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Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Findings and Recommendations Five Years After Helsinki

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Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Findings and Recommendations Five Years After Helsinki 96th Congress)l 2d Session I COMMITTEE PRINT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FINAL ACT OF THE CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FIVE YEARS AFTER HELSINKI REPORT SUBMrI'I'FD '1'O TIIE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY TIIE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE AUGUST 1, 1980 L'rinited for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation In Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 6l-2119 0 WASHINGTON: 1980 For sale by the Supnrintendent of Doeciuments, U.S. Government Printing Office Wnshington. D.C. 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION INEUROPE ROOM 3281, HOUSE ANNEX #2 U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WASHINGTON, D.C. 20515 REP. DANTE B. FASCELL, FLORIDA, CHAIRMAN SEN. CLAIBORNE PELL, RHODE ISLAND, CO-CHAIRMAN SEN. GEORGE MCGOVERN, SO. DAKOTA REP. SIDNEY YATES, ILLINOIS SEN. PATRICK LEAHY, VERMONT REP. JONATHAN BINGHAM, NEW YORK SEN. RICHARD STONE, FLORIDA REP. PAUL SIMON, ILLINOIS SEN. JACOB JAVITS, NEW YORK REP. JOHN BUCHANAN, ALABAMA SEN. ROBERT DOLE, KANSAS REP. MILLICENT FENWICK, NEW JERSEY EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS PATRICIA DERIAN, DEPARTMENT OF STATE DAVID MCGIFFERT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HERTA SEIDMAN, DEPARTMENT UF COMMERCE COMMISSION STAFF R. SPENCER OLIVER, STAFF DIRECTOR AND GENERAL COUNSEL SAMUEL G. WISE, DEPUTY STAFF DIRECTOR BARBARA BLACKBURN, SECRETARY BETH KNISLEY, PRESS OFFICER WARD BONDURANT, INTERN NEIL KRITZ, INTERN GEORGE BOUTIN, SENIOR CONSULTANT SUSAN PEDERSON, STAFF ASS'T CHRISTOPHER BRESCIA, STAFF ASS'T PAULA PENNINGTON, OFFICE MAN. DEBORAH BURNS, ADMINISTRATIVE ASS'T YALE RICHMOND, SENIOR CONSULTANT CATHERINE COSMAN, STAFF ASSISTANT MARTIN SLETZINGER, STAFF ASS'T LYNNE DAVIDSON, STAFF ASSISTANT KATE STILLMAN, STAFF ASSISTANT MEG DONOVAN, STAFF ASSISTANT CAROL VAN VOORST, STAFF Ass' T (II?; LETTERS OF SUBMITTAL Commission-on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Congress of the United States, Washington, D.C., August 1, 1980. Hon. Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr. Speaker, U.S. House of Representatives Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. Speaker: Pursuant to Public Law 94-304, 1 am pleased to submit to you the report of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe on implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe five years after the signing of the Helsinki Agree- ment. The Conmmission hopes that the purposes of the agreement will be continued at the review meeting in Madrid in Novem- ber of this year. This meeting will provide for a thorough exchange of views on the implementation of the provisions of the Final Act by the 35 participating states as well as deepening mutual relations, improving security and develop- ing cooperation and detente. In view of the high interest in the Congress in the CSCE process, especially the human rights component, I am confi- dent that this report will be of unusual interest to Members of both the House and Senate. Sincerely, Dante B. Fascell, Chairman * * * * * The Honorable Walter F. Mondale President, United States Senate Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. President: Pursuant to Public Law 94-304, 1 am pleased to submit to you the report of the Cormmission on Security and Cooperation in Europe entitled, "Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Coopera- tion in Europe: Five Years After Helsinki." The report is the result of the Conmission's continuing efforts to monitor international compliance with the provi- sions of the Helsinki Final Act. We hope that the purposes of the agreement will be continued at the review meeting in Madrid in November of this year. This meeting will provide for a thorough exchange of views on the implementation of the provisions of the Final Act by the 35 participat- ing states as well as deepening mutual relations, improving security and developing cooperation and detente. In view of the high interest in the Congress in the CSCE process, especially the human rights component, I am confi- dent that this report will be of mutual interest to Members of both the House and Senate. Sincerely, Dante B. Fascell, Chairman (III) CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND ON THE COMMISSION ....... ................ I SCOPE OF THE REPORT ................................ I CHALLENGESIN TH PROCESSE CSCE ....................... 3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MADRID ......................... 5 IMPLEMENTATION FINDINGS .. .......................... 7 SECURITY IN EUROPE . ........................... 7 HUMAN RIGHTS .................................. 8 ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION ..... ...... 11 HUMAN CONTACTS ................................ 12 INFORMATION ........................................ 14 CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGES ... .........15 CHAPTER TWO - SECURITY IN EUROPE: INTRODUCTION ....................................... 