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Helsinki Watch Committees in the Soviet Republics: Implications For
FINAL REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOVIET NATIONALITY QUESTIO N AUTHORS : Yaroslav Bilinsky Tönu Parming CONTRACTOR : University of Delawar e PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS : Yaroslav Bilinsky, Project Director an d Co-Principal Investigato r Tönu Parming, Co-Principal Investigato r COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 621- 9 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or in part fro m funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . NOTICE OF INTENTION TO APPLY FOR COPYRIGH T This work has been requested for manuscrip t review for publication . It is not to be quote d without express written permission by the authors , who hereby reserve all the rights herein . Th e contractual exception to this is as follows : The [US] Government will have th e right to publish or release Fina l Reports, but only in same forma t in which such Final Reports ar e delivered to it by the Council . Th e Government will not have the righ t to authorize others to publish suc h Final Reports without the consent o f the authors, and the individua l researchers will have the right t o apply for and obtain copyright o n any work products which may b e derived from work funded by th e Council under this Contract . ii EXEC 1 Overall Executive Summary HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOVIET NATIONALITY QUESTION by Yaroslav Bilinsky, University of Delawar e d Tönu Parming, University of Marylan August 1, 1975, after more than two years of intensive negotiations, 35 Head s of Governments--President Ford of the United States, Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada , Secretary-General Brezhnev of the USSR, and the Chief Executives of 32 othe r European States--signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperatio n in Europe (CSCE) . -
Prenesi Datoteko Prenesi
From War to Peace: The Literary Life of Georgia after the Second World War Irma Ratiani Ivane Javakhishvili, Tbilisi State University, Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature, 1 Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia [email protected] After the Second World War, political changes occurred in the Soviet Union. In 1953 Joseph Stalin—originally Georgian and the incarnate symbol of the country— died, and soon the much-talked-about Twentieth Assembly of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union headed by Nikita Khrushchev followed in 1956. In Georgia, Khrushchev’s speech against Stalin was followed by serious political unrest that ended with the tragic events of March 9th, 1956. It is still unclear whether this was a political event or demonstration of insulted national pride. Soon after that, the Khrushchev Thaw (Russian: Ottepel) occurred throughout the Soviet Union. The literary process during the Thaw yielded quite a different picture compared to the previous decades of Soviet life. Under the conditions of political liberalization, various tendencies were noticed in Georgian literary space: on the one hand, there was an obvious nostalgia for Stalin, and on the other hand there was the growth of a specific model of Neo-Realism and, of no less importance, the rise of women’s writing. Keywords: literature and ideology / Georgian literature / World War II / Khrushchev thaw / Soviet Union Modifications of the Soviet regime Georgian literature before the Second World War was by no means flourishing. As a result of the political purges of the 1930s conducted by Soviet government, the leading Georgian writers were elimi- nated. -
Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past: a Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region
CBEES State of the Region Report 2020 Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region Published with support from the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Östersjstiftelsen) Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region December 2020 Publisher Centre for Baltic and East European Studies, CBEES, Sdertrn University © CBEES, Sdertrn University and the authors Editor Ninna Mrner Editorial Board Joakim Ekman, Florence Frhlig, David Gaunt, Tora Lane, Per Anders Rudling, Irina Sandomirskaja Layout Lena Fredriksson, Serpentin Media Proofreading Bridget Schaefer, Semantix Print Elanders Sverige AB ISBN 978-91-85139-12-5 4 Contents 7 Preface. A New Annual CBEES Publication, Ulla Manns and Joakim Ekman 9 Introduction. Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past, David Gaunt and Tora Lane 15 Background. Eastern and Central Europe as a Region of Memory. Some Common Traits, Barbara Trnquist-Plewa ESSAYS 23 Victimhood and Building Identities on Past Suffering, Florence Frhlig 29 Image, Afterimage, Counter-Image: Communist Visuality without Communism, Irina Sandomirskaja 37 The Toxic Memory Politics in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, Thomas de Waal 45 The Flag Revolution. Understanding the Political Symbols of Belarus, Andrej Kotljarchuk 55 Institutes of Trauma Re-production in a Borderland: Poland, Ukraine, and Lithuania, Per Anders Rudling COUNTRY BY COUNTRY 69 Germany. The Multi-Level Governance of Memory as a Policy Field, Jenny Wstenberg 80 Lithuania. Fractured and Contested Memory Regimes, Violeta Davoliūtė 87 Belarus. The Politics of Memory in Belarus: Narratives and Institutions, Aliaksei Lastouski 94 Ukraine. Memory Nodes Loaded with Potential to Mobilize People, Yuliya Yurchuk 106 Czech Republic. -
The Ukrainian Weekly 1978, No.20
www.ukrweekly.com 1 z THE I CBOEOAAXSVOBODA I I " ШШ^Ш Ш УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ЩОДЕННИК ^ШЕ? UKRAINIAN DAtLV Щ Щ UkrainiaENGLISH^ LANGUAGnE WEEKL Y WeeEDITION k у VOL. LXXXV No. 113 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, MAY 21, 1978 25 CENTS Welcome Delegates to UNA's 29th Convention in Pittsburgh! Assemblage Begins Weeklong Session Tomorrow; Religious Services, Festive Concert Set for Today PITTSBURGH, Pa.-A total of 406 tions; its sixth was held here in 1900 delegates and 26 members of the Su and its 21st in 1946. preme Assembly will be on hand to Coinciding with UNA's Convention morrow for the formal opening of the is the centennial of Ukrainian settle 29th Convention of the Ukrainian Na ment in Pittsburgh and western Penn tional Association at the Pittsburgh sylvania. It was in 1878 that the first Hilton here. The assemblage, which Ukrainian immigrant, Andrew meets quadrennially, will meet through Andreyczyn, arrived in this one-time Saturday, May 27. steel capital of the world. His daugh Scores of distinguished American ter, Mrs. Mary Reyda, who was the and Ukrainian political and civic lea first Ukrainian child to be born in ders are expected to appear in the Pittsburgh, lives at the present time in course of the Convention to extend McKees Rocks, Pa. greetings to the representatives of the In respect to the early Ukrainian pio largest and oldest Ukrainian organiza neers and in conjunction with the UNA tion in the free world. Pittsburgh was Convention, the week of May 21-27 the site of two previous UNA Conven (Continued on page 13) Richard T. -
Sovietų Mokykloje Išskirtų Šeimų Nariai Badauja Reaganas Paryžiuj Siūlo Argentinai Išvežti Kareivius
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS (GRATIS) REFERENCE DEPARTMENT SERIALS DIVISION VASHINGTON, DC 20025 LAISVOJO PASAULIO LIETUVIU DIENRAŠTIS * 4545 WEST 63rd STREET • CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60629 TELEFONAS (312) 585-9500 THE L_nrHLJ/\!NJI/\IVI WORLD-WIDIE i L V Vol. LXXVI Kaina 25 c. PENKTADIENIS — FRIDAY, BIRŽEUS — JUNE 4, 19S2 Nr. 117 LKB Kronika Nr. 50 TRUMPAI Siūlo Argentinai Sovietų mokykloje IŠ VISUR išvežti kareivius — Britanijos gynybos mi nisterija, atsiliepdama į spau Britai duoda dvi savaites pasitraukti (Tęsinys) — Tu esi grynas durnelis, dos spėliojimus, kad aviacijos kvaišelis, kad nežinai. Londonas. — Britanijoje ginklus, pririšti nemažą laivų Šilutė. Šilutės gyventoja leitenantas princas Andrius Pasakyk, kuomet nusikabinsi vyksta debatai dėl Falklando grupę ir aviacijos jėgas. Tas Kazė Maksvytienė, išaugusi yra saugomas, nesiunčiamas į kryžių? salų ateities. Parlamente dar- Britanijai daug kainuotų. katalikiškoje šeimoje, toje pat kovas, pareiškė, kad princas — Tada, kada direktorė biečių opozicija ir liberalioji Britų artilerija jau apšaudė dvasioje auklėja ir savo tris neturi jokių privilegijų, jis mamytės nebešmeiš. spauda tvirtina, kad Britanija argentiniečių pozicijas prie sūnus, besimokančius Šilutės I skraido helikopteriu, kuris — Matai koks kerštininkas! jau pakankamai paaukojo lėšų Stanley miesto. Argentiniečiai vid. m-loje. Matydama, kad žvalgo vandenis, ieškodamas Prižadėk, kad nusikabinsi. Jei ir kareivių dėl tų salų. Dabar yra apsupti iš trijų pusių žemė bedieviškų organizacijų nariai povandeninių Argentinos ne, įtrauksime į įskaitą ir atėjęs laikas išspręsti konflik je. Karo laivai saugo priplau- švarko atlape nešioja ženkliu laivų. išvešime į koloniją. tą diplomatinėmis priemo kimą prie miesto iš jūros, o kus, motina savo sūnums įse — Irakas paskelbė, kad jo Linui Maksvyčiui pradėjus nėmis. Prezidentas Reaganas karo lėktuvai ir malūnspar gė po kryželi. -
