions of the Ukrainian fought for the Ukrainian language and Catholic Church. I belong to the genera­ forced the creation of a chair of Ukrain­ tion of faithful who sincerely want a ian language. Ukrainian is being used in Ukrainian Church — with two different radio broadcasts and a Ukrainian news­ rites — but Ukrainian. I see no difference paper is being published side by side with between the two churches. For a nation a Russian. But in accordance with ancient religious unity is a very important thing. Russian tactics, while all this is being per­ Although my parents and I belong to the mitted, everything is being done [by the Independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church, authorities] to prevent any effects or re­ I have much respect for Patriarch Joseph. sults. I will also tell him that I look ironically The question about children of political upon the difficulties he is encountering prisoners is very important. I pray to God from some circles regarding his investiture that my family will be here soon; I have as Patriarch, for in my opinion, he has news that they will be coming shortly. My earned the title of Patriarch through his son, whom we will greet together, was al­ heroic stance over many years. ready a dissident at the age of eight; he Q: Would it be possible to influence the was arrested at the same time I was, placed American government to react somehow in a car and questioned. This is how to the Russification of the Ukrainian children of dissidents are treated: they language in Ukraine. have no chance of being admitted to A: I only want to mention two things schools and are victims of constant provo­ that are very important in this case: the cations, as was the case with Vins’ son. radio and the official organs of the Ame­ My son was subject to similar provocations rican and other Western governments. The and I received a letter from the KGB, radio is extremely important and exerts informing me that he was not behaving great influence because almost everyone in himself. The best answer to this kind of Ukraine listens to it. Therefore, it is neces­ treatment of children would be a strong sary to do everything possible for broad­ reaction on the part of the free world. The casts to be meaningful and interesting to most important thing that Moscow fears the people. Official organs of the Ame­ is publicity; I consider this an axiom. For rican and other Western governments can example, Moscow became very nervous at also be very important and we should do the time of Helsinki, when the agreement everything possible to obtain some in­ was being discussed at length. Moscow fluence with them and become recognized wants that an agreement be signed, but as a pressure group. They can also do that no discussions take place. If a discus­ much to halt Russification and to help the sion is dragged out for months, Moscow situation in Ukraine. becomes very uncomfortable, because one Q: Do Ukrainian mass demonstrations begins to see that the emperor has no held in the free world help the Ukrainian clothes. political prisoners and do religious de­ Q: Please comment on whether the monstrations affect the growth of religious Orthodox Church in Ukraine is Ukrainian, life in Ukraine? or does it have a Russian character? A: I can only tell you that the help of A: I feel that we talk too much about Ukrainians abroad is an immense factor in the Russian Orthodox Church and not Ukraine. Besides giving information about enough about the Ukrainian Independent Ukrainian happenings in the free world, Orthodox Church, with ancient traditions, these demonstrations raise the level of which should be tolerated in the same consciousness and faith [of Ukrainians in 11 the Soviet Union], two things that are when it is said that youth in Ukraine is very difficult to preserve in light of 300 socialist — do not believe this. The youth years of Russification. It is also very dif­ flies Ukrainian flags on Ukrainian holi­ ficult to uphold nationalist positions in days and puts buckets on Lenin’s statues. view of the cosmopolitanism that exists The young people in Ukraine, on the both in the East and the West and which 100th anniversary of Lenin’s birth put the is exploited by empires. If a Ukrainian Order of Lenin around a dog’s neck and in Ukraine learns that in the West Ukrain­ he ran around with it through Ivano- ian life is flourishing, this has a very sup­ Frankivsk. The youth of Ukraine tells this portive effect. It can be likened to the story about Khrushchev’s visit to the feeling that a knight has when he realizes United States: the American President gave that behind him is another knight and not Khrushchev a cow, a dog and a sheep. just empty space; he does not have to be After six months the cow came back and afraid. said that everyone was milking her and Q: I would like to ask your help in our not giving her anything to eat. The dog work, especially by writing articles for the came back six months after that and said American press about the differentiation that everyone was lying and stealing, and between Ukrainians and Russians. that he had nothing to do. They waited a A: In connection with this, I want to long time for the sheep; finally they in­ ask the Ukrainian press to protest against quired why he was not coming back; the the fact that the film “Shadows of Forgot­ sheep said “I enrolled as a member of the ten Ancestors”, recently shown on tele­ Communist Party and became the head of vision, is being called a Russian film. I the collective farm.” Such are the stories saw the film, which was beautiful and that are being told by the young people in sad. I regretted that I could not be in the Ukraine. From the above comments you Carpathians to listen to the beautiful can judge for yourself how much loyalty Hutsul music. However, although the to the regime this group has. The youth of actors spoke Ukrainian and the credits Ukraine writes for the samvydav, which were in Ukrainian, it was introduced as you have the opportunity to read in the a Russian film. I think our reaction and West. The samvydav is not the product of protests to this should be strong. the creativity of just some individuals. Q: Both foreigners and Russians There are thousands and thousands of constantly emphasize two facts about people who think similarly, although not Ukraine; the foreigners tell us that all of them can express themselves in writ­ an independent Ukraine is unrealistic ing. because the young generation [in Ukraine] Ukraine is not socialistic. Under condi­ has grown up, not only under Russian oc­ tions of oppression, living in an empire, a cupation, but under communism; the Rus­ valuable person will always have a na­ sians tell us that within the Soviet Union tional orientation. the nationalities have become so mixed Although Moscow is trying to spread that presently it would even be difficult to throughout the world the conception of a draw national boundaries. All the na­ single Soviet people, this is a big lie. In tionalities of the Soviet Union have mer­ Georgia, according to the 1970 census fi­ ged into one and it is too late to talk about gures, the number of Georgians increased; nation-states. I would appreciate your in Lithuania the number of Lithuanians thoughts and the opinions of other po­ increased; in the Central Asia Republics litical prisoners on this question. the number of nationals is increasing. A: I must state very forcefully that Under such circumstances one can hardly 12 talk about one Soviet people. In relation criminal, that I was placed alone in a cell. to this question I want to drew your at­ At this time they did not want to keep tention to two processes taking part in political prisoners, but only criminals in the Soviet Union, Ukraine included. On the Vladimir Prison; in addition, almost one hand the movement for the liberation all of these criminals were psychologically of nationalities is growing, while on the ill. The criminals are widely used by the other hand, Moscow is increasing the pro­ authorities to destroy political prisoners. cesses of Russification. Since those two The prisoners who are physically in­ tendencies are increasing, I think that, in capacitated, according to law, do not have connection with this, in the 1980s there to work. However, they are intimidated will be interesting events, which might even and told that if they do not work they lead to an explosion. stand to loose much. In the camps, where Q: Did you have an opportunity in the there are mostly criminals, the incapacitated Soviet Union to work as a researcher and political prisoners are forced to work; we to read Western literature? do not allow this in camps where there is A: To be able to read and write cost me a majority of political prisoners. It seems much patience and much struggle. Every­ that the Soviet system is such that if one thing I wrote was always being taken gives in, everything is lost. If one starts a away from me. In 1977 I went on a good and effective protest, then one can hunger strike for two months and eight gain much. Let me give you an example days, demanding that the notebooks taken from the camp where I was sent: there away from me be returned. These are the were many protests and hunger strikes, means I had to use to get back my note­ which frightened the authorities, who books. agreed not to punish anybody who did not It was very difficult to read and write go to work. Every hunger strike is a blow [in prison]. Let me give you a small ex­ to the authorities, since it becomes known ample: in a communal cell criminals are in the West; this does not please the KGB, purposely kept together with the political and the authorities stop bothering the pri­ prisoners; the criminals want to listen to soners, as long as they remain quiet. How­ the radio all day and it is impossible to ever, lately there have been less protests read under such circumstances. It was very in the camps. hard to get placed in a cell with other po­ Q: Is there any discussion in Ukraine litical prisoners and no radio. It was with about Khvylovy and his slogans? great difficulty that I was able to work A: The renaissance of the 1960s consisted and write; I have a finished book about in the discovery of the Ukrainian renais­ Stefanyk (240 pages), a novel, several sance of the 1920s. It was a search for short stories, humorous sketches, and much roots. It is then that the name of Khvy­ material that needs editing. I will be very lovy, and also the names of those whose happy to have an opportunity to meet works were being printed again, (Chumak, with Stefanyk’s son. Pluzhnyk, and many others) became known Q: In the 1950s the criminals were used to the young generation. They read their in the camps to blackmail and abuse the works with great enthusiasm and passion political prisoners. Is the situation still the and their names are not forgotten in same? Ukraine. Of course there are different ty­ A: The use of criminals to terrorize the pes of young people. There are those who political prisoners is a common and on-going only look at television, but there are those, practice. I and others were subjected to among the elite circles of Ukrainian youth, this. It was only after I was stabbed by a who know all the writers of the 1920’s 13 renaissance. In the 1960s the publication details, since I have not been in Ukraine of Antoronych’s poetry had much in­ for a while, but my information came fluence and if the poetry of Yuriy Lypa from Lukianenko and Tychy. could have been published at that time, Q: Can you tell us about the fate of there would have been a real explosion. children of political prisoners? But it was not possible, especially due to A: Moscow tries to use the children of his poem “Alcatraz”. As a matter of fact, political prisoners for its own ends. At the I myself saw Khvylovy’s works in Kyiv; smallest opportunity the government can he is known and he is remembered. The take away “parents’ rights”. This has hap­ Soviet Russian press, through its constant pened to Nadia Svitlychna, whose children criticism, does not allow him to be for­ were almost placed in a children’s home. I gotten. think that during the International Year Q: Why did the Ukrainian Herald stop of the Child the Ukrainian community being published through the samvydav? should strongly protest against such actions. A: It is very sad that the Ukrainian Q: Does a Ukrainian Independent Herald can no longer continue to appear, Orthodox Church exist? Has it spread to like the Chronicle in Moscow or the the Western parts of Ukraine and Haly- Chronicle in Lithuania. I, together with chyna or is it concentrated only in Volyn? another person, whom I cannot name be­ A: I think that maybe my previous cause he is still in Ukraine, initiated the answers about the Church were not under­ appearance of the first issue which was put stood. When I spoke about the Ukrainian together at the end of 1969 and appeared Catholic Church, I spoke about the exist­ dated January 1, 1970. The Ukrainian ence of an underground church, with priests Herald, however, was not put together who perform the rites secretely and are along the same lines as the Chronicle in arrested periodically. When I spoke about Moscow, which could continue its appear­ the Ukrainian Independent Orthodox ance even after the editorial staff was ar­ Church I spoke about the memory of the rested. The Ukrainian Herald was planned existence of such a church. I am not aware to be a magazine of substantial size, with that it now exists as an organized entity; materials containing different views. For however, many Ukrainians in Volyn and this reason, after the arrests, it was difficult the Dnipro region do not consider that to continue publishing the Herald along the they belong to the Orthodox Church. same lines. Actually, the Herald did not stop Q: You state that the youth in Ukraine appearing because the “Memoranda” issued is not socialist. What are their political by the Ukrainian Helsinki group, is a se­ leanings: republicanism, monarchy, the rial publication, which took over the role hetmanate? How far is traditionalism and of the Herald. However, I have emphasiz­ conservatism evident in Ukraine? ed in my discussions with Ukrainians in A: Monarchism iin Ukraine, like in the the camps that cessation of the Herald rest of the world, is not popular. This is was a mistake, for its continued publication unfortunate, since monarchism is one of should be a matter of principle. If I was the cornerstones of traditionalism and still in Ukraine I would make great ef­ spirituality. We are told that monarchies forts for the Herald to appear again. It do not go hand in hand with progress; seems also that the Ukrainian Helsinki however, all the nations that have achiev­ group puts more emphasis on disseminating ed the greatest progress — England, its material in the West and considers the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark secondary samvydav material to be distri­ — are monarchies. They do not seem to be buted in Ukraine. I cannot give you more in a hurry to dispose of them. They know 14 that monarchy represents safety and is a Ukrainian State. The young people who symbol of traditions. Although now the read it are the best ones, the ones who are king is not an absolute monarch, he is the seeking their roots. I think that in time in symbol of traditions. Although now the Ukraine there will be a renaissance of stand this splendidly. It is too bad that traditionalism, since presently everyone is monarchism is not popular in Ukraine. I, searching for roots. personally, am for a monarchy and I I will tell you something interesting really think that we cannot accuse the about Lithuania. [This search for tra­ English of having little political sense. ditionalism] has gone even further there England is an example that is worthy of and we can only rejoice about this. There imitation, and I am not referring to ab­ are many government and Party function­ solutism. Dictatorship and monarchy do aries that are seeking out artists and order­ not go hand in hand and we see more ing from them old Lithuanian crests. This dictatorships in republics. return towards the past is not being con­ Conservatism and traditionalism are sidered as anything criminal. I will be evident in Ukrainian youth. Many people very happy when such a phenomenon will think like Kalynets, when he wrote about take place in Ukraine. the wind of statehood blowing from Ha- Sometimes in the 1960s a book entitled lych. Of course there are some anarchical Armed Forces of the Ukraine was publish­ elements among the young, but I think that ed. It was greeted with enthusiasm, because this can be explained by their youth. I it contained Ukrainian insignia, heraldica myself read Lypynsky extensively, and I and flags of different regiments. All this know that he is read by Ukrainians, who points to the interest, on the part of the also read Chyzhevsky’s History of Ukrain­ youth, towards Ukrainian regalia and re­ ian Philosophy, Terletsky’s History of the lics.

