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KLM Vs. LOT Vs. Divi Divi Air. Wat Verbergt Zich Achter De Namen Van Luchtvaartmaatschappijen in Polen En in Het Nederlandse Taalgebied?

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KLM Vs. LOT Vs. Divi Divi Air. Wat Verbergt Zich Achter De Namen Van Luchtvaartmaatschappijen in Polen En in Het Nederlandse Taalgebied? Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis No 3619 Neerlandica Wratislaviensia XXIV Wrocław 2014 Jacek KARPIŃSKI (Universiteit Wrocław) KLM vs. LOT vs. Divi Divi Air. Wat verbergt zich achter de namen van luchtvaartmaatschappijen in Polen en in het Nederlandse taalgebied? Abstract Boarding an aircraft, a passenger immediately enters into a different world and encounters a dif- ferent culture. For this reason, airlines are often viewed as national symbols, which is oftentimes strengthened by their names (e.g. Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, Brussels Airlines, Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT or Air Aruba). However, there are also airlines whose names were created in a totally different way (e.g. Transavia, Jetairfly or Bingo Airways). In this paper, I will make an at- tempt at providing the answer to the question of how the names of the airlines functioning in Poland and the Dutch-speaking territories were created and what influence the cultures of those countries had on this name-formation process. The major goal is thus to present the outcomes of a semantic analysis of the names of 113 Dutch, Belgian, Surinamese and Polish (both contemporary and non- existent) airlines. The study will also involve tracing the differences and similarities in the history of the formation of the names under analysis. Als je het toestel van een of andere luchtvaartmaatschappij instapt, kom je meteen terecht in de sfeer van een andere wereld, van een andere cultuur. Amsterdam, Schiphol. Een grondstewardess roept de vlucht om: „De KLM- vlucht KL0867 naar Osaka is nu gereed om in te stappen. Passagiers wordt ver- zocht aan boord te gaan via gate E24”. Aan boord word je verwelkomd door zo- wel Nederlandse als Japanse stewards en stewardessen. Tijdens de vlucht kan je genieten van films met Nederlandse en Japanse ondertiteling en je kan ook de verrukkelijke Japanse gerechten proberen. New York, JFK Airport. Na een lang verblijf in de VS stap je in het vliegtuig van de Poolse luchtvaartmaatschappij LOT en je voelt je onmiddellijk thuis. Om je heen hoor je Pools, je krijgt Poolse producten opgediend en je kan kijken naar een van de Poolse films, die de luchtvaartmaatschappij in haar entertainmentaan- bod heeft. Neerlandica Wratislaniensia 24, 2014 © for this edition by CNS NW 24.indb 133 2015-03-10 13:11:21 134 JACEK KARPIŃSKI Vaak worden stewardessen beschouwd als ambassadeurs van de eigen cul- tuur. De bemanning van Thai Airways werkt bijvoorbeeld in een leuke exotische sarong, die typisch is voor Zuidoost-Azië. Turkish Airlines wil ook een ander uniform voor het cabinepersoneel. „De luchtvaartmaatschappij ziet haar stewar- dessen het liefst in kaftans en met fez” (Smits 2013). „Stewards en stewardessen van Lufthansa steken zich ook (…) in klederdracht met het Oktoberfest in aantocht. Stewardessen in ‘dirndl’ en stewards in lederhosen — dat is in september traditie- getrouw de werkkleding van in München gestationeerd cabinepersoneel” (www2). Om die redenen worden luchtvaartmaatschappijen beschouwd als nationaal symbool wat nog versterkt wordt door hun naam (bv. Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, Brussels Airlines, Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT of Air Aruba). Maar er zijn ook luchtvaartmaatschappijen die een ander soort naamgeving gebruiken (bv. Transavia, Jetairfly of Bingo Airways). In dit artikel tracht ik een antwoord te vinden op de vraag hoe de namen van luchtvaartmaatschappijen in Polen en in het Nederlandse taalgebied zijn ontstaan en welke invloed de eigen cultuur op de naamgeving heeft. Centraal staat dus de semantische analyse van de namen van (hedendaagse en historische) Nederlandse, Belgische, Surinaamse en Poolse luchtvaartmaatschappijen. Er wordt ook beke- ken, of er overeenkomsten kunnen worden vastgesteld in de ontstaansgeschiede- nis van de naamgeving voor de verschillende luchtvaartmaatschappijen. Om deze vraag te beantwoorden, zijn de namen van 113 luchtvaartmaat- schappijen geanalyseerd, waaronder 37 uit Nederland, 26 uit Polen, 23 uit Bel- gië, 15 uit Aruba en de toenmalige Nederlandse Antillen, 7 uit Suriname en 5 uit de historische territoria (Nederlands-Nieuw Guinea — 2, Nederlands-Indië — 1, Nederlands-West-Indië — 1, (Belgisch) Kongo — 1). Een semantische analyse toont aan dat de meeste namen van de luchtvaart- maatschappijen uit ten minste een deel in het Engels bestaan of helemaal in het Engels zijn: Small Planet Airlines Carribean Commuter Airways Royal Aruban Airlines Dit is in principe niet verbazingwekkend want het Engels is de taal van de luchtvaart (vgl. Karpiński 2012). „Het Engels heeft een bepaalde functie in de