Rfe/Ri. Inc. Broadcast Archive Daily
RFE/RI. INC. DAILY BROADCAT RL- QuAci-ct,v) BROADCAST ARCHIVE ANALYSES 9g6 ickA4 a JAN vAK/ RADIO FREE EUROPE RADIO UBERTY RADIO LIBERTY DAILY BROADCAST ANALYSIS RUSSIAN SERVICE (For a summary of the news coverage used by the Russian Service please see the end of the DBA.) (An * next to a program indicates designated for translation.) Russian Daily Broadcast Analysis Wednesday, 1 January 1986 D. Felton A. USSR TOPICS -- POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL: 1. Soviet-US Relations. STARTING THE DAY (Voznesenskaya, M 5) recalled the case of American schoolgirl Samantha Smith, who was invited to the USSR after having written a letter to the Kremlin asking why the Soviet leaders were threatening the world with war and who was killed last August in an air crash. The program spoke of a propaganda maneuver by the USSR, and said that while she might have been a source of irritation upon returning home, like other pacifists in the West she was not subjected to any persecution, in contrast to pacifists in such countries as the USSR and the GDR. Commenting on an article in Pionengmya Pravda suggesting that the air crash could have been the work of "enemies" who saw Samantha Smith as an "agent of Moscow," the program said the international declaration of children's rights describes instilling in children a hatred of other peoples as a crime and cited the Bible that those whom miskod children should have a millstone tied around their neck and be thrown into the sea. 2. Dissidents and Human Rights. In HUMAN RIGHTS (Alexeyeva, NY 20), a RERUN from December 26, veteran human rights activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva commented on the deteriorating human rights situation in the USSR in 1985. -
E Helsinki Forum and East-West Scientific Exchange
[E HELSINKI FORUM AND EAST-WEST SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGE JOINT HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND THE Sul COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE NINETY-SIXTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JANUARY 31, 1980 [No. 89] (Committee on Science and Technology) ted for the use of the Committee on Science and Technology and the Committee on Foreign Affairs U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 421 0 WASHINGTON: 1980 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DON FUQUA, Florida, Chairman ROBERT A. ROE, New Jersey JOHN W. WYDLER, New York MIKE McCORMACK, Washington LARRY WINN. JR., Kansas GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., California BARRY M. GOLDWATER, JR., California JAMES H. SCHEUER, New York HAMILTON FISH, JS., New York RICHARD L. OTTINGER, New York MANUEL LUJAN, JR., New Mexico TOM HARKIN, Iowa HAROLD C. HOLLENBECK, New Jersey JIM LLOYD, California ROBERT K. DORNAN, California JEROME A. AMBRO, New York ROBERT S. WALKER, Pennsylvania MARILYN LLOYD BOUQUARD, Tennessee EDWIN B. FORSYTHE, NeW Jersey JAMES J. BLANCHARD, Michigan KEN KRAMER, Colorado DOUG WALGREN, Pennsylvania WILLIAM CARNEY, New York RONNIE G. FLIPPO, Alabama ROBERT W. DAVIS, Michigan DAN GLICKMAN, Kansas TOBY ROTH, Wisconsin ALBERT GORE, JR., Tennessee DONALD LAWRENCE RITTER, WES WATKINS, Oklahoma Pennsylvania ROBERT A. YOUNG, Missouri BILL ROYER, California RICHARD C. WHITE, Texas HAROLD L. VOLKMER, Missouri DONALD J. PEASE, Ohio HOWARD WOLPE, Michigan NICHOLAS MAVROULES, Massachusetts BILL NELSON, Florida BERYL ANTHONY, JR., Arkansas STANLEY N. LUNDINE, New York ALLEN E. -
Lietuvos Delegatai Protestuodami Apleido Sesiją
>Y O - Ji - / r,r>. —_c x —. _ ; " — • - - . - —. '.•JASMII'GTOIC, DC ?0?23 LAISVOJO PASAULIO LIETUVIŲ DIENRAŠTIS 4545 WEST 63rd STREET • CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60629 TELEFONAS (312) 585-9500-1-2-3 TH LITI~ILJ/\IVII/\r\| \A/OHI_0-NA/1 DE OAU Y Vol. LXXX Kaina 60 c. ŠEŠTADIENIS - SATURDAY, BIRŽELIS - JUNE 10, 1989 Nr. 113 — -— •*m^^>m^.>-»m^jmmJf^^m><0mm <*» LKB Kronika, Nr. 80 Eina nuo 1972 metų, Lietuvos delegatai (Tęsinys) Perskaitęs duok kitam! Jei gali, padaugink! protestuodami apleido sesiją Kun. Sigito Tamkevičiaus žodis, Gorbačiovas pasakė: „Tai nėra svarbu" tartas jį sutinkant Kybartuose Vilnius. 1989 birželio 8. (SIA) nedemokratiškomis TSRS Kon — Rytiniame šios dienos TSRS stitucijos pataisomis ir lapkr. 