Yaroslav Stetsko, former Prime Minister of Ukraine, Chairman of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the ABN President addressing the audience during the commemorative celebration on the 20th Anniversary of the assassination of Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian national hero. 15 Q: Are there any remains of traditions release of all. Much has already been writ­ of the UNR? What do you envisage the ten about Shukhevych, and many people agricultural order in a future independent have already demonstrated on his behalf. Ukraine to be? The demand for his release would be ap­ A: There are many different views propriate from the point of view that he among the dissidents regarding a social has been sentenced because of his father. platform, although there are no differences I think that we all together should decide on the national question. All the dissidents about this; I have not been here long support the platform of independence. I enough to make such a decision. can only say that all the dissidents favor I realize that any attempts at Ukrainian private property, for they understand that political consolidation have to proceed nothing can be accomplished without this. slowly, so as not to obtain the opposite The kolhosp is also extremely unpopular results. I do not want to create still in Ukraine, especially among the youth, another Ukrainian group. Since I am an who know it does not even exist in the author and not an organizer or a general, socialist countries. It is hard to say what I hope that my writings will stimulate will be the final social platform of the Ukrainian consolidation. I want to take dissidents, but is moving away from so­ this opportunity to express my desire to cialism and more towards democratic meet at first with the Ukrainian people, theories, those in existence in the free with the entire Ukrainian community, be world. it in Detroit, in Toronto or in other cities. The traditions of the UNR are certain­ I want to talk to as many people as pos­ ly not forgotten in the central parts of sible, in parks and not in small rooms. Ukraine and they are a living memory Afterwards, I will be very happy to meet that is passed on from parents to children. with representatives from various organisa­ These traditions are sometimes retold as tions. legends, but nevertheless they are re­ Q: Should the campaign for the release membered. Since I come from Western of Ukrainian political prisoners be tied Ukraine, I was raised on the traditions of into demands for Ukrainian independence the OUN and the UPA and was not ex­ or only to demands for human rights? posed to the traditions in other different A: I do not think that one can separate parts of the Ukraine. human rights from national rights. My Q: Should we not now start some sort opinions in this matter are also shared by of action demanding the remease of Yuriy Lukianenko and Shukhevych, with whom Shukhevych? Also, please clarify your sta­ I spoke about this. There can be no other tement about political consolidation with a democratic rights without national rights. platform of freeing political prisoners? England had democracy at home, while in A: I am still not certain as to who Ireland totalitarianism reigned. To be able should be the next political prisoner for to hold on to one’s colonies, one must whose release we should work. Of course, destroy all human rights in the colonies. we would like to work for all of them; If human rights are introduced, then the but we are practical people who under­ next day the colonies stop to exist. The stand that to accomplish something, we holiest of human rights are national rights need a slogan and a name. At the present, and the holiest human feeling is the feeling three names are appropriate: Shukhevych, of nationalism. Lukianenko, Rudenko. I think that the I think that the KGB is very surrep­ Ukrainian community should decide on a titiously propagating the idea of empha­ priority, although we should demand the sizing human, rather than national rights. 16 The KGB does not do this itself, but being done by a fellow Georgian. I asked through people who think in this manner. a Georgian dissident, the poet Kobalia: Similar things are being done in camps, “How did you distribute these leaflets?” where the KGB looks for well meaning “Well, I gave them out to the people” he people who in fact are only marionettes replied. “Suppose there was someone from for the KGB. the KGB there?” He replied: “We’re only I wish to make a comment about articles afraid of the Russians in the KGB. A in the European press, which stated that Georgian KGB member would just tell us the Ukrainian dissident was greeted by the to stop and then walk away.” Kobalia Ukrainian community with more enthus­ wrote a poem in prison and gave it to a iasm than the other dissidents. This is a Georgian KGB member to send to Georgia. compliment to the Ukrainians, who con­ We can only be envious of such an ar­ sider the Ukrainian dissident not only as rangement, which is evident only in Georgia a dissident, but something more. It is a and in Armenia. This is not the fact in tribute to the Ukrainian community, which Ukraine. invested the question of Ukrainian inde­ Q: Could you please comment on the pendence with religious fervor. I see it eradication of the Ukrainian scientific again and I am touched by the degree of language, expecially in connection with burning dedication among Ukrainians. the liquidation of Ukrainian medical and Q: A Jew, who recently came to the other scientific literature? United States from the Soviet Union in­ A: In the 1960s, when the renaissance formed me that presently all the members came, there began a struggle for transla­ of the KGB are Russian. Is this true? tions of scholarly journals into Ukrainian. A: It is true that Moscow does not trust The outcome was that the older journals, a Ukrainian, even if he is a member of the those published in the 1920s, 1930s and KGB, or a high Party functionary. I think 1940s are still being published in Russian, that it was the Russian writer, Damian while the newer ones, for example Bio­ Bednyi, who said to Charles Snow that chemistry, which began publication in the one cannot trust Ukrainians, no matter 1960s, are being published in Ukrainian. who they are. I want to give you an ex­ Then, in the 1970s, during the arrests, all ample about Ukrainians: when I came this was stopped. I can only say there is here, I saw a copy of “Instead of the Last a constant struggle over the language, but Word”. I did not know what it was and even if Ukrainian is used in the scientific then realized that it was my statement to journals, there are many Russian words the Procurator and to the Court, which I inserted throughout. wrote and gave to them. As you see, even I think that some kinds of protests, in the offices of the Procurator and the which are mounted in relation to political KGB, there were some people who decided prisoners, should be started in defense of to send this statement to freedom. Can the Ukrainian language. The Ukrainian Moscow really trust Ukrainians? language must remain Ukrainian and not I do not know about the latest acts of be allowed to merge, almost imperceptibly removing Ukrainians and Jews from the with Russian. KGB. I only know that the KGB in Q: (Statement by Byelorussian represent­ Ukraine is not controlled by Ukrainians. ative.) I briing you, Mr. Moroz, greetings In this respects things are much better in from the American Byelorussian com­ Armenia and Georgia. If a Georgian KGB munity. We bow our heads before your member would see some anti-Soviet ac­ suffering and struggle on behalf of the tivity, he would not report it, if this was Ukrainian people. Your work Moses and 17 Dathan, has been translated into Byelorus­ A: In Ukraine presently there is no go­ sian by Prof. Adamowicz, and will soon vernment. Ukraine now has only an ad­ be published; it is also being transmitted ministration, while on the other hand, through the Voice of America. I would Poland has a government. The Polish have like to invite you to meet with the Byelo­ a national saying: “Let there be a Red russian community and ask to help us in our common struggle”. Poland, let there be a White Poland, but A: I am happy to see here Byelorussian let there be a Poland.” Ukrainians cannot guests. I did not know whether Moses and say the same thing, because they are ruled Dathan ever reached Byeolrussia. It is ad­ by corporals and sergeants. I want to make dressed to the Byelorussian as well as the an appeal that we do everything possible Ukrainian people. I am very happy to to have a representative of Free Ukraine learn that it was translated into Byelorus­ in the United Nations. Our argument is sian and is doing something to aid the based on the fact that the delegation of Byelorussian cause. I wanted my work not the Ukrainian SSR is not a government only to be of help to the Ukrainians and delegation, but only the delegation of an Byelorussians, but to other subjugated administration; administrations are not nations wihtin the Russian empire. Please entitled to membership in the United Na­ convey my greetings to the Byelorussian community, with whom I will be happy tions. If the Palestinians, who are an or­ to meet in the near future. ganization without a territory, have the Q: What is your position on the article right to representation in the UN, then we, in the Ukrainian Encyclopedia dealing a nation of 50 million, have a greater with the theory that the Ukrainian SSR right. is the successor state of the UNR. Translated by Marta Sawczuk