lucht- vaart om de communicatie te vergemakkelijken tussen gemeenschappen met ver- schillende moedertalen. Het is eigenlijk een soort gemeenschappelijke taal waarin men makkelijker kan communiceren [en de] communicatie op alle niveaus is in de luchtvaart heel belangrijk” (Karpiński 2012: 314). Het Engels is tegenwoordig tot lingua franca uitgegroeid en is ook de universele taal in de luchtvaartsector. Er kan Neerlandica Wratislaniensia 24, 2014 © for this edition by CNS NW 24.indb 134 2015-03-10 13:11:21 KLM VS. LOT VS. DIVI DIVI AIR 135 dus van worden uitgegaan dat (bijna) iedereen die taal begrijpt1. Kenmerkend lijkt ook, dat de niet-Engelstalige namen in de meeste gevallen worden afgekort: Sabena (Société Anonyme Belge d’Exploatation de la Navigation Aérienne) KLM (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij) OLT Express (Ostfriesische Lufttransport) Een mogelijke verklaring daarvoor is de economie van de taal en de tendens tot concentratie, maar het kan ook verklaard worden door het feit, dat het voor de passagiers veel makkelijker is om de afgekorte namen te onthouden en uit te spre- ken. Bovendien moet men niet over de kennis van een bepaalde taal beschikken om de naam op de juiste manier te gebruiken: FlyLAL Charters Polska (Lietuvos Avialinijos) TAP Portugal (Transportes Aéros Portugueses) Jat Airways (Jugoslovenski Aero Transport) Uit de uitvoerige analyse blijkt dat de namen van Nederlandse, Belgische en Poolse luchtvaartmaatschappijen veel overeenkomsten tonen. Zo kan men vaststel- len dat de (delen van de) namen tot de volgende semantische categorieën behoren: vliegen, aardrijkskunde, kernactiviteit, bedrijfsvorm, eigenschappen, eigennamen en cultuur. De meeste namen zijn de combinaties van de bovengenoemde elementen. ● Vliegen De namen van de meeste luchtvaartmaatschappijen zijn verbonden met het vliegen. Dat verbaast niet want de naam zegt al waar ze zich mee bezig houden. De grootste groep vormen de Engelse woorden Airlines en Airways: Amsterdam Airlines Surinam Airways YES Airways Vaak komen er ook andere begrippen verbonden met lucht en vliegen voor: Air Aruba ArkeFly Sky Poland Aerolot 1 Hoewel er in Karpiński (2012) wordt bewezen dat de Engelse luchtvaartterminologie veel problemen oplevert. Neerlandica Wratislaniensia 24, 2014 © for this edition by CNS NW 24.indb 135 2015-03-10 13:11:21 136 JACEK KARPIŃSKI In de geanalyseerde namen kan men ook luchtvaartmaatschappijen vinden, die hun naam hebben ontleend aan vliegtuigen of delen daarvan: Centralwings Rotorjet2 Soms komen in de namen ook andere vliegende „objecten” voor, bv. vogels: Birdy Airlines DutchBird CityBird ● Aardrijkskunde De aardrijkskundige elementen van de namen dragen veel bij aan het natio- nale karakter van de luchtvaartmaatschappij. Men weet onmiddellijk in welk land ze haar vestiging heeft en welke cultuur zich er achter verbergt. Het vaakst komen de namen van landen voor: Air Belgium Bonaire Express Holland Exel De namen van de landen zijn meestal in het Engels, maar ze komen soms voor in een andere vreemde taal, bv. Air Polonia of Polonia Airways. Af en toe ziet men de naam van het land, waaruit een luchtvaartmaatschappij komt in de moedertaal. In de meeste gevallen wordt het als bijvoeglijk naamwoord uitge- drukt, bv. Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT. De namen van landen vormen altijd een bestanddeel van de namen van lucht- vaartmaatschappijen, die in een ander land worden opgericht maar hun dochter- bedrijf ergens anders hebben, bv. Air Italy Polska of Thomas Cook Airlines Bel- gium. Daardoor wordt het duidelijk welke bemanning aan boord werkt en waar het vliegtuig gestationeerd is. De tweede groep van aardrijkskundige namen vormen namen van steden. In de meeste gevallen zijn het basisstations van de bepaalde luchtvaartmaatschappij: Amsterdam Airlines Air Service Groningen Brussels Airlines Soms treft men ook namen van werelddelen of continenten aan: 2 Rotor — een ronddraaiend deel van een vleugel. Neerlandica Wratislaniensia 24, 2014 © for this edition by CNS NW 24.indb 136 2015-03-10 13:11:21 KLM VS. LOT VS. DIVI DIVI AIR 137 EuroLOT Rossair Europe Winair (Win — Windward Islands, de Bovenwindse Eilanden) De laatste groep aardrijkskundige namen vormen andere geografische termen zoals ‘eiland’ of ‘stad’, al dan niet in het Engels: Insel Air CityBird ● Kernactiviteit De derde grootste groep vormen namen, waarin de kernactiviteit van de luchtvaartmaatschappij wordt uitgedrukt. Er zijn luchtvaartmaatschappijen die chartervluchten of privévluchten aanbieden, maar er zijn ook bedrijven, die ge- specialiseerd zijn in het uitleasen van vliegtuigen, inclusief bemanning. De specia- lisatie van de luchtvaartmaatschappijen is dus ook vaak zichtbaar in hun namen: Aero Charter International Delta Air Transport Orange Aircraft Leasing SkyTaxi In deze groep zit ook de Surinaamse luchtvaartmaatschappij Caribbean Com- muter Airways. Uit de naam wordt duidelijk dat de vluchten van deze luchtvaart- maatschappij vooral voor pendelaars bedoeld zijn. De
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