6 d. liaudies deputatų suvažiavimo papildymais; posėdyje buvo svarstomas TSRS 5. Ir dabar rinkėjai yra mums Šiandien savotiškos Velykos Kryžius reikalingas kiekvieno konstitucinės kontrolės komisi prisakę rūpintis mūsų respubli ir mūsų parapijoje. Jūsų akyse mūsų gyvenime. Be kryžiaus, jos sudarymo klausimas. Lietu kų suverenumu, laikome, kad matau džiaugsmo ašaras. Iš be atgailos negali būti perspek vos delegacijos vardu pasisakė išrinkti Konstitucinės kontrolės lagerių sugrįžę jūsų kunigai, su tyvos į ateitį. Kur užmirštas rašytojas Romas Gudaitis. Pa komisiją yra netikslinga ir jos grįžęs ilgametis ministras kryžius, nesuprastas atgailos teikiame svarbiausią jo kalbos rinkime nedalyvausime. -Romas Žemaitis. Pabandykime būtinumas, ten ir visos kalbos ištrauką: Pabaltijo delegatai sustoti ties vienu klausimu: apie persitvarkymą yra tuščios. — Nuraminkite mus, pasaky apleidžia salę kam reikalingas kryžius, kodėl Pagaliau ir mano paties penkis dami, kad konstitucinis kontro Tėvynėje, Bažnyčioje, galiausiai su puse metų neštas kryžius lės komitetas netaps „teisine" Po diskusijų, M. Gorbačiovui ir mūsų parapijoje buvo kry buvo prasmingas ir reikalingas. -
Abn Correspondence Bulletin of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations
FREEDOM FOR NATIONS ! CORRESPONDENCE FREEDOM FOR INDIVIDUALS! JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1989 CONTENTS: Carolling Ukrainian-Style ....................... 2 The Autobiography of Levko Lukyanenko ..................... 3 European Freedom Council Meeting ..............................16 Statement of the European Freedom Council .............. 16 Hon. John Wilkinson, M.P. Eastern European Policy for Western Europe .............. 19 Genevieve Aubry, M.P. Is Switzerland Ready for a New Challenge with the European Nations .......................... 26 Sir Frederic Bennett Can the Soviet Russian Empire Survive? ....................... 31 Bertil Haggman Aiding the Forces of Freedom in the Soviet Empire ................................... 34 Ukrainian Christian Democratic Front Holds Inaugural Meeting ........... 40 David Remnick Ukraine Could be Soviets’ Next Trouble Spot ..............41 Bohdan Nahaylo Specter of the Empire Haunts the Soviet Union ..........45 Appeal to the Russian Intelligentsia ......... ......................47 Freedom for Nations! Freedom for Individuals! ABN CORRESPONDENCE BULLETIN OF THE ANTI-BOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS Publisher and Owner (Verleger und Inha It is not our practice to pay for contribut ber): American Friends of the Anti-Bolshevik ed materials. Reproduction permitted only Bloc of Nations (AF ABN), 136 Second Avenue, with indication of source (ABN Corr.). New York, N.Y. 10003, USA. Annual subscription: 27 Dollars in the Zweigstelle Deutschland: A. Dankiw, USA, and the equivalent of 27 US Dollars in Zeppelinstr. 67, 8000 München 80. all other countries. Remittances to Deutsche Editorial Staff: Board of Editors Bank, Munich, Neuhauser Str. 6, Account Editor-in-Chief: Mrs. Slava Stetsko, M.A. No. 3021003, Anna Dankiw. Zeppelinstr. 67 Schriftleitung: Redaktionskollegium. 8000 München 80 Verantw. Redakteur Frau Slava Stetzko. West Germany Zeppelinstraße 67 Articles signed with name or pseudonym 8000 München 80 do not necessarily reflect the Editor’s opinion, Telefon: 48 25 32 but that of the author. -
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE in LITHUANIA a Story of Peaceful Liberation
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE IN LITHUANIA A Story of Peaceful Liberation Grazina Miniotaite The Albert Einstein Institution www.aeinstein.org 2 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Nonviolent Resistance Against Russification in the Nineteenth Century The Goals of Tsarism in Lithuania The Failure of Colonization The Struggle for the Freedom of Religion The Struggle for Lithuanian Press and Education Chapter 2: Resistance to Soviet Rule, 1940–1987 An Overview Postwar Resistance The Struggle for the Freedom of Faith The Struggle for Human and National Rights The Role of Lithuanian Exiles Chapter 3: The Rebirth From Perestroika to the Independence Movement Test of Fortitude The Triumph of Sajudis Chapter 4: Towards Independence The Struggle for Constitutional Change Civil Disobedience Step by Step The Rise of Reactionary Opposition Chapter 5: The Struggle for International Recognition The Declaration of Independence Independence Buttressed: the Battle of Laws First Signs of International Recognition The Economic Blockade The January Events Nonviolent Action in the January Events International Reaction 3 Chapter 6: Towards Civilian-Based Defense Resistance to the “Creeping Occupation” Elements of Civilian-Based Defense From Nonviolent Resistance to Organized Civilian-Based Defense The Development of Security and Defense Policy in Lithuania since 1992 Concluding Remarks Appendix I Appeal to Lithuanian Youth by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania Appendix II Republic in Danger! Appendix III Appeal by the Government of the Republic -