Dr. Ku Cheng- kang, WACL honorary chairman, addressing the opening session of the APACL Executive Committee meeting held in Tokyo July 28—29. 18 Anatoly Radygin Those Poor Prisoners When, during the war, on the Soviet side prestigious institutions, with pathetic ac­ of the front appeared a military unit of cusations against world atheism, world in­ Asian or Caucasian recruits, the Germans justice, always finishing them off with organized a real circus — they designated words, “...and, therefore, I am asking for one sniper and brought closer one mortar an additional CARE-package.” How much unit. The sniper shot one of the Asians and effort, how many dangers on the road to all his friends assembled at once around Western tribunals, and once there, in self- him. The Germans just waited for this to justifying anger, we are trying to move happen. Then the mortar unit went into foreign hearts with reports about in­ action, resulting in the Soviets having to humanly unjust cancellations of our com­ take many wounded to field hospitals.. munist party cards... All, absolutely all former prisoners, Large and small committees, large, me­ after leaving the Soviet Union, keep talking dium and quite small movements. A parti­ about prisons and camps, about fellow cular satanic smell is coming from one of prisoners and camp inmates. Constantly them; the "Komitet Pomotschi Sovietskym and repeatedly. All appeals to senators, Spiw-witchyznianykam” — Committee of diplomats, the United Nations, and the Help to the Soviet Landsmen — KPSS. churches; all demonstrations and hunger Funny, the same letters are carried by strikes — all of it centers around the pri­ “Kommunistitcheskaya Partia Sovietska’no soners. However, to talk about unrelenting Sojuza” — KPSS — the Communist Party Soviet aggression and traditional diplo­ of the Soviet Union... And all those micro­ matic treachery — there is not enough time demonstrations confusing already confused left over. All our efforts are directed to reporters... For instance, the New York find out the most cruel cats — lieutenants Jews managed to organize a hundred of investigation services, colonels of prison thousand strong demonstration on Fifth guards, professors of psychiatry. Assuredly, Avenue, but did it spare ..Israel a slow this is an ugly horde. But, in operational cooling-off of American public opinion? perspective it is nothing dangerous; the And the local gays gather their thirty- rockets can remain in their silos, and the five thousand to march in exactly the same money saved on the B-l bomber can be way. How can we possibly match them in given to American professional beggars. numbers and organization? Who can we The red cardinals threw us out to the influence or frighten? And everywhere West in quantity and quality and we, in sheep gather together separately from the our Babel-tower noisemaking, often po­ rams... litically quite semi-literate, or even openly My friend, a professor at a great Ame­ pinky, most likely once and for all time rican university, slavic expert, anti-com­ truly compromised the political emigra­ munist and author of anti-Kremlin books, tion from the Russian empire by becoming got into a fight with his son because he deadly boring... Even now, all you hear joined the US Army. And, when it came about is indignation about old towels... out that he had joined the Green Berets, his I remember, how one very well known family locked him out of the house for political prisoner was ending his protesta­ good. But we, in order to preserve the tions. He kept sending his many-page me­ good will of such “allies” (and the pro­ moranda to all prestigious and not so fessor is one of the best), in order to find 19 “understanding”, in order to “avoid Be- border-crossers fall into the hands of the linkov’s mistake” — are wholeheartedly KGB.They are killing us anytime and any­ agreeing with spineless American liberals where they wish to do it, and we are and, together with them, are cursing the afraid to mention one killed stewardess! rightists more than the leftists, the white Save the sick prisoner! Help the delicate racists more than the black ones, we to­ woman-prisoner! Well, and if he or she lerate student hooliganism and, in defend­ isn’t sick yet? Shall we rescue sick Volo- ing our prisoners, we are using their ar­ dymyr Ossipov, and leave Volodymyr guments, even their rhetoric. Bezuhlyj in the hungering Vladimir pri­ Defense of all political prisoners... Real­ son just because he isn’t terribly sick yet? ly, all of them? Well, tell me, who are True, they are looking for a way out — those poor Chillean martyrs, who deserve in the free world, in the camps and ab­ the same defense efforts as Shuchevych or road. In Amnesty International they are Superfin? What are they suffering for? shuffling files. Again politicals? Counter­ Maybe for the same kind of deeds as my revolutionaries? Who should be given neighbors in Vladimir prison, the generals preference? A pale youth with feverish of Beria? Who knows their names? What eyes is blubbering about “the just Plecha- jobs did they have when Allende was in nov way” or “the right Trotsky way” to power? And are present terrorists, such able overthrow the world bourgeoisie — and executioners of sportsmen and children? that’s a real political. And the Lithuanian Even the United Nations declared their acts freedom-fighter, who fought against two “political”! And wasn’t Lenin a political mighty armies — Soviet and German — prisoner? And Stalin? German Führer during World War II? A long camp sen­ Adolf Hitler was a political prisoner too! tence, five years of “careers” alone, in­ And Gomulka? And Bela Kun? And Hu- juries from camp uprisings, and now what, sak? And how many “fidels” and “idi should he be considered a “bandit”, the amins” are now behind bars, planning their way the KGB is calling him? future cannibalistic moves? I think, it’s Well, let’s decide on a real problem — better for me to join the thieves union! Yurij Shukhevych. What was he sentenc­ Do not scorn me, gentlemen dissidents! ed to thirty years for? During the war he Defense of heterodox prisoners of con­ was just a kid, too young to be a freedom- science. Beautiful formulation. And so ab­ fighter, but he is “thinking differently”. solutely defenseless in front of KGB cy­ What’s more, he refused to renounce his nicism, “We punish you not for heterodoxy, father, Commanding General of the but for hetero-activities!” Real prisoners of Ukrainian Insurgent Army — UPA — a conscience are probably only the religious real “banderivets”. Well, what slot to put ones. What about Kuznetsov and Zossimov him in — the clean or dirty one? Should with their almost hijacked planes? Should he be defended, or is he a bandit? we leave them without a defense? What We should demand and threaten, not about those whom they catch crossing meekly entreat! We need to have a mini­ frontiers? What about those, who distri­ mum of senile cries and a maximum of buted leaflets? We are talking about acti­ iron in our voice! vities — brave, courageous, but are they And what happens when we will be beyond heterodoxy (different thinking)...? victorious? Moscow might screach a little Should we turn away from Brazinskaus? bit, but it will let all prisoners go. Many Tens of thousands of Germans are being thousands with official signs "especially killed with machine gun fire at the Berlin dangerous to the state” and maybe even a Wall, in Batumi every day some would-be good hundred thousand of those so-called 20 real criminals from Archipelago. What turn addresses — numbers, from the camps. would we do then? Should we sing in What will it be now — Eurocommunism? unison, “You are the victor. O, Galilean!” We, self-adoringly believe, that we grew Or maybe we should begin to love the into a power, which forced the Kremlin Soviet Union? And the Kremlin — will it to look at us with fear in their minds. But love us? Will we return in marching co­ couldn’t the red cardinals find enough lumns to Russia? Should we bathe with experienced ways to get rid of us, once our joyous tears the party cards returned and for all, without leaving a trace? Va­ to us? And what about reduction in the lery O. crossed the Norwegian border. In number of tank divisions waiting over those times in the fifties, Moscow enjoyed Europe’s frontiers? Will the Soviet rockets some measure of trust in the world. They reduce their range? Will Soviet African and wanted Valery back. So, during one night, Asian “safaris” be stopped? Maybe, they one night- mind you, they prepared the will even let Ukraine secede from the case about Valery being a murderer. Tens Soviet Union? Or, maybe, after talks with of officers of the KGB and MVD created a Turkey, they will also let the ancient Ar­ thick file with numerous testimonies by menian nation re-emerge in freedom? reliable witnesses, with material proof, Well, gentlemen, after the “prison photos of the murdered man, Valery’s question” disappears, those problems shall fingerprints, with statements from medical present themselves and those problems and ballistic experts, even with transcripts shall conquer our hearts and minds. If we of interrogations of Valery himself, al­ lose now our shiny armour our law-de­ though he was never in their hands be­ fenders’ togas, and our martyrs halos, who fore! They crowned this masterpiece with shall we become? a report from the militia about Valery’s Do not worry. The “prison” problema­ flight from his guards, resulting in infrac­ tics shall not disappear. If, suddenly, the tion of the Norwegian border... And all those political prisoners should die out, like dino­ documents were scrupulously and chro­ saurs, the red cardinals shall teach their nologically assembled as if it had all hap­ actors with more persistence and talent pened months ago... Norwegian authorities than ever, how to suffer for the “right” were overwhelmed. Valery was returned socialism and how to send appeals to UN- to the Soviets. But when they got him bihind servants on behalf of their generals... The KGB bars, he wasn’t accused of any mur­ Kremlin likes it, when a dissident vegetates der. They even let him read his own “case”! on a miserable camp ration and in iambuk The KGB officer, one of the authors, pentameter sends his curses against South wanted to show-off, and Valery — well, African racists. The Kremlin likes it, when he had a sense of humour.. the prisoner, after exhausting all available Couldn’t the red cardinals go to this appeals, suddenly receives a food package little bit of effort to provoke, simulate or from some foreign communist nest. You outright compose similar stories about any­ see, where the real helpers are?! Besides, one of us? Would they have very much only very few know about camp metho- trouble in burying Sakharov ceremoniously dics, practices of tear floods and wails for in the Kremlin wall, at a time when he was help .With long-term inmates and politicals still talking to them privately? Who in­ it’s easier. Success of a cosmonaut — jured Arkady Belinkov in Italy — an Ita­ hundreds of letters; Khrushchev raises some lian negligent chauffeur, or an experienced question — thousands of letters about it; KGB racing driver? If it weren’t for Sta- some smart reporter printed a “sharp” shynsky’s confession, Bandera and Rebet article — postal bacchanalia. And all re­ wouldn’t have become martyrs, they would 21 have just died from heart attacks... They German submarine U-9 sank three English can either liquidate in a clean way, or they line cruisers. One after another. Because, can do it in a “wet” way, as they did with insted of an immediate, tenacious attack Michaelis — no one knew for sure, but on the submarine, the English halted everybody got the wind and became to help pick up the crew of the previously scared! The presence of political prisoners torpedoed ship, which resulted in them supports terror inside the Soviet Union, being hit by following torpedoes. From occupies reporters’ time, and fills up space that day, in all naval manuals appeared a on the pages of the Western press. And the cruel sentence, printed in red ink, “During presence of not yet arrested dissidents battle action, the navy’s ships do not halt creates the impression of “some changes”. to save crewmembers”. The existence of “peaceful ways” paralyzes Many people found it painful, that, in action, bold or desperate. “When salutary defending Ginzburg, his chief Solzhe­ evolution is possible, why risk your life?” nitsyn, used only a few words. But Ginz­ In addition, it creates angry suspicion, “I burg was not a novice — he knew what am in prison, and Peter somehow enjoys he was doing. Solzhenitsyn, the old soldier, freedom”, or “Chaim, the engineer, long the hardened priisoner, in a soldierly way since lives in Israel, and I am sentenced just took off his soldier’s cap. If this is not for Zionism.” a game but war, losses are unavoidable No, we haven’t as yet learned to defend and no one knows whose fate might be ourselves and to defend our comrades! the worse yet... I am not going to humiliate any decent From stupid teenagers, the war sculpted prisoners (even the weak ones) and the cold-blooded and manly fighters. They dissidents (even the leftist ones). In the learned to retaliate for every loss with end, the pale juvenile and the redneck murderous fire. They learned how to or­ partisan are getting the same sour, rotten ganize “asian wakes”, knifing a battalion bread. I think that dissidentism is a cou­ of amateurs, without a single shot being rageous demonstration of not participating fired. They learned to put off their moans in evil-doing. But, how to become a parti­ for later. cipant in the good, without waiting for And we — we didn’t learn. big revolutions and lucky breaks? There Some time before the Yom Kippur War, are people, who do not write books, are I had a chance to show Israel to one of not creating new philosophies, do not or­ the fresh newcomers from the Soviet ganize underground cells of resistance. Union. He was doubly “fresh” because in They do not contemplate being invited to a very short span of time he experienced presidents’ White Houses. But — to as­ both the so-called “Small” and “Big” semble children of prisoners around a mo­ Zones; they sent him to a criminal camp dest Christmas tree; to send a package into just for his application for emigration to the depths of a Siberian mine; to bring a Israel. His hair, cut to almost nothing, semiliterate peasant mother to a rare camp didn’t yet have time to grow back... He visit; to send the prisoner books, maga­ asked me, if they drafted people to the zines, a nice birthday card for a day for­ army here (in Israel). Already knowing gotten even by him — this is almost a Israeli customs, I told him that he was the samaritanian sacrifice, heroic modesty and... lucky one; they placed me into “Home danger, danger no less deadly than the Defense” because of my age, but he, being danger of noisy protestors and demonstra­ young, will have a chance to serve in the tors. I salute them! Army! But my remarks missed the point On the first day of World War I, a completely, he said: “I wouldn’t like to 22 join the Army! They’ll send me to the shirt of Nazism should be destroyed. But, front, there will be shooting and by chance, somehow, the Russian, Soviet enslaver, one could hit someone of ours!” “Ours?” — secret policeman or convoy soldier — he I trembled with indignation and anger. is not to be touched! And the world “Who do you consider ours, you dog? The should patiently wait until the above-men­ Russian interventionists? I, for myself, tioned Russian machine-gunner or tank would not use my last bullet on Arafat crewman changes his mind, becomes a himself, in order to get one of such good man, starts believing in God, is re­ ‘ours’!” born in spiritual enlightment... So, for So, who and where is ours? And who some the golden tresses of Orthodox priest­ is the enemy? hood, for others the cradle of socialism, Enemies? And suddenly I realized that even if a completely miscarried variant, in Soviet Russia there are no enemies! still for others the camp for political ho­ Meaning that there might be some left, but stages, endeared to everyone of us. certainly not from dissidents’ milieu; not But they call us their enemies and don’t from the third emigration can be recruited even hiccup! I remember, how during a any assault battalions of the first line nor “retrial” they were releasing one very old rear guards to cover the retreat... Oppo­ prisoner. As a teenager, he fought in De­ nents, heretics, dissidents, opportunists, re­ nikin’s Army, then in World War II, as visionists, critics of all colours. Ideology, a Cossack in the Cossack Division of the religion, national demands, moral non­ German Army, he fought the Soviets at conformism, technocratic ambitions, scienti­ Balaton Lake in Hungary. He never lost fic scepticism — any one you might wish, his military bearing and Vlassov’s vo­ you can find everyone in this anti-Soviet cabulary, not even in the camp. The order choir — but not enemies! There are no for his release came from such high quar­ enemies! ters that at the camp level no one dared You can find enemies neither in Solzhe­ to change it. But, just for the record, they nitsyn’s books and novels, nor in Voyno- asked him some questions: “Do you con­ vich’s, nor in Galych’s, nor in Grossman’s. fess to what you were doing?” — “Yes, There are sufferers, martyrs, apostels, but and I am proud of it!” Then: “What can no enemies! I found just one in Maksy- you say about the accusations against you?” mov’s book, and this one was a hunch­ — “I am bearing them as medals of back! With great embarrassment, self- vallour!” Enough. They read very fast: justifiably, the Nobel-prized author de­ “Released from imprisonment”. His answer, scribes the criminal dreams of tortured “You shall be sorry for that”. prisoners — about foreign bombers in Now, Amnesty International, what have Russian skies. you to say to that? We should all, gentle­ An Italian, who becomes a fascist, doesn’t men dissidents, borrow from him such deserve any mercy; an inhabitant of Kioto, manly posture and such enmity. who put on the uniform of “Japanese mili­ In the sixties, some stubborn prisoners tarism” — the same. A German in a brown were called into the office and asked this

GENOCIDE OF THE UKRAINIAN PEOPLE by Prof. Vasyl Pliushch Order from: Press Bureau of ABN, Zeppelinstr. 67, 8000 München 80 23 attractive question, “And against China, he didn’t shoot him, he didn’t even look would you fight?” As for me, I found a at him. He just said to the rioting crowd, way around it. “Yes, but not under your smiling beningly, “Who are you listening colors!” But the majority just drowned in to? Who are you believing? Just look at philosophical, religious and other deceits him!” And the people looked at the two and self-deceits, in dozens of doctrines and men, there they were, one, an elegantly uni­ futurologies just to avoid the possible next formed, cleanly shaved, military man, and question, “And against Russian brothers, the other a hopelessly dirty inmate, with would you fight?” I can answer for all a drawn face and thin throat, unwashed, in of them: They shall not! rags. The first one was smiling quietly — In an essay of the late Yuzovsky entitled the second was grey from fear, with terror- “Journey to Zlazova Vola” there is an stricken eyes... The crowd felt secure, even unforgettable episode. A few hundred ar­ good humoured. And the crowd started rested persons were unloaded at a rail-plat- walking... toward you know where... form just opposite a death camp. Sud­ One of my Polish friends was in the denly, one of the camp inmates came run­ process of being deported from the United ning to this crowd and shouted, “This is States. He tried to prove that he couldn’t Auschwitz! Half of you will be cremated live in the same country as Gerek and that at once!” The crowd started a turmoil, he was being persecuted in Poland. But, in noise, screams, almost a riot. Behind the response to the standard question of Ame­ back of this camp inmate, appeared an SS- rican officials, “Were you beaten?”, he man, in lacquered boots. If he had hit the honestly answered, “No.” Well, we had a inmate over the head, or used his 0-8 gun saying back in the naval academy, “A word on him, everything would be quite under­ isn’t a bird. They catch it — and out you go... ” standable considering the times and the We were not shot with a parabellum, or place. However, he didn’t hit the prisoner, Makarov pistol. There were even times when they didn’t beat us. Just like this SS-man. We try to preach, we try to predict, we even try begging the mankind, crowded on this rail-platform. But right there, next to us, the eager West sees smiling, good- natured diplomats, cosmonauts with two rows of white, shiny teeth, elegant mu­ sicians. We — prisoners, not beaten, but pitiful in our silence and pitiful in our rhetoric, repugnant in our mutual quar­ reling, unpleasant in our hunt for available jobs, in our affectatious erudition about privileges, loans and gifts. One girl translator can manage to describe us, completely, in ten minutes to the Western listeners and viewers. And, in the meantime, the still free world calmly walks past us toward cre­ matoriums and gas chambers... Demonstration at the site of Bandera’s (Translated from Ukrainian by assassination in Munich, October 13, 1979. Zena Matla-Rychtytska) 24 “Blame the Jailer” An editorial July 31 examining the ci­ joining groups set up in Ukraine to moni­ tizenship provisions of the new Constitution tor observance of the Helsinki Accords. of the Soviet Union has drawn a strenuous Mr. Lobanov points out, correctly but response, published as a letter to the editor irrelevantly, that there is a close similarity August 9, from Igor Lobanov, assistant between provisions of Soviet and Cana­ press attache of the Soviet Embassy. dian citizenship laws that make the child Mr. Lobanov said, in part: “If you play of citizens a citizen even if born outside just another anti-Soviet game, say that the country. He does not, of course, men­ openly and do not cover yourself with the tion that, unlike a Canadian, a Soviet ci­ fig leaf of unbiased journalism. Say that tizen who moves to another country and you are against the exchange of people and is accepted as one of its citizens has no information which is increasing between assured right to renounce his original ci­ the Soviet Union and Canada as it is en­ tizenship. He may apply. But the law visaged in the Helsinki Accords.” leaves the state with a long, flexible list of We think Mr. Lobanov’s challenge is a pretexts for turning his application down. good one. But he should aim it at the And this means that the Canadian-born people who keep putting obstacles in the child of people who are Canadian citizens, way of free movement. He should aim it but whose application for renounciation of at the Government he represents. Soviet citizenship was rejected, may be In the Soviet Union and the countries it classified, under Soviet law, as a Soviet dominates by its massive armed presence citizen. in East Europe it is always difficult and None of these legalisms, of course, would often dangerous to invoke the Helsinki be much of a problem if the Soviet Union Accords. In Czecho-Slovakia signers of would treat its citizens in a civilized man­ Charter ’77, which simply calls on the ner in the spirit of Helsinki. If Soviet ci­ Government to respect the Helsinki pro­ tizens were free to leave the Soviet Union mises, are arrested, harassed, attacked by at will, as Canadians, Americans, Britons, “persons unknown” in the streets at night Frenchmen, Italians, West Germans (but and left, badly beaten, in some lonely road­ not East Germans) and so many others are side ditch. In East Germany devout Com­ free to leave their countries, unsolicited munists are put under house arrest, if they citizenship would be a bonus at best and are lucky, for daring to ask their Govern­ meaningless at worst. ment to respect either the Helsinki com­ Unsolicited Soviet citizenship is a threat mitments or its own constitution. only because the Soviet Union is run like If Mr. Lobanov wants to find the real a jail. Once inside, and given a number, you opponents of free movement of people and are no longer free to leave at will. And information he might get some help from that impedes the free movement of people a story in The Globe and Mail August 10, in two directions. Some cannot get out. on the hardships suffered by Lidia Vins, Others, fearing that they would be unable 72, and her family at Soviet hands. The to get out, dare not go in. family, some of its members in Canada and There is one more problem. It’s hard to some in the Soviet Union, was finally put into tactful, diplomatic language for reunited in Canada in June after a separa­ Mr. Lobanov, but we’ll try. The Soviet tion of 50 years. Mrs. Vins and her son Union lies, cheats and breaks its own laws, Petro came here from Soviet prison camps systematically. to which they had been sentenced, Mr. The Soviet constitution enacted by Stalin Lobanov will be interested to learn, for in 1936 was a relatively liberal, enlight­ 25 ened document. It promised most of the imprisoned or transported for daring to basic human rights. Yet even the Govern­ claim the rights his constitution promised. ment of the Soviet Union recognizes, per­ haps less readily than it once did, that life The Soviet Union insists its new citizen­ under that constitution and its author was ship law changes nothing, that Soviet hell, a living hell even for those lucky authorities will go on doing as they have enough to be allowed to live. And long always done. Of course they will. That’s after Stalin was dead and denounced, what’s so frightening. Soviet citizens were still being harassed, Globe and Mail, Toronto