17 PRINCIPLES .......................................... 17 SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN ............... 18 PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES ...... .........19 EQUAL RIGHTS AND SELF-DETERMINATION OF PEOPLES .................................. 19 COOPERATION AMONG STATES ...................... 21 FULFILLMENT IN GOOD FAITH OF OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW ....... .............. 22 MILITARY SECURITY . ................................. 22 PRIOR NOTIFICATION OF MAJOR MANEUVERS ......... 23 PRIOR NOTIFICATION OF SMALLER SCALE MANEUVERS .. ........................... 24 EXCHANGE OF OBSERVERS ......................... 25 PRIOR NOTIFICATION OF MAJOR MILITARY MOVEMENTS ........ ...................... 26 EXCHANGE OF MILITARY VISITS ................... 26 QUESTIONS RELATING TO DISARMAMENT ... .......... 27 CONCLUSION ......................................... 27 (v) VI CHAPTER THREE - HUMAN RIGHTS: INTRODUCTION ................................... 28 HUNGARY ..................................... a.. 29 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS ........ ............ 29 RELIGIOUS RIGHTS ............................... 32 ETHNIC RIGHTS .................................34 POLAND ............. 34 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS .................... 34 RELIGIOUS RIGHTS .............................. 38 BULGARIA ...................................... 40 POLITICAL RIGHTS .............................. 41 RELIGIOUS RIGHTS .............................. 41 ETHNIC RIGHTS ............................. 42 GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC ......................... 43 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS .................... 43 RELIGIOUS RIGHTS .............................. 47 ROMANIA ..................................... 48 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS .................... 49 RELIGIOUS RIGHTS .............................. 50 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS .................... 53 ETHNIC RIGHTS .............................. 55 PENALTIES FOR HUMAN-RIGHTS ACTIVISM ........... 58 CZECHOSLOVAKIA .............................. 60 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS .................... 60 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS .. .................. 65 RELIGIOUS RIGHTS .............................. 65 SOVIET UNION ... ........................... 67 SOVIET LAWS .............................. 68 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS .................... 82 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS .................... 94 ETHNIC RIGHTS .............................. 104 RELIGIOUS RIGHTS ............................. 124 PENALTIES FOR HUMAN-RIGHTS ACTIVISM ........... 147 PENALTIES BY PSYCHIATRY. .... 153 PENALTIES BY IMPRISONMENT . .....................160 CONCLUSION ..... ............. .... 172 CHAPTER FOUR - ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION: INTRODUCTION ................. ....... 187 ECONOMIC COOPERATION ............... 187 EASTERN COMPLIANCE: ECONOMICS ...................... 187 COMMERCIAL EXCHANGES ...................... 187 VII CHAPTER FOUR - ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION (CONTINUED): MULTILATERAL COMPLIANCE: ECONOMICS .............. .. 190 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE (UNECE) ......................... 190 U.S. COMPLIANCE: ECONOMICS ................... 192 IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS IN THE U.S.S.R. ....... 192 THE TRADE AGREEMENTS ACT OF 1979 i ............ 194 IMPORT POLICY ............................... 195 BUSINESS VISAS .............................. 195 MULTILATERAL ACTIVITIES .................. .. .. 196 TOURISM ...... .......................... 196 SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION ........................... 197 EASTERN COMPLIANCE: SCIENCE ....................... 199 INFORMATION ................ ............... 199 MOVEMENT UF SCIENTISTS ......................... 199 HUMAN RIGHTS OF SCIENTISTS ..................... 201 U.S. COMPLIANCE: SCIENCE .......................... 203 CONCLUSION ......... .... ................ 204 CHAPTER FIVE - HUMAN CONTACTS: INTRODUCTION .................................. 206 SOVIET UNION ...........................207 REUNIFICATION OF FAMILIES ..... .i .............. 207 BINATIONAL MARRIAGES ......................... 216 FAMILY VISITS, TRAVEL AND TOURISM ............. 217 BULGARIA ....................... .................. 219 REUNIFICATION UF FAMILIES, BINATIONAL MARRIAGES ......... ............... 219 FAMILY VISITS ................................. 220 RELIGIOUS CONTACTS, TRAVEL AND TOURISM . .......221 CZECHOSLOVAKIA ..................................... 221 REUNIFICATION OF FAMILIES, BINATIONAL MARRIAGES ............ ............. 221 FAMILY VISITS ................................ 223 RELIGIOUS CONTACTS, TRAVEL AND TOURISM ........ 223 GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC ......................... 224 REUNIFICATION OF FAMILIES, BINATIONAL MAR- RIAGES, FAMILY VISITS, TRAVEL AND TOURISM ... 224 HUNGARY ........................................ 227 REUNIFICATION OF FAMILIES, BINATIONAL
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