The Cases of the Litterateurs Tomas Venclova and Zviad Gamsakhurdia in Soviet Lithuania and Soviet Georgia
From Establishment to Dissent: The Cases of the Litterateurs Tomas Venclova and Zviad Gamsakhurdia in Soviet Lithuania and Soviet Georgia Vilius Ivanauskas The author Vilius Ivanauskas holds a PhD degree in history. He is a senior research fellow at the Lithuanian institute of history. In 2012-2013 he was a Fulbright scholar at UC Berkeley (US). His newest book on nationalism and soviet writers (Framed Identity: Lithuanian writers in “friendship of nations” empire) was published in 2015. His first book (“Lithuanian nomenklatura in bureaucratic system: between stagnation and dynamic (1969-1988)”) was published in 2011. One of his articles on writers was also published in the major international journal Europe-Asia” studies (66, 2014). His research interests are soviet intellectuals, ethno-particularism in soviet peripheries, party and cultural elites in Lithuania. Abstract Soviet intellectuals were closely related with indoctrination practices and the legitimisation of the regime. During post-Stalinism Soviet intellectuals experienced the impact of destalinization by opening more room for the dynamic exchange of ideas and expressions. It is important to explore the Soviet peripheries, which were important for the demise of USSR, and to track down similar manifestations in them. This article pays special attention to those controversial situations in Soviet Lithuania and Soviet Georgia, that showed the shift in ideologies, conflicts in cultural establishment and the lines of cleavage that have emerged within the dissident movements. By embracing the Cold war atmosphere in Soviet peripheries, this article analyses the trajectories of two intellectuals - the poet Tomas Venclova and the literary critic Zviad Gamsakhurdia, who came from the families of cultural nomenclatura in Soviet periphery, but who in the 70’s increasingly moved to the position of dissidents and human rights activists. -
The Helsinki Watch Committees in the Soviet Republics
FINAL REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : The Helsinki Watch Committees i n the Soviet Republics : Implica - tions for Soviet Nationalit y Policy AUTHOR : Yaroslav Bilinsky T8nu Parmin g CONTRACTOR : University of Delawar e PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Yaroslav Bilinsk y COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 621- 9 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or in part from funds provided by the National Council for Sovie t and East European Research . Yaroslav Bilinsky (University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA ) Tönu Parmin g (University of Maryland, College Park, ND 20742, USA ) HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR SOVIETY NATIONALITY POLICY * Paper presented at Second World Congres s on Soviet and East European Studies , Garmisch-Partenkirchen, German Federal Republic , September 30 - October 4, 198 0 *This paper is based on the authors' longer study, The Helsinki Watch Committees in the Soviet Republics : Implications for the Sovie t Nationality Question, which was supported in whole or in part fro m funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East Europea n Research, under Council Contract Number 621-9 . Travel to Garmisch- Partenkirchen has been--in Bilinsky's case—made possible by grant s from the American Council of Learned Societies and the University o f Delaware . The authors would like to thank their benefactors an d explicitly stress that the authors alone are responsible for th e contents of this paper . 2 Unexpectedly, within two years of the signing by the Sovie t Union, the United States, Canada, and thirty-two European states , of the long and solemn Final Act of the Conference on Security an d Cooperation in Europe in Helsinki, August l, 1975, there sprang u p as many as five groups of Soviet dissenters claiming that th e Helsinki Final Act justified their existence and activity .