Human Rights Violation in Byelorussia Yauhen Ivanovich Buzinnikau, 40, a kevich, grabbed the girl by the hair in the worker in Construction Group No. 4 of teacher’s room and beat her in the pre­ the Chemical Construction Industry, was sence of two other teachers until Svetlana arrested on May 18, 1978 in the city fell to the floor unconscious. The girl was of Svetlogorsk, Gomel oblast in Byelorus­ revived by seltzer water bought at the sia. He is being detained in the oblast school lunch-counter. The ordeal continued investigative prison in the city of Gomel. for two hours. While it was going on, the From June 20 to 30, 1978 Buzinnikau was school administrator, Piotr Fomich Pola- held for psychiatric analyses at the Gomel kevich, chased students away with a stick oblast psychiatric hospital but, it is pre­ in order to prevent them from hearing the sumed, was found normal. Charges against screams. Svetlana’s crime was that she Buzzinikau include: a) corresponding with comes from a religious family and is herself dissidents and spreading by letter news to a believer. After Svetlana regained con­ them discrediting the Soviet way of life; sciousness, Polakevich threatened that if b) listening to and disseminating foreign she told anyone about the incident, she radio broadcasts; c) an alleged request would be charged with libel and that, in to reprint a work by Mykola Rudenko.... any event, no one would believe her be­ In January of 1977 Buzinnikau visited cause she had no witnesses. An official Sakharov in Moscow and then correspond­ from Minsk, said that the girl had no ed with him. After that the KGB set up witnesses and that news about the incident surveillance of him; he was refused per­ should not be circulated. mission to travel to his job, and was exam­ Aleksandar Krutko, 71, of Tsyntsavichy, ined several times by a psychiatrist. He Minsk oblast of the Byelorussian SSR, is also wrote to A. Ginzburg, V. Nikipelov threatened with confinement in a mental and others. This correspondence apparently asylum because he wants to join his seized by the KGB, is being used as the children in the United States. basis for his indictment. Krutko has spent 18 years in Soviet Buzinnikau had been sentenced twice Russian captivity. Since his release from previously, the first time at the age of a labor camp in the early seventies, he has 18 for an attempt to cross the state border. been harassed and abused by the local He has since spent 12 years in prison. authorities for his desire to emigrate. In Svetlana Mikhailovna Misiuk, an eighth- a labor camp in the early seventies, he has grade student, in the village of Hnieucyca the United States, Krutko states that it (Gnevchytsa) in Ivanovo raion of Brest would be better to die than to go to such oblast, was severely beaten in October a “hospital”, because he knows quite well (1977). The schoolmistress, Lidia Pola- what kind of “hospital” awaits him. 26 Walter Parcbomenko Fair Information On All Dissidents Needed In recent years, Western reaction to the In light of this, one question needs to be plight of Soviet Jewry and Soviet dissi­ posed: Why is the plight of Ukrainian and dents has been, in general, unprecedented. other non-Russian dissidents less news­ Readers of the Western news media have worthy in general than that of Russian been exposed to a flood of detailed reports dissidents and Soviet Jews? Normally, on the activities, arrests, trials, imprison­ one might explain this neglect by the ab­ ments, even the families of the Russian sence of detailed and reliable information. dissidents Anatoly Shcharansky, Aleksandr This, however, is not the case. Fairly ex- Ginzburg and Yuri Orlov. Because of such censive information on most non-Russian responsible reporting, these individuals have dissidents can be found in the under­ emerged from a closed society as living ground journal of the human-rights mo­ people rather than as nameless, bloodless vement in the Soviet Union, A Chronicle forms. of Current Events. For more than a de­ Much less attention, however, has been cade, this dispassionate, uncensored journal focused on the non-Russian dissidents — has offered essential source material for the Ukrainians, Georgians, Armenians and concerned writers. Baltics. With few exceptions, these political Nor are the stories of Ukrainian dissi­ prisoners have merited only scant attention dents any less important or any less mov­ from the West. Consequently, there is no ing than the widely publicized instances of widespread appreciation of their inescapable Soviet Russian dissidents. A few cases may plight. illustrate this point. Few Westerners realize that Ukraine, Born in 1946, Dr. Mykola Plakhotnyuk with its population of 50 million, is the graduated "with distinction” from medi­ second largest republic of the Soviet Un­ cal school, worked in a children’s sana­ ion. It was the scene of massive arrests of torium, then in a Kyiv medical institute. intellectuals, workers and religious be­ He was dismissed from his job in 1970 for lievers in 1965-66, 1972 and 1977-78, and his association with, and defense of, that the severe repression continues. Fewer Ukrainian writers who were illegally re­ still are aware of the following facts: Prison pressed for their political beliefs. In Jan­ sentences handed out to Ukrainian poli­ uary 1972, he was arrested during a cam­ tical prisoners are particularly harsh; they paign of repression that swept Ukraine average twice as long as those handed out and other Soviet republics. Prior to his to Russian dissidents and Soviet Jews; trial, psychiatrists at Moscow’s Institute Ukrainians, moreover, are denied their of Forensic Psychiatry recommended that right to emigrate. Even though many pur­ Dr. Plakhotnyk be confined indefinitely sue this right with unsurpassed tenacity, to as an "especially dangerous person” in a date only a handful of Ukrainian dissi­ special psychiatric hospital in Dneprope­ dents have been permitted to leave the trovsk, Ukraine. Amnesty International, Soviet Union. Ukrainians account for 50 the Nobel Prize-winning human rights or­ percent of Soviet political prisoners but ganization, has stated: “What is known constitute only 20 percent of the total about Dr. Plakhotnyuk makes clear that Soviet population, as Nobel laureate and he is detained for political rather than Moscow dissident Andrei Sakharov esti­ medical reasons and gives ground for seri­ mated in 1977. ous concern about his well-being.” Leonid 27 Plyushch, mathematician-cyberneticist and tion of Ukrainian identity, they were la Ukrainian dissident, who was permitted to beled “bourgeois nationalists” and “extre­ emigrate to the West only after an inten­ mely dangerous people.” Although their sive Western campaign on his behalf, was activity was invariably of a nonviolent imprisoned with Dr. Plakhotnyuk in the nature, they were subjected to extreme cri­ same hospital. At the time of Mr. Plyu­ minal punishment. shch’s release from that institution in Jan­ Three years remain of Father Roman- uary 1976, he described Dr. Plakhotnyuk’s yuk’s most recent 10-year sentence for health as “very disturbing.” He further protesting the imprisonment of Valentyn observed that frequent injections with Moroz, a Ukrainian historian, one of the neuroleptic drugs made political prisoners five dissidents recently exchanged here for in the Dnepropetrovsk psychiatric prison two convicted Soviet spies. Mr. Moroz had unable to walk or sit and caused them been imprisoned since 1965 for anti-Soviet extreme pain. In August 1976, Dr. Pla­ agitation and propaganda with only a brief khotnyuk was transferred to another interval of freedom. Such courageous acts special psychiatric hospital in Kazan, in as his 145-day hunger strike in Vladimir the Russian Republic. Prison in 1974 to protest the appalling In January 1978, the Kyiv regional conditions there made him a symbol of court reportedly refused for a second time intellectual integrity for Russian and non- to grant Dr. Plakhotnyuk a discharge from Russian dissidents alike. his indefinite psychiatric confinement. It The plight of Ukrainian dissident Petro should be emphasized that even if Dr. Ruban should be of special interest to plakhotnyuk is released from the special Americans. In a telegram to President-elect psychiatric hospital, he will, according to Carter, dated Jan. 3, 1977, Andrei Sakha­ a court ruling, then be forced to stand rov summarized his case: “The artist Petro trial as a person criminally responsible for Ruban has been sentenced to eight years the anti-Soviet activity attributed to him. in prison and five years in exile on a The plight of Dr. Plakhotnyuk is par­ trumped-up charge. The real reason is that ticularly tragic. Lost in the web of the he made a souvenir as a gift to the Ame­ Soviet gulag, subjected to arbitrary legal rican people on the 200th anniversary of and psychiatric rulings, forcibly fed de­ their independence: a wooden book cover bilitating drugs, he faces a real danger of inlaid with a design of the Statue of Li­ growing mentally ill. berty.” The Rev. Vasyl Romanyuk, a Ukrain­ The lawyer Lev Lukyanenko is still an­ ian Orthodox priest, is another case in other Ukrainian dissident deserving West­ point. Father Romanyuk has spent 17 ern attention. In 1976, Mr. Lukyanenko years in Soviet prisons for his beliefs. Like completed a 15-year sentence for his active countless other Ukrainian dissidents, he defense of national and human rights in has committed no criminal or political of­ the Ukraine. In his prison memoirs, former fense in the commonly accepted sense of Lithuanian dissident and current US re­ these worlds. His only crime was that he sident Simas Kudirkas underlines the protested the injustices in the arrests and heightened moral awareness and courageous trials of Ukrainian intellectuals in the behavior of Lev Lukyanenko. He describes 1960’s. To preserve their rich national and him as an individual of firm character with cultural heritage, these intellectuals pro­ an original cast of mind who inspired duced creative works that glorified Ukraine. different kinds of prisoners through his But because they asked for a halt to the unyielding advocacy of prisoners’ rights. forced cultural assimilation and a recogni­ This same individual was sentenced by 28 Soviet authorities in 1978 to still a second Marchenko was taken by authorities to term of 15 years for human-rights advocacy Kyiv, the scenic capital of his native in Ukraine and other Soviet republics. Ukraine, for a visit with his' mother. The Although his second trial in July 1978 oc­ purpose of the meeting was to offer him curred only days after the heavily publiciz­ freedom in return for the recantation of ed trials of Russian dissidents Shcharansky his beliefs. In a revealing letter to his and Ginzburg, it received remarkably little mother, written shortly after their visit, he immediate attention in the West. wrote that seeing her in tears produced an In jails, prisons, camps, psychiatric indescribable pain in his heart, but that it hospitals and in exile, Ukrainian dissi­ was impossible to “cancel himself out dents retain their convictions and act spiritually for the sake of a biological ex­ courageously. Following his 1972 arrest, istence near his mother.” Dr. Plakhotnyuk was sent to the Serbsky Added to the intense spiritual pressures Institute of Forensic Psychiatry for diag­ of imprisonment are the high physical nosis. There he went on a hunger strike to costs. The conditions of prison confine­ protest the brutal way patients were treat­ ment are particularly harsh and degrading ed. for political prisoners. Inadequate medical Despite spiritual and physical pressures services and the use of hunger and cold inconceivable to most Westerners, impris­ as disciplinary actions measurably de­ oned Ukrainian dissidents manage to per­ crease their life expectancy. Document No. sist in their views. Their moral integrity 17 of the Moscow Helsinki Group reports precludes any recantation of beliefs. Semen that “almost all prisoners develop cardiova­ Gluzman, a Ukrainian-Jewish psychiatrist, scular, kidney or digestive tract ailments.” born in 1946, is such an individual. Fie Witness the case of Oleksander Serhiyenko, has been persecuted for protecting his pro­ an art teacher from Kyiv arrested in the fessional integrity by openly defending 1972 campaign to repress dissent. Despite the sanity of Ukrainian dissidents Petro a history of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis, Grigorenko and Leonid Plyushch, two this Ukrainian intellectual was transferred victims of the political abuse of Soviet from a Perm labor camp to a cold, damp psychiatry. Interned in a strict-regimen punishment cell in the notorious Vladimir camp in the Perm region. Dr. Gluzman Prison. His participation in hunger strikes has actively protested the inhuman and in order to support prison protests left the illegal conditions of detention that exist young Dr. Semen Gluzman with serious there. Because of his tireless efforts, camp heart problems in November 1976. authorities finally agreed to provide medi­ Though the names of Ukrainian and cal care for the seriously ill Ukrainian dis­ other non-Russian dissidents, in general, sident, Ivan Svitlychny. All attempts by remain virtually unknown and their stories the KGB to reeducate Dr. Gluzman have untold, their particularly servere and proven unsuccessful. Pleas from his family inescapable plight is not without signifi­ to reconsider his values and to respect the cance for the West. Igor Shafarevich, the camp authorities have been answered in a world-renowned mathematician and Rus­ carefully reasoned letter. In that document, sian dissident, explains in a 1975 state­ he explains his understanding of "true mo­ ment to Western supporters of Leonid ral values.” Plyushch: “The symbolic fate of Plyushch Official efforts to reform another im­ is a lesson that can help you better prisoned Ukrainian dissident, Valery comprehend your own life and evaluate Marchenko, have similarly failed. Suffer­ your future, the future of your children, ing from a chronic kidney disease, Mr. your country and of all mankind .. . The 29 range and impetus of your endeavor is a fairs, has observed, “weakens the founda­ ray of hope in our bitter age.” tion of our democracy at home... It is part Decisive and unambiguous official of our responsibility to speak out on their Western statements in defense of human (political prisoners’) behalf, to give them and national rights are important, but they what support we can and to at least sup­ need public support. By reporting wisely ply an echo for those brave voices in those and responsibly when stories of non-Rus­ dreadful and frightening circumstances.” sian dissidents are timely and important, Ukrainian dissidents wait with hope and the Western news media can raise public anxiety to learn that their voices have awareness of their inescapable condition. been heard. By ignoring the plight of non-Russian dis­ “Walter Parchomenko, recently a fellow sidents, the news media only deny the at the Center for Strategic and Interna­ West an understanding of the range and tional Studies at Georgetown University, scope of Soviet Russian repression. “In­ difference to oppression in other countries,” currently does human-rights research in as Patricia Derian, US Assistant Secretary Washington, D. C.” for Human Rights and Humanitarian Af­ America/August 11, 1979

Ukrainians give helping hand to Vietnamese The “Ukrainian Catholic Immigration for the duration of one year. Through Service”, situated at 418 Aberdeen Street, information and consultation with the Winnipeg, was formed among the faithful Canadian Immigration Authority, the of our Winnipeg Archdiocese, for the pur­ Ukrainian Catholic Immigration Service, pose of aiding victims of religious, national in the name of Christ, wants to help our or political persecution, for Ukrainians faithful in this country to organize such and non-Ukrainians that wish to settle in aid for the unfortunate victims of Vietna­ Canada. mese Communism. Our newly-formed Immigration Service We are very happy with this truly will undertake as its first task the aiding of Christian initiative among our faithful, the migration to Canada for a certain and from a sincere heart we bless their number of Vietnamese refugees, who, noble endeavor. We are convinced that inorder to save themselves, fled from Ukrainians in Canada, who are deeply Communist slavery in their country, only concerned about atrocities of all sorts, re­ to remain stranded by the thousands in ligious and national persecutions in their tragic circumstances — in boats on the native country, will sincerely and gene­ high seas and almost without hope of rously support this great Christian initiative. finding a country which would extend to In this intention we send our fervent them a brotherly hand. One such country prayer to the All-Mighty and beg of Him which is willing to accept a certain num­ to generously bless this task favorable to ber of these victims of Communist terror God and all those who extend their is Canada, with the stipulation that its brotherly hand to those in need. citizens obligate themselves to provide for Winnipeg, September 3, 1979 the refugees both morally and materially Maksym Hermaniuk, Metropolitan 30 Political Abuses of Psychiatry in Romania Short Review of Psychiatric Abuses in code. This article allows the psychiatric Romania treatment of criminal offenders who are Testimonies of political prisoners in Ro­ “mentally ill and a danger to society”. mania who were imprisoned in the period According to former prisoners of con­ 1948—1964 indicate that medically un­ science, the number of non-violent political justified administration of neuroleptic offenders confined to the special psychiatric drugs, electro-shock treatment and insulin hospitals in Romania increased significant­ shock treatment occurred in a number of ly after the establishment of these hospitals. high security prisons in Romania as a me­ Prisoners of conscience known to thod of deliberate punishment for extract­ Amnesty International who have been ing self-incriminating statements. confined to psychiatric hospitals in recent The most known prison for the use of the years were mainly neo-Protestant believers, above treatment was that of the “Re­ members of the Hungarian minority who education centre” of Pitesti, which special­ had publicly criticized the official treat­ ized exclusively in the treatment of po­ ment of their rights and dissenters who litical prisoners during the beginning of the had criticized the human rights situation in 1950s. This prison was closed down in Romania. 1954. Amongst the other prisons where Recent reports on persons confined to similar treatment was reportedly ad­ the psychiatric hospital of Dr. Petru Groza ministered to political prisoners were Aiud, over the period 1975 to 1977 allege that Fagaras, Caransebes, Gherla and Jilava. out of 400 prisoners confined during that Political abuse of psychiatry took new period, 150 were political offenders and forms from 1965 onwards. In that year a the rest common criminals. Many of the new decree was introduced, Decree Law latter were seriously mentally ill. The ma­ 12/65, entitled “On Medical Treatment of jority of non-violent political offenders (if Dangerous Mentally 111 Persons”. Informa­ not all) are reportedly subjected to psy­ tion available to Amnesty International chiatric treatment in the Dr. Petru Groza indicates that Decree 12/65 has been used hospital on a court order on the basis of since then to obtain the confinement of article 114 of the Romanian penal code, dissidents to psychiatric institutions. In rather than on the basis of Decree 12/65. most of such cases known to Amnesty In­ The men’s section has 8 members of ternational, the confinement to psychiatric staff on each floor; two are female nurses, hospitals has not lasted longer than a few 4 are male nurses, one assistant-in-chief and months. However, it appears that the one chief nurse. There are only a few psy­ psychiatric confinement of dissidents for chiatrists for all 400 patients in the hospit­ longer periods lasting up to 5 years has al. The director of the hospital is Dr. loan occurred in some cases since the beginning Pricop. Dr. Mircea Tocutiu is responsible of the 1970s. for the inmates of the women’s section and Evidence shows that in the early 1970s the ground floor of the men’s section. Dr. special psychiatric hospitals, including Ardelean Horia is in charge of the first Poiana Mare and Dr. Petru Groza, were and second floors of the men’s section. created. Confinement of prisoners of con­ Approximately 30 auxilliary medical per­ science to these hospitals was in most cases sonnel are employed in Dr. Petru Groza based on Article 114 of the 1964 penal — male and female nurses, an accountant, 31 a secretary, a chemical engineer who is in been directly responsible for psychiatric charge of the laboratory, two telephonists, maltreatment of prisoners of conscience a painter, a few drivers and persons who and the decision as to the length of the look after the buildings, gardens and pigs. treatment. Dr. Enache was in close co­ The medical rooms are poorly equipped operation with Dr. Olaru, the director of and do not contain even basic equipment the Forensic Commission in Craiova, who necessary for the day to day treatment of diagnosed a number of prisoners of con­ patients. Each floor has showers and toilets science as mentally ill and ordered the which are normally cleaned by the patients internment in Poiana Mare. on an irregular basis. They always smell and are always dirty and wet. The un­ The biggest pavilion in the Poiana Mare hygienic conditions contribute to the pul­ psychiatric complex is Pavilion O. The monary and skin diseases, widespread ground floor has 3 rooms for inmates and throughout the hospital. Reportedly blan­ the first floor 8 rooms. Most of the prison­ kets are dirty and are not washed some­ ers of conscience were kept in rooms on times over a period of months. Sheets are the first floor. Other rooms in the pavilions changed irregularly. Inmates of the psy­ included the dining room, room for the chiatric hospital often complain of very doctor on duty, room for the medical as­ poor food. It has been alleged by POCs sistant, and treatment room for the admin­ that often the food is served with drugs istration of drugs and medicine. In both which makes them either very sleepy or pavilions O and 1 the rooms accommodate unusually active and agitated. Food is up to 25 inmates. Prisoners of conscience served three times a day. Breakfast is at 0700 and consists of 30 mg. of bread with were as a rule allocated to separate units tea or coffee made from powdered milk in the smallest possible groups, together which is tasteless and watery. Lunch is at with mentally ill persons charged with 1330 and consists of a variation of the fol­ crimes such as murder and robbery. The lowing: soaked potatoes, vegetables, hard number of inmates in 1977 was reportedly beans, maize and canned food and noodles around 400 in the two men’s and two with bread. Dinner at 1830 consists nor­ women’s pavilions, evenly distributed mally of the left-overs from lunch with among the four pavilions. The number of powdered milk or tea. No fresh meat is political prisoners, as estimated by released usually served — only canned food or prisoners of conscience, was approx. 30 pieces of fat in a soup represent the sub­ persons for each pavilion between 1975 stitute. Margarine and marmalade are not and 1977. always available for breakfast or dinner. Eggs and fresh fruit are served only rarely. Windows are barred with heavy iron It is alleged that the clinic’s own produc­ and each individual pavilion is encircled by tion of fruit and meat is used exclusively a metallic fence up to four metres in height, for the benefit of the personnel and of the topped with barbed wire. According to inspectors from the Ministry of Health, former prisoners of conscience, the right to who visit the hospital once a year at the outdoor exercise was given only to those most. inmates who had passed the initial period From the accounts given by former of intensive injecting and had shown them­ prisoners of conscience interned in Poiana selves to be responsive to the process of Mare, it appears that the director is an “re-education” by making an effort to official of the Securitatae and has often maintain friendly relations with the staff. 32 Roman Solchanyk The New Constitution — Hard Questions for Ukraine Representatives of the Ukrainian Soviet derated, and multinational” USSR. The Socialist Republic had a difficult time at British delegate also wondered about the the seventh session of the United Nations trials of Ukrainian human rights activists Human Rights Committee, held here last and the long prison terms meted out to month. Composed of 18 internationally them. Other countries, he noted, find this recognized jurists from various countries, treatment difficult to understand and re­ the Committee is an outgrowth of the 1966 concile with the Covenant’s provisions. International Covenant on Civil and Po­ Jordan’s representative on the Com­ litical Rights, ratified by 59 nations. It mittee expressed concern that the word was established to monitor the progress of “political” was missing from the long list member states in guaranteeing their citizens of rights that Ukrainian citizens were said the fundamental human rights proclaimed to enjoy. The delegate from Ecuador point­ by the document. Kremlin spokesmen ed to gaps in Kochubei’s report, especially proudly point out that the Soviet Union, in such areas as freedom of association, together with the Ukrainian and Byelorus­ freedom to join political organizations, the sian SSR, which have independent status iin right to strike, and the right to express the world organization, were among its critical views. Tunisia asked why atheistic first signatories. propaganda was authorized, but not re­ The focus of the exchanges between the ligious propaganda. Committee and the Ukrainian delegation, West Germany inquired how the Ukrain­ headed by Yury Kochubei, was the re­ ian government would look upon citizens cently adopted Ukrainian Constitution. In wishing to monitor observance of the Co­ his report, Kochubei declared that the venant’s provisions in Ukraine. Kochubei Constitution “in practice protects and could not have failed to miss the reference guarantees the fulfillment of all of the to the Soviet Helsinki groups, most of provisions of the Covenant.” Indeed, he whose members, like Anatoly Shcharansky said, newly enacted legislation “concretizes and Mykola Rudenko, have been tried and the provisions of the Constitution and tes­ sentenced to harsh prison camp terms as tifies to the further development of So­ “criminals.” cialist democracy.” Yet perhaps the most interesting queries Romania and East Germany backed his were those of the Canadian delegate, who claims. Other members of the Committee, broached the subject of Ukraine’s consti­ however, posed a series of questions that tutionally guaranteed right to secede from reflected serious doubts about Ukraine’s the USSR. Observing that in his own performace in the area of human rights. country there was a secessionist movement The representative from Great Britain, in Quebec, he asked what practical steps for example, asked if there is a division of Ukraine could take to exercise its secession responsibility between the Ukrainian SSR rights. Another delicate question involved and the Soviet Union in implementing the the crime of "parasitism,” officially re­ Covenant. He was also interested in know­ cognized in USSR and often used against ing whether Kyiv could adopt standards dissidents. How is parasitism possible, that differed from Moscow’s. These were asked the Canadian jurist, if the state reasonable questions, since the Ukrainian guarantees everyone work according to his SSR is ostensibly a sovereign state, but at training and abilities? the same time a part of the “unitary, fe­ The Norwegian member followed up on 33 the sensitive issue of nationalism. Is there and five years of internal exile for his ac­ a nationalist movement in Ukraine, he tivities on behalf of the Ukrainian Helsinki wanted to know, and if so, why does it group. exist? He was interested, too, in the right Kochubei’s approach to nationalism ge­ of Ukrainian citizens to express patriotic nerally was equally interesting. He ex­ sentiments. Finally, Yugoslavia requested plained that in Ukraine people who called information about the powers of the so- themselves nationalists were those who called Comrades’ Courts in the Ukr. SSR. “sowed discord.” They had collaborated Kochubei preceded his responses by re­ with Hitler’s Fascists, he said, and some marking that the questions themselves had of them had fled to the West, where they been prompted by a terrible misunder­ continued to cause trouble. The Ukrainian standing. It seems that many of the legal people, he added, consider the nationalists acts and other pertinent documents were aliens. Kochubei’s views on nationalism made available to the Committee members and self-determination would probably re­ only in the Ukrainian language. According ceive a warm reception among Iran’s aya­ to the chief Ukrainian delegate, such de­ tollahs. How the Kurds and other national licate questions would never have been minorities would respond is, of course, raised had the jurists not been besieged by another matter. linguistic difficulties (an interesting argu­ The remainder of what Kochubei had ment in the light of the Soviet contention to say about civil and political rights in that Ukrainian has “long since entered the Ukrainian SSR will be strikingly fa­ into the international arena”). Never­ miliar to readers of the Soviet press: Op­ theless, Kochubei still found himself facing pression cannot exist in Ukraine because the unpleasant task of satisfying the in­ the Revolution of 1917 eliminated class ternational panel’s curiosity. antagonisms; privacy of postal and tele­ He addressed himself first to the matter phone communication is guaranteed and of secession. Ukraine, he said, has the right inviolable; a variety of jobs exist for to withdraw from the USSR, but such a everyone; parents are free to provide re­ move has never been discussed because the ligious instruction to their children; emigra­ Federal state has been successful in solving tion and travel abroad is restricted only in many difficulties, particularly economic cases bearing on state security; and every ones, arising from World »War II. More­ citizen is free to express his opinion. over, any move to secede would have to Kochubei concluded by insisting that be decided by a popular referendum. He any citizen could monitor observance of neglected to mention, though, the case of the International Covenant on Civil and the Ukrainian lawyer Levko Lukyanenko, Political Rights if he did so within the who was charged with “treason” and sen­ confines of the law. How narrowly re­ tenced to death in 1961 precisely for ex­ stricted those confines really are is evidenc­ changing views with his collegues about the ed by the fate of the 18 Ukrainians who possibility of Ukraine’s secession from the banded together to monitor the Soviet USSR. One of the problems that engaged Union’s compliance with the Helsinki Lukyanenko and his friends was the lack Agreement: Eleven of them are either in of any mechanism, including a popular re­ labor camps, under arrest, or in exile. ferendum, for exercising the right of se­ The findings of the United Nations cession. Lukyanenko’s sentence was even­ Human Rights Committee will be pre­ tually commuted to a 15-year prison term sented sometime in the course of the just- that he served fully — only to be sentenced convened General Assembly session. again in 1978 to 10 years in a labor camp The New Leader 34 Bandera Assassination Date Receives Mass Press Coverage A press conference held in Munich, Ger­ said: For us in Ukraine Marxism is a dead many, to mark the 20th anniversary of issue, in the West, people are still taken in the assassination of Stepan Bandera att­ by it. Our people know that Marxism is racted dozens of reporters and resulted in only a cover for Russian colonialism. He an extensive series of articles in the Western appealed to the West to end the destruct­ press. ive course of detente with the Russian co­ The conference held on Oct. 12, 1979 in lonial empire and to support instead the the Plazl Hotel, was chaired on behalf of growing national movements in the Soviet the Ukrainian Information Service by bloc because they alone can stop this ter­ Mr. B. Schuper with Yaroslav Stetsko, the ror”. The article which also featured a leader of the Organization of Ukrainian 1956 photograph of Yaroslav Stetsko and Nationalists (OUN) and president of ABN Stepan Bandera also quoted Bandera’s son as main speaker (Mr. Stetsko’s presentation who stated that the former chief of the at the conference is printed on pp. 1-5). KGB, A. Shelepin, should have been ar­ Also present at the conference was Stepan rested when he visited the West German Bandera’s son, Andriy, who came to trade union association in 1974, because Munich from Canada to mark the assassi­ the German supreme court had held the nation date. USSR government and Shelepin respon­ The press reports centred around Mr. sible for the assassination of his father. The Stetsko’s demand that the Ukrainian Li­ article also presented the various cases of beration movement be recognized through continuing murders by the KGB both in accreditation of the OUN at the United the USSR and abroad, notably the Nations on a similar basis as the PLO, and “umbrella murder” of the exiled Bul­ his call for a boycott of the 1980 summer garian author Georgi Markov in London Olympics in Moscow. “Ukrainian nationa­ in 1978. lists demand the same rights as PLO” was During the press conference the case of the lead line of a 3 page dispatch by the kidnapped Lithuanian canoeist Vladislavas Associated Press which was distributed Cessiunas was cited as a further example throughout the world. Besides this item, of KGB operations on the territories of individual papers presented feature articles sovereign Western states. Within several in which they outlined the case presented days, the forced return of Cessiunas to the by Mr. Stetsko for the de-colonization of USSR made world headlines. the USSR and the establishment of inde­ pendent, democratic states in place of the The fact that the KGB regularly applies Soviet Russian empire. The Berliner murder in its drive against all forms of Morgen-post (Oct. 14) quoted most exten­ opposition and dissent was the central sively from Mr. Stetsko’s statement under theme of a feature article by Wilfried the heading “Exiled Ukrainians accuse the Ahrens of the Münchner Merkur of Oct. Kremlin”. The article which began with a 12. Ahrens described in detail the recent subheading “Opposition to the Russian hanging death of the young Ukrainian prison of nations” reported on the OUN composer Volodymyr Ivasiuk in Lviv as an demand for UN recognition and went on example. Ahrens quoted Mr. Stetsko: “The “...the former prime minister of Ukraine demonstration of 10,000 Lviv residents at who was purged by Hitler and thrown Ivasiuk’s funeral is only one of the many into a concentration camp, and then led signs that Ukrainians have not ended their a struggle against both Hitler and Stalin opposition and their hope for independence. 35 The “Augsburger Allgemeine” (Oct. 15) press conference and the other activities also devoted a major article on its back­ which were held in conjunction with the ground section to the theme of continuing 20th anniversary of Stepan Bandera’s as­ KGB assassination against emigre leaders sassination were beamed behind the Iron of the captive nations. It carried Mr. Curtain by Radio Liberty and Radio Free Stetsko’s revelation that just recently the Europe. security service of the OUN had uncover­ In addition to the extensive coverage ed several plans for further, more conce­ recently received by the released dissident aled murder attempts in the West. Valentyn Moroz, these series of articles The press conference was also covered by indicate that at least some sectors of the the 3rd German Television network, press are beginning to pay more serious which aired its report and a separate attention to the question of the continuing interview with Mr. Stetsko in two evening struggle for freedom and independence of broadcasts on Oct. 12. Reports about the Ukraine and other captive nations.

Yaroslav Stetsko, former Prime Minister of Ukraine, Chairman of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the ABN President answering questions at a press conference held in Munich, West Germany on Thursday October 11, 1979 at the Plazl Hotel on the occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the assassination of Stepan Bandera by a Russian Communist agent. Seated to his left is Andriy Bandera, the son of the assassinated Ukrainian national hero. (Photo: Associated Press)

36 In Defense of Ukrainian Patriarchate Press Release the Patriarch of the Ukrainian Catholic Approximately three thousand Ukrain­ Church. ian Catholics from communities scattered In the words of Patriarch and Cardinal throughout the world — North and South Joseph Slipyj, the Ukrainian Catholic America, Europe and Australia — thronged Church exists “as a Particular Patriarchal to Rome to attend the celebrations of three­ Church” and this historical fact can never fold anniversaries in their Church: 1) the be eradicated. We take this opportunity fiftieth anniversary of the Synod of Ukrain­ to read the entire text of His Beatitude’s ian bishops held in 1929 in Rome and the statement. (Statement on page 7) founding of the Ukrainian Theological To scholars of eastern spirituality and Academy in Lviv, 2) the fortieth anniver­ mentality, it a self — evident fact that sary of the episcopal consecration of our Eastern Churches will never submit to La­ present Patriarch, and 3) the tenth anni­ tin practices and laws. This is very clearly versary of the opening of the Ukrainian recognized by large numbers of Latin rite Catholic University in Rome. They came clergy among them the Very Reverend W. in great joy and high expectations for the von Straaten who stated at one of the recognition of the Ukrainian Catholic anniversary functions: “Truly the recogni­ Patriarchate by the Holy Father because tion of the Ukrainian Patriarchate re­ for the first time in many decades the presents a fundamental and necessary ecu­ Seat of Saint Peter is presently occupied menical step towards bringing about equa­ by a non-Italian Pope, in the words of lity within the unity of the Church. In re­ His Holiness Himself, by a Slav whose cognizing your (Ukrainian) Patriarchal Church in His native Poland, similar to rights one gives witness to the fact that the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Ukraine, the Catholic Church — truly one and bears the brunt of Russian pressure and universal — respects the Particular rights harsh control. Who, then, could better of the individual Churches. understand the tragic plight of the Ukrain­ The hopes and expectations of the ian Catholic Church than the Pope who, Ukrainian pilgrims and the entire Ukrain­ as a Polish bishop, personally experienced ian nation were shattered by the latest the importance of a united stance of bi­ move of the Vatican Curia — the method shops in a given country against Russian of the nomination of Rev. Dr. Myroslaw communist efforts to strangle a given Lubachivskyj, the Metropolitan of Phila­ Church? delphia, which was made without agree­ To prevent the incorporation of the ment or consultation with His Beatitude Ukrainian Catholic Church into Russian Patriarch Joseph. This is another trans­ Orthodoxy or its Latinization, the Primate gression of the rights of the Ukrainian of the Ukrainian Church with the agreem­ Church and it aroused a wave of indi­ ent of all his bishops proposed that the status gnant protests throughout the world. How­ of this Church be raised to the patriarchal ever, this painful act does not shatter level. The Decree on Eastern Catholic the confidence of Ukrainians in the final Churches recognized that the rights of the victory of their cause for it is the cause Major-Archbishop are equivalent to that of God which must triumph. of a Patriarch, but the subsequent actions Issued by Eva Piddubcheshen, of the Roman Curia were contrary to that Dr. Wolodymyr Kosyk and concept. In the meantime the entire Ukrai­ Mr. O. Koval, M. A. nian nation recognized His Beatitude as Rome, September 26, 1979. 37 Secret Seminary in Lithuania According to the Lithuanian under­ was also expressed that the KGB would ground journal “Perspektyvos” the exis­ prefer to infiltrate or discredit the “un­ tence of an underground Catholic seminary official” courses and secretly ordained was hinted at during a press conference priests. organized by Lithuanian dissidents for The “Chronicle of the Lithuanian Ca­ foreign journalists in Vilnius on Febru­ tholic Church,” (No. 37) sees the ordi­ ary 10. nation of former seminarist and KGB in­ Two young men who had tried to enter former Ricardas Jakutis as an attempt by the official seminary in Kaunus told jour­ the KGB to discredit secret ordinations. Ja­ nalists that the KGB interfered in the an­ kutis had been expelled from the seminary nual selection of students, forcing the in 1977 for blatantly immoral behavior, Church authorities to reject the majority but is now acting as curate in a church in of applicants. Those who are regarded as Nemencine. KGB-inspired rumors alleged potentially hostile to the Soviet regime are that one of the exiled Lithuanian bishops crossed off the list. The authorities try to — Steponavicius or Sladkevicius — must ensure that those who eventually graduate be responsible. It turned out, however, and become priests will be loyal to the that the person responsible for Jakutis’ state. Every applicant and student is at ordination was Msgr. Ceslovas Krivaitis, some time summoned by the KGB and a senior clergyman frequently criticized by asked to „cooperate” by supplying infor­ the Lithuanian chronicle for his “obe­ mation on the other students and staff. dience” to Soviet government wishes. However, one of the speakers stated Msgr. Krivaitis had used his good offices that there were about 15 underground to recommend Jakutis to the late Bishop priests, who have been secretly trained and Matulaitis-Labuktas, who then ordained ordained, and that there had been an in­ him. crease in the numbers being secretly train­ The chronicle feels that all those who ed for the priesthood. “You are no doubt took part were either wittingly or unwit­ aware,” he remarked, “that the present tingly in a KGB provocation, which was pope also studied at a secret seminary in intended to shock ordinary believers, dis­ Cracow during the German occupation. credit the idea of “unofficial” ordination Why should Lithuanians not follow his and mislead the Vatican into supporting example?” only the official seminary. Instead the The believers hoped that the under­ Vatican is asked to assist the Catholic ground theological courses would force Church in Lithuania in creating better the government to increase the number of conditions for underground theological students at the Kaunus seminary, but fear education and activity.

REPORT FROM THE BERIA RESERVE the protest writings of VALENTYN MOROZ edited and translated Peter Martin Associates Limited by John Kolasky 35 Britain Street Toronto, Canada M5A 1R7

38 Symposium on the OUN Held On September 28-30, a unique sympo­ The third group of presentations explor­ sium on the history of the Organization ed specific aspects of OUN activity: Mr. S. of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) was held Rychtyckyj explored the actions of the at Montreal’s Concordia University. The OUN in 1940-41 and the re-establishment symposium, held on the occasion of the of Ukrainian independence on June 30, 50th Anniversary of the formation of the 1941, following the outbreak of the OUN, was sponsored by the university’s Soviet-German war. Dr. V. Kosyk describ­ Department of Political Science. It was the ed the co-operation between the OUN first of its kind to have taken place at a with other East European nations in the major North American academic institu­ face of German and Soviet aggression tion. during WW II, while Dr. M. Klymyshyn 22 papers presented described the role of the clandestine task During the three day symposium 16 forces (Pokhidni Hrupy) which the OUN specialists, many of them active partici­ sent into Russian occupied Ukraine in pants in the modern Ukrainian liberation 1942. Prof. L. Shankowskyj and Col. Y. struggle, presented 22 papers which dealt Krokhmaliuk discussed the formation and with the general history and development struggle of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army of the Ukrainian nationalist movement (UPA) and on General Roman Shukhe- after the First World War, as well as vych-Chuprynka. Mr. S. Golash prepared with specific aspects of the OUN itself. a paper on the underground printing pres­ The first group of topics was introductory ses of OUN—UPA. in nature: Dr. A. Bedriy presented a ge­ The fourth series of papers dealt with neral outline of the 50-year history of the the influence and expression of the Ukrain­ OUN and of some of the problems related ian nationalist movement on Ukrainian to its study. Mr. O. Pytlar, Dr. V. Bolubash literature and culture in general. Mrs. A. and Dr. R. Kukhar respectively explored Stebelsky explored the views of D. Don­ the historical, psychological and philosoph­ tsov on Ukrainian literature, Mr. O. Paw- ical basis of the emergence of the OUN in liw analized the works of Yevhen Mala- Western Ukraine. niuk a nationalist poet and essayist while A second group of papers dealt with Dr. R. Kukhar provided a general over­ some of the key figures who played a view of Ukrainian literature of the sixties leading role in shaping the OUN as an and seventies within the context of modern ideological political and, above all, as a Ukrainian nationalist traditions. Dr. D. revolutionary organization. These papers, Shtohryn presented a bibliographical study presented by Prof. Y. Kelebay, Mr. O. about the OUN in Soviet and their East Pytlar and Dr. M. Klymyshyn — focussed European satellites’ publications. on Dmytro Dontsov, a leading nationalist Dr. R. Senkiw and Dr. M. Bohatiuk theoretician and ideologue, and on Evhen dealt with the topic of economic and de­ Konovalets and Stepan Bandera, two mographic issues relating to the Ukrainian leaders of the OUN who were assassinated liberation movement and presented some by Soviet Russian agents. Dr. B. Stebelsky interesting projections for possible future spoke on the formation of nationalist phi­ developments in the 1980’s. losophy and its practical and theoretical Further study needed application within the youth cadres of the In spite of the scope and length of the OUN. three-day proceedings, the symposium in 39 effect dealt with the history of the OUN will be published in book form early in until the first years of the Soviet-German 1980. The papers were presented in either War. Thus the symposium can be said to Ukrainian, English or French, with English have been an introduction to the study language resumes of each paper available of the history of the OUN and the libera­ to the listeners. Each session included a tion processes it has spearheaded since 1929. sometimes lively question and debate pe­ The crucial stages of the OUN-UPA riod during which many points pertaining struggle against Nazi Germany and Soviet to future research were raised. It is hoped Russia lend themselves as topics for sepe- that the symposium has provided the im­ rate symposia. In fact, even the papers petus for just such research. presented at this meeting can be viewed as Much credit for the symposium must be introductions to the many areas which given to Prof. Lesli Laszlo of Concordia’s Political Science Department. Mr. Laszlo, deserve further study and research. who presided over all of the sessions, Attendance at the symposium was an showed stamina and perseverance admi­ average of 60 per session. For those who rable even for a veteran of such proceed­ were unable to attend, the proceedings ings.

Ancient Document Found AN ANCIENT SLAVONIC PSALTER rine’s Monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai. FROM RUS’: ST. CATHERINE’S MO­ One of these manuscripts was Sinai 6, NASTERY, MT. SINAI, Volume I: Photo­ an early Slavonic psalter from Rus’. This reproduction (Cambridge, Mass.: HURI, text dates from around 1100 and is one 1978), x, 181 pp., is available by sending of the oldest Slavic manuscripts in existen­ cheque or money order for § 15.00 (US ce. It certainly is the oldest text of the currency) to the Ukrainian Studies Fund psalms which subsequently became the — Publications, 1581-83 Massachusetts standard version in old Ukraine-Rus’. Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Prof. Altbauer and Lunt undertook a de­ 02138 tailed linguistic analysis, supplemented it The Harvard Ukrainian Research In­ with excerpts of other manuscripts held in stitute has recently published in its Sources Leningrad and at Harvard, and urged the and Documents Series an ANCIENT Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute to PSALTER FROM RUS’. This work is the publish the material. unexpected result of conferences and recent The complicated legal and technical events in the everchanging Middle East. problems involved in reproducing such an Two distinguished Slavists, Professor ancient text were overcome and a hand­ Moshe Altbauer from Israel and Professor somely designed volume which contains an Horace G. Lunt from the United States introduction and photoreproduction of the had been meeting periodically since 1950. text is the first result. Both the authors In 1968, soon after the Israelis occupied and the Harvard Ukrainian Research In­ the Sinai peninsula, Professor Altbauer stitute are grateful to the late Most Reve­ was able to travel there for the first time rend Archbishop of Sinai Grigorios II, and and to view the rich collection of Slavic to the present Most Reverend Archbishop manuscripts held in the ancient St. Cathe­ of Sinai, Damianos, who granted permis­ 40 sion to reproduce the manuscript. The pro­ a visiting research fellow at the Harvard ject was made possible because of a gene­ Ukrainian Research Institute. Professor rous financial grant by Joseph and Anna Altbauer is the author of numerous studies Iwaniw of Long Island, N. Y. in Slavic linguistics and textology, and the The compilers of this volume have had editor of several other Sinai manuscripts. distinguished scholarly careers. Moshe Alt­ Horace G. Lunt is Samuel Hazzard Cross bauer, a native of Halychyna,Ukraine, is Professor of Slavic Languages and Litera­ Professor Emeritus of Slavic at the Hebrew ture and a member of the Committee on University in Jerusalem. In 1974-75 he was Ukrainian Studies at Harvard University.

New Issue of Underground Periodical The third issue of the underground Resistance to the new Russification cam­ journal, Alma Mater (July—September paign is urged in an appeal “distributed 1979), which started publication in Febru­ in Vilnius University on April 18, 1979.” ary of this year, was received in the West. The appeal says that, “once the occupying The journal is published by the “Free Press power begins to narrow down the use of Initiative Group” and is apparently as­ Lithuanian language, in the future they sociated with the University of Vilnius. will try to push it out completely.” The new issue is 100 typewritten pages The experiences of the Lithuanian-born long and was published as a “protest ge­ and Paris-based semioticist Algridas J. Grei- sture against the Stalin-Hitler... plot, which mas, who visited Lithuania this May as strangled Lithuania’s freedom and indepen­ part of the French-Soviet cultural agree­ dence.” ment, are recounted in another article. Dr. The impact on Lithuania of Pope John Greimas’ lectures attracted huge crowds, Paul IPs visit in Poland is discussed in an but the authorities scheduled them in small extensive article. Many Lithuanians tra­ classrooms and tried to mislead the pub­ velled closer to the Polish border to be able lic in order to prevent large attendance. He to catch the Pope’s visit on Polish televis­ was also not given access to the Lithuanian ion. The author of the article maintains Folklore Archives. that the Pope’s visit and his speeches have The new Alma Mater also contains se­ raised the hopes among Lithuanians that veral poems, including a cycle devoted to “something would be done in Lithuania as the anti-Soviet Lithuanian guerillas, liberty well.” They want “more concrete actions sketches on topical political problems, and on the part of the Vatican” as well as a several articles. “more determined and less anonymous de­ fence of the believers in Lithuania by the Pope and influential members of the Ro­ man Catholic hierarchy.” The papal visit Eugen Malaniuk has also given “food for thought” to the DAS Lithuanian clergy who “collaborate” with WESEN the authorities or hope to gain from their DES “excessive loyalty.” The rumours that BOLSCHEWISMUS Bishop Julijonas Stepanovicius, now sub­ 1978 — UKRAINISCHES INSTITUT jected to internal exile, may have been FÜR BILDUNGSPOLITIK — appointed Cardinal has “infused every­ MÜNCHEN e.V. body with joy.” 41 Tokyo hosts 25th APACL Preconference Meeting

The 25th APACL Preconference Execut­ The Executive Committee calls upon the ive Committee meeting was held July 28— free world not to allow themselves to be 29 in Tokyo. It was chaired by Gen. deluded by the Communists fighting among Praphan Kulapichitr, APACL Council themselves, while, in reality, they are en­ chairman, with more than 30 members, gaged in continuous expansion. Free na­ including Dr. Ku Cheng-kang, WACL tions instead ought to act decisively in honorary chairman, Dr. Juan Manuel order to check and destroy Communism. Frutos, WACL Council chairman, and The possibility of the Russians and the Prof. Woo Jae Seung, WACL secretary- Chinese Communists joining hands for the general, participating. It was decided at “burial” of the free world cannot be the meeting to hold the 25th APACL ge­ brushed aside; grave consequences may neral conference Nov. 20—25, 1979, in ensue in such an eventuality. Honolulu under the theme “Toward a The Executive Committee is further con­ Free and Democratic Asia”. vinced that closer anti-Communist coopera­ Executive Committee members of the tion should be developed among Japan, Asian Peoples’ Anti-Communist League Republic of Korea and Republic of China (APACL) met in Tokyo, Japan, on July in order to keep Asia and the Pacific free. 28—29, 1979 to work out details of pre­ There are indications of the widespread parations for the 25th APACL Conference need for a defence arrangement in North­ to promote effectively freedom and se­ east Asia, and more effective cooperation curity in Asia and the Pacific. among ASEAN countries. There is better Having reviewed the global situation, prospect of peace in the Middle East. The the Preconference Meeting states: Executive Committee urges all free na­ 1. “That the Communists have stepped tions in the region, including the USA, to up their drive to communize Asia; act in concert to protect their common 2. That there is growing unrest behind interests in terms of further economic co­ the Bamboo Curtain as a result of the ge­ operation, cultural exchange and mutual neral aversion against the Communist ways defence. of life; 3. That the free peoples in Asia are in­ The Executive Committee announces creasingly aware of the urgency of freedom, that the 25th APACL Conference shall democracy, peace and prosperity. take place in Honolulu, Hawaii on No­ The APACL Committee is convinced vember 20—26 of this year to further that the anti-Communist movement in promote freedom and security for the Asia is facing a crucial struggle for free­ Asian and Pacific region. dom and democracy as against Communist The Executive Committee expresses its enslavement. The movement has to be car­ sincere gratitude to the APACL Japan ried out with tenacity and aggressiveness Chapter for its hospitality which has made in order to ensure freedom, security, and this meeting successful.” prosperity. The Executive Committee therefore re­ Dr. Ku Cheng-kang, WACL honorary solved that the theme of the 25th APACL chairman, was presented July 18 with the Conference will be “Toward a Free and “Liberty Award” by the National Captive Democratic Asia”. Nations Committee” of the United States. 42 iTwk

ASSR, Stancia Potma, P/O Lesnoy 385/ 19-3. wzzz/zyz/yzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzyziVZflCEQFutwmm Potma. On October 20, 1978, Elena Lithuanian Prisoners Lapieniene paid a visit to her husband Cistopol. Viktoras Petkus, member of Vladas Lapienis, still imprisoned in the the Lithuanian Helsinki Group, was trans­ 19 th Mordovian camp (together with ferred from the Vladimir prison to Cisto­ Petras Paulaitis. Before and after the pol prison. The Vladimir prison has been meeting, she was most thoroughly search­ abolished as part of the preparation for the ed... for some ‘anti-Soviet slip of paper!’ 1980 Olympics and transferred to Cisto­ It is difficult to understand how a state pol, which is remote and difficult to reach. can tremble before a word of truth, in­ The present address of Petkus is: 422950 scribed on a slip of paper. Lapieniene was Tatarskaya ASSR, Cistopol, Ue 148 St. 4. not allowed to hand her husband a parcel, Ulyanovsk. On January 20, 1979, Ona although any prisoner who has completed Pranskunaite completed her term for the one half of his term is entitled to receive a multiplication and dissemination of the parcel. Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithua­ Vladas Lapienis writes from the camp: nia and was released. She returned to “By the time I return from the mess-hall Kaunas in the evening by plane. The to my barrack, I sometimes eat a whole slice people of Kaunas met her at the airport of bread....” with flowers; festive receptions were or­ During the trial of Lapienis, the court ganized in several places. Ona Pransku­ used his wife’s statement that “nobody naite was exhausted, but her mood was prevents her from going to church” as a excellent. proof that Lithuania enjoys “freedom of Potma. Petras Paulaitis, “national mar­ religion.” This is true, but for “more than tyr,” writes from the prison camp. He has ten years... she has been denied a more de­ completed 32 years of imprisonment and cent communal apartment, although... an­ has three-and-a-half years to go. He thanks nual commissions admit that her apartment all of his compatriots and pledges more is utterly bad.” sacrifice for “our common and just cause of liberty.” Apart from influenza, ar­ thritis and rheumatism, he is not complain­ ing about his health. “For everything — The Chronicle of the Catholic Church Deo gratias! And in everything — Fiat in Lithuania, No. 37 voluntas Fua! The second part of excerpts and sum­ The Chronicle adds that Paulaitis is “one maries from the most recent issue of the of the noblest Lithuanian personalities” oldest underground journal in Lithuania and asks Lithuanians abroad to keep pu­ describes various protest manifestations by blicizing his name as well as demanding Lithuanian Catholics, including a de­ his release. His address: Mordovskaya monstration during the trial of Rev. S. 43 Tamkevicius in Vilkaviskis. KGB actions against religious believers are described. There is also a survey of large-scale viola­ tions of human rights in Lithuania. New Helsinki Monitors arrested in Ukraine Documents of the Catholic Committee Three more members of the Ukrainian for the Defence of the Rights Public Group to Promote the Implemen­ of Believers tation of the Helsinki Accords have been Document No. 6, January 25, 1979. A arrested during the summer. The arrests of statement to Leonid Brezhnev, describing the father-son team of Petro and Vasyl the “barbaric destruction of valuable re­ Sichko and of Yuriy Lytvyn have brought ligious and art objects in Lithuania.” the number of imprisoned or detained Document No. 7, January 25, 1979. A Ukrainian Helsinki Monitors to eleven and statement to the LSSR Procurator, pro­ action against other members appears im­ testing against the “discrimination of minent. The Ukrainian Group, one of five priests and believers,” in connection with on USSR territory has been subject to the the trials of the Revs. Alfonsas Svarinskas greatest repression by the Soviet KGB ap­ and Sigitas Tamkevicius. paratus. Document No. 8, January 26, 1979. A Yuriy Lytvyn, one of the more recent statement to Leonid Brezhnev, outlining members to have joined the Group was the “crude discrimination against believers arrested on August 6 in Kyiv on yet un­ in Moldavia” and asking for his personal known charges. Lytvyn, a poet and writer intervention” to stop the “persecution.” has already served sentences of 13 years The statement was written in reply to an in Soviet camps and prisons, the last of appeal, sent to the Catholic Committee by which was a two-year term (1975-77) for the Moldavian Catholics. disseminating Ukrainian nationalistic po­ Document No. 9, Januany 31, 1979. etry. No further details on his arrest have The LSSR procurator is asked to return to reached the West to date. the Rev. Virgilijus Jaugelis the religious book Krikscionis passaulyje (A Christian Protested Ivasiuk’s death in the World), seized by the Raseiniai Petro Sichko, 53, and his son Vasyl, 23, militia. were arrested in July in Dolyna (Ivano- Document No. 10, February 7, 1979. An Frankivsk region) following a public con­ account of how militia seized from Julius frontation with militia in Lviv at the Sasnauskas a document in defense of graveside of the recently murdered compo­ Viktoras Petkus, addressed to the Presi­ ser Volodymyr Ivasiuk. According to the dium of the LSSR Supreme Soviet. Petkus Lviv-based Komsomol newspaper "Leninist is a member of the Lithuanian Helsinki Youth” of July 19th, the Sichko’s had Group. “What right do militiamen have to placed sheets of “slanderous” poems de­ seize documents addressed to the LSSR dicated to Ivasiuk on the composer’s gra­ Government?” asks the Catholic Committee. ve and proceeded to recite them. The sheets Document No. 11(f), February 10, 1979, were promptly confiscated by vigilant addressed to the LSSR Procurator, defends komsomol “activists” and the Sichkos the student Mindaugas Judeikis, who is hustled off. Upon their return to Dolyna "constantly persecuted” by Algis Gylys, a they were charged with conducting “anti- KGB agent in the Lasdijai raion. Soviet agitation”. 44 “Reversible” schizophrenia my critical views about certain tendencies Petro Sichko, a former member of the in our society, specifically about the rem­ Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) had nants of Stalin’s personality cult”. served 10 years for his participation in the Malenkovych may well be the next on Ukrainian underground when he was re­ the KGB list to be arrested. However, the leased in 1957 during the post-Stalin am­ constant cropping up of new members in nesty. Following his release he was denied the Ukrainian Helsinki Group seems to steady employment and was continually indicate that the campaign of increased harrased to renounce his past. The KGB persecution has not brought the desired pressure tactics included threats of impe­ results for the KGB, and has on the ding his son’s career. The son Vasyl who contrary drawn attention to the Group had began journalism studies at Kyiv Uni­ and broadened its base of support. versity in 1975 was in turn approached to collaborate with the KGB and to become an informer. The refusal of both to com­ Ukrainian inmates disappear from ply led to Yasyl’s expulsion from the Uni­ Russian psychiatric asylums versity in 1977. In protest, Vasyl renounc­ ed his Soviet citizenship, requested that he A report of the Working Commission be allowed to emigrate to the US and for the Investigation of Psychiatric Abuses refused to be inducted into the army. This for Political Purposes revealed that over was found to be a sigin of “reversible one dozen Ukrainian inmates in psychiatric schizophrenia” and Vasyl was thrown into asylums have disappeared without a trace. a psychiatric asylum for two weeks in Ja­ The report goes on to say that among nuary 1978. His father was told by a Dr. the missing persons are also many non- Chukhrin, chief psychiatrist of the Mi­ Ukrainians. Relatives and friends were nistry of Health that upon Vasyl’s re­ not told of their fates and they do not acceptance of his citizenship “this condi­ know their whereabouts. tion (schizophrenia) would disappear”. The report also said that a special me­ This whole sordid episode is detailed in dical commission recommended on March a letter of protest by Petro Sichko to the 5 that Dr. Mykola Plakhotniuk, a Ukrain­ United Nations which he wrote in April ian, should be released from psychiatric 1978. That same spring both Sichkos be­ incarceration. Plakhotniuk is confined in came members of the Helsinki Group and the Cherkaske oblast psychiatric asylum were under constant KGB surveillance until in Smila. their arrests. The article in “Leninist Below is the list of Ukrainians who are Youth” suggests that their trial may be in­ missing: tended to be an “educational” show trial. • Volodymyr Kolomyets of Bila Tserk- New member harrassed va, philology graduate from Kyiv Uni­ Meanwhile, the newest declared member versity. He was arrested on charges of of the Ukrainian Group, Volodymyr Ma- anti-Soviet agitation. In 1976 he was con­ lenchovych — an endocrinologist by profes­ fined in the Dnipropetrovske Special sion — has written an open letter to KGB Psychiatric Asylum. Further details are boss Yu. Andropov complaining of nu­ unavailable. merous searches, interrogations, threats • Leonid Yefymov, of Ivano-Frankiv- against him and his family since Dec. 1978. kse, born in 1942. Arrested on charges of “I demand that this persecution campaign anti-Soviet agitation and listening to fo­ be stopped,” he wrote. “I never concealed reign radio broadcasts. In 1970 he was 45 confined in the Dnipropetrovske asylum. his beliefs since 1949. He was confined in Further details are unavailable. asylums in 1949-1950 and 1962-1966. • Viktor A. Kolyshenko, born in 1942, Further details are unavailable. an athlete and former employee of the • Ivan Prybyda, born in 1929. In 1960 Dovzhenko film studio. Unsuccessfully he was arrested for his involvement in the attempted to escape from the Soviet Union. Ukrainian liberation struggle. He was in­ In 1972 he was confined in the Dnipro­ carcerated in the Dnipropetrovske asylum petrovske asylum. No news about him has in the early 1970s. Further details are been heard since 1977. unavailable. • Oleksa T. Bondarenko, born in 1936, • Vasyl H. Trysh, born in 1911, a col­ completed his higher education in the lective farmer from the Ternopil oblast. Crimea and later worked as a history He demanded justice in the collective teacher in Rostov-on-Don. He has been in farms. He spent the early 1970s in the the Dnipropetrovske asylum since 1969. Dnipropetrovske asylum and was eventual­ Further details are unavailable. ly admitted to a local hospital. Further de­ • Mykola Kulish of Dniproderzhynske, tails are unavailable. born in 1941. He attempted to escape to • Anatoliy Yavorsky, born in 1956. Turkey in 1971. Until 1977 he was con­ Attempted to escape to the West through fined in the Dnipropetrovske asylum and Czecho-Slovakia. He was confined in the since then no news about him has been Dnipropetrovske asylum. Further details available. are unavailable. • Petro M. Myravyov, born in 1908. • Latyshev (biographical statistics are In 1959 he wrote a protest letter to Nikita unknown), was a teacher in the Chernihiv Khrushchev. He was sentenced to undergo region. He was confined in the Dnipro­ medical tretment. He was confined in petrovske asylum. Further details are asylums in Leningrad, Sychivka and unavailable. Dnipropetrovske. He was also to have been confined in the Donetske asylum. • Ivan Osadchuk, born in 1926. At­ tempted to escape to Rumania. He was Osadchy’s wife beaten up in Lviv confined in the Dnipropetrovske asylum The wife of former Ukrainian political until 1974 when he was transferred to an prisoner Mychailo Osadchy was recently unknown location. Further details are beaten up in Lviv by unknown persons. unavailable. Information about the incident was con­ • Vitaliy H. Onyshchenko, born in tained in a letter written by Osadchy and 1941, the son of Ukrainians who were received here in the West. exiled to the Ural Mountains. Attempted Osadchy wrote that his wife Oksana was to escape from the USSR. He spent three publicly beaten and that she was reproach­ years in a concentration camp in Mor­ ed because exiled Stefania Shabatura vi­ dovia and five years in the Dnipropetrov­ sited her during a leave, for writing letters ske asylum. In 1976 he was moved to to political prisoners in reply to their Tashkent. Further details are unavailable. greetings, for influencing her husband and • Petro M. Pochynok of Vilkhovets, for receiving packages from abroad. Khmelnytsky oblast, born in 1929, lived Mrs. Osadchy is the mother of two chil­ in Trans-Carpathia. He is a war invalid dren, 13-year-old Taras and 7-year-old and is blind. He has been persecuted for Olenka. 46 Book Reviews

THE SHATTERED ILLUSION. The scenes manipulations by Moscow and the History of Ukrainian Pro-Communist slavish ties and adherence to the Kremlin Organizations in Canada. By John Kolas- by the Communist leadership. He describes ky. 200 pp. 6x9”. Casehound S 15.00, pa- in detail the background and financial perbound $ 7.95. Orders from individuals dealings of such communist front busines­ must be prepaid. PMA Books, 280 Bloor ses as “Globe Tours” and “Ukrainska Street West, Suite 306, Toronnto, Ont., Knyhar, the fringe benefits that the Canada M5S 1W1 leadership obtained through these busines­ The author John Kolasky, a Canadian ses — “men who began as revolutionaries born teacher was a member of the Com­ opposed to the exploitation of labor be­ munist party of Canada and its related come themselves employers of hired Ukrainian organizations. hands”. Kolasky’s aversion to the cynism of the leadership is expressed in the cno- In 1963, by virtue of his Party activi­ clusion: ties, Kolasky was selected to attend the ..."one by one, the Ukrainian commu­ Higher Party School of the Central Com­ nist leaders disposed of the many halls mittee of the Communist Party of Ukraine that were built by the honest labor and in Kyiv. It was while there that he dis­ sweat of thousands of eager hands. The covered that official Soviet pronounce­ proceeds that rolled into the National ments about the rights of non-Russian Executive Committee swelled their trust peoples in the USSR did not conform to and pension funds to provide them with reality, but were in fact, hiding a brutal, security in their retirement. However, old-fashioned imperialism. philosophally and morally, the Ukrainian Upon his return from the USSR in his communist leaders were left completely first book Education in Soviet Ukraine disillusioned. The organizations they had (Toronto, 1968) was published, a massive- built rolled on inexorably to their inevi­ lydocumented indictment of Russification table end. They themselves ended up in Ukraine, for which he was consequent­ betrayed by the regime they supported, ly expelled from the Communist Party of disenchanted with the ideology they had Canada. propagated and iondemned by the fol­ The Shattered Illusion is more than a lowers they had misled, by the Ukrainian mere history of the Ukrainian Communists patriots they had defamed and by the in Canada. Kolasky vividly describes the Ukrainian nation whose subjugation and interplay and conflicts with the Ukrainian oppression they had so shamelessly ac­ nationalist organizations, the behind-the- claimed.”

“We are as unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed.” II. Corinthians, VI, 9.

47 Kolyma The following book review about “Ko­ chapter on “Women,” one is no longer lyma.” was written by Dr. Jaroslaw Sawka. reading in a detached objective manner, It appeared in the US Military Journal but with a heartbroken spirit clinging and Newsletter No. 5. “Kolyma — The Arctic grasping for the slightest humanity in the Death Camps” was written by Robert midst of unprecedented brutality and Conquest and published by Viking Press. savagery. Kolyma is the huge labor camp complex Comparing the Soviet Russian terror in the Arctic Circle which, since 1932, has with that of the tsars, Conquest concedes been used by the Soviet Russian govern­ to Solzhenitsyn that it isn’t even a contest. ment to exploit and exterminate millions He cites the fact that in the Serpantinka of its subjects. In the early years, before camp alone in 1938 more prisoners were 1937, its primary function was to extract executed “than the total executions gold with slave labor. In the later period, throughout the Russian empire for the although gold procurement was desirable, whole of the last century of tsarist rule.” the main function was to kill off prisoners. For this documentation, Conquest relies The extermination remained a main func­ basically on 17 first-hand accounts, along tion until the flow of Western money ran with lesser accounts, giving a total of 38 out in the form of the Lend-Lease Program. bibliographical entries. For estimating the Then gold again became top priority al­ death toll he uses the “Lloyd’s Register of though the exterminations continued. Shipping,” 1936 through 1956 because Kolyma was geo-economically well Kolyma was supplied by sea and Llloyd’s suited for both. Moscow made the conscious register contains “some knowledge of the decisions as to which it preferred. When number of ships in service, their capacity, it needed gold, the treatment of prisoners and the number of trips made a year.” was bettered. When a high prisoner “turn His estimate is that Kolyma’s death toll over” was desired, rations would be cut, was at least three million (he cautions that warm boots and clothes would be con­ this figure is a conservative underestimate). fiscated, massive executions employed on It is disappointing that the author any pretext — “unfulfilment of work doesn’t use any Ukrainian references quotas” being the favorite excuse for mass (Ukrainians were overrepresented in Ko­ murder, forced marches through heavy lyma), however, there are pertinent men­ snows and blizzards would accomplish the tions: “Of the 10 million ‘kulaks’ disposed harvesting to oblivion of yet another crop of, half died of famine (Ukraine, 1932-33) of prisoners. and by execution, and the remainder... The fiirst seven chapters describe the poured into the prison camps. Kolyma got prisoner’s experiences from the horrid its share... After the war... the new intake ship’s journey to Kolyma to the struggle consisted of hardbitten, tough and united for survival in the camps and mines Ukrainian and other nationalists... In 1953, against starvation, cold, disease, impossible a very special group of prisoners arrived in work production quotas, sadistic guards Magadan. These were the survivors of the and criminals (“urkas”) with a license to great labor camp rebellion which took kill ad lib. This is not easy reading, and place at Norilsk... Executions of ‘ringlead­ even though Conquest handles the prose ers’ followed on a mass scale. The rebel­ well, the emotional content is heart­ lion’s rank and file were sent for special rending. By the time one gets to the punishment to Kolyma... shouting boasts 48 and sneering... even singing Ukrainian na­ the ordinary citizen his power to denounce tionalist songs.” even them” and “that sounds like demo­ The most alarming chapter is the eighth, cracy to me.” It is frightful to think that “A Clownish Interlude,” which describes this type of scholarship had influence in the disgraceful ignorance and denial in the the White House in those crucial years. West about Kolyma. The most blatant example is “the short stay in Kolyma of In a similar vein, Jean-Paul Sartre the vice-president of the US Henry A. argued “that accounts of the Soviet labor Wallace, with a group of advisors headed camp system should be suppressed even if by Prof. Owen Lattimore... in the summer true, since otherwise the French working of 1944.” Wallace represents che ignor­ class might become anti-Soviet.” Conquest’s ance, and Lattimore the denial. This purpose for this chapter was "to instruct chapter is so important it should be requir­ the public and to discourage potential fu­ ed reading for every Western politician who ture offenders.” will ever deal with the Soviets. After their In sum, the author has succeeded in brief Potemkin-like tour of Kolyma, both fulfilling the promise he makes in his opening men wrote glowing, favorable accounts paragraph, i. e., “to establish the history about Kolyma and the Soviet system: Wal­ and the conditions of the huge labor camp lace in his book, “Soviet Asia Mission,” complex of Kolyma.” This work should be and Lattimore in the National Geographic read by all because as the author states: Magazine of December, 1944. “There are still labor camps in Kolyma, as Years later when confronted with the elsewhere in Russia...” and because the truth, Wallace repented (however, as Con­ political system which created the camps quest points out, the innocent dupe had is still running them, is unrepentant, and is already done his damage). Lattimore has locked in a vicious cycle where change reacted like a Stalinist hack, spouting in would involve dehorrifying and dismant­ Pavlovian dog fashion that attacks on his ling the Kolyma complex thus threatening integrity are the results of (the old stand­ the traditional way in which the Soviet by), “McCarthyism.” Lattimore laments Russian government imposes itself on its that Elinor Lipper survived Kolyma to subjects. All of this will remain a world write her story; and worse, to criticize menace until Stalin’s heirs “publicly purge Lattimore’s scholarship. This scholarship themselves of this guilt... break with this consists of such gems as presenting Stalin’s horror in their past” and thereby forsake purges as a “triumph for democracy” be­ being accomplices of the most barbarous cause "the purge of top officials showed reign in all history.

UKRAINIAN HERALD Underground Magazine from Ukraine Issue IV Containing details on the trial of Valentyn Moroz and the brutal murder of Alla Horska, unpublished poems by Vasyl Symonenko and news of repressions agains the Ukrainian intellectuals. Poetry translated by Vera Rich. ABN Press Bureau Zeppelinstrasse 67 8000 München 80 Germany ORDER FORM I would like to order the following: □ Nation oder Klasse, by Wolfgang Strauss Softcover, 189 pp...... $ 4.90 □ Das Wesen des Bolschewismus, by Eugen Malaniuk Softcover, 55 pp...... S 3.50 ö Symonenko — a study in semantics, by Igor Shankowsky Hardcover, 212 pp...... S 8.00 □ Russian Oppression in Ukraine, Reports, Documents, Photographs...... $ 12.00 □ Russischer Kolonialismus in der Ukraine, Berichte, Dokumente, Abbildungen, Softcover 447 pp...... 8 12.00 G In the Whirlpool of Combat, by Yuriy Boretz Hardcover, 322 pp...... 8 15.00 □ Cataract, by Mykhajlo Osadchyj. Hardcover, 111 pp...... S 12.00 □ Annexation or Reunification, by Mykhajlo I. Braichevsky Harcover, 139 pp...... 8 12.00 □ Revolutionary Voices, Ukrainian Political Prisoners Condemn Russian Colonialism Harcover, 269 pp. (Revised edition)...... 8 9.00 Softcover, 156 pp...... 8 4.00 □ For This Was I Born, The human conditions in USSR slave labor camps, Softcover, 190 pp...... $ 2.50 □ History of the Russian Empire, by Nicholas Chirovsky Harcover, 449 pp...... 8 15.00 $ □ Captive Nations, by Bernadine Bailey, Softcover, 191 pp...... 8 l.oo G Las Negras Acciones Del Kremlin, Softcover, Two Volumes, 633 pp. and 797 pp...... 8 10.00 G Please send me, free of charge, your title and price list of other available publications. I am enclosing...... US8. Prices include postage. Name Address